JP2020015741A - Cd4+制御性t細胞を増強するための方法および組成物 - Google Patents
Cd4+制御性t細胞を増強するための方法および組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本願は、米国特許法第119条の下で、2013年5月3日出願の米国仮出願第61/819517号、2013年9月24日出願の同第61/881851号、2013年9月24日出願の同第61/881913号、2013年9月24日出願の同第61/881921号、2013年11月21日出願の同第61/907177号、2014年3月5日出願の同第61/948313号、および2014年3月5日出願の同第61/948384号の利益を主張するものであり、これらの各々の内容全体を参照によって本明細書に組み込む。
本発明は、治療用高分子に特異的なものなどのCD4+制御性T細胞を増強するための免疫抑制剤および治療用高分子を投与することに関する。本明細書で提供される方法および組成物は、寛容原性免疫応答の発達、特にCD4+制御性T細胞の産生または発達への移行を可能とする。したがって、提供される方法および組成物は、治療用高分子の投与が望ましくない免疫応答をもたらし得る対象における寛容原性免疫応答を生成するために使用することができる。方法および組成物は、好ましくは、CD4+制御性T細胞の増強から恩恵を受けるであろう対象のために使用される。
タンパク質または酵素補充治療などの治療処置は多くの場合、具体的な治療剤に対して望ましくない免疫応答をもたらす。かかる望ましくない免疫応答は、免疫抑制薬の使用を通じて低減され得る。しかし従来の免疫抑制薬は広域作用性である。加えて、免疫抑制を維持するために、免疫抑制薬物療法は、一般に、生涯の命題である。残念ながら、広域作用性の免疫抑制剤の使用は、腫瘍、感染、腎毒性および代謝障害などの重篤な副作用のリスクと関連する。したがって、新たな寛容原性療法が有益であろう。
一側面において、免疫抑制剤に付着された合成ナノ担体および治療用高分子を対象に投与することにより、CD4+制御性T細胞(治療用高分子に特異的なものなど)の数または割合(または比)を高めること、ここで治療用高分子が免疫抑制剤に付着された合成ナノ担体と投与前に同時処方(co-formulated)されていない、を含む方法提供される。
本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つの一態様において、免疫抑制剤および治療用高分子に付着された合成ナノ担体は、対象に併用投与される。
本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つの別の態様において、治療用高分子が、投与前に、合成ナノ担体と同時処方されないとき、投与は、CD4+制御性T細胞の増大した数または割合(または比)をもたらすことが以前に実証されたプロトコルに従う。本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つの別の態様において、方法はさらに、プロトコルを決定することを含む。
本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つの別の態様において、CD4+制御性T細胞の増大した数または割合(または比)は、投与前のCD4+制御性T細胞の数または割合に比べて、少なくとも2倍、3倍、4倍、5倍または6倍の増加である。
本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つの別の態様において、投与は、静脈内、腹腔内または皮下投与によるものである。
本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つの別の態様において、免疫抑制剤は、スタチン、mTORインヒビター、TGF−βシグナル剤、コルチコステロイド、ミトコンドリア機能のインヒビター、P38インヒビター、NF−κβインヒビター、アデノシン受容体アゴニスト、プロスタグランジンE2アゴニスト、ホスホジエステラーゼ4インヒビター、HDACインヒビターまたはプロテアソームインヒビターを含む。本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つの別の態様において、mTORインヒビターはラパマイシンである。
本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つの別の態様において、合成ナノ担体に付着される免疫抑制剤の積載量(load)は、合成ナノ担体にわたる平均で、0.1%と50%との間である。本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つの別の態様において、積載量は0.1%と20%との間である。
本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つの別の態様において、合成ナノ担体のアスペクト比は1:1、1:1.2、1:1.5、1:2、1:3、1:5、1:7、または1:10よりも大きい。
別の側面において、本明細書で提供される組成物のいずれか1つは、本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つにおける使用のために提供される。一態様において、該方法は、免疫抑制剤および治療用高分子を対象に投与すること、ここで治療用高分子は、投与前に免疫抑制剤と同時処方されない、を含む。別の態様において、免疫抑制剤は、合成ナノ担体に付着されている。なお別の態様において、投与は併用投与である。
別の側面において、治療用高分子特異的CD4+制御性T細胞などのCD4+制御性T細胞の数または割合(または比)を増強する代わりに、医薬を製造する方法が提供される。一態様において、医薬は、同時処方されない免疫抑制剤および治療用高分子を含む。本明細書で提供される製造方法のいずれか1つの別の態様において、免疫抑制剤は合成ナノ担体に付着されている。
本発明を詳細に説明する前に、発明は、具体的に例示された材料またはプロセスパラメータが当然変化し得るので、かかるものに限定されないということを理解すべきである。本明細書で使用する用語法は本発明の具体的な態様を記載するためのものにすぎず、本発明を記載するための代替的用語法の使用を限定することを意図しないということもまた理解されるべきである。
上記または下記のいずれにおいても本明細書で引用される全ての刊行物、特許および特許出願は、全ての目的において、それらの全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本明細書で使用するとき、用語「含む(comprise)」、または「comprises」もしくは「comprising」などの変形形態は、いずれか列挙された完全体(integer)(例えば特長、要素、特徴、特性、方法/プロセスステップまたは限定)または完全体の群(例えば複数の特長、要素、特徴、特性、方法/プロセスステップまたは限定)の包含を表示すると読むべきであって、いずれか他の完全体または完全体の群の排除を表示すると読むべきではない。ゆえに、本明細書で使用するとき、用語「含む(comprising)」は包括的であり、追加の、列挙されない完全体または方法/プロセスステップを排除しない。
前述したように、現在の従来の免疫抑制剤は広域作用性であり、一般に、免疫系の全体的な全身の下方制御をもたらす。本明細書で提供される方法および組成物は、より多くの標的化された免疫効果を可能にし、特に、驚くべきことに、治療用高分子特異的CD4+制御性T細胞などのCD4+制御性T細胞の産生の増大を可能にする。治療用高分子特異的CD4+制御性T細胞の増大した数または割合(または比)は、記載された方法を実行することによって、または本明細書で提供される組成物を投与することによって達成することができることが見出された。したがって、かかる方法および組成物は、治療用高分子の投与に関連する望ましくない免疫応答の減少をもたらすことができ、および/または治療用高分子を用いた処置を必要とする対象のために有益であり得る。
本発明者らは、意外かつ驚くべきことに、上記の問題および制限は、本明細書に開示された発明を実施することによって克服できることを発見した。本発明は、以下の例に示される。
ここで、以下に本発明をより詳細に説明する。
「投与すること」または「投与」または「投与する」は、薬理学的に有用なやり方で対象へ材料を提供することを意味する。該用語は、いくつかの態様において投与させること(Causing to be administered)を包含することが意図される。「投与させること」とは、他の当事者に材料を投与するよう直接的または間接的に、させること、促すこと、奨励すること、援助すること、誘導すること、または、指示することを意味する。
「有効量」は、対象への投与のための組成物または剤形の文脈において、対象における1つまたは2つ以上の望ましい免疫応答、例えば、治療用高分子特異的なものなどのCD4+制御性T細胞の産生または発達の増強などの寛容原性免疫応答の発生を生じさせる組成物または剤形の量をいう。したがって、いくつかの態様において、有効量は、CD4+制御性T細胞の数または割合(または比)の増加などの1つまたは2つ以上の所望の免疫応答を生成する、本明細書で提供される組成物の量である。有効量は、in vitroまたはin vivoの目的とすることができる。in vivoの目的のために、量は、臨床医が治療用高分子の投与の結果として望ましくない免疫応答が発生し得る対象のための臨床的有用性を有し得ると考えるだろうものになり得る。
有効量は当然、医療従事者の知識と経験の範囲内で、処置されている具体的な対象;状態、疾患または障害の重篤性;年齢、体調、サイズおよび体重を包含する個々の患者パラメータ;処置の持続期間;(存在する場合)併用治療の特質;投与の具体的な経路および同種の因子に依存するであろう。これらの因子は当業者には周知であり、ルーチンな実験法程度のことで対処し得る。一般に好ましくは、最大用量、すなわち、健全な医療的判断に従う最も高い安全な用量を使用することである。しかしながら、患者はより少ない用量、または耐容用量を、医療的理由、心理学的理由、または事実上あらゆる他の理由で主張し得るということは、当業者には理解されよう。
「抗原特異的」は、抗原またはその一部分の存在によりもたらされるか、または、抗原を特異的に認識または結合する分子を発生させる、いずれかの免疫応答をいう。例えば、免疫応答が抗原特異的抗体産生である場合、抗原に特異的に結合する抗体が産生される。別の例として、免疫応答は、APCによって提示されたときに、抗原を提示することが可能な治療用高分子の抗原提示細胞(APC)に結合するCD4+制御性T細胞であってもよい、CD4+制御性T細胞の産生である。
「付着する」または「付着されている」または「連結する」または「連結されている」(等)は、1つの実体(例えば部位)をもう1つと化学的に関連させることを意味する。いくつかの態様において、付着は共有結合性であり、それは付着が2つの実体間の共有結合の存在の文脈下で起こることを意味する。非共有結合性の態様において、非共有結合性付着は、電荷相互作用、親和性相互作用、金属配位、物理吸着、ホスト−ゲスト相互作用、疎水性相互作用、TTスタッキング相互作用、水素結合相互作用、ファンデルワールス相互作用、磁気相互作用、静電相互作用、双極子−双極子相互作用および/またはそれらの組み合わせを包含するが、それらに限定されない非共有結合性相互作用により媒介される。ある態様において、カプセル化が付着の形態である。ある態様において、治療用高分子および免疫抑制剤は互いに付着されず、それは治療用高分子と免疫抑制剤とが一方をもう一方と化学的に関連させるように具体的に意図されたプロセスに供されないことを意味する。ある態様において、治療用高分子および/または免疫抑制剤は合成ナノ担体に付着されず、それは治療用高分子(および/または免疫抑制剤)と合成ナノ担体とが一方をもう一方と化学的に関連させるように具体的に意図されたプロセスに供されないことを意味する。
「同時処方」は、示されている材料が、材料が密接に物理的に接触しているか、または共有結合または非共有結合で化学的に付着している、充填し終えた医薬剤形を製造するように処理されることを意味する。本明細書では、「同時処方しない」は、示された材料(例えば、治療用高分子および免疫抑制剤(または免疫抑制剤に付着された合成ナノ担体))が、密接に物理的に接触しておらず、化学的に付着されていないことを意味する。いくつかの態様において、本明細書に記載のように治療用高分子および免疫抑制剤(または免疫抑制剤に付着された合成ナノ担体)は、対象への投与前に同時処方されない。
「組み合わせ」は、2つまたは3つ以上の材料および/または剤(本明細書において構成成分とも言う)に適用するとき、その2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤が関連されている材料を定義することが意図される。構成成分は、例えば第1構成成分、第2構成成分、第3構成成分等、別個に識別され得る。本文脈における用語「組み合わされた」および「組み合わせること」はこれに従い解釈されるものとする。
・2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤を混和物中に(例えば同じ単位用量内に)含む組成物(例えば単位製剤);
・2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤が化学的/物理化学的に結び付けられた(例えば架橋、分子凝集または共通のビヒクル部位への結合)、材料を含む組成物;
・2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤が化学的/物理化学的に共パッケージ化された(co-packaged)(例えば、脂質ベシクル、粒子(例えばマイクロまたはナノ粒子)または乳化液滴の上または内に配置された)、材料を含む組成物;
・2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤が共パッケージ化また一括提供(co-presented)された(例えば、一連の単位用量の一部として)、医薬キット、医薬パックまたは患者用パック。
・2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤の少なくとも1つを、その2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤の物理的関連を形成するための、その少なくとも1つの化合物/剤の即席の関連のための使用説明書と一緒に含む、材料(例えば単位製剤);
・2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤の少なくとも1つを、その2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤による組み合わせ治療のための使用説明書と一緒に含む、材料(例えば単位製剤);
・2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤の少なくとも1つを、その2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤の他のもの(単数または複数)が投与された(または投与されている)患者集団に投与するための使用説明書と一緒に含む、材料;
・2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤の少なくとも1つを、その2つまたは3つ以上の材料/剤の他のもの(単数または複数)と組み合わせて使用するように具体的に適合された量または形態で含む、材料。
「用量」は、所与の時間にわたり対象に投与するための薬理学的および/または免疫学的に活性な材料の具体的な分量(quantity)をいう。
「カプセル化する」は、合成ナノ担体内の物質の少なくとも一部分を封入することを意味する。いくつかの態様において、物質は合成ナノ担体内に完全に封入される。他の態様において、カプセル化される物質の大部分または全てが、合成ナノ担体の外部の局所環境に曝露されない。他の形態において、局所環境に曝露されるのが50%、40%、30%、20%、10%または5%(重量/重量)を超えない。カプセル化は、吸収(吸収は、物質の大部分または全てを合成ナノ担体の表面上に置き、その物質を合成ナノ担体の外部の局所環境に曝した状態にする)とは区別される。
「対象を識別すること」は、対象を本明細書で提供される方法、組成物またはキットから効果が得られ得る対象として臨床医に認識せしめるいずれかの行動または行動のセットである。好ましくは、識別された対象は、治療用高分子特異的CD4+制御性T細胞の産生または発達など、増大されたCD4+制御性T細胞の産生または発達を必要とする対象などの、本明細書で提供される寛容原性免疫応答を必要とするものである。行動または行動のセットは、それ自体の直接的なものであっても、または間接的なものであってもよい。本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つの一態様において、方法はさらに、本明細書で提供される方法、組成物またはキットを必要としている対象を識別することを含む。
本明細書で提供される方法、組成物またはキットのいずれか1つのある態様において、本明細書で提供される免疫抑制剤は、合成ナノ担体に付着されている。好ましい態様において、免疫抑制剤は、合成ナノ担体の構造を構成する材料に追加された要素である。例えば、合成ナノ担体が1つまたは2つ以上のポリマーで構成されている一態様において、免疫抑制剤は、1つまたは2つ以上のポリマーに追加されて付着された化合物である。別の例として、合成ナノ担体が1つまたは2つ以上の脂質で構成されている一態様において、免疫抑制剤はやはり、1つまたは2つ以上の脂質に追加されて付着された化合物である。合成ナノ担体の材料がまた、免疫抑制効果をももたらす場合などのある態様において、免疫抑制剤は、免疫抑制効果をもたらす合成ナノ担体の材料に追加されて存在する要素である。
本明細書で提供される方法、組成物またはキットのいずれか1つのある態様において、免疫抑制剤はナノ結晶性形態などの形態にあり、それにより免疫抑制剤自体の形態は粒子または粒子様である。ある態様において、こうした形態はウイルスまたは他の外来病原体を模擬している。多くの薬物はナノ化されており、こうした薬物の形態を生じさせるための適切な方法は当業者に知られているであろう。ナノ結晶性ラパマイシンなどの薬物ナノ結晶は当業者に知られている(Katteboinaa, et al. 2009, International Journal of PharmTech Resesarch; Vol. 1, No. 3; pp682-694)。本明細書で使用するとき、「薬物ナノ結晶」は、担体またはマトリックス材料を包含しない、薬物(例えば免疫抑制剤)の形態をいう。いくつかの態様において、薬物薬物ナノ結晶は、90%、95%、98%または99%、または、それ以上の薬物を含む。薬物ナノ結晶の生成方法としては、限定されないが、摩砕(milling)、高圧均質化、沈殿、噴霧乾燥、超臨界溶体急速膨張(RESS)、Nanoedge(登録商標)技術(Baxter Healthcare)およびNanocrystal Technology(商標)(Elan Corporation)が挙げられる。いくつかの態様において、薬物ナノ結晶の立体または静電安定性のために、界面活性物質または安定剤を使用してもよい。いくつかの態様において、免疫抑制剤のナノ結晶またはナノ結晶性形態は、免疫抑制剤、特に不溶性のまたは不安定な(labile)免疫抑制剤、の溶解性、安定性および/または生物学的利用能を増大させるために使用され得る。いくつかの態様において、治療用高分子のナノ結晶性形態の免疫抑制剤との併用投与は、治療用高分子に特異的なものなどのCD4+制御性T細胞の数または割合(または比)の増大をもたらす。
「合成ナノ担体の最大寸法」は、合成ナノ担体のいずれかの軸に沿って測定されたナノ担体の最も長い寸法を意味する。「合成ナノ担体の最小寸法」は、合成ナノ担体のいずれかの軸に沿って測定された合成ナノ担体の最も小さい寸法を意味する。例えば、回転楕円状合成ナノ担体において、合成ナノ担体の最大および最小寸法は、実質的に同一であって、その径のサイズとなるであろう。同様に立方体様の合成ナノ担体において、合成ナノ担体の最小寸法は、その高さ、幅または長さのうち最小のものとなり、一方合成ナノ担体の最大寸法は、その高さ、幅または長さのうち最大のものとなろう。
「薬学的に許容し得る賦形剤」または「薬学的に許容し得る担体」は、組成物を処方するために薬理学的に活性な材料と一緒に使用される薬理学的に不活性な材料を意味する。薬学的に許容し得る賦形剤は、糖(例えばグルコース、ラクトース等)、抗菌剤などの保存剤、再構成助剤、着色剤、食塩水(リン酸緩衝化食塩水等)および緩衝剤を包含するが、これらに限定されない、当該分野において知られている種々の材料を含む。
「対象を提供する」とは、臨床医に対象と接触させて本明細書で提供される組成物をその対象に投与させるか、または、本明細書で提供される方法をその対象において行わせる、いずれかの行動または行動のセットである。好ましくは、対象は、抗原特異的免疫寛容または治療用高分子特異的なものなどのCD4+制御性T細胞の増大された産生または発達を必要としている対象である。行動または行動のセットは、自身で直接的または間接的に取られ得る。本明細書で提供される方法のいずれか1つの一態様において、方法はさらに対象を提供することを含む。
「対象」は、ヒトおよび霊長類などの温血動物;トリ;ネコ、イヌ、ヒツジ、ヤギ、ウシ、ウマおよびブタなどのペットまたは家畜;マウス、ラットおよびモルモットなどの実験動物;魚;爬虫類;動物園のおよび野生の動物;等を包含する動物を意味する。
「合成ナノ担体(単数または複数)」は、自然界には見られずサイズにおいて5ミクロン以下の少なくとも1つの寸法を所有する離散性の物体を意味する。アルブミンナノ粒子は一般に、合成ナノ担体として包含されるが、特定の態様において、合成ナノ担体はアルブミンナノ粒子を含まない。ある態様において、合成ナノ担体はキトサンを含まない。他の態様において、合成ナノ担体は脂質系ナノ粒子ではない。さらなる態様において、合成ナノ担体はリン脂質を含まない。
C.組成物
免疫抑制剤および治療用高分子に特異的なものなどのCD4+制御性T細胞の産生または発達を増強するための治療用高分子の投与における使用のための組成物、ならびに関連する方法およびキットが本明細書で提供される。かかる組成物、キット、および方法は、治療用高分子治療を受けるだろうものなど、治療用高分子治療を必要とする対象に有用である。
種々多様な合成ナノ担体を本発明に従い使用し得る。いくつかの態様において、合成ナノ担体は、球状または回転楕円状である。いくつかの態様において、合成ナノ担体は平坦または平板形状である。いくつかの態様において、合成ナノ担体は立方体または立方体状である。いくつかの態様において、合成ナノ担体は卵形または長円である。いくつかの態様において、合成ナノ担体は円筒、円錐またはピラミッドである。
合成ナノ担体は、中実または中空であってよく、1つまたは2つ以上の層を含み得る。いくつかの態様において、各層が、他の層(単数または複数)に対して、独自の組成物および独自の性質を有する。例を挙げると、合成ナノ担体は、コアが1つの層(例えばポリマーコア)でありシェルが第2の層(例えば脂質二分子層または脂質単分子層)であるコア/シェル構造を有していてもよい。合成ナノ担体は複数の異なる層を含んでいてもよい。
他の態様において、合成ナノ担体は金属粒子、量子ドット、セラミック粒子、等を含んでいてもよい。いくつかの態様において、非ポリマー合成ナノ担体は、金属原子(例えば金原子)の凝集体などの非ポリマー構成成分の凝集体である。
好ましい態様において、合成ナノ担体は本明細書で提供されるポリマーを含む。これらの合成ナノ担体は完全にポリマー性であってもよく、ポリマーと他の材料との混合であってもよい。
いくつかの態様において、ポリマーは、ポリエステル、ポリカーボネート、ポリアミドまたはポリエーテル、または、これらの単位を含む。他の態様において、ポリマーは、ポリ(エチレングリコール)(PEG)、ポリプロピレングリコール、ポリ(乳酸)、ポリ(グリコール酸)、ポリ(乳酸−co−グリコール酸)またはポリカプロラクトン、または、これらの単位を含む。いくつかの態様において、ポリマーは生分解性であることが好ましい。それゆえ、これらの態様において、ポリマーがポリ(エチレングリコール)またはポリプロピレングリコールまたはこれらの単位などのポリエーテルを含む場合、ポリマーは、生分解性となるように、ポリエーテルのブロックコポリマーおよび生分解性ポリマーを含むことが好ましい。他の態様において、ポリマーは、ポリ(エチレングリコール)またはポリプロピレングリコールまたはこれらの単位などの、ポリエーテルまたはこれらの単位を、それだけでは含まない。
いくつかの態様において、本発明に従うポリマーは、ポリエステル(例えば、ポリ乳酸、ポリ(乳酸−co−グリコール酸)、ポリカプロラクトン、ポリバレロラクトン、ポリ(1,3−ジオキサン−2オン));ポリ酸無水物(例えば、ポリ(セバシン酸無水物));ポリエーテル(例えば、ポリエチレングリコール);ポリウレタン;ポリメタクリラート;ポリアクリラート;およびポリシアノアクリラートを包含するが、これらに限定されない、米国医薬品局(FDA)により21C.F.R.§177.2600の下でヒトにおける使用が認証されたポリマーを包含する。
いくつかの態様において、ポリマーは脂質または脂肪酸基で修飾され得る。いくつかの態様において、脂肪酸基は、酪酸、カプロン酸、カプリル酸、カプリン酸、ラウリン酸、ミリスチン酸、パルミチン酸、ステアリン酸、アラキドン酸、ベヘン酸またはリグノセリン酸の1つまたは2つ以上であり得る。いくつかの態様において、脂肪酸基は、パルミトレイン酸、オレイン酸、バクセン酸、リノール酸、アルファ−リノール酸、ガンマ−リノール酸、アラキドン酸、ガドレイン酸、アラキドン酸、エイコサペンタエン酸、ドコサヘキサエン酸またはエルシン酸の1つまたは2つ以上であり得る。
本発明に従う組成物は、免疫抑制剤などの要素を、保存剤、緩衝剤、食塩水またはリン酸緩衝化食塩水などの薬学的に許容し得る賦形剤と組み合わせて含み得る。組成物は、有用な剤形に到達するように従来の医薬製造および配合技術を使用して作られ得る。ある態様において、免疫抑制剤を含むものなどの組成物は、保存剤と一緒に注射用の滅菌食塩水溶液に懸濁される。
ある態様において、担体として合成ナノ担体を調製するとき、合成ナノ担体に構成成分を付着する方法が有用であり得る。構成成分が小さな分子である場合、合成ナノ担体の組み立ての前にその構成成分をポリマーに付着することが有利である場合がある。ある態様において、構成成分をポリマーに付着し、次いでこのポリマー複合体を合成ナノ担体の構築に使用するというよりはむしろ、それらの表面基の使用を通して構成成分を合成ナノ担体に付着させるために使用される表面基を有する合成ナノ担体を調製することも有利である場合がある。
アミドリンカーは、免疫抑制剤などの一方の構成成分上のアミンとナノ担体などの第2の構成成分のカルボン酸基との間のアミド結合を介して形成される。リンカー中のアミド結合は、好適に保護されたアミノ酸および活性化されたカルボン酸(N−ヒドロキシスクシンイミド活性化エステルなど)との従来のアミド結合形成反応のいずれかを使用して作られ得る。
ヒドラジドリンカーは、1つの構成成分上のヒドラジン基と第2構成成分上のカルボン酸基との反応により形成される。かかる反応は一般に、カルボン酸が活性化試薬で活性化される場合のアミド結合の形成と同様の化学を使用して行われる。
イミンまたはオキシムリンカーは、1つの構成成分上のアミンまたはN−アルコキシアミン(またはアミノオキシ)基と、第2構成成分上のアルデヒドまたはケトン基との反応により形成される。
アミジンリンカーは、1つの構成成分上のアミン基と、第2構成成分上のイミドエステル基との反応により調製される。
アミンリンカーは、1つの構成成分上のアミン基と、第2構成成分上のハロゲン化物、エポキシドまたはスルホナートエステル基などのアルキル化基とのアルキル化反応により作られる。代替的に、アミンリンカーはまた、1つの構成成分上のアミン基と第2の構成成分上のアルデヒドまたはケトン基との、シアノ水素化ホウ素ナトリウムまたはトリアセトキシ水素化ホウ素ナトリウムなどの好適な還元試薬を使用した還元アミノ化により作られてもよい。
スルホンリンカーは、求核基のビニルスルホンへのマイケル付加により作られる。ビニルスルホンまたは求核基のいずれかは、ナノ担体の表面上にあってもよいし、構成成分に付着されていてもよい。
構成成分はまた、非共有結合性複合化法を介してナノ担体に複合化されていてもよい。例えば、負に荷電された免疫抑制剤は、静電吸着を通して正に荷電されたナノ担体に複合化されてもよい。金属リガンドを含有する構成成分はまた、金属−リガンド錯体を介して金属錯体を含有するナノ担体に複合化されてもよい。
mTORインヒビターの例としては、ラパマイシンおよびその類縁体(例えば、CCL-779、RAD001、AP23573、C20−メタリルラパマイシン(C20-Marap)、C16−(S)−ブチルスルホンアミドラパマイシン(C16-BSrap)、C16−(S)−3−メチルインドールラパマイシン(C16-iRap)(Bayle et al., Chemistry & Biology 2006, 13:99-107))、AZD8055、BEZ235(NVP-BEZ235)、クリソファン酸(クリソファノール)、デフォロリムス(MK-8669)、エベロリムス(RAD0001)、KU-0063794、PI-103、PP242、テムシロリムスおよびWYE-354(Selleck、Houston、TX、USAから入手可能)が挙げられる。
ミトコンドリア機能のインヒビターの例としては、アトラクチロシド(ジカリウム塩)、ボングクレキック酸(トリアンモニウム塩)、カルボニルシアニドm−クロロフェニルヒドラゾン、カロボキシアトラクチロシド(例えばアトラクチリス属から)、CGP−37157、(−)−デグエリン(例えばMundulea sericeaから)、F16、ヘキソキナーゼIIVDAC結合ドメインペプチド、オリゴマイシン、ロテノン、Ru360、SFK1およびバリノマイシン(例えばStreptomuces fulvissimusから)(EMD4Biosciences, USA)が挙げられる。
NF(例えば、ΝΚ−κβ)インヒビターの例としては、IFRD1、2−(1,8−ナフチリジン−2−イル)−フェノール、5−アミノサリチル酸、BAY11-7082、BAY11-7085、CAPE(カフェイン酸フェネチルエステル)、ジエチルマレエート、IKK−2インヒビターIV、IMD0354、ラクタシスチン、MG-132[Z−Leu−Leu−Leu−CHO]、NFκB活性化インヒビターIII、NF−κB活性化インヒビターII、JSH-23、パルテノリド、フェニルアルシンオキシド(PAO)、PPM-18、ピロリジンジチオカルバミン酸アンモニウム塩、QNZ、RO106-9920、ロカグラミド、ロカグラミドAL、ロカグラミドC、ロカグラミドI、ロカグラミドJ、ロカグラオール、(R)-MG-132、サリチル酸ナトリウム、トリプトリド(PG490)およびウェデロラクトンが挙げられる。
プロスタグランジンE2アゴニストの例としては、E−プロスタノイド2およびE−プロスタノイド4が挙げられる。
ホスホジエステラーゼインヒビター(非選択的および選択的インヒビター)の例としては、カフェイン、アミノフィリン、IBMX(3−イソブチル−1−メチルキサンチン)、パラキサンチン、ペントキシフィリン、テオブロミン、テオフィリン、メチル化キサンチン、ビンポセチン、EHNA(エリスロ−9−(2−ヒドロキシ−3−ノニル)アデニン)、アナグレリド、エノキシモン(PERFAN(商標))、ミルリノン、レボシメンダン(levosimendon)、メセンブリン、イブジラスト、ピクラミラスト、ルテオリン、ドロタベリン、ロフルミラスト(DAXAS(商標)、DALIRESP(商標))、シルデナフィル(REVATION(登録商標)、VIAGRA(登録商標))、タダラフィル(ADCIRCA(登録商標)、CIALIS(登録商標))、バルデナフィル(LEVITRA(登録商標)、STAXYN(登録商標))、ウデナフィル、アバナフィル、イカリイン、4−メチルピペラジンおよびピラゾロピリミジン−7−1が挙げられる。
キナーゼインヒビターの例としては、ベバシズマブ、BIBW2992、セツキシマブ(ERBITUX(登録商標))、イマチニブ(GLEEVEC(登録商標))、トラスツズマブ(HERCEPTIN(登録商標))、ゲフィチニブ(IRESSA(登録商標))、ラニビズマブ(LUCENTIS(登録商標))、ペガプタニブ、ソラフェニブ、ダサチニブ、スニチニブ、エルロチニブ、ニロチニブ、ラパチニブ、パニツムマブ、バンデタニブ、E7080、パゾパニブおよびムブリチニブが挙げられる。
レチノイドの例としては、レチノール、レチナール、トレチノイン(レチノイン酸、RETIN-A(登録商標))、イソトレチノイン(ACCUTANE(登録商標)、AMNESTEEM(登録商標)、CLARAVIS(登録商標)、SOTRET(登録商標))、アリトレチノイン(PANRETIN(登録商標))、エトレチナート(TEGISON(商標))およびその代謝産物アシトレチン(SORIATANE(登録商標))、タザロテン(TAZORAC(登録商標)、AVAGE(登録商標)、ZORAC(登録商標))、ベキサロテン(TARGRETIN(登録商標))およびアダパレン(DIFFERIN(登録商標))が挙げられる。
ペルオキシソーム増殖剤活性化受容体アンタゴニストの例としては、GW9662、PPARγアンタゴニストIII、G335およびT0070907(EMD4Biosciences、USA)が挙げられる。
ペルオキシソーム増殖剤活性化受容体アゴニストの例としては、ピオグリタゾン、シグリタゾン、クロフィブレート、GW1929、GW7647、L-165,041、LY171883、PPARγアクチベーター、Fmoc-Leu、トログリタゾンおよびWY-14643(EMD4Biosciences、USA)が挙げられる。
ホスファターゼインヒビターの例としては、BN82002ヒドロクロリド、CP-91149、カリクリンA、カンタリジン酸、カンタリジン、サイパーメスリン、エチル−3,4−デホスタチン、フォストリエシンナトリウム塩、MAZ51、メチル−3,4−デホスタチン、NSC95397、ノルカンタリジン、prorocentrum concavumからのオカダ酸アンモニウム塩、オカダ酸、オカダ酸カリウム塩、オカダ酸ナトリウム塩、フェニルアルシンオキシド、種々のホスファートインヒビター混液、タンパク質ホスファターゼ1C、タンパク質ホスファターゼ2Aインヒビタータンパク質、タンパク質ホスファターゼ2A1、タンパク質ホスファターゼ2A2およびオルトバナジン酸ナトリウムが挙げられる。
治療用高分子は、治療用タンパク質または治療用ポリヌクレオチドを包含し得る。治療用タンパク質としては、点滴可能な治療用のタンパク質、酵素、酵素補助因子、ホルモン、血液凝固因子、サイトカインおよびインターフェロン、成長因子、モノクローナル抗体およびポリクローナル抗体(例えば補充治療として対象に投与されるもの)およびポンペ病に関連するタンパク質(例えば酸性グルコシダーゼアルファ、rhGAA(例えばミオザイムおよびルミザイム(Genzyme))が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。治療用タンパク質はまた、血液凝固カスケードに関与するタンパク質も包含する。治療用タンパク質としては、第VIII因子、第VII因子、第IX因子、第V因子、フォン・ヴィレブランド因子、フォン・ヘルデブラント因子、組織プラスミノーゲンアクチベーター、インスリン、成長ホルモン、エリスロポエチンアルファ、VEGF、トロンボポエチン、リゾチーム、アンチトロンビン等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。治療用タンパク質はまた、レプチンおよびアディポネクチンなどのアディポカインも包含する。治療用タンパク質の他の例は以下に記載し、および本明細書中に別記するとおりである。
治療用タンパク質はまた、いずれかの細菌性の、真菌性の、またはウイルス性の供給源から単離されるか、または誘導された酵素、毒素、または、他のタンパク質またはペプチドを包含してもよい。
サイトカインの例としては、リンホカイン、インターロイキンおよびケモカイン、IFN−γなどのタイプ1サイトカイン、TGF−βおよびIL−4、IL−10およびIL−13などのタイプ2サイトカインが挙げられる。
追加の治療用タンパク質としては、例えば、Fc融合タンパク質などの遺伝子操作タンパク質、二重特異性抗体、多重特異性抗体、ナノボディ、抗原結合タンパク質、抗体フラグメントおよび抗体薬物複合体などのタンパク質複合体が挙げられる。
本発明の側面に従って有用な追加の治療用高分子は、当業者には明らかであり、本発明はこの点において限定されない。
本発明のある側面は、本明細書で提供される投与の方法のためのプロトコルを決定することに関する。プロトコルは、治療用高分子および免疫抑制剤の投与の頻度、用量および他の側面を変更し、その後にかかる変更に基づいて、治療用高分子特異的なものなどのCD4+制御性T細胞の数または割合(または比)、および/またはいずれかの望ましいまたは望ましくない免疫応答を査定することによって、決定され得る。本発明の実行のための好ましいプロトコルは、治療用高分子特異的CD4+制御性T細胞などのCD4+制御性T細胞の数または割合(または比)を増大させる。
上記の方法のいずれかによって調製される合成ナノ担体が望ましい範囲を外れるサイズ範囲を有する場合、合成ナノ担体は、例えば、篩いを使用して分粒されてもよい。
代替的または追加的に、合成ナノ担体は、直接的に、または非共有結合的相互作用を介して間接的に、構成成分に付着されてよい。非共有結合的な態様において、非共有結合的付着は、電荷相互作用、親和性相互作用、金属配位、物理吸着、ホスト−ゲスト相互作用、疎水性相互作用、TTスタッキング相互作用、水素結合相互作用、ファンデルワールス相互作用、磁気相互作用、静電相互作用、双極子−双極子相互作用および/またはそれらの組み合わせを包含するが、それらに限定されない、非共有結合的相互作用により媒介される。かかる付着は、合成ナノ担体の外部表面または内部表面上に配列されてもよい。ある態様において、カプセル化および/または吸収が付着の形態である。ある態様において、合成ナノ担体は、同じビヒクルまたは送達系中で混和することによって抗原と組み合わされてもよい。
本発明の組成物はいずれかの好適な様式で作り得、本発明は本明細書に記載される方法を使用して生成され得る組成物になんら限定されないということを理解すべきである。適切な製造方法の選択は、関連している具体的な部位の性質に対する注意を要する場合がある。
本発明の組成物は、本明細書中に別記した有効量などの有効量で投与され得る。剤形の用量は、本発明に従い、変化する量の免疫抑制剤および/または治療用高分子を含有してよい。剤形中に存在する免疫抑制剤および/または治療用高分子の量は、治療用高分子および/または免疫抑制剤の特質、遂行されるべき治療効果ならびに他のかかるパラメータに従い変化されられ得る。ある態様において、剤形中に存在すべき免疫抑制剤および/または治療用高分子の最適な治療量を確立するために、用量範囲の研究を行い得る。ある態様において、免疫抑制剤および/または治療用高分子は、対象への投与の際、治療用高分子に対する寛容原性免疫応答を発生するのに有効な量で剤形中に存在する。好ましい態様において、免疫抑制剤および/または治療用高分子は、対象に併用投与されるときなど、CD4+制御性T細胞の産生または発達を増強させる有効量で剤形中に存在する。対象における従来の用量範囲の研究および技術を使用して、望ましい免疫応答を発生させるのに有効な免疫抑制剤および/または治療用高分子の量を決定することが可能であり得る。剤形は、種々の頻度で投与され得る。
本開示の別の側面はキットに関する。いくつかの態様において、キットは、いくつかの態様において合成ナノ担体に付着されている、免疫抑制剤、および治療用高分子を含む。免疫抑制剤および治療用高分子は、キットにおいて別個の容器内に含有され得る。いくつかの態様において、容器はバイアルまたはアンプルである。いくつかの態様において、治療用高分子または免疫抑制剤は、容器とは別の溶液内に含有されて、治療用高分子または免疫抑制剤がその後の時点で容器に加えられるようになされていてもよい。好ましい態様において、治療用高分子は、投与前に免疫抑制剤とともに同時処方されない。いくつかの態様において、治療用高分子または免疫抑制剤は、それぞれ別の容器中に凍結乾燥された形態であって、それらがその後の時点で再構成されるようになされていてもよい。いくつかの態様において、キットはさらに、再構成、混合、投与、等のための使用説明書を含む。いくつかの態様において、使用説明書は本明細書に記載された方法の記載を包含する。使用説明書は、例えば印刷されたインサートまたはラベルのような、いずれか好適な形態であってよい。いくつかの態様において、キットはさらに、1つまたは2つ以上のシリンジまたは免疫抑制剤および治療用高分子を投与するための他の手段を含む。
例1:ポリマー−ラパマイシン複合体を含有するポリマーナノ担体(予言的)
PLGA−ラパマイシン複合体の調製:
酸末端基を有するPLGAポリマー(7525 DLG1A、酸価0.46mmol/gで、Lakeshore Biomaterials;5g、2.3mmol、1.0当量)を30mLのジクロロメタン(DCM)に溶解する。N,N−ジシクロヘキシルカルボジイミド(1.2当量、2.8mmol、0.57g)を加え、続いてラパマイシン(1.0当量、2.3mmol、2.1g)および4−ジメチルアミノピリジン(DMAP)(2.0当量、4.6mmol、0.56g)を添加する。混合物を2日間rtで撹拌する。次いで混合物をろ過し、不溶性ジシクロヘキシル尿素を除去する。ろ液を約10mLの体積まで濃縮し、100mLのイソプロピルアルコール(IPA)に添加し、PLGA−ラパマイシン複合体を沈殿させる。IPA層が除去され、次いでポリマーを50mLのIPAおよび50mLのメチルt−ブチルエーテル(MTBE)で洗浄する。次いでポリマーを、2日間35℃の真空下で乾燥させ、PLGA−ラパマイシンを白色固体(約6.5g)として得る。
以下のようにナノ担体形成のための溶液を調製する:
溶液1:塩化メチレン中の100mg/mlのPLGA−ラパマイシン。溶液を、純粋な塩化メチレン中にPLGA−ラパマイシンを溶解することにより調製する。溶液2:塩化メチレン中の100mg/mlのPLA−PEG。溶液を、純粋な塩化メチレン中にPLA−PEGを溶解することにより調製する。溶液3:100mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝液中の50mg/mLのポリビニルアルコール。
一次油中水エマルションをまず調製する。W1/O1は、小型圧力チューブ内に溶液1(0.75mL)および溶液2(0.25ml)を組み合わせ、Branson Digital Sonifier 250を使用して40秒間50%の振幅で超音波処理することによって調製する。W1/O1/W2エマルションを70mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝溶液(30ml)を含有するビーカーに加え、室温で2時間撹拌し、塩化メチレンを蒸発させ、ナノ担体を形成させる。ナノ担体の一部は、ナノ担体の懸濁液を遠心分離管に移し、75600×gで35分間4℃で遠心分離し、上清を除去し、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水でペレットを再懸濁することによって洗浄する。洗浄手順を繰り返し、約10mg/mLのナノ担体の最終分散のためにペレットをリン酸緩衝生理食塩水に再懸濁する。
HS−PEG−ラパマイシンの調製:
乾燥DMF中のPEG酸ジスルフィド(1.0当量)、ラパマイシン(2.0〜2.5当量)、DCC(2.5当量)およびDMAP(3.0当量)の溶液を室温で終夜撹拌する。不溶性ジシクロヘキシル尿素をろ過により除去し、ろ液をイソプロピルアルコール(IPA)に添加し、PEG−ジスルフィド−ジ−ラパマイシンエステルを沈殿させ、IPAで洗浄し、乾燥させる。次いでポリマーをDMF中のトリス(2−カルボキシエチル)ホスフィン塩酸塩で処理し、PEGジスルフィドをチオールPEGラパマイシンエステル(HS−PEG−ラパマイシン)へ還元させる。得られたポリマーを、IPAから沈殿により回収し、上記のとおり乾燥させ、H NMRおよびGPCにより分析する。
1mMのHAuCl4の500mLの水溶液を、コンデンサーを備えた1Lの丸底フラスコ中で激しく撹拌しながら10分間加熱還流する。次いで40mMのクエン酸三ナトリウムの50mLの溶液を急速に撹拌溶液に添加する。得られた深いワインレッドの溶液を25〜30分間還流で保持し、熱を回収し、溶液を室温に冷却する。次いで溶液を0.8μmのメンブレンフィルターでろ過してAuNC溶液を得る。AuNCは、可視分光法および透過電子顕微鏡を使用することによって特徴付けられる。AuNCは約20nmの径があり、520nmで吸収ピークを有するクエン酸によってキャップされる。
HS−PEG−ラパマイシン(10mMのpH9.0の炭酸緩衝液中で10μΜ)150μlの溶液を径20nmのクエン酸でキャップした金ナノ担体(1.16nM)1mLに加え、金に対するチオールのモル比を2500:1とする。混合物を、1時間、アルゴン下、室温で撹拌し、チオールを金ナノ担体上のクエン酸と完全に交換する。次いで、表面上でPEG−ラパマイシンを有するAuNCを30分間12000gで遠心分離により精製する。上清を傾瀉し、次いでAuNC−S−PEG−ラパマイシンを含有するペレットは、1×PBS緩衝液で洗浄したペレットである。精製された金−PEG−ラパマイシンナノ担体は、次いでさらなる分析やバイオアッセイのために好適な緩衝液中に再懸濁する。
メソポーラスSiO2ナノ粒子コアを、ゾル−ゲルプロセスを介して作製する。ヘキサデシルトリメチル−アンモニウムブロミド(CTAB)(0.5g)を脱イオン水(500mL)に溶解し、次いで2MのNaOH水溶液(3.5mL)をCTAB溶液に加える。溶液を30分間攪拌し、次いで、テトラエトキシシラン(TEOS)(2.5mL)を溶液に加える。得られたゲルを80℃の温度で3h撹拌する。形成した白色沈殿物をろ過によって捕捉し、その後は脱イオン水で洗浄し、室温で乾燥させる。次いで残りの界面活性物質をHClのエタノール溶液中に終夜懸濁することによって粒子から抽出する。粒子をエタノールで洗浄し、遠心分離し、超音波処理下で再分散する。この洗浄手順をさらに2回繰り返す。
次いでSiO2のナノ粒子を、(3−アミノプロピル)トリエトキシシラン(APTMS)を使用してアミノ基で官能化する。これを行うために、粒子をエタノール(30mL)に懸濁させ、APTMS(50μL)を懸濁液に加える。懸濁液を室温で2h静置し、次いで定期的にエタノールを添加することにより体積を一定に保ちながら、4hボイルする。残りの反応物は、遠心分離および純粋なエタノール中での再分散の洗浄の5サイクルによって除去する。
コア−シェルナノ担体を形成するために、上記形成されたアミノ官能化SiO2ナノ粒子をまず室温で2h、金種と混合する。金装飾のSiO2粒子を、遠心分離によって収集し、塩化金酸および炭酸水素カリウムの水溶液と混合して金のシェルを形成させる。次いで粒子を遠心分離および水中の再分散によって洗浄する。イブプロフェンは、72h、イブプロフェンナトリウムの溶液(1mg/L)で粒子を懸濁させることによって積載する。フリーのイブプロフェンを遠心分離および水中の再分散によって粒子から洗浄する。
リポソームを、薄膜水和を用いて形成する。1,2−ジパルミトイル−sn−グリセロ−3−ホスホコリン(DPPC)(32μmol)、コレステロール(32μmol)およびシクロスポリンA(6.4μmol)を、純粋なクロロホルム(3mL)に溶解する。この脂質溶液を、50mL丸底フラスコに加え、溶媒を60℃の温度で、ロータリーエバポレーターで蒸発させる。次いでフラスコを窒素ガスでフラッシュし、残りの溶媒を除去する。リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(2mL)および5つのガラスビーズをフラスコに加え、脂質膜を1時間60℃で振とうすることにより水和させ、懸濁液を形成させる。懸濁液を小型圧力チューブに移し、各パルス間に30sの遅延で30sパルスの4サイクル、60℃で超音波処理する。次いで懸濁液を2h室温で静置し、完全に水和させる。リポソームを遠心分離し、次いで新鮮なリン酸緩衝生理食塩水に再懸濁することによって洗浄する。
材料
ラパマイシンはTSZ CHEM(185 Wilson Street, Framingham, MA 01702)から購入した(製品カタログ# R1017)。76%ラクチドおよび24%グリコリド含有量ならびに固有粘度0.69dL/gのPLGAをSurModics Pharmaceuticals(756 Tom Martin Drive, Birmingham, AL 35211)から購入した(製品コード7525 DLG 7A)。およそ5,000DaのPEGブロックおよびおよそ40,000DaのPLAブロックを有するPLA−PEGブロックコポリマーをSurModics Pharmaceuticals(756 Tom Martin Drive, Birmingham, AL 35211)から購入した(製品コード100 DL mPEG 5000 5CE)。ポリビニルアルコール(85〜89%加水分解)はEMD Chemicalsから購入した(製品番号1.41350.1001)。
方法
以下のとおりに溶液を調製した:
溶液1:塩化メチレン中、75mg/mLのPLGAおよび25mg/mLのPLA−PEG。この溶液は、純粋な塩化メチレン中にPLGAおよびPLA−PEGを溶解することにより調製した。
溶液2:ラパマイシン、塩化メチレン中100mg/mL。この溶液は、純粋な塩化メチレン中にラパマイシンを溶解することにより調製した。
溶液3:ポリビニルアルコール、100mMのpH8リン酸緩衝剤中50mg/mL。
材料
GSK1059615は、MedChem Express(11 Deer Park Drive, Suite 102D Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852)から購入した(製品コードHY- 12036)。ラクチド:グリコリド比1:1および固有粘度0.24dL/gのPLGAを、Lakeshore Biomaterials(756 Tom Martin Drive, Birmingham, AL 35211)から購入した(製品コード5050 DLG 2.5A)。およそ5,000Daのメチルエーテル末端PEGブロックおよび0.26DL/gの全体的な固有粘度を有するPLA−PEG−OMeブロックコポリマーを、Lakeshore Biomaterials(756 Tom Martin Drive, Birmingham, AL 35211)から購入した(製品コード100 DL mPEG 5000 5K-E)。Cellgro Phosphate-buffered saline 1X pH 7.4(PBS1×)は、Corning(9345 Discovery Blvd. Manassas, VA 20109)から購入した(製品コード21-040-CV)。
以下のとおりに溶液を調製した:
溶液1:PLGA(125mg)およびPLA−PEG−OMe(125mg)を10mLのアセトンに溶解した。溶液2:GSK1059615を、1mLのN−メチル−2−ピロリジノン(NMP)中10mgで調製した。
溶液1(4mL)および溶液2(0.25mL)を小ガラス圧力管中で組み合わせ、この混合物を、20mLの超純水を含有する250mLの丸底フラスコに撹拌下、滴下して加えることにより、ナノ担体を調製した。このフラスコをロータリーエバポリーション装置に取り付け、減圧下アセトンを除去した。ナノ担体懸濁液を遠心分離管に移し、75,600rcfおよび4℃で50分間遠心分離し、上清を除去し、ペレットをPBS1×中に再懸濁することによって、ナノ担体の一部分を洗浄した。洗浄手順を繰り返し、ペレットをPBS1×に再懸濁して、ポリマー基準で10mg/mLの公称濃度を有するナノ担体懸濁液を達成した。洗浄したナノ担体溶液を、次いでPallの1.2μmPESメンブランシリンジフィルター(部品番号4656)を使用してろ過した。同一のナノ担体溶液を上記のとおりに調製し、ろ過ステップ後に最初のものと共に貯蔵した。この均質な懸濁液は、−20℃で凍結して保管した。
材料
ラパマイシンはTSZ CHEM(185 Wilson Street, Framingham, MA 01702; 製品コードR1017)から購入した。3:1のラクチド:グリコリド比および0.75dL/gの固有粘度を有するPLGAは、SurModics Pharmaceuticals(756 Tom Martin Drive, Birmingham, AL 35211; 製品コード7525 DLG 7A)から購入した。メチルエーテルで終了した約5,000DaのPEGブロックおよび0.5DL/gの全体の固有粘度を有するPLA−PEG−OMeのブロックコポリマーは、Lakeshore Biochemicals(756 Tom Martin Drive, Birmingham, AL 35211; 製品コード100 DL mPEG 5000 5CE)から購入した。EMPROVE(登録商標)ポリビニルアルコール4−88、USP(85〜89%加水分解、3.4〜4.6mPa・sの粘度)は、EMD Chemicals Inc.(480 South Democrat Road Gibbstown, NJ 08027. 製品コード1.41350)から購入した。
以下のように溶液を調製した。
溶液1:塩化メチレン中の75mg/mLのPLGA、25mg/mLのPLA−PEG−OMe、および12.5mg/mLのラパマイシン。溶液は、純粋な塩化メチレン中のPLGA、PLA−PEG−OMe、およびラパマイシンを溶解することにより調製した。溶液2:100mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝液中に50mg/mLのポリビニルアルコール。
水中油エマルションを使用してナノ担体を調製した。O/Wエマルションを、小型圧力チューブ内の溶液1(1.0mL)および溶液2(3.0ml)を組み合わせ、Branson Digital Sonifier 250を使用して60秒間、30%の振幅で超音波処理することによって調製した。O/Wエマルションを70mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝液を含有するビーカーに加え、室温で2時間撹拌し、塩化メチレンを蒸発させ、ナノ担体を形成させた。ナノ担体の一部を、ナノ担体の懸濁液を遠心分離管に移し、75,600×gで50分間4℃で遠心分離し、上清を除去し、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水でペレットを再懸濁することによって洗浄した。洗浄手順を繰り返した後、ペレットを、約10mg/mLの最終ナノ担体の分散のためにリン酸緩衝生理食塩水に再懸濁した。
図1に示すように、未処置(PBS)であるか、またはラパマイシン含有ナノ担体(NP[ラパ])のみを受けた動物は、抗CD25抗体および抗Foxp3抗体で染色することによって特徴付けられる制御性T細胞の表現型(CD25+Fox3p+)を獲得した検出不可能なレベルのOTII細胞をいくつか有した。フリーOVAペプチド(fOPII.323)の投与は、CD25+Fox3p+細胞の割合において検出可能であるが統計的に有意でない増加をもたらした。対照的に、ラパマイシン含有ナノ担体のOVAペプチドとの併用投与は、CD25+Fox3p+細胞の強固な集団をもたらし、この組み合わせ処置が、移植されたCD4+OTIIの大部分を誘導し、制御性T細胞(Treg)へと発達させることを示した。
これらの結果は、本明細書で提供される免疫抑制剤が、抗原と併用投与されたとき、抗原に特異的なCD4+制御性T細胞の割合の増大などの制御性免疫応答の形成を誘導し得ることを示す。
材料
ラパマイシンはTSZ CHEM(185 Wilson Street, Framingham, MA 01702; 製品コードR1017)から購入した。3:1のラクチド:グリコリド比および0.75dL/gの固有粘度を有するPLGAは、SurModics Pharmaceuticals(756 Tom Martin Drive, Birmingham, AL 35211; 製品コード7525 DLG 7A)から購入した。メチルエーテルで終了した約5,000DaのPEGブロックおよび0.5DL/gの全体の固有粘度を有するPLA−PEG−OMeのブロックコポリマーは、Lakeshore Biochemicals(756 Tom Martin Drive, Birmingham, AL 35211; 製品コード100 DL mPEG 5000 5CE)から購入した。EMPROVE(登録商標)ポリビニルアルコール4−88、USP(85〜89%加水分解、3.4〜4.6mPa・sの粘度)は、EMD Chemicals Inc.(480 South Democrat Road Gibbstown, NJ 08027. 製品コード1.41350)から購入した。
以下のように溶液を調製した:
溶液1:塩化メチレン中の75mg/mLのPLGA、25mg/mLのPLA−PEG−OMe、および12.5mg/mLのラパマイシン。溶液は、純粋な塩化メチレン中のPLGA、PLA−PEG−OMe、およびラパマイシンを溶解することにより調製した。溶液2:100mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝液中に50mg/mLのポリビニルアルコール。
水中油エマルションを使用してナノ担体を調製した。O/Wエマルションを、小型圧力チューブ内の溶液1(1.0mL)および溶液2(3.0ml)を組み合わせ、Branson Digital Sonifier 250を使用して60秒間、30%の振幅で超音波処理することによって調製した。O/Wエマルションを70mMのpH8のリン酸緩衝液を含有するビーカーに加え、室温で2時間撹拌し、塩化メチレンを蒸発させ、ナノ担体を形成させた。ナノ担体の一部を、ナノ担体の懸濁液を遠心分離管に移し、75,600×gで、50分間4℃で遠心分離し、上清を除去し、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水でペレットを再懸濁することによって洗浄した。洗浄手順を繰り返した後、ペレットを、約10mg/mLの最終ナノ担体の分散のためにリン酸緩衝生理食塩水に再懸濁した。
パイロット試験は、第VIII因子および投与前に同時処方されない合成ナノ担体とともに、可溶性の第VIII因子を使用して、非ヒト霊長類の対象および実施例1の合成ナノ担体において行われる。50の非ヒト霊長類の対象は、5つのアーム:プラセボ、次いで用量範囲のために選択された合成ナノ担体の4用量レベル、に無作為に割り当てられる。用量範囲は、第VIII因子に特異的であろうCD4+Treg(CD4+制御性T細胞)の最適な増大を選択するように確立される。第0日において、各活性アームの対象は全て、合成ナノ担体の用量を皮下に投与され、合成ナノ担体の用量の24時間以内に、第VIII因子の標準注入用量の注入を得る。2週間後、各動物は、可溶性の第VIII因子の標準用量で負荷され、第VIII因子特異的CD4+Tregの数または割合は、標準的な技術を使用して測定される。第VIII因子特異的CD4+Tregの有意な増大を示す4つの活性アーム間から合成ナノ担体の最低用量を試験用量として選択する。
合成ナノ担体の試験用量は、次いで非比例的にヒト対象への投与のためにスケーリングされ、可溶性の第VIII因子の標準用量で使用される合成ナノ担体の投与用量レベルの範囲を決定するために、ヒト臨床試験において使用される。ここでも、第VIII因子および合成ナノ担体は、投与前に同時処方されない。合成ナノ担体および第VIII因子の同時処方されない投与用量は、次いで通常の臨床実践のために利用可能なものとなる。
パイロット試験は、第VIII因子を、可溶性の第VIII因子および浸透圧ポンプ(例6に従い一般に調製されるが、例6のGSK1059615をラパマイシンで置き換える)を使用して、非ヒト霊長類対象において実施され、可溶性の第VIII因子および浸透圧ポンプは投与前に同時処方されない。50の非ヒト霊長類の対象は、5つのアーム:プラセボ、次いで浸透圧ポンプによって送達され、範囲用量のために選択されるGSK1059615の4用量レベル、に無作為に割り当てられる。用量範囲は、第VIII因子特異的であろうCD4+Tregの最適な増大を選択するように確立される。第0日において、各活性アームの対象はすべて、合成ナノ担体の用量を皮下投与され、合成ナノ担体用量の24時間以内に第VIII因子の標準注入用量の注入を得る。2週間後、各動物は、可溶性の第VIII因子の標準用量で負荷され、第VIII因子特異的CD4+Tregの数または割合は、標準的な技術を使用して測定される。第VIII因子特異的CD4+Tregの中で有意な増大を示す4つの活性アーム間からの浸透圧ポンプによって送達されるGSK1059615の最低用量は、試験用量として選択される。
パイロット試験を、アスパラギナーゼmmRNA(一般に米国特許出願第2013/0115272号(Fougerolles et al.)(「mmRNA」)に従って調製する)および例1の合成ナノ担体を使用して非ヒト霊長類対象において実施し、mmRNAおよび合成ナノ担体は投与前に同時処方されない。50の非ヒト霊長類対象を無作為に5つのアーム:プラセボ、次いで用量範囲について選択される4つの用量の合成ナノ担体に割り当てる。用量範囲はmmRNA特異的であろうCD4+Tregの最適な増大を選択するように確立される。第0日において、各活性アームの対象は全て、合成ナノ担体の用量を皮下投与され、合成ナノ担体用量の24時間以内に第VIII因子の標準注入用量の注入を得る。2週間後、各動物をmmRNAの標準用量で負荷し、mmRNA特異的CD4+Tregの数または割合は、標準的な技術を使用して測定される。mmRNA特異的CD4+Tregの中で有意な増大を示す4つの活性アーム間からの合成ナノ担体の最低用量は、試験用量として選択される。
C57BL/6同齢(5〜6週間)雌に、250μgのキーホールリンペットヘモシアニンおよびポリエチレングリコールの複合体(KLH−PEG)を尾静脈内に毎週i.v.注射し(第0、7、14、21、28、35、42、49日)、最初の5回の注射については(第0、7、14、21、28日)、0.47mgのナノ結晶性ラパマイシンも合わせるか、または合わせないで注射した。次の3回の注射は、同じ量でただKLH−PEGからなる。PEGに対するIgM抗体応答は、これらの動物の血液中で毎週モニタリングした(第12、20、34、40、47、54日)。
KLH−PEG(ナノ結晶性ラパマイシンなし)のみを受ける動物と比較して、KLH−PEGと併用してナノ結晶性ラパマイシンの用量を受ける動物において、KLH特異的IgM抗体の力価の低減は、ラパマイシンのナノ結晶性形態が、PEG化タンパク質と併用投与したとき、抗体の形成を低減または防止することができることを示す。
パイロット試験は、可溶性の第VIII因子およびナノ結晶性ラパマイシンを使用して、非ヒト霊長類対象に行われ、第VIII因子およびナノ結晶性ラパマイシンは投与前に同時処方されない。50の非ヒト霊長類の対象を無作為に5つのアーム:プラセボ、次いで用量範囲のために選択されたナノ結晶性ラパマイシンの4つの用量レベル、に割り当てられる。用量範囲は、第VIII因子に特異的であろうCD4+Treg(CD4+制御性T細胞)の最適な増大を選択するように確立される。第0日において、各活性アームの対象はすべて、ナノ結晶性ラパマイシンの用量を皮下投与され、ナノ結晶性ラパマイシン用量の24時間以内に第VIII因子の標準注入用量の注入を得る。2週間後、各動物は、可溶性の第VIII因子の標準用量で負荷され、第VIII因子特異的CD4+Tregの数または割合は、標準的な技術を使用して測定される。第VIII因子特異的CD4+Tregの中で有意な増大を示す4つの活性アーム間からナノ結晶性ラパマイシンの最低用量は、試験用量として選択される。
Claims (38)
- (i)免疫抑制剤に付着された合成ナノ担体、および、
(ii)治療用高分子
を対象に投与することによって、CD4+制御性T細胞の数または割合を増大させることを含む方法であって、ここで治療用高分子が、免疫抑制剤に付着された合成ナノ担体と投与前に同時処方されない、前記方法。 - 免疫抑制剤に付着された合成ナノ担体および治療用高分子が、対象に併用投与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 投与前に治療用高分子が合成ナノ担体と同時処方されないとき、CD4+制御性T細胞の増大された数または割合をもたらすことが以前に実証されたプロトコルに投与が従う、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 方法が、プロトコルを決定することをさらに含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 方法が、投与の前および/または後の対象におけるCD4+制御性T細胞の数または割合を査定することをさらに含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- CD4+制御性T細胞の増大された数または割合が、投与前のCD4+制御性T細胞の数または割合と比較して、少なくとも2倍、3倍、4倍、5倍または6倍の増加である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 投与が、静脈内、腹腔内または皮下投与によるものである、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 方法が、投与後のCD4+制御性T細胞の数または割合の増加を記録することをさらに含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 免疫抑制剤が、スタチン、mTORインヒビター、TGF−βシグナル剤、コルチコステロイド、ミトコンドリア機能のインヒビター、P38インヒビター、NF−κβインヒビター、アデノシン受容体アゴニスト、プロスタグランジンE2アゴニスト、ホスホジエステラーゼ4インヒビター、HDACインヒビターまたはプロテアソームインヒビターを含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- mTORインヒビターが、ラパマイシンである、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 治療用高分子が、治療用タンパク質または治療用ポリヌクレオチドである、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 治療用タンパク質が、タンパク質補強治療のタンパク質補充用である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 治療用タンパク質が、点滴可能または注射可能な治療用のタンパク質、酵素、酵素補助因子、ホルモン、血液または血液凝固因子、サイトカイン、インターフェロン、成長因子、モノクローナル抗体、ポリクローナル抗体、または、ポンペ病に関連するタンパク質を含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 点滴可能または注射可能な治療用のタンパク質が、トシリズマブ、アルファ−1アンチトリプシン、ヘマタイド、アルブインターフェロンアルファ−2b、ルシン、テサモレリン、オクレリズマブ、ベリムマブ、ペグロチカーゼ、タリグルセラーゼアルファ、アガルシダーゼアルファまたはベラグルセラーゼアルファを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 酵素が、オキシドレダクターゼ、トランスフェラーゼ、ヒドロラーゼ、リアーゼ、イソメラーゼまたはリガーゼを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 酵素が、リソソーム蓄積障害のための酵素補充治療用の酵素を含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- リソソーム蓄積障害のための補充治療用の酵素が、イミグルセラーゼ、a−ガラクトシダーゼA(a−galA)、アガルシダーゼベータ、酸性αグルコシダーゼ(GAA)、アルグルコシダーゼアルファ、LUMIZYME、MYOZYME、アリールスルファターゼB、ラロニダーゼ、ALDURAZYME、イデュルスルファーゼ、ELAPRASE、アリールスルファターゼB、ペグロチカーゼ、ペグシチカーゼまたはNAGLAZYMEを含む、請求項16に記載の方法。
- サイトカインが、リンホカイン、インターロイキン、ケモカイン、タイプ1サイトカインまたはタイプ2サイトカインを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 血液または血液凝固因子が、第I因子、第II因子、組織因子、第V因子、第VII因子、第VIII因子、第IX因子、第X因子、第Xa因子、第XII因子、第XIII因子、フォン・ヴィレブランド因子、プレカリクレイン、高分子量キニノゲン、フィブロネクチン、アンチトロンビンIII、ヘパリン補助因子II、プロテインC、プロテインS、プロテインZ、プロテインZ関係プロテアーゼインヒビター(ZPI)、プラスミノーゲン、アルファ2−アンチプラスミン、組織プラスミノーゲンアクチベーター(tPA)、ウロキナーゼ、プラスミノーゲンアクチベーターインヒビター−1(PAI1)、プラスミノーゲンアクチベーターインヒビター−2(PAI2)、がんプロコアグラントまたはエポエチンアルファを含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 合成ナノ担体に付着された免疫抑制剤の積載量が、合成ナノ担体にわたる平均で、0.1%と50%との間である、請求項1〜19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 積載量が、0.1%と20%との間である、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 合成ナノ担体が、脂質ナノ粒子、ポリマーナノ粒子、金属ナノ粒子、界面活性物質系エマルション、デンドリマー、バッキーボール、ナノワイヤ、ウイルス様粒子、または、ペプチドまたはタンパク質粒子を含む、請求項1〜21のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 合成ナノ担体が、脂質ナノ粒子を含む、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 合成ナノ担体が、リポソームを含む、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 合成ナノ担体が、金属ナノ粒子を含む、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 金属ナノ粒子が、金ナノ粒子を含む、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 合成ナノ担体が、ポリマーナノ粒子を含む、請求項22に記載の方法。
- ポリマーナノ粒子が、非メトキシ末端のプルロニックポリマーであるポリマーを含む、請求項27に記載の方法。
- ポリマーナノ粒子が、ポリエステル、ポリエーテルに付着されたポリエステル、ポリアミノ酸、ポリカーボネート、ポリアセタール、ポリケタール、多糖、ポリエチルオキサゾリンまたはポリエチレンイミンを含む、請求項27または28に記載の方法。
- ポリエステルが、ポリ(乳酸)、ポリ(グリコール酸)、ポリ(乳酸−co−グリコール酸)またはポリカプロラクトンを含む、請求項29に記載の方法。
- ポリマーナノ粒子が、ポリエステル、および、ポリエーテルに付着されたポリエステルを含む、請求項29または30に記載の方法。
- ポリエーテルが、ポリエチレングリコールまたはポリプロピレングリコールを含む、請求項29〜31のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 合成ナノ担体の動的光散乱を使用して得られる粒子サイズ分布の平均値が、100nmよりも大きな径である、請求項1〜32のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 径が、150nmより大きい、請求項33に記載の方法。
- 径が、200nmより大きい、請求項34に記載の方法。
- 径が、250nmより大きい、請求項35に記載の方法。
- 径が、300nmより大きい、請求項36に記載の方法。
- 合成ナノ担体のアスペクト比が、1:1、1:1.2、1:1.5、1:2、1:3、1:5、1:7または1:10よりも大きい、請求項1〜37のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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