JP4795640B2 - 調節された選択性を有する免疫サイトカイン - Google Patents
調節された選択性を有する免疫サイトカイン Download PDFInfo
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- JP4795640B2 JP4795640B2 JP2003549513A JP2003549513A JP4795640B2 JP 4795640 B2 JP4795640 B2 JP 4795640B2 JP 2003549513 A JP2003549513 A JP 2003549513A JP 2003549513 A JP2003549513 A JP 2003549513A JP 4795640 B2 JP4795640 B2 JP 4795640B2
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Description
本出願は、参照によりその開示全体を本明細書に組み込んだ、2001年12月4日に出願されたU.S.S.N.60/337,113、および2002年4月12日に出願されたU.S.S.N.60/371,966の、優先権および特典を請求するものである。
本発明は概して、サイトカインを含む融合タンパク質、およびこのような融合タンパク質の治療効果を高めるための方法に関する。より詳細には本発明は、対応する天然に存在するサイトカインより長い循環半減期を患者の身体中で示し、改善された治療性を有する、サイトカイン融合タンパク質に関する。特に本発明は、改善された治療特性を有するIL2融合タンパク質に関する。
インターロイキン−2(IL−2)は、免疫系に作用して主に細胞仲介の免疫応答を生み出す、強力なサイトカインである。適切な条件下では、抗原部位の近辺において高濃度で、IL−2が局所的に生成されて、抗原に対する免疫応答を生み出すために必要な同時刺激シグナルが与えられる。T細胞の増殖および分化におけるその役割のために、IL−2は、腫瘍を治療するための免疫療法の手法における、候補となっている。T細胞を刺激することに加えて、IL−2がB細胞、NK細胞、リンホカイン活性化キラー細胞(LAK)、単球、マクロファージおよび樹状細胞を刺激することも示されてきている。
本発明は、IL−2融合タンパク質のIL−2部分の突然変異を同定して、患者に投与するときのそのタンパク質の最大有効量に対するタンパク質の最大耐量を高めることに、部分的に基づくものである。好ましい融合タンパク質は、異なる相互作用によって、患者の身体中の同じ細胞で発現される複数の受容体種に結合することができる。好ましいサイトカイン融合タンパク質は、複数の型のサイトカイン受容体複合体、複数の細胞型に結合することができるサイトカインを含む。本発明は有用な性質を有する特定のサイトカイン融合タンパク質の変異体を同定するための方法も提供する。
図1はサイトカインと、サイトカインの本来の結合性を変える第2のタンパク質部分の、融合を示す図である。図1Aは、二量体分子としてのIL−2との融合相手、たとえば抗体またはFc含有融合タンパク質のFc部分などを示し、したがってIL−2の2分子が、融合タンパク質のIL−2部分がその受容体と相互作用すると、細胞表面に移動する。図1Bは、同じ効果を生み出す第2の機構を示す。
本発明は、IL−2融合タンパク質、特にIL−2免疫サイトカインの治療係数を高めるための、方法および組成物を提供する。本発明によれば、治療分子の治療係数は、分子の最大耐量をその分子の最大有効量で割った比の測定値である。本発明は、遊離IL−2と比較して著しく長い循環半減期を示す、IL−2免疫サイトカインの改良型変異体を含む。本発明は、本発明の融合タンパク質によるさまざまなエフェクター機能を保持する細胞の、低い活性化によって表される選択的IL−2応答を示す、IL−2融合タンパク質、特にIL−2免疫サイトカインも提供し、この応答はIL−2の毒性効果の主要な原因である。さらに本発明は、改善された活性を有するIL−2融合タンパク質を提供する。本発明のIL−2融合タンパク質は、異なるIL−2受容体とのIL−2融合タンパク質の相対的親和性を変え、IL−2融合タンパク質の変化した生物学的性質をもたらす、1個または複数個のアミノ酸位置における変化を含む。本発明は、IL−2療法と関連がある任意の毒性を低下させるか、あるいは最小限にするために有用である。任意の所与のIL−2毒性、VLSなどの根底にある機構に関係なく、毒性は部分的には、IL−2は静脈内に投与され、したがって身体全体中で作用するが、特定の部位におけるIL−2効果が望ましいという事実から生じるものである。この問題は、IL−2の全身投与には、局所投与で必要とされる量よりもはるかに多量が必要であり、したがってこのことが、低用量では見られないと思われる毒性を助長する可能性があるという事実によって悪化する。本発明は、低い毒性を有するIL−2融合タンパク質を提供する。本発明は、低い毒性を有するIL−2融合タンパク質を作製するための方法も提供する。
[実施例1]
IL2コード配列中または抗体コード配列中のコドンが置換された、Ig−IL2融合遺伝子の構築:
免疫サイトカイン用の発現ベクターは、Gillies他、(1998)J.Immunol.160:6195〜6203中に記載された。ヌクレオチド配列のいくつかの改変によって、コード配列をヒトγ−1遺伝子の3’端に加えることが可能になった。重鎖をコードするヒトγ−1遺伝子では、翻訳停止コドンの280bp上流に位置するXmaI制限部位が、サイレント突然変異(TCCからTCA)を導入することによって破壊された。他のサイレント突然変異(TCTからTCC)を、重鎖のC末端リシンの3残基上流のSerコドンに導入して、新しいXmaI部位を含む、配列TCC CCG GGT AAA(配列番号4)を作製した[Lo他、(1998)Protein Engineering 11:495〜500]。
改変された受容体特異性をもたらす、Ig−IL2融合タンパク質の化学的または酵素的改変:
この実施例は、PEG化huKS−IL2または脱グリコシル化huKS−IL2、およびこれらの変異体を生成させるために使用する、免疫サイトカインの生化学的操作を記載する。同じ方法を、他のIL−2融合タンパク質、免疫サイトカイン14.18−IL2またはアルブミン−サイトカイン融合体などに適用することができる。これらの変異体を後の実施例で使用して、細胞系バイオアッセイにおけるさまざまな細胞系の増殖応答(表1)、または分子の薬物動態学的性質に対するそれらの影響を調べた。
Ig−IL2およびIg−IL2変異体の発現および精製
huKS−ala−IL2(N88R)に関してここに記載した一般的手順は、突然変異サイトカインとのIg−融合体を含めた、広くさまざまなIg−サイトカイン融合タンパク質に使用することができる。huKS−ala−IL2(N88R)を発現する、安定的にトランスフェクトされたクローンを得るために、huKS−ala−IL2(N88R)をコードする免疫サイトカイン発現プラスミドのDNAを、エレクトロポレーションによってマウスのミエローマNS/0細胞に導入した。NS/0細胞は、10%の熱失活したウシ胎児血清;2mMのグルタミンおよびペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンを補ったダルベッコの改変イーグル培地中で増殖させた。約5×106個の細胞をPBSで1回洗浄し、0.5mlのPBS中に再懸濁させた。次いで10μgの線状プラスミドDNAを、Gene Pulser Cuvette(0.4cm電極ギャップ、BioRad)中において氷上で10分間、細胞と共にインキュベートした。エレクトロポレーションは、0.25Vおよび500μFに設定したGene Pulser(BioRad、Hercules、CA)を使用して行った。細胞を氷上で10分間回復させ、その後細胞を成長培地に再懸濁させ、2枚の96ウエルプレート上に平板培養した。安定的にトランスフェクトされたクローンを、100nMのメトトレキサート(MTX)の存在下での増殖によって選択し、これを成長培地にトランスフェクションの2日後に加えた。これらの細胞に3日毎に2〜3回より多く栄養を与え、MTX耐性クローンが2〜3週間で出現した。クローンからの上澄みを抗Fc ELISAによってアッセイして、高生産者を同定した。高生産クローンを単離し、100nMのMTXを含む成長培地で増殖させた。
バイオアッセイにおけるIg−IL2変異体の活性
細胞系バイオアッセイ用に、増殖がIL−2に依存する細胞系を使用し、Ig−融合タンパク質、たとえばhuKS−IL2およびhuKS−IL2変異体の活性を、これらの細胞の増殖によって評価した。たとえば、CTLL−2(ATCC# TIB−214;Matesanz and Alcina、1996)、およびTF−Iβ(Famer他、[1995] Blood 86:4568〜4578)を使用して、T細胞応答およびNK細胞様応答をそれぞれ追跡した。CTLL−2は、高親和性IL−2Rαβγを発現するネズミのTリンパ芽球細胞系であり、TF−1βは、中親和性IL−2Rβγを発現する未熟な前駆体赤血球細胞由来のヒト細胞系である。これらのアッセイ用の他の有用な細胞系は、たとえばヒト成体のT細胞リンパ球Kit−225(K6)(Uchida他、(1987)Blood70:1069〜1072)由来の細胞系である。細胞系TF−1βと対にすると、融合タンパク質の活性が、同じ哺乳動物種の受容体保持細胞系の対において評価される。これらのアッセイを、ヒトPBMC(末梢血単核球細胞)由来の細胞群に関して行って、IL−2Rβγ保持NK細胞を単離すること、あるいはIL−2Rαβγを発現する活性化T細胞を生成させることもできる。hu PBMCからこれらの細胞群を単離するための技法は、当業者には知られている。たとえば、T細胞、PHA芽細胞は、PBMCを3日間、10マイクログラム/mlのフィトヘマグルチニン(PHA−P;L9017、Sigma、St.Louis)中でインキュベートすることによって得られる。休止期のNK細胞は、たとえばヒト細胞用のNK細胞単離キット(Miltenyi Biotec、Auburn、CA)を使用する、陰性選択プロトコルによって一般的に得られる。これらの融合タンパク質の活性とマウス腫瘍モデルから得られる結果を関連付けるために、1つまたは他のIL−2受容体複合体を発現するマウスから得られた細胞群に、これらのアッセイを行うことも有用である。たとえばNK細胞群は、SPINSEP(商標)ネズミNK細胞濃縮キット(Stemcell Technologies Inc、Vancouver、BC、Canada)を使用して、組み換え欠損(SCID)Balb/Cマウスの脾臓から得ることができる。任意のこれらの濃縮群の純度は、FACS分析によって評価することができる。
改変された受容体結合性を有するIL−2融合タンパク質の薬物動態
huKS−ala−IL2(N88R)の薬物動態(PK)概略を、huKS−ala−IL2およびhuKS−IL2の概略と比較した。それぞれのタンパク質に関して、3匹の6〜8週齢マウスを使用した。PBSに125μg/mlに希釈した25μgの融合タンパク質を、マウスの尾部静脈に注射し、50μlの血液サンプルを、注射直後(0時間)、および注射後0.5、1、2、4、8、および24時間で、眼後出血によって得た。血液サンプルをヘパリンコーティングチューブ中に回収して血液凝固を防止し、後細胞の原形質の上清中の免疫サイトカインのレベルを、ELISAアッセイで測定した。薬物動態の研究のために使用したELISAアッセイの手順は、以前に記載された(WO01/58957)。このアッセイによって、完全な免疫サイトカインの存在を測定した。原形質由来の免疫サイトカインの捕獲は、EpCAMコーティングプレート上で行い、その検出はIL−2を対象とするHRP結合抗体を用いて行った。接合部においてKがAに置換されたhuKS−IL2変異体、huKS−ala−IL2は、huKS−IL2と比較して、循環半減期が劇的に改善されていたことは、以前に示されている(WO01/58957)。実際、huKS−a1a−IL2(N88R)の循環半減期が同様に改善されたことが見出され、分子のIL−2部分中のN88Rの改変は、薬物動態に対して実質的な影響がなかったことが示される。代表的な実験の結果は図2に示す。図2は、血清中に存在する免疫サイトカインの濃度(静脈内投与の直後に存在した出発濃度に対する、血清中に残っていたタンパク質の濃度のパーセンテージとして表した)の、24時間の時間行程を示す。タンパク質濃度はELISAアッセイにおいて決定し、そのアッセイでは、免疫サイトカインをその抗体部分によって捕獲し、そのサイトカイン部分によって検出する。X軸=時間単位で表した時間t;Y軸=log(残りのタンパク質濃度の%)。
哺乳動物において改変された受容体結合性を有するIL−2融合タンパク質の毒性
マウス中のKS−IL2変異体huKS−IL2、huKS−ala−IL2、およびhuKS−ala−IL2(N88R)の相対的毒性を調べた。実施例5に示したように、huKS−ala−IL2およびhuKS−ala−IL2(N88R)は、huKS−IL2と比較すると大幅に高いPKを有する。それにもかかわらず比較目的で、PKが異なるにもかかわらず、異なる分子に関して同一の投与スケジュールを使用した。長い血清中半減期は治療の有効性を高める可能性があるが、それが高い毒性をもたらす可能性もある。さらにこの実施例は、huKS−ala−IL2はhuKS−IL2と比較して高い毒性を有していたが(長い循環半減期のために)、huKS−ala−IL2(N88R)は長い循環半減期にもかかわらず、huKS−IL2と比較して低い毒性を有していたことを示す。
哺乳動物のさまざまな腫瘍の治療における、改変された受容体結合性を有するIg−IL−2融合タンパク質の有効性
a)Balb/Cマウス中のCT26/KSA皮下腫瘍の処置。ヒトKS抗原(KSA)をコードする遺伝子を形質導入した、CT26結腸癌細胞を使用して、皮下腫瘍を誘導した。2×106個の生細胞を、100μlのPBSに懸濁させ、6週齢のBalb/Cマウスの背部に皮下注射した。腫瘍の大きさが100〜200mm3に達したとき、8匹のマウスの群に3つの治療条件の1つを施した:5日連続して、200μlのPBSに希釈した15μgのhuKS−ala−IL2またはhuKS−ala−IL2(N88R)を静脈内注射し、あるいはPBSのみを投与した。50日間、週に2回腫瘍体積を測定することによって、疾患の進行を評価した。対照動物では、腫瘍体積は安定して増大し、ほぼ第32日の殺傷時に、約3500〜6000mm3の大きさに達した。対照的に、2つの実験群の腫瘍体積は、第50日までほぼ一定のままであり、huKS−ala−IL2(N88R)が、腫瘍増殖の防止においてhuKS−ala−IL2と同じくらい有効であったことが示された。
併用療法におけるKS−1L2変異体
低毒性KS−IL2変異体、たとえばhuKS−ala−IL2(N88R)などを、腫瘍を治療するための第2の免疫調節物質と共に投与することの効果を、実施例7bに記載したマウスの皮下腫瘍モデルLLC/KSAを使用して調べた。
改善された治療係数を有するKS−1L2変異体
IL−2配列中の特定の位置における突然変異によって、KS−IL2変異体を構築した。たとえば、IL−2受容体のαサブユニットと結びつく可能性がある位置に、置換を行う。適切な残基は、たとえばhuIL−2の成熟配列中のF42である。このアミノ酸の芳香族環構造は、IL−2中の局所の立体配置を安定化させると考えられており(Mott他、JMB 1995、247:979)、免疫サイトカインのこの位置での、たとえばY、AまたはKとの置換によって、IL−2受容体親和性および生物活性が徐々に低下した分子がもたらされることが見出されている。これらの分子を動物において試験し、非改変形の免疫サイトカインと比較すると、腫瘍の処置における治療係数の増大が得られることが見出されている。有効である他の置換は、位置R38およびK43における置換である。
Ig−IL2融合タンパク質変異体huKS−ala−IL2(D20T)、およびその誘導体
成熟huIL−2の位置20におけるアスパラギン酸からトレオニンへの置換を含む、Ig−IL2(D20T)をベースとする変異体を作製した。これらの変異体は、Igドメイン中、Fc部分または抗体標的ドメイン中などに追加的な置換を含む。これらの分子をコードするDNA構築体を作製するために、当業者が精通している、構築体特異的プライマーを用いて突然変異を導入するPCR手法、および適切なクローニング戦略を使用し、実施例1に記載した手順にほぼ従った。
異なるIL−2受容体との、野生型および突然変異IL−2融合タンパク質の相対的親和性
IL−2Rαβγ受容体と比べたIL−2Rβγ受容体との、本発明のさまざまな融合タンパク質の差異的親和性は、ラジオイムノアッセイなどのアッセイによって測定することができる。等しい数のIL−2Rαβγ受容体発現細胞、またはIL−2Rβγ受容体発現細胞を、プラスチックプレートの上に平板培養する。等しい数のIL−2Rαβγ受容体発現細胞、またはIL−2Rβγ受容体発現細胞を加えた、等量の野生型または突然変異IL2融合タンパク質に、希釈系を行い、標準曲線を得る。非結合融合タンパク質を洗浄除去し、それぞれの細胞型と結合した融合タンパク質の量を、放射標識リガンドによって検出する。Fc−IL−2融合タンパク質の場合、リガンドは、IgGのFc部分と結合する、ブドウ球菌のプロテインAなどの分子であってよい。リガンドは、特定のサブクラスのIgG分子の一部分を認識する他の抗体、たとえばIgGガンマ1、IgGガンマ2またはIgGガンマ4定常領域に対する抗体であってもよい。非結合融合リガンドを洗浄除去し、野生型IL2融合タンパク質と結合したIL−2Rαβγ発現細胞;突然変異IL2融合タンパク質と結合したIL−2Rαβγ発現細胞;野生型IL2融合タンパク質と結合したIL−2Rβγ発現細胞、または突然変異融合タンパク質と結合したIL−2Rβγ発現細胞のいずれかを含むプレートの放射活性を、ガンマ線測定装置上で測定する。結合アッセイから得られたデータを標準化して、細胞および細胞上で発現された受容体の数を計算する。
本発明は、本発明の精神またはその本質的な特徴から逸脱せずに、他の特定の形で実施することができる。したがって前述の実施形態は、本明細書に記載した本発明を制限するものではなく、すべての点で例示的なものであるとみなすべきである。したがって本発明の範囲は、前述の記載によってではなく、添付の特許請求の範囲によって示され、特許請求の範囲の等価性の意味および範囲内に入るすべての変形が、本発明の範囲に含まれると考えられる。
Claims (5)
- 突然変異IL−2部分のN末端側と融合する抗体ドメインを含む、非突然変異IL−2部分を有する同じ融合タンパク質と比較してIL−2Rβγの活性を減少させ、IL−2Rαβγの活性を維持する融合タンパク質であって、
該突然変異IL−2部分は配列番号:3の成熟ヒトIL−2タンパク質アミノ酸配列の位置20に対応する位置で、アスパラギン酸(D)からトレオニン(T)への置換を含むアミノ酸である、融合タンパク質。 - IL−2Rαβγを発現する細胞が、CTLL−2、Kit225および成熟T細胞からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の融合タンパク質。
- IL−2Rβγを発現する細胞が、TF−1β細胞およびNK細胞からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の融合タンパク質。
- 前記抗体ドメインが突然変異を含む、請求項1に記載の融合タンパク質。
- 請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の融合タンパク質の、腫瘍治療のための薬剤を製造するための使用。
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