JP4721755B2 - 錯体、光電変換素子および色素増感型太陽電池 - Google Patents
錯体、光電変換素子および色素増感型太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4721755B2 JP4721755B2 JP2005118636A JP2005118636A JP4721755B2 JP 4721755 B2 JP4721755 B2 JP 4721755B2 JP 2005118636 A JP2005118636 A JP 2005118636A JP 2005118636 A JP2005118636 A JP 2005118636A JP 4721755 B2 JP4721755 B2 JP 4721755B2
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- Prior art keywords
- dye
- complex
- photoelectric conversion
- conversion element
- solar cell
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 48
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- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 51
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- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
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- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002113 barium titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium titanate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[Ba+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])([O-])[O-] JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEZXCJBBBCKRPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-propiolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCO1 VEZXCJBBBCKRPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dibromide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Br-].[Br-] WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940046413 calcium iodide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001640 calcium iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003034 coal gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;diiodide Chemical compound I[Cu]I GBRBMTNGQBKBQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- BQVVSSAWECGTRN-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;dithiocyanate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[S-]C#N.[S-]C#N BQVVSSAWECGTRN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LCUOIYYHNRBAFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;sulfanylideneindium Chemical compound [Cu].[In]=S LCUOIYYHNRBAFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007606 doctor blade method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052981 lead sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940056932 lead sulfide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001509 metal bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001511 metal iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002488 metal-organic chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000233 poly(alkylene oxides) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002627 poly(phosphazenes) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001281 polyalkylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960000380 propiolactone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001226 reprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010898 silica gel chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Chemical compound [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium titanate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005621 tetraalkylammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- WJKBXHBNFWBNIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl-[4-methyl-6-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]stannane Chemical compound CCCC[Sn](CCCC)(CCCC)C1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=CC=C(C)C=2)=N1 WJKBXHBNFWBNIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Pyridine Compounds (AREA)
Description
(1)広い波長範囲の太陽光を吸収することができること、
(2)励起された状態から半導体層への電子移動が効果的に起こること、
(3)電子を半導体層に渡して酸化型となった後に速やかにキャリア輸送層中の還元剤によって還元型に再生されること、および
(4)太陽光の照射下で分解などの劣化を起こさず長時間安定に存在すること、などがある。
本発明のクォータピリジン誘導体は、下記の式(I)で表され、
本発明の錯体は、下記の式(II)で表され、
ML(X1)(X2) ----------------(II)
式(II)において、Mは中心原子を表し、Lは上記の式(I)で表されるクォータピリジン誘導体を表し、X1およびX2はそれぞれ独立にCl、Br、CN、NCSまたはNCOを表すことを特徴とする。式(II)において、L、X1およびX2で表される単体または化合物はそれぞれMで表される中心原子に配位結合する配位子である。ここで、式(II)において、Mは、上記のL、X1およびX2で表される配位子とそれぞれ配位結合を可能とする観点から、Ru(ルテニウム)、Fe(鉄)、Os(オスミウム)、Cu(銅)、W(タングステン)、Cr(クロム)、Mo(モリブデン)、Ni(ニッケル)、Pd(パラジウム)、Pt(白金)、Co(コバルト)、Ir(イリジウム)、Rh(ロジウム)、Re(レニウム)、Mn(マンガン)またはZn(亜鉛)を表すことが好ましく、特にRu、Fe、OsまたはCuを表すことが好ましく、最も好ましくはRuを表すことが好ましい。また式(II)において、X1およびX2はそれぞれNCSを表すことが好ましい。X1およびX2がそれぞれNCSを表す場合には、式(II)で表される錯体を色素として半導体層に含有させた色素増感型太陽電池において、半導体層からの逆電流を有効に抑止することができる傾向にある。
本発明の光電変換素子は、半導体層を含み、半導体層は上記のいずれかの錯体を含むことを特徴とする。ここで、半導体層は、たとえば導電性支持体上に形成される。この半導体層の形成方法としては特に限定されず公知の方法を用いることができ、たとえば以下の(i)〜(iv)の方法を用いることができる。
(i)半導体層を構成する半導体微粒子を含有する懸濁液を導電性支持体上に塗布し、乾燥および焼成して導電性支持体上に半導体層を形成する方法。
(ii)所望の原料ガスを用いたCVD法およびMOCVD法などにより、導電性支持体上に半導体層を形成する方法。
(iii)原料固体を用いた蒸着法またはスパッタリング法などのPVD法により、導電性支持体上に半導体層を形成する方法。
(iv)ゾルゲル法、電気化学的な酸化還元反応を利用した方法などにより、導電性支持体上に半導体層を形成する方法。
本発明は、上記の本発明の光電変換素子を含む電極と、対電極と、光電変換素子を含む電極と対電極との間に設置されたキャリア輸送層と、を含む、色素増感型太陽電池である。ここで、本発明の光電変換素子を含む電極は、たとえば導電性支持体上に上記の本発明の光電変換素子を形成することによって得ることができる。本発明に用いられる導電性支持体としては、たとえば金属、またはSnO2(酸化スズ)、ITO、CuIあるいはZnOなどからなる透明導電膜のように導電性支持体自体が導電性を有するものを用いることができる。また、本発明で用いられる導電性支持体としては、ガラス、プラスチックまたは透明ポリマーシートなどからなる絶縁基板の表面に導電層を形成したものを用いることもできる。ここで、導電層は、たとえば金、白金、銀、銅、アルミニウム、インジウム、導電性カーボン、ITOまたはSnO2などの導電性材料を公知の方法によって絶縁基板の表面に形成することによって得ることができる。なお、透明ポリマーシートとしては、たとえばテトラアセチルセルロース(TAC)、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリフェニレンサルファイド(PPS)、ポリカーボネート(PC)、ポリアリレート(PA)、ポリエーテルイミド(PEI)またはフェノキシ樹脂などを用いることができる。
(1)錯体の合成
(a)2−トリブチルスタンニル−4−ピコリンの合成
まず、市販の酸化チタンペースト(Solaronix社製、商品名Ti-Nanoxide D、平均粒径13nm)を、ドクターブレード法により、透明導電膜であるSnO2膜が蒸着されたガラス基板(日本板硝子社製)の表面に塗布し、100℃で10分間予備乾燥した後に500℃で30分間焼成して膜厚16μmの酸化チタン膜からなる半導体層を形成した。
(1)錯体の合成
(a)2,6−ジヒドロキシ−4−メチル−ピリジンの合成
上記の式(IV)で表される錯体の代わりに、実施例2で得られた錯体(上記の式(V)で表される錯体)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様の手順で光電変換素子を含む電極および色素増感型太陽電池を作製した。
(1)錯体の合成
(a)2,6−ジブロモ−4−ピリジン−カルボン酸の合成
上記の式(IV)で表される錯体の代わりに、実施例3で得られた錯体(上記の式(VI)で表される錯体)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様の手順で光電変換素子を含む電極および色素増感型太陽電池を作製した。
特開2002−193935号公報に記載の下記の式(VII)で表される錯体を色素として用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様の手順で光電変換素子を含む電極および色素増感型太陽電池を作製した。
電池特性試験を行ない、実施例1〜3および比較例1の色素増感型太陽電池の変換効率ηを測定した。電池特性試験はソーラシミュレータ(ワコム製)を用い、AMフィルタ(AM−1.5)を通したキセノンランプから100mV/cm2の擬似太陽光を照射することにより行なった。I−Vテスターを用いて電流−電圧特性を測定し、開放電圧Voc(V)、短絡電流Jsc(mA/cm2)、曲線因子F.F.および起動開始直後における変換効率η(%)を求めた。その結果を表1に示す。
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