CN1649802B - 陶瓷材料、磨粒、磨具及制造和使用方法 - Google Patents
陶瓷材料、磨粒、磨具及制造和使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1649802B CN1649802B CN028191137A CN02819113A CN1649802B CN 1649802 B CN1649802 B CN 1649802B CN 028191137 A CN028191137 A CN 028191137A CN 02819113 A CN02819113 A CN 02819113A CN 1649802 B CN1649802 B CN 1649802B
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- 150000004684 trihydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
- C09K3/14—Anti-slip materials; Abrasives
- C09K3/1409—Abrasive particles per se
- C09K3/1418—Abrasive particles per se obtained by division of a mass agglomerated by sintering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B19/00—Other methods of shaping glass
- C03B19/06—Other methods of shaping glass by sintering, e.g. by cold isostatic pressing of powders and subsequent sintering, by hot pressing of powders, by sintering slurries or dispersions not undergoing a liquid phase reaction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B19/00—Other methods of shaping glass
- C03B19/10—Forming beads
- C03B19/1005—Forming solid beads
- C03B19/102—Forming solid beads by blowing a gas onto a stream of molten glass or onto particulate materials, e.g. pulverising
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B32/00—Thermal after-treatment of glass products not provided for in groups C03B19/00, C03B25/00 - C03B31/00 or C03B37/00, e.g. crystallisation, eliminating gas inclusions or other impurities; Hot-pressing vitrified, non-porous, shaped glass products
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B32/00—Thermal after-treatment of glass products not provided for in groups C03B19/00, C03B25/00 - C03B31/00 or C03B37/00, e.g. crystallisation, eliminating gas inclusions or other impurities; Hot-pressing vitrified, non-porous, shaped glass products
- C03B32/02—Thermal crystallisation, e.g. for crystallising glass bodies into glass-ceramic articles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C1/00—Ingredients generally applicable to manufacture of glasses, glazes, or vitreous enamels
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract
本发明涉及无定形材料,含有占所述的无定形材料总重量的至少35%的Al2O3和选自Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物、除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物。在特定的实施方案中,所述的无定形材料是玻璃、玻璃陶瓷等。本发明还涉及使用所述无定形材料来制造玻璃陶瓷、磨料、磨粒、磨具的方法。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷。另一方面,本发明的实施方式涉及磨粒和装有该种磨粒的磨具。
相关技术说明
已知许多种无定形(包括玻璃)玻璃和玻璃陶瓷组合物。大多数氧化物玻璃体系利用如SiO2,B2O3,P2O5,GeO2,TeO2,As2O3和V2O5等众所周知的玻璃形成物质帮助形成玻璃。一些由这些玻璃形成物质构成的玻璃组合物能被热处理形成玻璃陶瓷。由这些玻璃形成物质构成的玻璃和玻璃陶瓷的最高使用温度,通常低于1200℃,典型值约为700-800℃。玻璃陶瓷与构成它的玻璃相比,往往具有更强的抗高温性能。
另外,已知的玻璃和玻璃陶瓷的许多性质都受限于玻璃形成物质的固有特性。比如,对SiO2,B2O3和P2O5基玻璃和玻璃陶瓷而言,杨氏模量,硬度和强度都受这些玻璃形成物质的限制。这些玻璃和玻璃陶瓷与Al2O3或ZrO2相比,其机械性能较差。要求制备具有与Al2O3或ZrO2相似机械性能的玻璃陶瓷。
虽然已知一些非常规玻璃,比如基于稀土氧化物-氧化铝的玻璃(参见公开号是WO01/27046A1,于2001年4月19日公开的PCT申请和于2000年2月15日公开的日本专利JP2000-045129),要求提供其他的新型玻璃和玻璃陶瓷,以及已知的和新型的玻璃和玻璃陶瓷的用途。
另一方面,本领域已知许多种磨粒(比如,金刚石颗粒,立方氮化硼颗粒,熔凝磨粒和烧结的陶瓷磨粒(包括溶胶凝胶法磨粒))。在一些研磨应用中,所用磨粒是疏松形式的,其他应用中,磨粒则装入磨具中(比如,涂布磨具,粘结磨具,非织造磨具和研磨刷)。用于特定研磨应用的磨粒的选择标准包括:研磨寿命,磨削速度,基片表面光洁度,研磨效率和制造成本。
从约1900年到1980年代中期,用于涂布磨具和粘结磨具等研磨应用中的主要磨粒,通常是熔凝磨粒。熔凝磨粒大致分为两类:(1)熔凝α-氧化铝磨粒(参见美国专利1161620(Coulter),1192709(Tone),1247337(Saunders等人),1268533(Allen)和2424645(Baumann等人));(2)熔凝(有时也称为“共熔凝”)氧化铝-氧化锆磨粒(参见美国专利3891408(Rowse等人),3781172(Pett等人),3893826(Quinan等人),4126429(Watson),4457767(Poon等人)和5143522(Gibson等人))(参见美国专利5023212(Dubots等人)和5336280(Dubots等人),这两份专利报告了某种熔凝氧氮化物磨粒)。熔凝氧化铝磨粒的制法通常是:在加热炉中装入铝矿或铝土矿等氧化铝原料以及其他需要的添加剂,加热这些物质到高于其熔点,冷却熔体制得一种固化形体,将其破碎成颗粒,然后过筛分级颗粒,形成符合要求的磨粒粒径分布。熔凝氧化铝-氧化锆磨粒是按相似方法制备的,区别在于,加热炉中装有氧化铝原料和氧化锆原料,而且熔体冷却速度比制备熔凝氧化铝磨粒时更快。对于熔凝氧化铝-氧化锆磨粒而言,氧化铝原料的用量通常是约50-80重量%,氧化锆用量是50-20重量%。制备熔凝氧化铝和熔凝氧化铝磨粒的过程,包括在冷却步骤前,从熔体中除去杂质的步骤。
虽然熔凝α-氧化铝磨粒和熔凝氧化铝-氧化锆磨粒仍然被广泛用于研磨应用中包括使用涂布和粘结磨具的应用,从大约1980年代中期开始,用于许多研磨应用的主要磨粒是溶胶凝胶法α-氧化铝颗粒(参见美国专利4314827(Leitheiser等人),4518397(Leitheiser等人),4623364(Cottringer等人),4744802(Schwabel),4770671(Monroe等人),4881951(Wood等人),4960441(Pellow等人),5139978(Wood),5201916(Berg等人),5366523(Rowenhorst等人),5429647(Larmie),5547479(Conwell等人),5498269(Larmie),5551963(Larmie)和5725162(Garg等人))。
溶胶凝胶法α-氧化铝磨粒可具有由非常细的α-氧化铝晶粒形成的显微结构,其中存在或不存在添加的二次相。溶胶凝胶法磨粒对金属的研磨性能用由其制成的磨具的寿命来衡量,该寿命与由常规熔凝氧化铝磨粒制成的磨具相比,长得很多。
通常,溶胶凝胶法磨粒的制备过程比常规熔凝磨粒的制备过程更复杂,更昂贵。总的来说,溶胶凝胶法磨粒的制备过程是:制备一种含有水,氧化铝单水合物(勃姆石),还可含有胶溶剂(比如硝酸等酸)的分散液或溶胶,将分散液胶化后干燥,然后破碎成颗粒,将颗粒过筛制成要求粒径的颗粒,煅烧颗粒除去挥发性物质,在低于氧化铝熔点的温度下烧结经煅烧的颗粒,并将颗粒过筛分级,形成符合要求的磨粒粒径分布。经常将一种金属氧化物改性剂复合进入烧结的磨粒中,改变或修饰烧结的磨粒的物理性质和/或显微结构。
本领域已知多种磨具。通常,磨具包括粘合剂和被粘合剂固定在磨具中的许多磨粒。磨具实例包括:涂布磨具,粘结磨具,非织造磨具和研磨刷。
粘结磨具实例包括:磨轮,切割轮和镗磨油石。用于制备粘结磨具的主要粘合 体系类型是:树脂状物质,玻璃质物质和金属。树脂状粘结研磨助剂中使用了一种有机粘合体系(比如苯酚树脂粘合体系),将磨粒粘结在一起形成一个形体(参见美国专利4741743(Narayanan等人),4800685(Haynes等人),5037453(Narayanan等人)和5110332(Narayanan等人))。另一主要类型是玻璃质烧结磨轮,其中使用了一种玻璃粘合体系,将磨粒粘合成一形体(参见美国专利4543107(Rue),4898587(Hay等人),4997461(Markhoff-Matheny等人)和5863308(Oi等人))。这些玻璃粘合剂通常在900℃到1300℃之间的温度下固化。如今的玻璃质烧结磨轮同时使用熔凝氧化铝和溶胶凝胶法磨粒。但是,通常不把熔凝氧化铝-氧化锆用于玻璃质烧结磨轮中,部分原因是由于氧化铝-氧化锆的热稳定性较差。在玻璃质粘合剂的固化高温下,氧化铝-氧化锆的物理性能会急剧降低,导致其研磨性能显著降低。金属粘结磨具通常使用烧结的或沉积的金属来粘合磨粒。
研磨工业一直要求提供磨粒的磨具,它们容易制备,价格便宜,和/或性能优于常规的磨粒和磨具。
发明简述
一方面,本发明提供了无定形材料,其中含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),无定形材料中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%,4%,3%,2%,1%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5,该无定形材料具有彼此垂直的x,y和z三维尺寸,每个x,y和z尺寸上的长度至少是5mm(在一些实施方式中至少是10mm)。可以对该无定形材料进行热处理,使至少一部分该无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷。
材料x,y和z的尺寸可以用视觉或显微镜确定,这取决于该尺寸的数值。比如,所报告的z尺寸是指,球体的直径,涂层的厚度或棱锥的最大长度。
一方面,本发明提供了无定形材料,其中含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),无定形材料中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%,4%,3%,2%,1%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3, B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5,限制条件是,如果除Al2O3之外的该金属氧化物是CaO或ZrO2,则该无定形材料还含有除Al2O3,CaO和ZrO2的一种金属氧化物,当该无定形材料结晶时,部分该金属氧化物会形成一种明显的结晶相。在一些实施方式中,该无定形材料具有彼此垂直的x,y和z三维尺寸,每个x,y和z尺寸上的长度至少是5mm(在一些实施方式中至少是10mm)。可以对该无定形材料进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷。
“明显的结晶相”是指一种能被X射线衍射检测到的结晶相,这与和另一种明显的结晶相形成固溶体的概念不同。比如,众所周知,如Y2O3或CeO2等氧化物可以与结晶ZrO2形成固溶体作为相稳定剂。这种情况下的Y2O3或CeO2就不是明显的结晶相。
在一些实施方式中,该无定形材料含有占其总重量0到70%,0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物(如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),和/或0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%ZrO2和HfO2中的至少一种。
在一些实施方式中,该无定形材料可以存在于另一种材料中(比如,含有本发明无定形材料的颗粒,含有该无定形材料的陶瓷等)。可以对该无定形材料(包括玻璃)进行热处理,使至少一部分一无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种玻璃,含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),其中该玻璃含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5,该玻璃具有彼此垂直的x,y和z三维尺寸,每个x,y和z尺寸上的长度至少是5mm(在一些实施方式中,至少是10mm)。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃可能处在另一种物质(比如,含有本发明玻璃的颗粒,含有本发明玻璃的陶瓷等)中。可以对该玻璃进行热处理,使至少一部分玻璃转变成玻璃陶瓷。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种玻璃,含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),其中该玻璃中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5, SiO2,TeO2和V2O5,限制条件是,如果除Al2O3之外的该金属氧化物是CaO,则该玻璃进一步包含除Al2O3或CaO之外的金属氧化物,当玻璃结晶时,至少一部分该金属氧化物形成自承的结晶相。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃具有彼此垂直的x,y和z三维尺寸,每个x,y和z尺寸上的长度至少是5mm(在一些实施方式中至少是10mm)。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃可以存在于另一种材料中(比如,含有本发明玻璃的颗粒,含有本发明玻璃的陶瓷等)。可以对该玻璃进行热处理,使至少一部分玻璃转变成玻璃陶瓷。
在一些实施方式中,该玻璃含有占其总重量0到70%,0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物(如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),和/或0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%ZrO2和HfO2中的至少一种。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制造含有玻璃的制品的方法,该玻璃含有占玻璃总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),其中该玻璃含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%,4%,3%,2%,1%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5,该方法包括以下步骤:
提供一种玻璃颗粒,其中含有占玻璃总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),其中该玻璃含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%,4%,3%,2%,1%或甚至是0)含量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5,该玻璃具有一定Tg;
加热该玻璃颗粒至超过Tg的温度,使该玻璃颗粒聚结成一形体;
将该形体冷却成为制品。
限制条件是,如果除Al2O3的该金属氧化物是CaO或ZrO2,则该玻璃中进一步包含除Al2O3或CaO之外的一种金属氧化物,当该玻璃结晶时,至少一部分该金属氧化物形成自承的结晶相。可以对含有该玻璃制品进行热处理,使至少一部分玻璃转变成玻璃陶瓷。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃和玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量0到70%,0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物(如,Y2O3,REO, ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),和/或0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的ZrO2和HfO2中的至少一种。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制造玻璃颗粒的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
将玻璃熔体喷雾,该熔体中含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),该玻璃熔体中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5;
将喷雾的玻璃熔体冷却形成玻璃颗粒,该玻璃颗粒中含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物,其中每个玻璃颗粒中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%或甚至是0)含量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5,该玻璃颗粒具有彼此垂直的x,y和z三维尺寸,每个x,y和z尺寸上的长度至少是5mm(在一些实施方式中至少是10mm),限制条件是,如果除Al2O3之外的该金属氧化物是CaO或ZrO2,则该玻璃进一步包含除Al2O3或CaO之外的金属氧化物,当玻璃结晶时,至少一部分该金属氧化物形成明显的结晶相。可以对该玻璃进行热处理,使至少一部分玻璃转变成玻璃陶瓷。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃和玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物(如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),和/或0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的ZrO2和HfO2中的至少一种。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种玻璃陶瓷,该玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),该玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%,4%,3%,2%,1%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5,该玻璃陶瓷具有彼此垂直的x,y和z三维尺寸,每个x,y和z尺寸上的长度至少是5mm(在一些实施方式中至少是10mm),限制条件是,如果除Al2O3之外的该金属氧化物是CaO,则该玻璃陶瓷进一步包含除CaO之外的金属氧化物晶体。在一些实施方式中,该玻 璃陶瓷可能存在于另一种物质中(含有本发明玻璃陶瓷的颗粒,含有本发明玻璃陶瓷的陶瓷等)。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物(如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),和/或0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的ZrO2和HfO2中的至少一种。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制造玻璃陶瓷的方法,该方法包括对本发明无定形材料(包括玻璃)进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷的步骤。
另一方面,本发明提供了制造磨粒的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
对本发明无定形材料(包括玻璃)进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷;
将玻璃陶瓷破碎成为含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。
该磨粒能被装在磨具中,或以疏松形态使用。本发明的磨具中含有粘合剂和许多磨粒,其中至少一部分磨粒是本发明的磨粒。磨具实例包括涂布磨具,粘结磨具(比如砂轮),非织造磨具和研磨刷。涂布磨具通常包括一个背衬,具有相背的第一和第二主表面,其中的粘合剂和大量磨粒在第一主表面的至少一部分表面上形成研磨层。
在一些实施方式中,磨具中,优选至少5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,35%,40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%,70%,75%,80%,85%,90%,95%或甚至是100重量%的磨粒是本发明的磨粒。
在使用前,通常对磨粒进行分级,形成要求的粒径分布。这种分布通常包括从粗到细一系列的粒径。在研磨领域,有时将这个系列范围称为“粗”,“受控”和“细”部分。根据工业认可的分级标准分级后的磨粒,其每个额定级别的粒径分布规定在一数值限度内。这种工业认可的分级标准(即,规定的额定级别)包括美国国家标准协会(American National Standards Institute,Inc.)(ANSI)标准,磨具欧洲制造者联合会(Federation of European Producers of Abrasive Products)(FEPA)标准和日本工业标准(Japanese Industrial Standard)(JIS)标准。一方面,本发明提供了具有规定额定级别的磨粒,其中至少一部分磨粒是本发明的磨粒。在一些实施方式中,优选磨粒中,至少5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,35%,40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%,70%,75%,80%,85%,90%,95%或甚至是100重量%是本发明的磨粒。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制造本发明磨粒的方法,该方法包括热处理含有 无定形材料(包括玻璃)的颗粒,使至少一部分无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷,形成含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒的步骤。通常,在热处理后,对含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒进行分级,形成具有规定额定级别的磨粒,其中,至少一部分磨粒是含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。可选在对含有无定形材料的颗粒进行热处理之前,制得具有规定额定级别的颗粒,其中至少一部分颗粒是含有待热处理无定形材料的颗粒,而且,通过热处理形成具有规定额定级别的磨粒,其中至少一部分磨粒是含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制造本发明磨粒的方法,该方法包括热处理含有无定形材料的磨粒,使至少一部分无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷,形成含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒的步骤。通常,在热处理后,对含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒进行分级,形成具有规定额定级别的磨粒,其中至少一部分磨粒是含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。可以在对含有无定形材料的颗粒进行热处理前,制成具有规定额定级别的颗粒,其中至少一部分颗粒含有待热处理的无定形材料的颗粒,而且,通过热处理能形成具有规定额定级别的磨粒,其中至少一部分磨粒是含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。
另一方面,本发明提供了具有规定额定级别的许多磨粒,其中,至少一部分磨粒是含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒,该玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),该玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%,4%,3%,2%,1%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量0到50%,0到25%,或甚至是0到10%的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),和/或0到50%,0到25%,或甚至是0到10%的ZrO2和HfO2中的至少一种。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃陶瓷具有彼此垂直的x,y和z三维尺寸,其中每个x,y和z尺寸至少是25微米,30微米,35微米,40微米,45微米,50微米,75微米,100微米,150微米,200微米,250微米,500微米,1000微米,2000微米,2500微米,1mm,5mm,或甚至是至少10mm。在一些实施方式中,如果除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物是CaO,则该玻璃陶瓷中进一步包含除CaO之外的金属氧化物的至少一种明显的结晶相。在一些实施方式中,如果除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物是ZrO2,则该玻璃陶瓷中进一步包含除ZrO2之外的金属氧化物的至少一种明显的结晶相。在一些实施方式中,如果除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物是CaO或ZrO2,则该玻璃陶瓷进 一步包含除CaO和ZrO2之外的金属氧化物的至少一种明显的结晶相。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制造磨粒的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
提供具有规定额定级别的许多颗粒,其中,至少一部分颗粒是含有无定形材料的颗粒,该无定形材料中含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),该无定形材料中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5;和
对含有无定形材料的颗粒进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷,形成具有规定额定级别的含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。在一些实施方式中,玻璃和玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),和/或0到50%,0到25%,或甚至是0到10%的ZrO2和HfO2中的至少一种。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制造磨粒的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
对含有无定形材料的颗粒进行热处理,使至少一部分玻璃转变成玻璃陶瓷,该无定形材料中含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),其中该无定形材料中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5;
分级含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒,形成具有规定额定级别的磨粒,其中至少一部分磨粒是含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃和玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物(如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),和/或0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的ZrO2和HfO2中的至少一种。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制造磨粒的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
对无定形材料进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷,该无定形材料中含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%, 55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),其中该无定形材料中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5;
破碎玻璃陶瓷形成含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒;
分级含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒,形成具有规定额定级别的磨粒,其中至少一部分磨粒是含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃和玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物(如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),和/或0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的ZrO2和HfO2中的至少一种。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制造磨粒的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
对含有无定形材料的陶瓷进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷,该无定形材料中含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3,和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),其中该无定形材料中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5;
破碎该玻璃陶瓷形成含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒;
分级含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒,形成具有规定额定级别的磨粒,其中至少一部分磨粒是含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃和玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物(如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),和/或0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的ZrO2和HfO2中的至少一种。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制造陶瓷的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
将以下两种物质结合,(a)玻璃颗粒,该玻璃含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),该玻璃中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5;(b)比玻璃颗粒更难熔的颗粒(比如,金属氧化物颗粒, 硼化物颗粒,碳化物颗粒,氮化物颗粒,金刚石颗粒,金属颗粒,玻璃颗粒和它们的组合),该玻璃具有一定Tg;
将玻璃颗粒加热到高于Tg的温度,使玻璃颗粒聚结;
将玻璃冷却形成陶瓷。在一些实施方式中,如果除Al2O3之外的该金属氧化物是CaO,则该玻璃颗粒和陶瓷中进一步包含除CaO之外的金属氧化物的至少一种明显的结晶相。在一些实施方式中,如果除Al2O3之外的该金属氧化物是ZrO2,则该玻璃颗粒和陶瓷中进一步包含除ZrO2之外的金属氧化物的至少一种明显的结晶相。在一些实施方式中,如果除Al2O3之外的该金属氧化物是CaO或ZrO2,则该玻璃颗粒和陶瓷中进一步包含除CaO或ZrO2之外的金属氧化物的至少一种明显的结晶相。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃和陶瓷中含有占其总重量0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物(如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),和/或0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的ZrO2和HfO2中的至少一种。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制造玻璃陶瓷的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
将以下两种物质结合,(a)玻璃颗粒,该玻璃含有占其总重量至少35%(在一些实施方式中,优选至少40%,45%,50%,55%,60%,65%或甚至是至少70%)的Al2O3和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),该玻璃中含有占其总重量不超过10%(在一些实施方式中,优选小于5%或甚至是0)合量的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5;(b)比玻璃颗粒更难熔的颗粒(比如,金属氧化物颗粒,硼化物颗粒,碳化物颗粒,氮化物颗粒,金刚石颗粒,金属颗粒,玻璃颗粒和它们的组合),该玻璃具有一定Tg;
将玻璃颗粒加热到高于Tg的温度,使玻璃颗粒聚结;
将玻璃冷却形成含有玻璃的陶瓷;
热处理该陶瓷,使至少一部分玻璃转变成玻璃陶瓷。在一些实施方式中,如果除Al2O3之外的该金属氧化物是CaO,则该玻璃中进一步包含除Al2O3或CaO之外的一种金属氧化物,当该玻璃结晶时,至少一部分该金属氧化物形成一种明显的结晶相,该玻璃陶瓷进一步包含除CaO之外的金属氧化物的至少一种明显的结晶相。在一些实施方式中,如果除Al2O3之外的该金属氧化物是ZrO2,则该玻璃中进一步包含除Al2O3或ZrO2之外的一种金属氧化物,当该玻璃结晶卅,至少一部分该金属氧化物形成一种明显的结晶相,该玻璃陶瓷进一步包含除ZrO2之外的金属氧化物的 至少一种明显的结晶相。在一些实施方式中,如果除Al2O3之外的该金属氧化物是CaO或ZrO2,则该玻璃中进一步包含除Al2O3,CaO或ZrO2之外的一种金属氧化物,当该玻璃结晶时,至少一部分该金属氧化物形成一种明显的结晶相,该玻璃陶瓷中进一步包含除CaO或ZrO2之外的金属氧化物的至少一种明显的结晶相。在一些实施方式中,该玻璃,陶瓷和玻璃陶瓷中含有占其总重量0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物(如,Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物),和/或0到50%,0到25%或甚至是0到10%的ZrO2和HfO2中的至少一种。
在本申请中:
“无定形材料”是指从熔体和/或蒸汽相制得的材料,其中不含能被X射线衍射检测到的长程的晶体结构和/或用DTA(差热分析)检测时,没有对应于无定形材料结晶过程的放热峰;
“陶瓷”包括无定形材料,玻璃,结晶陶瓷,玻璃陶瓷和它们的组合;
“复合金属氧化物”是指含有两种或多种不同金属元素和氧元素的金属氧化物(比如,CeAl11O18,Dy3Al5O12,MgAl2O4和Y3Al5O12);
“复合Al2O3金属氧化物”是指以理论氧化物计算,含有Al2O3和一种或多种除Al之外的金属元素的复合金属氧化物(比如,CeAl11O18,Dy3Al5O12,MgAl2O4和Y3Al5O12);
“复合Al2O3·Y2O3”是指以理论氧化物计算,含有Al2O3和Y2O3的复合金属氧化物(比如,Y3Al5O12);
“复合Al2O3·REO”是指以理论氧化物计算,含有Al2O3和稀土氧化物的复合金属氧化物(比如CeAl11O18和Dy3Al5O12);
“玻璃”是指具有玻璃化转变温度的无定形材料;
“玻璃陶瓷”是指含有通过热处理无定形材料形成的晶体的陶瓷;
“Tg”是指通过“差热分析”测定的玻璃化转变温度;
“Tx”是指通过“差热分析”测定的结晶温度;
“稀土氧化物”是指氧化铈(即,CeO2),氧化镝(即,Dy2O3),氧化铒(即,Er2O3),氧化铕(即,EH2O3),氧化钆(即,Gd2O3),氧化钬(即,Ho2O3),氧化镧(即,La2O3),氧化镥(即,Lu2O3),氧化钕(即,Nd2O3),氧化镨(即,Pr6O11),氧化钐(即,Sm2O3),氧化铽(即,Tb2O3),氧化钍(即,Th4O7),氧化铥(即,Tm2O3)和氧化镱(即,Yb2O3)和它们的混合;以及
“REO”是指稀土氧化物。
而且,除非指明金属氧化物(比如,Al2O3,复合Al2O3金属氧化物等)是结晶,比如在玻璃陶瓷中,否则,金属氧化物可以是无定形的,结晶的或部分无定形部分结晶的。比如,如果一种玻璃陶瓷包含Al2O3和ZrO2,则Al2O3和ZrO2可以分别是无定形的,晶态的,或部分无定形部分晶态的,或甚至是与另一种金属氧化物的反应产物(例如除非指明Al2O3以结晶Al2O3或Al2O3的某一特定结晶相(比如α-Al2O3)存在,否则,Al2O3可以是结晶和/或一部分一种或多种复合Al2O3·金属氧化物的结晶形式存在)。
而且,通过加热不表现出Tg的无定形材料制得的玻璃陶瓷中,可能确实不含有玻璃,而是可能含有结晶和不表现出Tg的无定形材料。
本发明的无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷能被制成,形成或转变成颗粒(比如,玻璃珠粒(比如直径至少是1微米,5微米,10微米,25微米,50微米,100微米,150微米,250微米,500微米,750微米,1mm,5mm或甚至至少10mm)),制品(比如,片状),纤维,颗粒和涂层(比如薄涂层)。无定形材料和/或玻璃陶瓷颗粒和纤维能被用于绝热,填料或复合物(比如,陶瓷,金属或聚合基质复合物)中的增强材料。薄涂层能被用于耐磨损和热分配应用中的保护涂层。本发明的制品实例包括厨房器具(比如,盘碟),牙齿托架,和增强纤维,切割工具镶嵌物,研磨助剂,和燃气发动机的结构部件(比如阀门和轴承)。其他制品包括在一物体或基他基片的外表面上具有陶瓷保护涂层的制品。
附图说明
图1是含有本发明磨粒的涂布磨具的片段截面示意图;
图2是含有本发明磨粒的粘结磨具的透视图;
图3是含有本发明磨粒的非织造磨具的放大示意图。
图4是由实施方式1制备的材料的DTA曲线;
图5是由实施方式22制备的材料的断层表面的扫描电镜(SEM)照片;
图6是由实施方式24制备的材料的断层表面的扫描电镜(SEM)照片;
图7是由实施方式30制备的材料的断层表面的扫描电镜(SEM)照片;
图8是由实施方式30制备的材料的断层表面的扫描电镜(SEM)照片;
图9是由实施方式31制备的材料的断层表面的扫描电镜(SEM)照片;
图10是由实施方式32制备的材料的背散射电镜照片;
图11是实施方式35材料的DTA曲线;
图12-15分别是实施方式36-39材料的DTA曲线;
图16是实施方式47的热压材料切片(2mm厚度)的光学显微镜照片。
图17是实施方式47的热处理材料抛光截面的扫描电镜(SEM)照片。
图18是实施方式47材料的DTA曲线。
图19是实施方式65材料的抛光截面的SEM照片。
详细说明
无定形材料(包括玻璃),玻璃陶瓷,含有玻璃陶瓷的本发明磨粒,用于制造玻璃陶瓷和磨粒等的无定形材料(包括玻璃)的一些实施方式中,含有Al2O3和至少一种其他金属氧化物(比如,REO和;REO和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种),其中氧化铝和至少一种其他金属氧化物的含量占无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷等总重量至少80%(85%,90%,95%,97%,98%,99%或甚至是100%)。
无定形材料(比如,玻璃),含有无定形材料的陶瓷,含有无定形材料的颗粒等的制造方法如下:加热(包括在火焰中)合适的金属氧化物原料形成熔体,最好是一种均匀的熔体,然后将其迅速冷却成无定形材料。无定形材料的实施方式可以用以下方法制备:在任何合适的加热炉(比如,感应炉,燃气炉或电炉)中,或在等离子体中熔化金属氧化物原料。将形成的熔体冷却(比如,将熔体排入一冷却介质(比如,高速空气流,液体,金属板(包括急冷金属板),金属辊筒(包括急冷金属辊筒),金属球(包括急冷金属球)等)。
无定形材料的实施方式可以采用焰熔法制得,如美国专利US6254981(Castle)所公开的。在这个方法中,金属氧化物原料被直接投入(比如,以颗粒形式,有时被称为“进料颗粒”)燃烧器中(比如,甲烷-空气燃烧器,乙炔-氧燃烧器,氢-氧燃烧器,及类似燃烧器),然后淬冷,比如,在水中,冷却油,空气或类似淬冷剂中。进料颗粒可以通过研磨,聚集(比如,喷雾干燥),熔化或烧结金属氧化物原料而制得。输入火焰中的进料颗粒的粒径通常决定了制得的含有无定形材料的颗粒的粒径。
无定形材料的实施方式也可以通过其他技术制备,比如:带有自由落体冷却的激光旋转熔融,泰勒线技术,等离子管技术,锤砧技术,离心淬冷,空气枪急冷,单辊筒和双辊筒淬冷,辊筒板淬冷和悬滴熔化排热(参见《陶瓷的快速固化》(RapidSolidification of Ceramics),Brockway等人,Metals and Ceramics Information Center,A Department of Defecse Information Analysis Center,Columbus,OH,1984年1月)。 无定形材料的实施方式还能通过其他技术制得,比如:合适前体的热致(包括火焰或激光或等离子辅助)分解,金属前体的物理蒸汽合成(PVS)和机械化学过程。
有用的无定形材料组合物包括那些共熔组合物(比如,二元和三元共熔组合物)。除了此处公开的组合物之外,其他组合物,包括四元和其他更高元的共熔组合物,对了解本公开文件后的本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。
通常,无定形材料和由其制得的本发明玻璃陶瓷,具有彼此垂直的x,y和z三维尺寸,而且每个x,y和z尺寸上的长度都至少是25微米。在一些实施方式中,x,y和z的尺寸至少是30微米,35微米,40微米,45微米,50微米,75微米,100微米,150微米,200微米,250微米,500微米,1000微米,2000微米,2500微米,1mm,5mm或甚至是至少10mm。
Al2O3(以理论氧化物表示)的原料包括市售原料有铝土矿(包括天然形成的铝土矿和人工合成的铝土矿),煅烧铝土矿,水合氧化铝(比如,勃姆石和水铝矿),铝,拜耳法氧化铝,铝矿石,γ-氧化铝,α-氧化铝,铝盐,硝酸铝和它们的组合。Al2O3原料可以包含或只含有Al2O3。或者,Al2O3原料可以包含Al2O3以及一种或多种其他金属氧化物(包括复合Al2O3·金属氧化物(比如Dy3Al5O12,Y3Al5O12,CeAl11O18等)和含有该复合物的物质)。
稀土氧化物的原料包括市售原料有稀土氧化物粉末,稀土金属,含有稀土的矿石(比如,氟碳铈镧矿和独居石),稀土盐,稀土硝酸盐和稀土碳酸盐。稀土氧化物原料可以包含或只含有稀土氧化物。或者,稀土氧化物原料可以包含稀土氧化物和一种或多种其他金属氧化物(包括复合稀土氧化物·其他金属氧化物(比如,Dy3Al5O12,CeAl11O18等)和含有该复合物的物质)。
Y2O3(以理论氧化物表示)的原料包括市售原料有氧化钇粉末,钇,含钇矿石和钇盐(比如,钇的碳酸盐,硝酸盐,氯化物,氢氧化物和它们的组合)。Y2O3原料可以包含或只含有Y2O3。或者,Y2O3原料可以包含Y2O3和一种或多种其他金属氧化物(包括复合Y2O3·金属氧化物(比如,Y3Al5O12)和含有该复合物的物质)。
ZrO2(以理论氧化物表示)的原料包括市售原料有氧化锆粉末,锆石,锆,含锆矿石和锆盐(比如,锆的碳酸盐,乙酸盐,硝酸盐,氯化物,氢氧化物和它们的组合)。另外,ZrO2原料可以包含ZrO2和其他金属氧化物,比如氧化铪。HfO2(以理论氧化物表示)的原料包括市售原料有氧化铪粉末,铪,含铪矿石和铪盐。另外,HfO2原料可以包含HfO2和其他金属氧化物,比如ZrO2。
其他以理论氧化物表示的可用金属氧化物,包括BaO,CaO,Cr2O3,CoO,Fe2O3, GeO2,Li2O,MgO,MnO,NiO,Na2O,Sc2O3,SrO,TiO2,ZnO和它们的组合。其原料包括市售原料有氧化物,复合氧化物,矿石,碳酸盐,乙酸盐,硝酸盐,氯化物,氢氧化物等。通过添加这些金属氧化物,能改进制得的磨粒的物理性质和/或提高加工性能。这些金属氧化物通常以占玻璃陶瓷总重量0到50%添加,在一些实施方式中,优选0到25%,添加量取决于要求的性质。
在一些实施方式中,优选至少一部分金属氧化物原料(在一些实施方式中,优选占10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,35%,40%,45%或甚至是至少50重量%)的获得是添加含有至少一种金属M(比如,Al,Ca,Cu,Cr,Fe,Li,Mg,Ni,Ag,Ti,Zr和它们的组合)的颗粒状金属物质到熔体中或者将其与其他原料金属化。该金属M具有负的氧化物生成焓。虽然不期望受限于理论,但据信,与金属氧化过程相关的放热反应中放出的热量有利于均匀熔体的形成,从而形成无定形材料。比如,据信,原料中由氧化反应产生的额外热量能消除不够充分的热量传递或将该现象的发生可能性降至最低,从而有利于熔体的形成和均匀化,特别是在形成的无定形颗粒x,y和z的尺寸大于150微米时,更是如此。据信,这种额外的热量有利于促进各种化学反应和物理过程(比如,致密化和球化)的完成。而且,据信在一些实施方式中,氧化反应生成的额外热量确实能促使熔体的形成,如果没有这些热量,由于这些物质的高熔点,熔体是很难或无法形成的。而且,氧化反应生成的额外热量确实能促使无定形材料的形成,如果没有这些热量,是无法形成这种无定形材料或无法形成要求粒径的无定形材料的。本发明的另一个优点是,在无定形材料形成过程中,许多化学和物理过程,比如熔化,致密化和球化,都能在短时间内达到,从而可以使用很高的淬冷速度。其他具体内容,参见与本申请同日提交的美国专利申请序列号为10/211639的申请(Attorney Docket号为56931US007)。
对用于制造本发明陶瓷的金属氧化物原料和其他添加剂的具体选择,通常要考虑制得陶瓷的要求组成和显微结构,要求的结晶度,要求物理性质(比如,硬度或韧性),不需要的杂质含量要最低或不存在,制得陶瓷的要求性质和/或用于制备陶瓷的具体过程(包括熔融和/或固化过程前和/或过程中,使用的设备和对原料的纯化)。
在一些情况下,优选加入限定量的以下金属氧化物:Na2O,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2,V2O3和它们的组合。其原料包括市售原料有氧化物,复合氧化物,矿石,碳酸盐,乙酸盐,硝酸盐,氯化物,氢氧化物等。可以通过添加这些金属氧化物,改进制得磨粒的物理性能和/或提高加工性能。这些金属氧化物的添加量通常占玻璃陶瓷总重 量的大于0到20%,优选大于0到5%,更优选大于0到2%,取决于要求的性质。
添加某些金属氧化物会改变本发明玻璃陶瓷的性质和/或结晶结构或显微结构,以及制备玻璃陶瓷用的原料和中间物的处理过程。比如,MgO,CaO,Li2O和Na2O等氧化物添加剂,会改变无定形材料的Tg(对玻璃)和Tx(结晶温度)。虽然不期望受限于理论,据信,这些添加剂会影响玻璃的形成。而且,这些氧化物添加剂会降低整个体系的熔化温度(比如,使整个体系向更低的共熔物方向移动),并使无定形材料容易形成。多组分体系(四元组分等)中的共熔复合物具有更好的形成无定形材料的能力。液态熔体的粘度和在其“工作”范围内玻璃的粘度也会受到MgO,CaO,Li2O和Na2O等某些金属氧化物添加剂的影响。本发明的范围还包括将至少一种卤素(比如,氟和氯)或硫族化物(比如,硫化物,硒化物和碲化物)加入无定形材料和由此制得的玻璃陶瓷。
无定形材料和含有该无定形材料的陶瓷的结晶过程也会受添加某种材料的影响。比如,某些金属,金属氧化物(比如,钛酸盐和锆酸盐)和氟化物可以作为成核剂,有利于晶体的异相成核。而且,添加一些氧化物能改变无定形材料再次加热时产生的亚稳相的性质。另一方面,对于含有结晶ZrO2的陶瓷而言,优选加入能稳定四方/立方ZrO2的金属氧化物(比如,Y2O3,TiO2,CaO和MgO)。
金属氧化物原料和其他添加剂可以是适合于制造本发明玻璃陶瓷过程和设备的任何形式。这些原料可以采用本领域用来制造氧化物无定形材料和无定形金属的已知技术和设备进行熔化和淬冷。要求的冷却速度为50K/s或更快的速度。本领域已知的冷却技术包括辊筒冷却。辊筒冷却可以如此进行:将金属氧化物原料在高于其熔点温度20-200℃的温度下熔化,将熔体在高压下喷射(比如,使用空气,氩气,氮气或类似气体)在高速旋转的辊筒上,进行冷却/淬冷。通常,辊筒是金属制的并进行了水冷。也可以使用金属盒式模具对熔体进行冷却/淬冷。
其他用于熔体形成,熔体冷却/淬冷和/或无定形材料成形的技术,包括蒸气相淬冷,熔体排热,等离子体喷射和气相或离心喷雾。蒸气相淬冷是通过溅射由金属合金或金属氧化物原料形成的溅射靶进行的。该溅射靶固定在溅射设备的一预定位置上,要涂覆的基材置于与靶相对的位置上。通常采用压力为10-3torr的氧气和氩气,在靶和基材之间放电,Ar或氧离子撞击靶开始溅射反应,从而在基材上沉积一薄层组合物。关于等离子体喷射的具体内容,参见与本申请同日提交的申请号为 10/211640(Attorney Docket号为57980US002)的美国专利申请。
蒸气相喷雾包括将进料颗粒熔化成熔体的步骤。将这种熔体的细流与粉碎性喷 射空气接触,将其雾化(即该细流被分散成很细的液滴)。然后收集制得的含有无定形材料的颗粒(比如珠粒),颗粒基本上是分隔开,通常是椭圆形的。粒径在约5微米到约3mm之间。熔体排热的方法如美国专利US5605870(Strom-Olsen等人)中所公开。采用激光束加热的无容器玻璃形成技术也能被用来制造本发明的材料,如2001年4月4日公开的公开号为WO01/27046A1的PCT专利申请中所述。
据信,冷却速度会影响经淬冷无定形材料的性质。比如,玻璃化转变温度,密度和玻璃的其他随冷却温度改变的性质。
通常,优选主体材料中含有至少50%,60%,70%,80%,85%,90%,95%,98%,99%或甚至是100重量%的无定形材料。
快速冷却也可以在受控气氛下进行,比如在还原性,中性或氧化性气氛中,从而在冷却过程中保持和/或变成要求的氧化态等。气氛也会通过改变过冷液体的结晶动力学而影响无定形材料的形成。比如,据报告,在氩气气氛中存在的未结晶Al2O3熔体的过冷度要比空气中的更大。
一种材料的显微结构或相组成(玻璃态/无定形/结晶态)可以由多种方法确定。用光学显微镜方法,电子显微镜方法,差热分析(DTA)和X射线衍射(XRD)能获得很多信息。
使用光学显微镜方法时,无定形材料通常由于不含晶界等光散射中心而基本呈现透明,但结晶材料具有结晶结构,由于光散射效应而呈现半透明。
使用-100+120目级分(即,收集150微米和125微米网眼两个筛子之间的级分),能计算出颗粒的无定形百分数。通过以下方式进行测量。在一玻璃载片上铺展开一单层颗粒。用光学显微镜观察颗粒。用光学显微镜视野中的十字线做导向,将沿一直线上的颗粒根据其光学透明度分成无定形或结晶的。共观察500个颗粒,用无定形的颗粒数除以观察的颗粒总数,求得无定形颗粒的百分数。
使用DTA,如果相应DTA曲线中具有一个放热结晶峰(Tx),则材料归为无定形的。如果同一条曲线中,在低于Tx的温度处还有一个放热峰(Tg)时,表示其中含有玻璃相。如果材料的DTA曲线中没有这些放热峰,则表示该材料中包含结晶相。
可以按以下方法进行差热分析(DTA)。用-140+170目级分(即,收集在105微米和90微米网眼两个筛子之间的级分)进行DTA测量(使用从NetzschInstruments,Selb,Germany获得的商品名为“NETZSCH STA 409DTA/TGA”的仪器)。将一定数量的过筛样品(通常约400毫克(mg))置于100微升Al2O3样品容器中。每个样品都在静态空气中以10℃/分的速度,从室温(约25℃)升高到1100℃。
使用X射线粉末衍射XRD(使用从Phillips,Mahwah,NJ获得的商品名为“PHILLIPS XRG 3100”的仪器和铜Kα1的1.54050埃辐射),将结晶材料的XRD谱图中的峰与国际衍射数据中心(International Center for Diffraction Data)出版的JCPDS(Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards)数据库中提供的结晶XRD谱图进行对比,确定材料中存在的相。而且,XRD可以定性地确定相的类型。如果存在宽的弥散强度峰,则表示材料的无定形性质。如果同时存在宽峰和精细峰,则表示在无定形基质中存在结晶物质。
最初形成的无定形材料或陶瓷(包括结晶前的玻璃)的尺寸可能比要求的更大。可以采用本领域已知的破碎和/或研磨技术,将无定形材料或陶瓷转变成小块,包括辊筒破碎,canary研磨,颚式破碎,锤磨,球磨,气流研磨,冲击破碎和类似技术。在一些情况下,要求使用两个或多个破碎步骤。比如,在陶瓷形成(固化)后,其尺寸可能大于要求的尺寸。第一个破碎步骤将这些相对较大的块状体或“团块”破碎成较小的块。这种团块的破碎可以使用锤磨,冲击破碎机或颚式破碎机完成。然后,将这些较小的块破碎成要求的粒径分布。要获得要求的粒径分布(有时是指研磨助剂粒度或级别),必须完成多个破碎步骤。总的来说,要优化破碎条件,获得要求的颗粒形状和粒径分布。如果颗粒仍然太大,可以将制得的颗粒再次进行破碎或进行“再循环”,如果颗粒太小,则可以将其作为原料重新熔融,最终获得要求的粒径。
陶瓷(包括结晶前的玻璃)的形状取决于陶瓷的组成和/或显微结构,其冷却几何方式和陶瓷的破碎方式(即使用的破碎技术)。总的来说,当优选“厚实的”形状时,需要使用更多的能量来达到这个形状。相反,如果优选“尖锐的”形状时,需要的能量较少。也可以改变破碎技术获得不同的指定形状。制得磨粒的平均长径比是1∶1到5∶1,在一些实施方式中是1.25∶1到3∶1,或甚至是1.5∶1到2.5∶1。
直接形成指定形状的陶瓷(包括结晶前的玻璃)也在本发明的范围内。比如,将熔体倒入模具中成形,形成(包括模制)陶瓷(包括结晶前的玻璃)。
通过聚结制造陶瓷(包括结晶前的玻璃),也在本发明范围内。聚结步骤的本质是从两个或多个较小的颗粒形成较大的形体。比如,含有颗粒(从破碎得到的)(包括珠粒和微球),纤维等可以形成为较大的颗粒。比如,通过在高于Tg的温度下加热含有无定形材料的颗粒和/或纤维等,使其聚结成一形体并将其冷却,就能制得陶瓷(包括结晶前的玻璃)。聚结的温度和压力取决于无定形材料的组成和制得材料要求的密度。温度要低于玻璃结晶温度,对于玻璃而言,要高于玻璃化转变温度。在某些实施方式中,加热到介于约850℃到约1100℃之间的温度(在一些实施方式中, 优选900℃到1000℃)。通常,无定形材料的聚结在压力(比如大于0到1GPa或更高)下进行,压力有助于无定形材料的聚结。在一个实施方式中,将颗粒料置于子子中,在高于玻璃化转变温度下进行热压,此时玻璃的粘性流动使其体聚结成相对较大的形体。典型的聚结技术实例包括热压,热等静压,热挤压和类似技术。通常,优选在对制得的聚结体做进一步热处理前,将其冷却。热处理后如果需要,可将聚结形体破碎成较小的颗粒或要求的粒径分布。
进行额外的热处理,进一步提高材料的指定性能,也在本发明的范围内。比如,通过热等静压(比如,在从约900℃到约1400℃的温度下)除去剩余的孔隙,提高材料的密度。也可以对所得的聚结制品进行热处理,制得玻璃陶瓷,结晶陶瓷或另外含有结晶陶瓷的陶瓷。
无定形材料和/或玻璃陶瓷(比如颗粒)的聚结也可以通过其他多种方法完成,包括无压或加压烧结(比如,烧结,等离子体辅助烧结,热压,热等静压,热锻,热挤压等)。
热处理可按多种方式进行,包括本领域已知的用于热处理玻璃制成玻璃陶瓷的方法。比如,热处理可以间歇进行,使用电阻式,感应式或燃气炉。或者,热处理可以使用旋转窑连续进行。使用旋转窑时,物料被直接投入较高温的窑中。在高温保持的时间可以从几秒(在一些实施方式中,甚至小于5秒)到几分钟到几小时。温度可以从900℃到1600℃,通常在1200℃到1500℃之间。有些热处理间歇进行(比如,对成核步骤而言),其他热处理连续进行(比如,对晶体生长以及对获得要求的密度而言)的方式,也在本发明的范围内。对于成核步骤而言,温度通常介于约900℃到约1100℃之间,在一些实施方式中,优选介于约925℃到约1050℃之间。对增加密度步骤而言,温度通常介于约1100℃到约1600℃之间,在一些实施方式中,优选介于约1200℃到约1500℃之间。这个热处理温度,可以通过在升温过程中将物料直接投入加热炉中产生。或者,物料在低得多的温度(比如,室温)下被投入加热炉中,然后以预定升温速率被加热到指定温度。在除空气之外的气氛中进行热处理,也在本发明范围内。在一些情况下,更优选在还原性气氛下进行热处理。也可能优选在一定气体压力下进行热处理,比如热等静压机或在气体压力炉中。将制得的制品或经热处理的制品转变(比如,破碎)成颗粒(比如,磨粒),也在本发明范围内。
对无定形材料进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料结晶,形成玻璃陶瓷。对某些玻璃进行热处理制成玻璃陶瓷是本领域众所周知的。对许多玻璃而言,使玻璃陶瓷成核和晶体生长的加热条件是已知的。或者,本领域技术人员可以使用本领域 已知技术对玻璃的时间-温度-转变(TTT)进行研究,确定合适的条件。本领域技术人员在阅读了本发明后,应该能够作出本发明玻璃的TTT曲线,确定制造本发明玻璃陶瓷的合适成核和/或晶体生长条件。
通常,玻璃陶瓷比形成它的无定形材料的强度更高。因此,材料的强度可以通过转变成结晶陶瓷相的无定形材料的比例来进行调节。或者,可以通过创造的成核位置数目来改变结晶相中的晶体数目和大小,进而改变材料的强度。有关形成玻璃陶瓷的其他具体说明,参见玻璃陶瓷,P.W.McMillan,Academic Press,Inc.,第二版,1979。
比如,在对某些无定形材料进行热处理,制备本发明的玻璃陶瓷时,在超过约900℃时,观察到La2Zr2O7,以及,如果存在ZrO2的话,立方/四方ZrO2,某些情况下是单斜ZrO2的形成。虽然不期望受限于理论,据信,有关氧化锆的相是从无定形材料中成核的第一个相。据信,Al2O3,ReAlO3(其中Re是至少一种稀土阳离子),ReAl11O18,Re3Al5O12,Y3Al5O12等相通常在超过约925℃时形成。通常,成核步骤中的晶粒粒径是纳米数量级的。比如,观察到小到10-15纳米的晶粒。至少在一些实施方式中,在约1300℃热处理约1小时能产生完全结晶。总的来说,每个成核和晶体生长步骤的热处理时间从几秒(在一些实施方式中,甚至小于5秒)到几分钟到1小时或更长。
形成的晶体的粒径通常至少一部分受控于成核和/或结晶时间和/或温度。虽然通常优选小晶体(比如,不超过微米数量级,或甚至不超过纳米数量级),本发明玻璃陶瓷也可以含有较大的晶体(比如,至少1-10微米,至少10-25微米,至少50-100微米,或甚至超过100微米)。虽然不期望受限于理论,据信,通常晶体越小(相同密度),陶瓷的机械性能(比如,硬度和强度)越高。
本发明磨粒的实施方式中,可以含有的结晶相例子包括:Al2O3(比如,α-Al2O3),Y2O3,REO,HfO2,ZrO2(比如,立方ZrO2和四方ZrO2),BaO,CaO,Cr2O3,CoO,Fe2O3,GeO2,Li2O,MgO,MnO,NiO,Na2O,P2O5,Sc2O3,SiO2,SrO,TeO2,TiO2,V2O3,Y2O3,ZnO,“金属复合氧化物”(包括“复合Al2O3·金属氧化物”(比如,复合Al2O3·REO(比如,ReAlO3(比如,GdAlO3LaAlO3),ReAl11O18(比如,LaAl11O18)和Re3Al5O12(比如,Dy3Al5O12)),复合Al2O3·Y2O3(比如,Y3Al5O12)和复合ZrO2·REO(比如,Re2Zr2O7(比如,La2Zr2O7))),和它们的组合。
本发明的范围内还包括用其他阳离子取代复合Al2O3金属氧化物(比如复合Al2O3·Y2O3(比如,具有石榴石晶体结构的铝酸钇))中部分钇和/或铝阳离子。比如, 复合Al2O3·Y2O3中部分Al阳离子可以被至少一种以下元素的阳离子取代:Cr,Ti,Sc,Fe,Mg,Ca,Si,Co和它们的组合。比如,复合Al2O3·Y2O3中部分Y阳离子可以被至少一种以下元素的阳离子取代:Ce,Dy,Er,Eu,Gd,Ho,La,Lu,Nd,Pr,Sm,Th,Tm,Yb,Fe,Ti,Mn,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Mg,Ca,Sr和它们的组合。相似的,本发明的范围内还包括取代氧化铝中的部分铝阳离子。比如,Cr,Ti,Sc,Fe,Mg,Ca,Si和Co能取代氧化铝中的铝。上述阳离子的取代会影响熔凝材料的性质(比如,硬度,韧性,强度,导热性能等)。
本发明的范围内还包括用其他阳离子取代复合Al2O3·金属氧化物(比如,复合Al2O3·REO)中的部分稀土和/或铝阳离子。比如,复合Al2O3·REO中的部分Al阳离子能被至少一种以下元素的阳离子取代:Cr,Ti,Sc,Fe,Mg,Ca,Si,Co和它们的组合。比如,复合Al2O3·REO中部分Y阳离子能被至少一种以下元素的阳离子取代:Y,Fe,Ti,Mn,V,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Mg,Ca,Sr和它们的组合。相似的,本发明的范围内还包括取代氧化铝中的部分铝阳离子。比如,Cr,Ti,Sc,Fe,Mg,Ca,Si和Co可以取代氧化铝中的铝。上述阳离子的取代会影响熔凝材料的性质(比如,硬度,韧性,强度,导热性能等)。
可以采用ASTM标准E 112-96“平均晶粒粒径标准测定方法”(Standard TestMethods for Determining Average Grain Size),用截线法确定平均晶粒粒径。将样品镶装在镶装树脂(比如从Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL获得的商品名为“TRANSOPTICPOWDER”的树脂),通常是一个直径约2.5cm,高度约1.9cm的圆柱形树脂中。镶装截面用抛光机(从Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL获得,商品名为“ECOMET 3”)按常规抛光技术制备。样品用金刚石磨轮抛光约3分钟,然后分别用45,30,15,9,3和1微米磨粒的浆料抛光5分钟。经抛光后的镶装样品用一薄层金-钯溅射,用扫描电镜(JEOL SEM Model JSM 840A)观察。用样品中找到的一个典型背散射电子(BSE)显微结构的显微照片,按以下方法计算平均晶粒。对与穿过显微照片的任意直线的每个单位长度(NL)相交的晶体进行计数。用以下等式计算平均晶粒尺寸。
其中NL是与每单位长度相交的晶粒个数,M是显微照片的放大倍数。
本发明一些实施方式中的玻璃陶瓷含有至少一种平均晶粒粒径不超过150纳米的α-氧化铝。
本发明的一些实施方式是含有α-氧化铝的玻璃陶瓷,其中至少90%(在一些实 施方式中优选95%或甚至100%)α-氧化铝的粒径不超过200纳米。
本发明的一些实施方式是含有α-Al2O3,结晶ZrO2和第一复合Al2O3·Y2O3的玻璃陶瓷,而且其中的至少一种物质的平均晶粒粒径不超过150纳米。优选在一些实施方式中,该玻璃陶瓷进一步含有不同的第二复合Al2O3·Y2O3。优选在一些实施方式中,该玻璃陶瓷进一步含有一种复合Al2O3·REO。
本发明的一些实施方式是含有第一复合Al2O3·Y2O3,不同的第二复合Al2O3·Y2O3和结晶ZrO2的玻璃陶瓷,而且其中的至少一种物质中,至少90%(在一些实施方式中,优选95%或甚至是100%)晶粒的粒径不超过200纳米。在一些实施方式中,优选该玻璃陶瓷中进一步包含一种不同的第二复合物Al2O3·Y2O3。在一些实施方式中,优选该玻璃陶瓷中进一步包含一种复合Al2O3·REO。
本发明的一些实施方式是含有α-Al2O3,结晶ZrO2和第一复合Al2O3·REO的玻璃陶瓷,而且其中的至少一种物质的平均晶粒粒径不超过150纳米。在一些实施方式中,优选该玻璃陶瓷中进一步包含一种不同的第二复合Al2O3·REO。在一些实施方式中,优选该玻璃陶瓷中进一步包含一种复合Al2O3·Y2O3。
本发明的一些实施方式是含有第一复合Al2O3·REO,一种不同的第二复合Al2O3·REO和结晶ZrO2的玻璃陶瓷,而且其中的至少一种物质中,至少90%(在一些实施方式中,优选95%或甚至是100%)晶粒的粒径不超过200纳米。在一些实施方式中,优选该玻璃陶瓷进一步包含一种复合Al2O3·Y2O3。
本发明的一些实施方式是含有一种第一复合Al2O3·Y2O3,一种不同的第二复合Al2O3·Y2O3和结晶ZrO2的玻璃陶瓷,而且其中的至少一种物质的平均晶粒粒径不超过150纳米。在一些实施方式中,优选该玻璃陶瓷进一步包含一种不同的第二复合Al2O3·Y2O3。在一些实施方式中,优选该玻璃陶瓷进一步包含一种复合Al2O3·REO。
本发明的一些实施方式是含有一种第一复合Al2O3·Y2O3,一种不同的第二复合Al2O3·Y2O3和结晶ZrO2的玻璃陶瓷,而且其中的至少一种物质中,至少90%(在一些实施方式中,优选95%或甚至是100%)晶粒的粒径不超过200纳米。在一些实施方式中,优选该玻璃陶瓷进一步包含一种复合Al2O3·REO。
本发明的一些实施方式是含有第一复合Al2O3·REO,一种不同的第二复合Al2O3·REO和结晶ZrO2的玻璃陶瓷,而且其中的至少一种物质的平均晶粒粒径不超过150纳米。在一些实施方式中,优选该玻璃陶瓷进一步包含一种不同的第二复合Al2O3·REO。在一些实施方式中,优选该玻璃陶瓷进一步包含一种复合Al2O3·Y2O3。
本发明的一些实施方式是含有第一复合Al2O3·REO,一种不同的第二复合 Al2O3·REO和结晶ZrO2的玻璃陶瓷,而且其中的至少一种物质中,至少90%(在一些实施方式中,优选95%或甚至是100%)晶粒的粒径不超过200纳米。在一些实施方式中,优选该玻璃陶瓷进一步包含一种复合Al2O3·Y2O3。
在一些实施方式中,本发明的玻璃陶瓷中包含至少75%,80%,85%,90%,95%,97%,98%,99%或甚至是100体积%的晶粒,其中该晶粒的平均粒径小于1微米。在一些实施方式中,本发明的玻璃陶瓷中包含不超过至少75%,80%,85%,90%,95%,97%,98%,99%或甚至是100体积%的晶粒,其中该晶粒的平均粒径不超过0.5微米。在一些实施方式中,本发明的玻璃陶瓷中包含少于75%,80%,85%,90%,95%,97%,98%,99%或甚至是100体积%的晶粒,其中该晶粒的平均粒径不超过0.3微米。在一些实施方式中,本发明的玻璃陶瓷中包含少于至少75%,80%,85%,90%,95%,97%,98%,99%或甚至是100体积%的晶粒,其中该晶粒的平均粒径不超过0.15微米。
对无定形材料进行热处理形成晶体,获得本发明玻璃陶瓷实施方式,那些晶体可以是各方等大的,柱状的或平板状的。
虽然本发明的无定形材料,玻璃陶瓷等可以是疏松形式的材料,本发明的范围内还包括含有本发明无定形材料,玻璃陶瓷等的复合材料。这种复合材料可以是分散在本发明无定形材料,玻璃陶瓷等中的一种相或纤维(连续或不连续的)或颗粒(包括晶须)(比如,金属氧化物颗粒,硼化物颗粒,碳化物颗粒,氮化物颗粒,金刚石颗粒,金属颗粒,玻璃颗粒和它们的组合),或一种多层复合结构材料(比如,具有玻璃陶瓷直至一种用来制造本发明玻璃陶瓷的梯度和/或本不同组成玻璃陶瓷的许多层)。
通常,本发明陶瓷的(真)密度,有时称为比重,是理论密度的至少70%。本发明陶瓷的(真)密度最好是理论密度的至少75%,80%,85%,90%,92%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%,99.5%或甚至是100%。本发明的磨粒密度至少是理论密度的85%,90%,92%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%,99.5%或甚至是100%。
可以按以下方法测定本发明材料的平均硬度。将材料样品镶装在镶装树脂(从Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL获得,商品名为“TRANSOPTIC POWDER”)中,该树脂通常是圆柱形的,直径约2.5cm,高度约1.9cm。镶装的截面用抛光机(从Buehler,LakeBluff,IL获得,商品名为“ECOMET 3”)以常规抛光技术处理。将样品用金刚石磨轮抛光约3分钟,然后分别用45,30,15,9,3和1微米磨粒的浆料抛光5分钟。使用常规显微硬度测试仪(从Mitutoyo Corporation,Tokyo,Japan获得,商品名为 “MITUTOYO MVK-VL”)和具有100克压力负载的Vickers压头测定显微硬度。显微硬度的测定按照ASTM测试方法E384材料显微硬度测试方法(1991)中所述规则进行。
在一些实施方式中,本发明玻璃陶瓷的平均硬度至少是13GPa(在一些实施方式中,优选至少是14,15,16,17或甚至是至少18GPa)。本发明磨粒的平均硬度是至少15GPa,在一些实施方式中,是至少16GPa,至少17GPa或甚至至少是18GPa。
有关无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷的进一步说明,包括其制造,使用和特性,参见于2001年8月2日提交的美国专利系列号为09/922526,09/922527和09/922530的专利申请,和与本申请同日提交的美国专利系列号为 10/211598,10/211630,10/211639,10/211034,10/211044,10/211628,10/211640和10/211684(Attorney Docket号是56931US005,56931US006,56931US007,56931US009,56931US010,57980US002和57981US002)的专利申请。
本发明磨粒通常包含结晶陶瓷(在一些实施方式中,优选至少75%,80%,85%,90%,91%,92%,93%,94%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%,99.5%或甚至是100体积%)。
本发明磨粒能使用本领域公知技术进行过筛分级,包括使用工业认可的分级标准,比如ANSI(American National Standard Institute),FEPA(Federation Europeennedes Fabricants de Products Abrasifs)和JIS(Japanese Industrial Standard)。本发明磨粒可以在较宽的粒径范围内使用,通常从约0.1到约5000微米,更典型从约1到约2000微米;优选从约5到约1500微米,更优选从约100到约1500微米。
ANSI分级规范包括:ANSI 4,ANSI 6,ANSI 8,ANSI 16,ANSI 24,ANSI 36,ANSI 40,ANSI 50,ANSI 60,ANSI 80,ANSI 100,ANSI 120,ANSI 150,ANSI 180,ANSI 220,ANSI 240,ANSI 280,ANSI 320,ANSI 360,ANSI 400和ANSI 600。优选的ANSI级别中包含ANSI 8-220的本发明磨粒。FEPA分级规范包括P8,P12,P16,P24,P36,P40,P50,P60,P80,P100,P120,P150,P180,P220,P320,P400,P500,P600,P800,P1000和P1200。优选的FEPA级别中包含P12-P220的本发明磨粒。JIS分级规范包括JIS8,JIS12,JIS16,JIS24,JIS36,JIS46,JIS54,JIS60,JIS80,JIS100,JIS150,JIS180,JIS220,JIS240,JIS280,JIS320,JIS360,JIS600,JIS800,JIS1000,JIS1500,JIS2500,JIS4000,JIS6000,JIS8000和JIS10000。优选的JIS级别中包含JIS8-220的本发明磨粒。
破碎和过筛后,磨粒中通常会存在各种不同的粒径分布或级别。这时,这些级别可能不符合制造商或供应商的要求。可以将不符合要求的颗粒重新熔化,形成无定形材料。这个循环可以在破碎步骤后发生,这时颗粒呈尚未被过筛成一特定分布的大块或细小片状(有时称为“细片”)。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种制造磨粒的方法,该方法包括对含有无定形材料(比如,玻璃)的颗粒进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷,从而形成含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒的步骤。本发明还提供了一种制造含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒的方法,该方法包括对无定形材料进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷,并破碎所得的经热处理的材料,形成磨粒的步骤。破碎时,玻璃能产生比结晶的玻璃陶瓷或结晶材料更尖锐的颗粒。
另一方面,本发明提供了磨粒团聚物,这些团聚物中含有被粘合剂粘在一起的本发明磨粒。另一方面,本发明提供了一种包含粘合剂和许多磨粒的磨具(比如,涂布磨具,粘结磨具(包括玻璃质,合成树脂或金属粘结的磨轮,切割轮,工具镶装尖和镗磨石),非织造磨具和研磨刷),其中,至少一部分磨粒是本发明的磨粒(包括磨粒团聚物)。制造和应用这种磨具的方法是本领域技术人员众所周知的。而且,本发明的磨粒可以被用于磨粒的应用中,比如研磨化合物(比如抛光化合物的浆料),研磨介质,喷丸介质,振动球磨介质和类似应用。
涂布磨具通常包括一个背衬,许多磨粒和至少一种将磨粒固定在背衬上的粘合剂。背衬可以是任何适用材料,包括布,聚合物薄膜,纤维制品,非织造织物,纸,它们的组合和它们经处理的材料。粘合剂可以是任何适用粘合剂,包括一种无机或有机粘合剂(包括热固化树脂和辐射固化树脂)。磨粒可以被置于涂布磨具的一层或两层上。
附图1表示了一种本发明涂布磨具的例子。参见该图,本发明的涂布磨具1具有一个背衬(基片)2和研磨层3。研磨层3包括通过初始结合涂层5和胶结涂层6固定在背衬2主表面上的本发明许多磨粒4。在一些情况下,使用了一种上胶结涂层(未示出)。
粘结磨具通常是被一种有机,金属或玻璃质粘合剂粘在一起的磨粒的形体。这种形体可以是轮子形式的,比如磨轮或切割轮。磨轮的直径通常是约1cm到大于1米;切割轮的直径是约1cm到大于80cm(更典型为3cm到约50cm)。切割轮厚度通常是约0.5mm到约5cm,更典型为约0.5mm到约2cm。该形体也可以是镗磨石,片段,轴形模具,圆盘(比如双盘研磨机)或其他常规粘结磨具形式的。粘结磨具通常包含占粘结磨具总体积约3-50%的粘合材料,约30-90%的磨粒(或混合磨粒),不超过50%的添加剂(包括研磨助剂),和不超过70%的孔隙。
附图2中是一种优选的磨轮,本发明的磨轮10中包括本发明磨粒11,被模制成轮状固定在轴12上。
非织造磨具通常是一种敞开多孔膨松的聚合物纤维结构,本发明磨粒分布在这整个结构中,并通过一种有机粘合剂粘在其中。纤维的例子包括聚酯纤维,聚酰胺纤维和聚芳酰胺纤维。附图3是本发明一种典型非织造磨具放大100倍的示意图。本发明的这种非织造磨具中包含一个作为基材的纤维衬垫50,本发明磨粒52通过粘合剂54被粘在衬垫上。
可用的研磨刷包括那些具有许多硬毛和背衬的结合体(参见美国专利US5427595(Pihl等人),5443906(Pihl等人),5679067(Johnson等人)和59039521(Ionta等人))。优选这些研磨刷是由聚合物和磨粒混合物通过注塑法制备的。
用于制造磨具的合适有机粘合剂,包括热固性有机聚合物。合适的热固性有机聚合物的例子包括酚醛树脂,脲甲醛树脂,蜜胺甲醛树脂,尿烷树脂,丙烯酸酯树脂,聚酯树脂,具有α,β-不饱和羰基侧链的氨基塑料树脂,环氧树脂,丙烯酸化尿烷,丙烯酸酯化环氧和它们的组合。粘合剂和/或磨具中也可以含有一些添加剂,比如纤维,润滑剂,润湿剂,触变材料,表面活性剂,颜料,染料,抗静电剂(比如,碳黑,氧化钒,石墨等),偶合剂(比如,硅烷,钛酸盐,锆铝酸盐等),增塑剂,悬浮剂和类似物。根据要求的性质确定这些可用的添加剂的含量。偶合剂能提高对于磨粒和/或填料的附着性能。粘合剂可以是能热固化的,辐射固化的或两者的组合。关于粘合剂的其他情况参见美国专利US4588419(Caul等人),4751138(Tumey等人)和5436063(Follett等人)。
具有无定形结构并且通常较硬的玻璃质粘结研磨助剂,玻璃质粘合材料,是本领域众所周知的。在一些情况下,玻璃质粘合材料包括结晶相。本发明的玻璃质粘结磨具可以是轮子(包括切割轮),镗磨石,工具镶装尖或其他常规粘结研磨助剂形式的。本发明优选的玻璃质粘结磨具是一种磨轮。
可用于制造玻璃质粘合材料的金属氧化物例子包括:氧化硅,硅酸盐,氧化铝,苏打,氧化钙,氧化钾,氧化钛,氧化铁,氧化锌,氧化锂,氧化镁,氧化硼,硅酸铝,硼硅酸盐玻璃,硅酸锂铝,它们的组合和类似物。通常,用于制备玻璃质粘合材料的组合物中含有10%到100%的玻璃料,虽然更优选含有20%到80%的玻璃料,或30%到70%的玻璃料。玻璃质粘合材料的剩余部分是非玻璃料。或者,玻璃质粘合也可以从含有非玻璃料的组合物形成。玻璃质粘合材料通常在约700℃到约1500℃的温度范围,通常是约800℃到约1300℃,有时在约900℃到约1200℃,或 甚至是约950℃到约1100℃固化。粘合部位的实际固化温度取决于具体的粘合剂化学组成。
优选的玻璃质粘合材料可以包含氧化硅,氧化铝(优选至少10重量%的氧化铝)和氧化硼(优选至少10重量%的氧化硼)。在多数情况下,玻璃质粘合材料进一步包含碱金属氧化物(比如,Na2O和K2O)(在一些情况下,至少10重量%的碱金属氧化物)。
粘合材料中还可以包含填料或研磨助剂,通常是颗粒状的。通常,这些颗粒状材料是无机物质。本发明可用填料的例子包括:金属碳酸盐(比如,碳酸钙(比如,白垩,方解石,泥灰岩,石灰华,大理石和石灰石),碳酸钙镁,碳酸钠,碳酸镁),氧化硅(比如,石英,玻璃珠粒,玻璃泡和玻璃纤维),硅酸盐(比如,滑石,粘土,(蒙脱石)长石,云母,硅酸钙,硅酸钙,铝硅酸钠,硅酸钠),金属硫酸盐(比如,硫酸钙,硫酸钡,硫酸钠,硫酸铝钠,硫酸铝),石膏,蛭石,木粉,铝的三水合物,碳黑,金属氧化物(比如,氧化钙(石灰),氧化铝,二氧化钛)和金属亚硫酸盐(比如,亚硫酸钙)。
总的来说,添加研磨助剂能增加磨具的使用寿命。研磨助剂是一种能对研磨的化学和物理过程产生显著影响,从而提高其性能的物质。虽然不期望受限于理论,据信,研磨助剂能(a)降低磨具和被打磨工件之间的摩擦,(b)防止磨粒被“覆盖”(即,防止金属颗粒焊附在磨粒顶部),或者,至少降低磨粒被覆盖的趋势,(c)降低磨粒和工件之间接触界面的温度,或(d)降低磨削阻力。
研磨助剂包括多种不同物质,可以是基于无机或有机物质的。化学研磨助剂的例子包括蜡,有机卤化物,卤盐,金属和它们的合金。有机卤化物通常会在研磨时分解,析出氢卤酸或气态卤化物。这些物质的例子包括氯化蜡,比如四氯萘,五氯萘和聚氯乙烯。卤盐的例子包括氯化钠,钾冰晶石,钠冰晶石,氨冰晶石,四氟硼酸钾,四氟硼酸钠,氟化硅,氯化钾和氯化镁。金属例子包括锡,铅,铋,钴,锑,镉和铁钛。其他各种研磨助剂包括硫,有机硫化合物,石墨和金属硫化物。本发明的范围内还包括使用不同研磨助剂的组合,而且在一些情况下,这样能产生协同效应。优选研磨助剂是冰晶石;最优选的研磨助剂是四氟硼酸钾。
研磨助剂特别适合用于涂布磨具和粘结磨具中。在涂布磨具中,研磨助剂通常被用在磨粒表面上的上胶结涂层中,而上胶结涂层施加在磨粒表面上。有时研磨助剂加上胶结涂层中,通常,加在涂布磨具中研磨助剂的含量是约50-300g/m2(优选约80-160g/m2)。在玻璃质粘结磨具中,研磨助剂通常被嵌在磨具的孔隙中。
磨具中可以含有100%的本发明磨粒,或这种磨粒与其他磨粒和/或稀释颗粒的混合料。但是,磨具中至少约2重量%,优选至少约5重量%,更优选约30%-100重量%的磨粒应该是本发明的磨粒。在一些情况下,本发明的磨粒可以与另一种磨粒和/或稀释颗粒以5和95重量%,约25%和75重量%,约40%和60%或约50%和50重量%(即等重量比)混合。合适的常规磨粒的例子包括熔凝氧化铝(包括白色熔凝氧化铝,热处理氧化铝和棕色氧化铝),碳化硅,碳化硼,碳化钛,金刚石,立方氮化硼,石榴石,熔凝氧化铝-氧化锆和溶胶凝胶法磨粒等。溶胶凝胶法磨粒可以是加了晶种或不加晶种的。溶胶凝胶法磨粒可以是任意形状的或具有棒状或三角形状的。溶胶凝胶法磨粒例子包括如美国专利US4314827(Leitheiser等人),4518397(Leitheiser等人),4623364(Cottringer等人),4744802(Schwabel),4770671(Monroe等人),4881951(Wood等人),5011508(Wald等人),5090968(Pellow),5139978(Wood),5201916(Berg等人),5227104(Bauer),5366523(Rowenhorst等人),5429647(Larmie),5498269(Larmie)和5551963(Larmie)中所述。其他有关用氧化铝颗粒做原料的烧结氧化铝磨粒的进一步说明,参见美国专利US5259147(Falz),5593467(Monroe)和5665127(Moltgen)。其他有关熔凝磨粒的具体说明,参见美国专利US1161620(Coulter),1192709(Tone),1247337(Saunders等人),1268533(Allen)和2424645(Baumann等人),3891408(Rowse等人),3781172(Pett等人),3893826(Quinan等人),4126429(Watson),4457767(Poon等人),5023212(Dubots等人),5143522(Gibson等人)和5336280(Dubots等人)和于2000年2月2日提交的美国专利申请序列号为09495978,09/496422,09/496638和09/496713的申请,和于2000年7月19日提交的09/618876,09/618879,09/619106,09/619191,09/619192,09/619215,09/619289,09/619563,09/619729,09/619744和09/620262申请,和于2001年1月30日提交的09/772730申请。在一些情况下,磨粒的混合料,与含有100%的任一种磨粒相比,具有提高的研磨性能。
对于磨粒的混合料而言,其中的各种磨粒可以是相同粒径的。或者,各种磨粒可以是不同粒径的。比如,较大粒径的磨粒可以是本发明的磨粒,较小粒径的颗粒可以是另一种磨粒。或者相反,较小粒径的磨粒是本发明的磨粒,较大粒径的颗粒是另一种磨粒。
合适的稀释颗粒的例子包括大理石,石膏,燧石,氧化硅,氧化铁,硅酸铝,玻璃(包括玻璃泡和玻璃珠粒),氧化铝泡,氧化铝珠粒和稀释聚集物。本发明的磨粒也可以与磨粒聚集物结合。磨粒聚集物中通常包括许多磨粒,一种粘合剂和可用 添加剂。粘合剂可以是有机的和/或无机的。磨粒聚集物可以是任意形状的,或具有一预定形状。形状可以是块状,圆柱形,棱锥形,币形,方形等。磨粒聚集物通常具有约100到约5000微米的粒径,典型粒径是约250到约2500微米。其他有关磨粒聚集物颗粒的进一步说明,参见美国专利US4311489(Kressner),4652275(Bloecher等人),4799939(Bloecher等人),5549962(Holmes等人)和5975988(Christianson),以及于2000年10月16日提交的美国专利申请系列号为09/688444和09/688484的申请。
磨粒可以均匀分布在磨具中,或集中在磨具的一些选定区域或部分中。比如,在涂布研磨助剂中,具有两层磨粒。第一层中包含本发明磨粒之外的磨粒,第二层(最外层)中包含本发明的磨粒。在粘结研磨助剂中,磨轮可以有两个不同部分。最外层部分可以包含本发明的磨粒,而内层部分不包含。或者,本发明的磨粒可以均匀分布在整个粘结磨具中。
进一步涉及涂布磨具的说明,参见美国专利US4734104(Broberg),4737163(Larkey),5203884(Buchanan等人),5152917(Pieper等人),5378251(Culler等人),5417726(Stout等人),5436063(Follett等人),5496386(Broberg等人),5609706(Benedict等人),5520711(Helmin),5954844(Law等人),5961674(Gagliardi等人)和5975988(Christinason)。进一步涉及粘结磨具的说明,参见美国专利US4543107(Rue),4741743(Narayanan等人),4800685(Haynes等人),4898597(Hay等人),4997461(Markhoff-Matheny等人),5037453(Narayanan等人),5110332(Narayanan等人)和5863308(Oi等人)。进一步涉及玻璃质粘结研磨具的具体说明,参见美国专利US4543107(Rue),4898597(Hay等人),4997461(Markhoff-Matheny等人),5094672(Giles Jr.等人),5118326(Sheldon等人),5131926(Sheldon等人),5203886(Sheldon等人),5282875(Wood等人),5738696(Wu等人)和5863308(Qi)。进一步涉及非织造磨具的说明,参见美国专利US2958593(Hoover等人)。
本发明提供了一种对表面研磨的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:将至少一个本发明磨粒与工件表面接触;移动至少一个磨粒或移动研磨接触面,从而用磨粒研磨至少一部分该表面。用本发明的磨粒进行研磨的方法包括从打磨(即,在较大压力下除去大量物质)到抛光(比如用涂布磨带抛光医用植入体),其中,后者通常使用更细级别(比如,小于ANSI 220和更细)的磨粒。磨粒还可用于精密研磨用途中,比如用玻璃质粘结磨轮抛光凸轮轴。用于具体研磨应用的磨粒的粒径对本领域技术人员是显而易见的。
用本发明磨粒进行研磨可以是干法的也可以是湿法的。对于湿法研磨,可以施加薄雾状液体或用液体洒淋。常用液体的例子包括:水,水溶性油,有机润滑剂和乳剂状液。液体能减少研磨时的热量和/或起到润滑剂的作用。液体中可以包含少量添加剂,比如杀菌剂,防沫剂等。
本发明的磨粒可以被用于研磨金属铝,碳钢,软钢,工具钢,不锈钢,硬化钢,钛,玻璃,陶瓷,木材,类似木材的材料,漆,漆过的表面,有机涂层表面等。研磨时施加的力通常是约1到约100千克。
本发明无定形材料和/或玻璃陶瓷的其他实施方式包括:应用于固体电池,固体氧化物燃料电池和其他电化学装置中的固体电解质;辐射性废物和剩余锕系元素的吸收剂;氧化催化剂;氧气监测传感器;荧光中心的基质;耐用的IR透射窗口材料;和装甲用途。比如,已知烧绿石型的稀土锆氧化物(Re2Zr2O7)可用于上述辐射性废物剩余锕系元素,氧化催化剂,氧气监控传感器和荧光中心的应用中。而且,已知含Ce的混合氧化物可以用做氧化催化剂。虽然不期望受限于理论,据信,含Ce混合氧化物的氧化还原性质和较高的储氧能力有助于其作为氧化催化剂。对于耐用IR透射窗口材料的应用而言,要求适用于潮湿,承受固体或液体颗粒撞击,高温和快速升温条件。
通过以下实施方式,进一步说明本发明的优点,但是其中引用的具体物质和用量,以及其他条件和细节,不应被理解为对本发明的不当限制。所有份数和百分数除了特别指明以外,都表示重量比的。除非另有说明,否则所有实施方式中都不含有多量的SiO2,B2O3,P2O5,GeO2,TeO2,As2O3和V2O5。
实施例
实施例1-20
在一只250毫升聚乙烯瓶(直径为7.3cm)中装入50克粉末混合物(见表1,其原料列于表2),75克异丙醇和200克氧化铝研磨介质(圆柱形,高度和直径均为0.635cm;氧化铝纯度为99.9%;从Coors,Golden,CO获得)。以每分钟60转(rpm)的速度研磨聚乙烯瓶内物质16小时。搅拌后,除去研磨介质,将浆料倒入温热(约75℃)的玻璃盘(“PYREX”)上干燥。用排刷将经干燥的混合物经70目(网眼尺寸为212微米)筛子过筛。
经研磨和过筛后,将研磨过的进料颗粒混合物缓慢(0.5克/分)送入氢/氧炬焰中使颗粒熔化。用于熔化颗粒,从而产生熔化的液滴的火炬是Bethlehem台式燃烧 器,型号是PM2D Model B,从Bethlehem Apparatus Co.,Hellertown,PA获得。火炬中氢气和氧气流量如下。内环的氢气流量为8升/分(SLPM),氧气的流量为3.5升/分。外环氢气的流量为23升/分,氧气流量为12升/分。经干燥和过筛后的颗粒缓慢(0.5g/分)送入火炬的火焰中,炬焰将颗粒熔化后送入19升(5加仑)圆柱形容器(直径30厘米,高34厘米)中,其内有循环的涡流水迅速将熔融的液滴淬冷。火焰与水约成45°,火焰的长度,即燃烧器到水面的距离,约18厘米(cm)。收集经熔化并迅速淬冷的颗粒,在110℃烘干。这些颗粒呈球形,而粒度则从几个微米到250微米不等。
用-100+120目级分(即150微米和125微米网眼的两个筛子之间收集的级分)计算由此火焰法制得的颗粒的无定形产率百分数。按以下方式进行测量。在玻璃载片上铺展一层颗粒。用光学显微镜对其进行观察。用光学显微镜视野中的十字线为导向,根据一直线上的颗粒的光学透明度来判断它们是无定形的还是晶态的。对500个颗粒进行了计数,用无定形颗粒数除以颗粒总数,求得无定形产率百分数。
经过肉眼观察,由实施例12到实施例20中制备的材料是无定形的,但是并没有依照上述过程进行定量分析。由于缺乏象晶界那样的光散射中心,因此无定形材料一般是透明的;而结晶颗粒的结晶结构由于光散射效应是半透明的。
相组成(玻璃态/无定形/晶态)由下述的差热分析(DTA)进行测定。如果该材料相应的DTA曲线包含有结晶放热峰(Tx)时,则该材料是无定形的。如果在同一曲线上比Tx温度低的位置还包含有吸热峰(Tg)时,则表明该材料包含有玻璃相。如果DTA曲线中没有出现这些峰,则可认为该材料含有晶体相。
按照以下方法进行差热分析(DTA)。用-140+170目级分(即,在105微米和90微米网眼的两个筛子之间收集的级分)进行差热分析(所用设备的商品名是“NETZSCH STA409 DTA/TGA”,从Netzsch Instruments,Selb,Germany获得)。将约400毫克的过筛样品装入100微升Al2O3样品容器中。每个样品在静态空气中,以10℃/分的升温速度从室温(约25℃)加热到1100℃。
图4中的曲线123是实施例1材料的DTA谱图。图4中曲线向下弯曲,表明在872℃附近是吸热的。可以认为这个峰是由玻璃材料的玻璃化转变(Tg)产生的。在大约958℃在123曲线上有个尖锐的峰,表明是放热峰。可以认为这个峰是由材料的结晶(Tx)产生的。除实施例15-20外,其它样品的Tg和Tx的值都列在表1中。
表2
原料 | 来源 |
氧化铝颗粒 (Al2O3) | 来源于Alcoa Industrial Chemicals,铝土矿,分析纯, 商品名“Al6SG” |
铝颗粒(Al) | 来源于Alfa Aesar,Ward Hill,MA |
氧化铈颗粒 | 来源于Rhone-Poulence,France |
氧化钆颗粒 | 来源于Molycorp Inc.,Mountain Pass,CA |
氧化镧颗粒 (La2O3) | 来源于Molycorp Inc.,Mountain Pass,CA,混料 前在700℃煅烧6小时 |
镁颗粒(Mg) | 来源于Alfa Aesar,Ward Hill,MA |
氧化镁颗粒 (MgO) | 来源于BDH Chemicals Ltd,Poole,England |
氧化钛颗粒 (TiO2) | 来源于Kemira,Savannah,GA,商品名“Unitane 0-110” |
氧化钇颗粒 (Y2O3) | 来源于H.C.Stark Newton,MA |
氧化锆颗粒 (Zr2O3) | 来源于Zirconia Sales,Inc.of Marietta,GA,商品 名“DK-2” |
氟化钙颗粒 (CaF2) | 来源于Aldrich,Milwaukee,WI |
氧化磷颗粒 (P2O5) | 来源于Aldrich,Milwaukee,WI |
氧化铌颗粒 (Nb2O5) | 来源于Aldrich,Milwaukee,WI |
氧化钽颗粒 (Ta2O5) | 来源于Aldrich,Milwaukee,WI |
氧化锶颗粒 (SrO) | 来源于Aldrich,Milwaukee,WI |
氧化锰颗粒 (Mn2O3) | 来源于Aldrich,Milwaukee,WI |
氧化铁颗粒 (Fe2O3) | 来源于Aldrich,Milwaukee,WI |
氧化铬颗粒 (Cr2O3) | 来源于Aldrich,Milwaukee,WI |
实施例21
取约25克实施例1的颗粒置于石墨模子里,用单向压机(从Thermal TechnologyInc.,Brea,CA获得,商品名“HP-50”)进行热压。在13.8兆帕(Mpa)(2000磅/平方英寸,或2ksi)氩气气氛下进行热压。热压炉以25℃/分的速度升温至970℃。制得直径为3.4cm,厚度为0.6cm的透明圆盘状材料。按实施例1-20所述进行差热分析。差热分析曲线向下弯曲,表明在885℃附近是吸热的。可以认为,这是由玻璃材料的玻璃化转变(Tg)产生的。曲线上的尖峰表明,该材料在928℃附近是放热的。可以认为,这是由材料结晶(Tx)产生的。
实施例22
在250ml聚乙烯瓶(直径7.3cm)中装入50g下述混合物:19.3g氧化铝颗粒(从Alcoa Industrial Chemicals,铝土矿,分析纯,商品名“Al6SG”),9.5g氧化锆颗粒(从Zirconia Sales,Inc.of Marietta,GA获得,商品名“DK-2”),21.2g氧化镧颗粒(从Molycorp Inc.,Mountain Pass,CA获得),75g异丙醇,和200g氧化铝研磨介质(圆柱形,高度和直径均为0.635cm;氧化铝纯度为99.9%;从Coors,Gloden,CO获得)。以每分钟60转(rmp)的速度研磨聚乙烯瓶内物质16小时。此初始材料中的氧化铝与氧化锆的比值是2∶1,氧化铝和氧化锆的合量占约58%。研磨后,除去研磨介质,将浆料倒入温热(约75℃)的玻璃盘(“PYREX”)上干燥。用排刷将干燥的混合物经70目(网眼尺寸为212微米)筛子过筛。
研磨和过筛后,将研磨过的进料颗粒混合物缓慢(0.5克/分)送入氢/氧炬焰中使颗粒熔化。用于熔化颗粒产生熔化液滴的火焰是Bethlehem台式燃烧器,型号是PM2D Model B,从Bethlehem Apparatus Co.,Hellertown,PA获得。火炬中氢气和氧气流量如下。内环的氢气流量为8升/分(SLPM),氧气的流量为3.5升/分。外环氢气的流量为23升/分,氧气流量为12升/分。干燥和过筛后的颗粒缓慢(0.5g/分)送入炬焰中,炬焰将颗粒熔化后送到一倾斜的不锈钢表面(约51厘米(20英寸)宽,倾斜角度为45°)上,冷水流过该表面(约8升/分),很快将熔融的液滴淬冷。收集经熔融并淬冷的颗粒,在110℃烘干。这些颗粒呈球形,粒径从几个微米到250微米不等。
随后,这些火焰法制备的直径小于125微米的颗粒通过一等离子枪,沉积在下述不锈钢基片上。
按照以下方式制备四块304不锈钢基片(76.2mm×25.4mm×3.175mm)和2块1080 碳钢基片(76.2mm×25.4mm×1.15mm)。它们要涂覆的表面经过喷砂,超声清洗并用异丙醇擦拭干净。四块不锈钢和一块1080碳钢基片被置于等离子枪(从Praxair SurfaceTechnologies,Concord,NH获得,商品名“Praxair SG-100 Plasma Gun”)喷嘴前约10cm处。另一块1080碳钢被置于等离子枪喷嘴前18cm处。等离子枪喷嘴前18cm处的第二块1080碳钢样品上的涂层没有进一步表征。
等离子体装置的功率为40kW。等离子气体是氩气(每平方英寸50磅,0.3Mpa),以氦气(150psi,1Mpa)为辅助气。以氩气为载气,用型号为Praxair Model 1270的计算机控制粉末进料器(从Praxair Surface Technologies,Concord,NH获得),使颗粒通过等离子枪。在沉积过程中,施加约40伏的电压和约900安培的电流,等离子枪要左右上下摇动,使基片均匀涂覆。达到要求厚度后,关闭等离子枪,制得样品。将1080碳钢基片进行弯折,使涂层从基片上分离,成为能自承的涂层材料。用光学显微镜测量,涂层材料z尺寸上的长度(厚度)为约1350微米。
用下述差热分析(DTA)测定相组成(玻璃态/无定形/晶态)。如果该材料相应的差热分析曲线包含有结晶放热峰(Tx),则是无定形的。如果在同一曲线上比Tx温度低的位置还包含有吸热峰(Tg),则表明该材料包含有玻璃相。如果差热分析曲线没有这些峰出现,则可认为该材料包含结晶相。
按照以下方法进行差热分析。用-140+170目级分(即,105微米和90微米网眼的两个筛子之间收集的级分)进行差热分析(所用设备商品名是“NETZSCH STA409DTA/TGA”,从Netzsch Instruments,Selb,Germany获得)。将约400毫克过筛样品放入100微升Al2O3样品容器中。每个样品在静态空气下,以10℃/分的升温速度从室温(约25℃)加热到1100℃。
曲线向下变化表明,涂覆材料(304不锈钢基片上的)在880℃温度附近是吸热的。可以认为,这是由玻璃材料的玻璃化转变(Tg)产生的。曲线上的尖峰表明,该材料在931℃附近是放热的。可以认为这是由材料结晶(Tx)产生的。这样,经差热分析确定,涂覆材料(304不锈钢基片上的)和自承的涂覆材料都是玻璃态的。
部分玻璃态自承材料在1300℃下热处理48小时。用X-射线粉末衍射XRD(X-射线衍射仪(从Phillips,Mahwah,NJ获得,商品名“PHILLIPS XRG 3100”),1.54050埃铜Kα1辐射)测定存在的相。将结晶材料XRD谱图中的峰与JCPDS(粉末衍射标准联合会)数据库提供的,由衍射数据国际中心出版的结晶相XRD谱图相比较,确定物相。制得的结晶材料包括LaAlO3,ZrO2(立方相,四方相),LaAl11O18和过渡Al2O3相。
另一部分的玻璃态自承材料在1100℃的电炉(从CM Furnaces,Bloomfield,NJ获得,商品名“Rapid Temp Furnace”)中结晶1小时。经结晶的涂层用锤破碎成-30+35目粒径的颗粒(即,在600微米和500微米网眼两个筛子之间收集的级分)。将颗粒放在声波清洗机(从Cole-Parmer,Vernon Hills,IL获得,商品名“8891”)中清洗15分钟,洗去碎屑,在100℃烘干,用碳胶带将若干颗粒固定在一个金属圆柱体(直径3cm,高度2cm)上。在此镶装的样品上溅射涂覆一薄层金-钯,用JEOL扫描电镜(SEM)(型号为JSM 840A)观察。从SEM观察到(附图5)断面粗糙,没有超过200纳米的晶体。
实施例23
按照实施例22所述,用50g下述混合物制备进料颗粒:21.5g氧化铝颗粒(从Alcoa Industrial Chemicals,铝土矿,分析纯,商品名“Al6SG”),9g氧化锆颗粒(从Zirconia Sales,Inc.of Marietta,GA获得,商品名“DK-2”),和19.5g氧化铈颗粒(从Rhone-Poulence,France获得)。此初始材料中氧化铝与氧化锆的比值是2.4∶1,氧化铝与氧化锆的合量占约61%。按实施例22所述,将进料颗粒用火焰法制成珠粒颗粒(其粒径从几微米到250微米不等)。随后,将火焰法制备的直径在180微米到250微米之间的颗粒通过等离子枪沉积在如实施例22所述的不锈钢和碳钢基片上。
把1080碳钢基片进行弯折,使涂层从基片上分离,成为自承的涂层材料。经光学显微镜测量,制得该材料在z尺寸上的长度(厚度)为约700微米。也用光学显微镜观察其显微结构。这种材料通常由基本球形和倾斜的晶粒组成,这些晶粒是不透明的,分散在透明的无定形基质中。由于缺少象晶界那样的光散射中心,无定形材料一般是透明的,而结晶颗粒的结晶结构由于光散射作用是不透明的。用实施例22所述X射线粉末衍射方法测定的结晶相,含有Zr0.4Ce0.6O2(立方相)和过渡Al2O3。
用火焰法制备的直径小于125微米的颗粒进行另一次积试验。经光学显微镜测定,所得的涂层在z尺寸上的长度(厚度)为约1100微米。其显微结构仍用光学显微镜观察。该材料与由直径在180微米到250微米之间的颗粒制备的材料有类似的特征(比如,包含存在于主要是无定形基质中的基本是球形和倾斜的晶粒)。用实施例22所述XRD方法测定的结晶相,包含Zr0.4Ce0.6O2(立方相)和过渡Al2O3。
本实施例中沉积材料的平均硬度按下述方法测定。将材料样晶镶装在镶装树脂(从Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL获得,商品名“TRANSOPTIC POWDER”)中。制得圆柱体树脂直径约2.5cm,高度约1.9cm。用抛光机(从Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL获得, 商品名“ECOMET 3”)按常规抛光技术处理镶装的截面。即用金刚石磨轮抛光样品约3分钟,然后分别用45,30,15,9,3和1微米磨料的浆料抛光5分钟。用常规显微硬度测试仪(从Mitutoyo Corporation,Tokyo,Japan获得,商品名“MITUTOYOMVK-VL”)和装有100g负载的Vickers压头测量其显微硬度。其测量依照ASTM测试方法E384材料显微硬度测试方法(1991)所述规则进行。本实施例材料的平均显微硬度(20次测量的平均值)是15Gpa。
实施例24
按实施例22所述,用以下50g混合物制备进料颗粒:27.9g氧化铝颗粒(从AlcoaIndustrial Chemicals,铝土矿,分析纯,商品名“Al6SG”),7.8g氧化锆颗粒(从ZirconiaSales,Inc.of Marietta,GA获得,商品名“DK-2”),和14.3g氧化钇颗粒(从H.C.StarkNewton,MA获得)。此初始材料中氧化铝与氧化锆的比值是3.5∶1,氧化铝与氧化锆的合量占约72%。然后将进料颗粒过30目(网眼尺寸为600微米)的筛子,并在电炉(从CM Furnaces,Bloomfiedl,NJ获得,商品名“Rapid Temp Furnace”)中1400℃热处理2小时。热处理后的颗粒再次过筛,分离出直径在125微米和180微米之间的颗粒,然后将其通过等离子枪沉积在如实施例22所述的不锈钢基片上。
把1080碳钢基片进行弯折,使涂层从基片上分离,形成自承的涂层材料。用光学显微镜测量,该材料在z尺寸上的长度(厚度)约为700微米。用光学显微镜观察其显微结构。该材料含有存在于主要是透明的无定形基质中的基本是结晶的不透明颗粒(保持其原始形状)。用实施例22所述XRD方法测定的结晶相含有Al5Y3O12和Y0.15Zr0.85O1.93。
如实施例22所述,另一部分自承的涂层材料在1300℃结晶1小时,在其断面上溅射涂覆一薄层金-钯,用JEOL扫描电镜(JEOL SEM)(型号为JSM 840A)观察。断面是粗糙的,没有观察到超过200纳米的晶体(图6)。
用热处理过的直径小于125微米的颗粒进行另一次沉积试验。制得涂层厚度(z尺寸上的长度)为约1500微米。用光学显微镜观察其显微结构。该材料具有与由直径在180微米到250微米之间的颗粒制备的材料类似的特征(在主要是透明的无定形基质中含有基本不透明的晶粒(保持其原始形状))。如实施例22所述用XRD方法测定的结晶相含有Al5Y3O12和Y0.15Zr0.85O1.93。
实施例25
用实施例22-24制备的进料颗粒,采用等离子喷溅射方法,制备分别含有上述3个实施例颗粒层的厚涂层。第一层如实施例23所述,第二层如实施例22所述,第三层如实施例24所述涂覆。
基片在涂覆前不经砂磨,能很容易地用手将涂层剥下,得到一块自承的涂层材料,约为75mm×25mm×7.5mm。用金刚锯将材料的各层切透,形成一个截面。将切片镶装在镶装树脂(从Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL获得,商品名“TRANSOPTICPOWDER”)上,这样可以看到各个层。制得的镶装圆柱体树脂直径约2.5cm,高约1.9cm。用抛光机(从Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL获得,商品名“ECOMET 3”)按常规抛光技术处理镶装的截面。用金刚石磨轮抛光样品约3分钟,然后分别用45,30,15,9,3和1微米磨粒的浆料抛光5分钟。
用光学显微镜测定,第一层的z尺寸长度(厚度)约2.5mm。用光学显微镜观察其显微结构。该材料具有与实施例23(即包含存在于主要是透明的无定形基质中的基本呈球形和不透明的晶粒)的材料类似的特征。经光学显微镜测定,第二层的z尺寸长度(厚度)约2mm。仍然用光学显微镜观察其显微结构。该材料具有与实施例22(即呈现表明其是无定形的透明形态)的材料类似的特征。经光学显微镜测定,第三层的z尺寸长度(厚度)约3mm。仍用光学显微镜观察其显微结构。该材料具有与实施例24的材料(即包含存在于主要是透明的无定形基质中的基本是不透明的晶粒(保持其原始形状))类似的特征。
实施例26
用“Chipmunk”颚式破碎机(VD型,由BICO Inc.,Burbank,CA制造)将实施例21中制备的致密材料破碎成磨粒,分级后保留-30+35目的级分(即,在600微米网眼和500微米网眼的两个筛子之间收集的级分)和-35+40目的级分(即,在500微米网眼和425微米网眼的两个筛子之间收集的级分)。将这两部分以等比例混合。
用Zeiss图象分析系统(Zeiss Image Analysis System)(Zeiss Stemi SV11显微镜和装在计算机上的软件)和摄影机(3CCD照相机,型号330,(从Dage MTI Inc.,Michigan City,IN获得))测量颗粒的平均长径比。测得长径比为1.86。
用气体法密度计AccuPyc 1330,Micromeritics,Norcross,GA测量颗粒的密度。测得密度为4.65克/立方厘米(g/cc)。
在电炉(从CM Furnaces,Bloomfield,NJ获得,商品名“Rapid Temp Furnace”) 中1300℃对破碎后的颗粒热处理45分钟。制得的结晶颗粒保持其原来的破碎形状。测得颗粒密度为5.24克/立方厘米(g/cc)。如实施例22所述,用XRD方法测定的结晶玻璃陶瓷的相,它包含LaAlO3,立方/四方ZrO2,LaAl11O18,α-Al2O3,单斜ZrO2和少量无定形相。
实施例27-28
在250ml聚乙烯瓶(直径为7.3cm)中装入19.3g氧化铝颗粒(从Alcoa IndustrialChemicals获得,铝土矿,分析纯,商品名“Al6SG”),9.5g氧化锆颗粒(从ZirconiaSales,Inc.of Marietta,GA获得,商品名“DK-2”),和21.2g氧化镧颗粒(从MolycorpInc.,Mountain Pass,CA获得),75g异丙醇,和200g氧化铝研磨介质(圆柱形,高度和直径均为0.635cm;氧化铝纯度为99.9%;从Coors,Gloden,CO获得)。以每分钟60转(rpm)的速度研磨聚乙烯瓶内物料16小时。研磨后,除去研磨介质,将浆料倒入温热(约75℃)的玻璃盘(“PYREX”)上,干燥3分钟。用排刷将干燥后的混合物经14目(网眼尺寸为1400微米)筛子过筛,并在空气中1400℃预烧结2小时。
在石墨棒(约60cm长,直径15mm)的末端钻一个孔(直径约13mm,深约8cm)。将约20g预烧结过的颗粒填入其挖空的一端。将石墨棒挖空的一端插到电阻式加热炉(从Astro Industries,Santa Barbara,CA获得)的热区。这台炉子被改造成一个具有约18mm内径石墨管的管式炉。热区温度保持在2000℃,炉子翘起大约30°,熔体也不会从棒里溢出。棒的末端在热区保持10分钟以确保熔化均匀。之后,迅速将棒取出,倾斜,将熔体倾倒在一淬冷表面上。
实施例27中,淬冷表面是两块对面放置的不锈钢板。板的三维尺寸是17.8cm×5cm×2.5cm,将两块板沿长边平行放置,间隔约1mm。将熔体倾倒进间隔中,迅速固化成一块z尺寸(厚度)约为1mm的板。熔体经淬冷后主要是透明的无定形,如实施例1-20所述测得的DTA曲线显示其玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为885℃,其结晶温度(Tx)为930℃。
实施例28中,淬冷表面是两个反向旋转的钢制辊筒。这两个辊筒直径为5cm,以马达驱动,转速为80转/分。辊筒间隔约0.8mm。熔体倒入间隔中,被辊筒迅速固化成一块板,该板有很大的x和y尺寸,其z尺寸(厚度)为0.8mm。熔体主经淬冷后主要是透明的无定形,如实施例1-20所述测得的DTA曲线显示其玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为885℃,其结晶温度(Tx)为930℃。
实施例29
用“Chipmunk”颚式破碎机(VD型,由BICO Inc.,Burbank,CA制造)将实施例21制备的无定形/玻璃态材料破碎成磨粒,分级后保留-30+35目的级分(即,在600微米网眼和500微米网眼的两个筛子之间收集的级分)和-35+40目的级分(即,在500微米网眼和425微米网眼的两个筛子之间收集的级分)。将这两部分以等比例混合。
用实施例26所述的方法测量其长径比。测得长径比为1.83。
用实施例26所述的方法测量颗粒密度。测得密度为4.61g/cc。
实施例30-31
如实施例21所述制备一个热压圆盘,并用金刚锯(从Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL获得,商品名“ISOMET 1000”)分成两块(约为2cm×0.5cm×0.5cm)。每块均在电炉(从CM Furnaces,Bloomfield,NJ获得,商品名“Rapid Temp Furnace”)中800℃退火2小时。在退火过程中没有结晶发生。
在实施例30中,用锤子将其中一块破碎成-30+35目(即,在600微米网眼和500微米网眼的两个筛子之间收集的级分)的颗粒。在电炉(从CM Furnaces,Bloomfield,NJ获得,商品名“Rapid Temp Furnace”)中将破碎的颗粒1300℃热处理1小时,使其结晶。颗粒在声波清洗机(从Cole-Parmer,Vernon Hills,IL获得,商品名“8891”)中清洗15分钟,洗去碎屑,在100℃烘干,用碳胶带将若干颗粒固定在一个金属圆柱体(直径3cm,高度2cm)上。在固定的样品上溅射涂覆一薄层金-钯,用JEOL扫描电镜(JEOL SEM)(型号为JSM 840A)观察。
实施例30材料中,即使是在发生结晶后,仍然能观察到典型的玻璃破裂特征。图7所示的断面在很多玻璃破裂中是常见的,是Wallner线很好的例子。图8所示的断面是另一种常见的玻璃断面,显示为锯齿形。Wallner线和锯齿形的定义参见教科书《无机玻璃基础》(Fundamentals of Inorganic glasses,Arun K Varshneya著,第425-427页,1994。
按下述方法测定实施例30材料的平均硬度。将若干颗粒镶装在镶装树脂(从Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL获得,商品名“TRANSOPTIC POWDER”)中。制得圆柱体树脂直径约2.5cm,高度约1.9cm。用抛光机(从Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL获得,商品名“ECOMET 3”)按常规抛光技术处理抛光镶装的截面。用金刚石磨轮抛光样品约3分钟,然后分别用45,30,15,9,3和1微米磨粒浆料抛光5分钟。用常规显 微硬度测试仪(从Mitutoyo Corporation,Tokyo,Japan获得,商品名“MITUTOYOMVK-VL”)和具有500g负载的Vickers压头测量其显微硬度。依照ASTM测试方法E384材料显微硬度测试方法(1991)中所述规则测定显微硬度。显微硬度是20次测量的平均值。实施例30材料的平均显微硬度是16.4Gpa。
实施例31中,在电炉(从CM Furnaces,Bloomfield,NJ获得,商品名“Rapid TempFurnace”)中对另一半切片1300℃热处理1小时。用锤子将热处理过的切片破碎成-30+35目的颗粒(即,在600微米和500微米网眼的两个筛子之间收集的级分)。镶装颗粒,并用上述方法观察。
与实施例30材料的玻璃断面相比,实施例31材料表现出在多晶材料中常见的断面。图9所示的断面具有与典型穿晶断面类似的晶粒。
实施例32
在电炉中对实施例4颗粒1300℃热处理30分钟。如实施例30-31所述,将结晶的颗粒镶装并抛光,然后涂覆一薄层金-钯,并用JEOL SEM(型号JSM 840A)观察。图10是结晶颗粒微结构的典型背散射电子(BSE)显微镜照片。结晶的样品是粒径分布很窄的纳米晶粒,其显微照片上观察不到大于200nm的晶粒。
依照ASTM标准E 112-96“平均晶粒粒径标准测试方法”所述,用截线法测定平均粒径。将样品镶装在镶装树脂(从Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL获得,商品名“TRANSOPTIC POWDER”)中。制得圆柱体树脂直径约2.5cm,高约1.9cm。用抛光机(从Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL获得,商品名“ECOMET 3”)按常规抛光技术抛光镶装的截面。用金刚石磨轮抛光样品约3分钟,然后分别用45,30,15,9,3和1微米磨粒的浆料抛光5分钟。在经抛光的截面上涂覆一薄层的金-钯,并用JEOL SEM(型号JSM 840A)观察。如下所述,用样品显微结构中的典型背散射电子(BSE)的显微照片计算晶体平均粒径。统计与穿过显微照片任意直线单位长度(NL)相交的晶体数目。用以下等式从该数值计算晶粒平均粒径。
其中,NL是与单位长度相交的晶粒数目,M是显微照片的放大倍数。用截线法测得晶粒平均粒径是140nm。
实施例33
在电炉(从CM Furnaces,Bloomfield,NJ获得,商品名“Rapid Temp Furnace”)中对实施例21制备的致密材料1300℃热处理45分钟。用“Chipmunk”颚式破碎机(VD型,由BICO Inc.,Burbank,CA制造)将制得的结晶材料破碎成磨粒,分级后保留-30+35目的级分(即,在600微米网眼和500微米网眼两个筛子之间收集的级分)和-35+40目的部分(即,在500微米网眼和425微米网眼两个筛网之间收集的级分)。将这两部分以等比例混合。
用实施例26的方法测量长径比。测得长径比为1.84。
用实施例26的方法测量颗粒密度。测得密度为5.19g/cc。
实施例34
按实施例1所述制备约150g颗粒,置于一5cm×5cm×5cm钢罐中,然后将罐抽空密封与大气隔绝。随后用热等静压设备(从American Isostatic Pressing,OH获得,商品名“IPS Eagle-6”)对钢罐进行热等静压。热等静压在207Mpa(30ksi)的氩气气氛下进行。热等静压炉以25℃/分的速度升温到970℃,并保温30分钟。热等静压完成后,将钢罐切开,取出内容物。可以观察到,颗粒都聚结成透明的玻璃态材料。按实施例1-20所述,进行DTA测试,其玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为879℃,结晶温度(Tx)为931℃。
实施例35
在聚乙烯瓶中装入27.5g氧化铝颗粒(从Condea Vista,Tucson,AZ获得,商品名“APA-0.5”),22.5g氧化钙颗粒(从Alfa Aesar,Ward Hill,MA获得),和90g异丙醇。在瓶内装入约200克氧化锆研磨介质(从Tosoh Ceramics,Division of BoundBrook,NJ获得,商品名为“YTZ”),混合物以120转/分(rpm)的速度研磨24小时。研磨后,除去研磨介质,将浆料倒在玻璃盘(“PYREX”)上,用加热枪干燥。用研钵和研杵研磨干燥的混合物,并用70目(212微米筛孔)筛子过筛。
研磨和过筛后,将部分颗粒送入氢/氧炬焰中。炬焰将颗粒熔化,形成熔融的玻璃珠粒,所用仪器是Bethlehem台式燃烧器,型号是PM2D model B,从BethlehemApparatus Co.,Hellertown,PA获得,氢气和氧气流量:内环氢气流量是8升/分(SLPM),氧气流量是3SLPM。外环氢气流量是23SLPM,氧气流量是9.8SLPM。干燥和过筛过的颗粒被直接送入炬焰中,熔融并传送倒倾斜的不锈钢表面(宽约51 厘米(cm)(20英寸),倾斜角度为45度),其表面上有冷水流过(约8升/分),淬冷形成无定形珠粒。
实施例36-39
如实施例35所述制备实施例36-39的玻璃珠粒,区别在于原料及其用量不同,列在下表3中,将原料在90毫升(ml)异丙醇和200克氧化锆介质(从Tosoh Ceramics,Division of Bound Brook,NJ获得,商品名“YTZ”)中,以120rpm的速度研磨24小时。原料来源列在下表4中。
表3
实施例 | 组分重量百分数 | 批料量,g |
36 | CaO:36 Al2O3:44 ZrO2:20 | CaO:18 Al2O3:22 ZrO2:10 |
37 | La2O3:48 Al2O3:52 | La2O3:24 Al2O3:26 |
38 | La2O3:40.9 Al2O3:40.98 ZrO2:18.12 | La2O3:20.45 Al2O3:20.49 ZrO2:9.06 |
39 | SrO:22.95 Al2O3:62.05 ZrO2:15 | SrO:11.47 Al2O3:31.25 ZrO2:7.5 |
表4
原料 | 来源 |
氧化铝颗粒(Al2O3) | 来源于Condea Vista,Tucson,AZ,商品名“APA- 0.5” |
氧化钙颗粒(CaO) | 来源于Alfa Aesar,Ward Hill,MA |
氧化镧颗粒(La2O3) | 来源于Molycorp Inc. |
氧化锶颗粒(SrO) | 来源于Alfa Aesar |
氧化钇稳定的氧化锆颗粒 (Y-PSZ) | 来源于Zirconia Sales,Inc.of Marietta,GA,商品 名“HSY-3” |
按以下方法测定实施例35-39材料的各种性质/特征。使用X射线衍射仪(从PHILLIPS,Mahwah,NJ获得,商品名“PHILLIPS XRG 3100”)和铜Kα1的1.54050 埃辐射)定性测定实施例材料中存在的相。如果存在宽的弥散强度峰,则表明材料的无定形性质。同时存在宽峰和尖峰,表示无定形基质中存在结晶体。各种实施例中检测到的相列在下表5中。
表5
实施例 | 经x射线衍射 检测到的相 | 颜色 | Tg, ℃ | Tx, ℃ | 热压温度, ℃ |
35 | 无定形* | 透明 | 850 | 987 | 985 |
36 | 无定形* | 透明 | 851 | 977 | 975 |
37 | 无定形* | 透明 | 855 | 920 | 970 |
38 | 无定形* | 透明 | 839 | 932 | 965 |
39 | 无定形* | 透明 | 875 | 934 | 975 |
*玻璃,因为该实施例具有Tg
将材料过筛,保留90-125微米粒径范围的颗粒,进行差热分析(DTA)(从NetzschInstruments,Selb,Germany获得,商品名“NETZSCH STA 409 DTA/TGA”)。分别取400毫克过筛样品装入100微升Al2O3样品容器中。每个样品在静态空气中,以10℃/分的速度从室温(约25℃)升温到1200℃。
参见图11,曲线345是实施例35材料的DTA谱图。图11中,曲线345向下弯曲,表示材料在799℃温度附近发生吸热现象。这是由材料的玻璃化转变(Tg)造成的。在约875℃,曲线345上有一个尖峰,表示发生放热现象。这是由材料的结晶(Tx)造成的。其他实施例的Tg和Tx的数值列在上表5中。
图12-15分别是实施例36-39的DTA谱图。
实施例35-39中,各取约25g颗粒置于石墨模子中,用单向压机(从ThermalTechnology Inc.,Brea,CA获得,商品名“HP-50”)进行热压。在13.8Mpa(2000磅/平方英寸,(2ksi))氩气气氛下进行热压。上表5列出了实施例35-39中,指出发生明显玻璃流动时的热压温度,该流动由上述热压设备的位移控制单元显示。
实施例40-46
在聚乙烯瓶中装入列在下表6中的原料(原料来源列在下表7中),和90g异丙醇。在瓶内装入约200克氧化锆研磨介质(从Tosoh Ceramics,Division of BoundBrook,NJ获得,商品名为“YTZ”),混合物以120转/分(rpm)的速度研磨24小时。 研磨后,除去研磨介质,将浆料倒在玻璃盘(“PYREX”)上,用加热枪干燥。用研钵和研杵研磨干燥的混合物,并用70目(212微米筛孔)筛子过筛。研磨和过筛后,将一部分颗粒送入氢/氧炬焰中,形成如实施例1-20所述无定形珠粒。
表6
实施例 | 各组分重量百分数 | 批料量,g |
40 | Y2O3:28.08 Al2O3:58.48 ZrO2:13.43 | Y2O3:14.04 Al2O3:29.24 ZrO2:6.72 |
41 | Y2O3:19 Al2O3:51 ZrO2:17.9 La2O3:12.1 | Y2O3:9.5 Al2O3:25.5 ZrO2:8.95 La2O3:6.05 |
42 | Y2O3:19.3 Al2O3:50.5 ZrO2:17.8 Nd2O3:12.4 | Y2O3:9.65 Al2O3:25.25 ZrO2:8.9 Nd2O3:6.2 |
43 | Y2O3:27.4 Al2O3:50.3 ZrO2:17.8 Li2CO3:4.5 | Y2O3:13.7 Al2O3:25.15 ZrO2:8.9 Li2CO3:2.25 |
44 | Y2O3:27.4 Al2O3:50.3 ZrO2:17.8 CaO:4.5 | Y2O3:13.7 Al2O3:25.15 ZrO2:8.9 CaO:2.25 |
45 | Y2O3:27.4 Al2O3:50.3 ZrO2:17.8 NaHCO3:2.25 | Y2O3:13.7 Al2O3:25.15 ZrO2:8.9 NaHCO3:2.25 |
46 | Y2O3:27.4 Al2O3:50.3 ZrO2:17.8 SiO2:2.25 | Y2O3:13.7 Al2O3:25.15 ZrO2:8.9 SiO2:2.25 |
表7
原料 | 来源 |
氧化铝颗粒(Al2O3) | 来源于Condea Vista,Tucson,AZ,商品名“APA-0.5” |
氧化钙颗粒(CaO) | 来源于Alfa Aesar,Ward Hill,MA |
氧化镧颗粒(La2O3) | 来源于Molycorp Inc.,Mountain Pass,CA |
碳酸锂颗粒(Li2CO3) | 来源于Aldrich Chemical Co. |
氧化钕颗粒(Nd2O3) | 来源于Molycorp Inc. |
氧化硅颗粒(SiO2) | 来源于Alfa Aesar |
碳酸氢钠颗粒(NaHCO3) | 来源于Aldrich Chemical Co. |
氧化钇稳定的氧化锆颗粒 (Y-PSZ) | 来源于Zirconia Sales,Inc.of Marietta,GA,商品名 “HSY-3” |
按以下方法测定实施例40-46材料的各种性质/特征。使用X射线衍射仪(从Phillips,Mahwah,NJ获得,商品名“PHILLIPS XRG 3100”)和铜Kα1的1.54050埃辐射)定性测定实施例材料中存在的相。如果存在宽的弥散强度峰,则表明材料的无定形性质。同时存在宽峰和尖峰,表示无定形基质中存在结晶体。各种实施例中检测到的相列在下表8中。
表8
实施例 | 经x射线衍射 检测到的相 | 颜色 | Tg, ℃ | Tx, ℃ | 热压温度, ℃ |
40 | 无定形*和结晶 | 透明/乳状 | 874 | 932 | 980 |
41 | 无定形* | 透明 | 843 | 938 | 970 |
42 | 无定形* | 蓝色/粉红色 | 848 | 934 | 970 |
43 | 无定形* | 透明 | 821 | 927 | 970 |
44 | 无定形* | 透明 | 845 | 922 | 970 |
45 | 无定形* | 透明 | 831 | 916 | 970 |
46 | 无定形* | 透明 | 826 | 926 | 970 |
将材料过筛,保留90-125微米粒径范围的颗粒,进行差热分析(DTA)(从NetzschInstruments,Selb,Germany获得,商品名“NETZSCH STA 409 DTA/TGA”)。分别取400毫克过筛样品装入100微升Al2O3样品容器中。每个样品在静态空气中,以10 ℃/分的速度从室温(约25℃)升温到1200℃。
上表8列出了如实施例36-39中,发生明显玻璃流动时的热压温度,该流动由上述热压设备的位移控制单元显示。
实施例47
在内衬聚氨酯的球磨机中装入819.6克氧化铝颗粒(“APA-0.5”),818克氧化镧颗粒(从Molycorp,Inc.获得),362.4克氧化钇稳定的氧化锆颗粒(标称组成为94.6重量%的ZrO2(+HfO2),5.4重量%的Y2O3;从Zirconia Sales,Inc.of Marietta,GA获得,商品名“HSY-3”),1050克蒸馏水和约2000克氧化锆研磨介质(从TosohCeramics,Division of Bound Brook,NJ获得,商品名“YTZ”)。以每分钟120转(rpm)的速度将混合物研磨4小时,使各组分充分混合。研磨后,除去研磨介质,将浆料倾倒在玻璃(“PYREX”)盘上,用加热枪干燥。将干燥后的混合物用研钵和研杵磨碎后,经70目筛子过筛(网眼尺寸为212微米)。在研磨和过筛后,将部分颗粒送入如实施例1-20所述氢/氧炬焰中。
将约50克颗粒置于石墨模子中,用单向压机(从Thermal Technology Inc.,Brea,CA获得,商品名为“HP-50”)进行热压。热压在13.8Mpa(2000磅/平方英寸,(2ksi))960℃氩气气氛下进行。制得直径约48mm,厚约5mm的半透明圆盘。另外再热压一些圆盘。图16是热压后材料切片(2mm厚)的光学显微照片,证明其透明度。
用阿基米德(Archimedes)法测定制得的热压玻璃材料的密度,测得密度范围大约在4.1-4.4g/cm3。用超声测试系统(从Nortek,Richland,WA获得,商品名“NDT-140”)测量制得的热压玻璃材料的杨氏模量(E),测得值范围约在130-150Gpa。
按以下方法测定制得的热压材料的平均显微硬度。将数片热压材料(尺寸约2-5mm)镶装在镶装树脂(从Buehler Ltd.,Lake Bluff,IL获得,商品名“EPOMET”)中。制得树脂圆柱体直径约2.5cm(1英寸),高约1.9cm(0.75英寸)。用常规研磨机/抛光机(从Buehler Ltd.获得,商品名“EPOMET”)抛光镶装截面,用1微米的金刚石浆料(从Buehler Ltd.获得,商品名“METADI”)做最后精抛。
用常规显微硬度测试仪(从Mitutoyo Corporation,Tokyo,Japan获得,商品名“MITUTOYO MVK-VL”)和具有500g负载的Vickers压头测量其显微硬度。显微硬度的测量依照ASTM测试方法E384材料显微硬度测试方法(1991)中所述规则进行。显微硬度是20次测量的平均值。该热压材料的平均显微硬度是8.3Gpa。
测量从Vickers压痕中心延伸出的裂纹长度,计算热压材料的平均压痕韧性。 所用显微硬度测试仪(从Mitutoyo Corporation,Tokyo,Japan获得,商品名“MITUTOYOMVK-VL”)具有500克负载。依照下式计算压痕韧性(KIC):
KIC=0.016(E/H)1/2(P/c)3/2
其中,E=该材料的杨式模量;
H=Vickers硬度;
P=压头上的力(牛顿);
C=自裂纹中心到其末端的长度。
按上述显微硬度测试方法制备用于测量韧性的样品。报告的压痕韧性值是5次测量的平均值。用数字卡尺在扫描电镜(“JEOL SEM”(型号JSM6400))显微照片上测量裂纹长度(c)。热压材料的平均压痕韧性为1.4Mpa·m1/2。
用一热分析仪(从Perkin Elmer,Shelton,CT获得,商品名“PERKIN ELMERTHERMAL ANALYSER”)测量热压材料的热膨胀系数。平均热膨胀系数为7.6×10-6/℃。
依照ASTM标准“D 5470-95,测试方法A”(1995)测定热压材料的热传导率。平均热传导率为1.15W/m*K。
按下述方法,将热压La2O3-Al2O3-ZrO2玻璃的半透明圆盘在电炉(从KeithFurnaceof Pico Rivera,CA获得,商品名“Model KKSK-666-3100”))中进行热处理。首先将圆盘从室温(约25℃)以约10℃/分的速度升高到约900℃,并在900℃保温约1小时。再以约10℃/分的速度从约900℃升高到约1300℃,在1300℃保温约1小时,然后,关闭电炉,冷却到室温。其它圆盘用相同的热处理程序处理。
图17是实施例47材料热处理后经抛光截面的扫描电镜(SEM)显微镜照片,照片中表现了材料很精细的结晶特征。抛光截面是用常规镶装和抛光技术制备的。用抛光机(从Buehler of Lake Bluff,IL获得,商品名“ECOMET 3TYPE POLISHER-GRINDER”)进行抛光。用金刚石磨轮抛光样品约3分钟,再分别用45,30,15,9和3微米的金刚石浆料抛光3分钟。抛光截面上涂覆一薄层金-钯,用JEOL SEM(型号JSM 840A)观察。
对经热处理的一部分实施例47材料进行如实施例22所述X射线粉末衍射分析,对抛光样品用背散射模式SEM进行检测,根据这两个检测结果,可以认为显微照片上的黑暗部分是LaAl11O18晶体,灰色部分是LaAlO3,白色部分是立方/四方的ZrO2结晶。
用阿基米德方法测定热处理材料的密度,测得值约为5.18g/cm3。用超声测试系 统(从Nortek,Richland,WA获得,商品名“NDT-140”)测定热处理材料的杨式模量(E),测得值约为260Gpa。用上述方法测定实施例47玻璃颗粒的平均显微硬度,测得值是18.3Gpa。用上述方法测定实施例47热压材料的平均断裂韧度(Kic)是3.3Mpa*m1/2。
实施例48-62
如实施例47所述制备实施例48-62的玻璃珠粒,区别在于原料及其用量不同,列在下表9中,将原料在90毫升(ml)异丙醇和200克氧化锆介质(从Tosoh Ceramics,Division of Bound Brook,NJ获得,商品名“YTZ”)中,以120rpm的速度研磨24小时。原料来源列在下表10中。
表9
实施例 | 各组分重量百分数 | 批料量,g |
48 | La2O3:36.74 Al2O3:46.98 ZrO2:16.28 | La2O3:18.37 Al2O3:23.49 ZrO2:8.14 |
49 | La2O3:35.35 Al2O3:48.98 ZrO2:15.66 | La2O3:17.68 Al2O3:24.49 ZrO2:7.83 |
50 | AL2O3:41.0 ZrO2:17.0 Eu2O3:41.0 | AL2O3:20.5 ZrO2:8.5 Eu2O3:20.5 |
51 | Al2O3:41.0 ZrO2:18.0 Gd2O3:41.0 | Al2O3:20.5 ZrO2:9.0 Gd2O3:20.5 |
52 | Al2O3:41.0 ZrO2:18.0 Dy2O3:41.0 | Al2O3:20.5 ZrO2:9.0 Dy2O3:20.5 |
53 | La2O3:35.0 Al2O3:40.98 ZrO2:18.12 Nd2O3:5.0 | La2O3:17.5 Al2O3:20.49 ZrO2:9.06 Nd2O3:2.50 |
54 | La2O3:35.0 Al2O3:40.98 ZrO2:18.12 CeO2:5.0 | La2O3:17.5 Al2O3:20.49 ZrO2:9.06 CeO2:2.50 |
55 | La2O3:41.7 Al2O3:35.4 ZrO2:16.9 MgO:6.0 | La2O3:20.85 Al2O3:17.7 ZrO2:8.45 MgO:3.0 |
56 | La2O3:43.02 Al2O3:36.5 ZrO2:17.46 Li2CO3:3.0 | La2O3:21.51 Al2O3:18.25 ZrO2:8.73 Li2CO3:1.50 |
57 | La2O3:41.7 Al2O3:35.4 ZrO2:16.9 Li2CO3:6.0 | La2O3:20.85 Al2O3:17.70 ZrO2:8.45 Li2CO3:3.00 |
58 | La2O3:38.8 Al2O3:40.7 ZrO2:17.5 Li2CO3:3 | La2O3:19.4 Al2O3:20.35 ZrO2:8.75 Li2CO3:1.50 |
59 | La2O3:43.02 Al2O3:36.5 ZrO2:17.46 TiO2:3 | La2O3:21.51 Al2O3:18.25 ZrO2:8.73 TiO2:1.50 |
60 | La2O3:43.02 Al2O3:36.5 ZrO2:17.46 NaHCO3:3.0 | La2O3:21.51 Al2O3:18.25 ZrO2:8.73 NaHCO3:1.50 |
61 | La2O3:42.36 Al2O3:35.94 ZrO2:17.19 NaHCO3:4.5 | La2O3:21.18 Al2O3:17.97 ZrO2:8.60 NaHCO3:2.25 |
62 | La2O3:43.02 Al2O3:36.5 ZrO2:17.46 MgO:1.5 NaHCO3:1.5 TiO2:1.5 | La2O3:21.51 Al2O3:18.25 ZrO2:8.73 MgO:0.75 NaHCO3:0.75 TiO2:0.75 |
表10
原料 | 来源 |
氧化铝颗粒(Al2O3) | 来源于Condea Vista,Tucson,AZ,商品名“APA- 0.5” |
氧化铈颗粒(CeO2) | 来源于Rhone-Poulenc,France |
氧化铕颗粒(Eu2O3) | 来源于Aldrich Chemical Co. |
氧化钆颗粒(Gd2O3) | 来源于Molycorp Inc.,Mountain Pass,CA |
氧化铪颗粒(HfO2) | 来源于Teledyne Wah Chang Albany Co.,Albany, OR |
氧化镧颗粒(La2O3) | 来源于Molycorp Inc. |
碳酸锂颗粒(Li2CO3) | 来源于Aldrich Chemical Co. |
氧化镁颗粒(MgO) | 来源于Aldrich Chemical Co. |
氧化钕颗粒(Nd2O3) | 来源于Molycorp Inc. |
碳酸氢钠颗粒(NaHCO3) | 来源于Aldrich Chemical Co. |
二氧化钛颗粒(TiO2) | 来源于Kemira Inc.,Savannah,GA |
氧化钇稳定的氧化锆颗粒 (Y-PSZ) | 来源于Zirconia Sales,Inc.of Marietta,GA,商品 名“HSY-3” |
按以下方法测定实施例47-62材料的各种性质/特征。使用X射线衍射仪(从PHILLIPS,Mahwah,NJ获得,商品名“PHILLIPS XRG 3100”)和铜Kα1的1.54050埃辐射)定性测定实施例材料中存在的相。如果存在宽的弥散强度峰,则表明材料的玻璃态性质。同时存在宽峰和尖峰,表示玻璃态基质中存在结晶体。各种实施例中检测到的相列在下表11中。
表11
实施例 | 经x射线衍射 检测到的相 | 颜色 | Tg, ℃ | Tx, ℃ | 热压温度 ℃ |
47 | 无定形* | 透明 | 834 | 932 | 960 |
48 | 无定形* | 透明 | 848 | 920 | 960 |
49 | 无定形* | 透明 | 856 | 918 | 960 |
50 | 无定形* | 亮黄色/芥末色 | 874 | 921 | 975 |
51 | 无定形* | 透明 | 886 | 933 | 985 |
52 | 无定形* | 发绿 | 881 | 935 | 985 |
53 | 无定形* | 蓝色/粉红色 | 836 | 930 | 965 |
54 | 无定形* | 黄色 | 831 | 934 | 965 |
55 | 无定形* | 透明 | 795 | 901 | 950 |
56 | 无定形* | 透明 | 816 | 942 | 950 |
57 | 无定形* | 透明 | 809 | 934 | 950 |
58 | 无定形* | 透明/发绿 | 840 | 922 | 950 |
59 | 无定形* | 透明 | 836 | 934 | 950 |
60 | 无定形* | 透明 | 832 | 943 | 950 |
61 | 无定形* | 透明 | 830 | 943 | 950 |
62 | 无定形* | 透明/有点绿 | 818 | 931 | 950 |
*玻璃,因为该实施例具有Tg
将材料过筛,保留90-125微米粒径范围的颗粒,进行差热分析(DTA)(从NetzschInstruments,Selb,Germany获得,商品名“NETZSCH STA 409 DTA/TGA”)。分别取400毫克过筛样品装入100微升Al2O3样品容器中。每个样品在静态空气中,以10℃/分的速度从室温(约25℃)升温到1200℃。
参见附图18,曲线801是实施例47材料的DTA谱图。附图18中,曲线801向下弯曲,表示材料在840℃温度附近发生吸热现象。这是由材料的玻璃化转变(Tg)造成的。在约934℃,曲线801上有一个尖峰,表示发生放热现象。这是由材料的结晶(Tx)造成的。其他实施例的Tg和Tx的数值列在上表11中。
上表11列出了各种实施例中,发生明显玻璃流动时的热压温度,该流动由上述 热压设备的位移控制单元显示。
实施例63
在聚乙烯瓶中装入20.49克氧化铝颗粒(“APA-0.5”),20.45克氧化镧颗粒(从Molycorp,Inc.获得),9.06克氧化钇稳定的氧化锆颗粒(标称组成为94.6重量%ZrO2(+HfO2),5.4重量%Y2O3(从Zirconia Sales,Inc.of Marietta,GA获得,商品名“HSY-3”)和80克蒸馏水。在瓶内装入约450克氧化铝研磨介质(10mm直径;氧化铝纯度99.9%;从Union Process,Akron,OH获得),混合物以120转/分(rpm)的速度研磨4小时,使组分充分混合。研磨后,除去研磨介质,将浆料倒在玻璃盘(“PYREX”)上,用加热枪干燥。用研钵和研杵研磨干燥的混合物,并用70目(212微米筛孔)筛子过筛。
将少量干燥的颗粒在电弧炉(型号No.5T/A 39420;从Centorr Vacuum Industries,Nashua,NH获得)中熔化。将约1克干燥颗粒置于炉室内急冷的铜板上。炉室被抽真空,然后充入压力为13.8KPa(2磅/平方英寸(psi)的氩气。电弧在电极和铜板之间产生。电弧放电产生的温度高到足以迅速熔化干燥颗粒。熔化完成后,物质被保持在熔融状态约10秒,使其均匀化。关闭电弧,使制得的熔体自行迅速冷却。由于样品量很少,水冷的铜板具有很大的热容,所以冷却速度很快。切断电弧炉功率1分钟之内,从中取出熔凝材料。虽然不期望受限于理论,估计熔体在水冷铜板表面的冷却速度超过100℃/秒。熔凝材料是透明的玻璃珠粒(测得最大直径是2.8毫米(mm))。
将制得的无定形珠粒与200克2mm氧化锆研磨介质(从Tosoh Ceramics BoundBrook,NJ获得,商品名“YTZ”)一起置于聚乙烯瓶(如实施例1)中。在瓶内加入300克蒸馏水,混合物以120rpm的速度研磨24小时,将无定形珠粒研磨成粉末。磨好的物质用加热枪干燥。将15克干燥的颗粒置于石墨模子中,如实施例21所述在960℃热压。制成圆盘是半透明的。
实施例64
如实施例63所述,制备实施例64的熔凝无定形珠粒。如实施例50所述热压约15克无定形珠粒,区别在于石墨模子的底部冲头具有2mm深的沟槽。制成的材料复制了这种沟槽,说明施加压力时加热的玻璃具有很好的流动性。
对比例A
如实施例63所述制备对比例A的熔凝材料,区别在于聚乙烯瓶中装有27克氧化铝颗粒(“APA-0.5”),23克氧化钇稳定的氧化锆颗粒(标称组成为94.6重量%ZrO2(+HfO2)和5.4重量%Y2O3;从Zirconia Sales,Inc.of Marietta,GA获得,商品名“HSY-3”)和80克蒸馏水。本对比例组合物相当于Al2O3-ZrO2二元体系的共熔组合物。制得100-150微米直径的球体是部分无定形的,大部分是结晶的,这由X射线衍射分析证明。
实施例65
如实施例47所述制备的无定形珠粒样品(31.25克)和18.75克如对比例A所述制备的无定形珠粒,置于聚乙烯瓶中。向瓶中加入80克蒸馏水和300克氧化锆研磨介质(从Tosoh Ceramics,Bound Brook,NJ获得,商品名“YTZ”)后,以120rpm的转速研磨混合物24小时。磨好的物质用加热枪干燥。将20克干燥的颗粒如实施例32所述热压。图19是实施例65材料抛光(如实施例47所述制备)截面的SEM显微镜照片。照片中,在对比例A材料(深色部分)和实施例65材料(浅色部分)之间的界面上没有裂纹,表明形成了很好的粘合。
实施例47和47A以及对比例B-D的研磨性能
用“Chipmunk”颚式破碎机(VD型,由BICO Inc.,Burbank,CA制造)将实施例47的热压材料破碎成粒,分级后保留-25+30目的级分(即在25微米网眼和30微米网眼两个筛子之间收集的级分)和-30+35目的级分(即在30微米网眼和35微米网眼的两个筛子之间收集的级分)(美国标准测试筛)。将这两部分以等比例混合。将混合好的材料按实施例47所述进行热处理。将30g制得的玻璃陶瓷磨粒制入涂布研磨圆盘中。依照常规工艺制备涂布研磨圆盘。用常规碳酸钙填充的酚醛树脂初始结合涂层(48%酚醛树脂,52%碳酸钙,用水和乙二醇醚稀释成81%固体含量)和常规冰晶石填充的酚醛树脂胶结涂层(32%酚醛树脂,2%氧化铁,66%冰晶石,用水和乙二醇醚稀释到78%固体含量)将玻璃陶瓷磨粒粘合到17.8cm直径,0.8mm厚度的硬化纤维背衬上(具有一个2.2cm直径的中间圆孔)。湿的初始结合涂层树脂重量约为185g/m2。施加了初始结合涂层后,立刻采用静电施加技术涂覆玻璃陶瓷磨粒。初始结合涂层树脂在88℃下固化120分钟。然后在该涂层和磨粒上涂覆冰晶石填充的胶结涂层酚醛树脂。潮湿的胶结涂层重量约850g/m2。此胶结涂层树脂在99℃下 固化12小时。所得的涂布研磨圆盘先进行弯曲后再进行测试。
如实施例47所述,制备实施例47A的涂布研磨圆盘,区别在于,实施例47A的磨粒是通过将热压和热处理的实施例47的材料破碎获得的,而不是破碎后再热处理。
如实施例47所述,制备对比例B的涂布研磨圆盘,区别在于,用热处理的熔凝氧化铝磨粒(从Triebacher,Villach,Austria获得,商品名“ALODUR BFRPL”)代替实施例47的玻璃陶瓷磨粒。
如实施例47所述,制备对比例C的涂布研磨圆盘,区别在于用氧化铝-氧化锆磨粒(含有53%Al2O3和47%ZrO2的共熔组成;从Norton Company,Worcester,MA获得,商品名“NORZON”)代替实施例47的玻璃陶瓷磨粒。
按上述方法,制备对比例D的涂布研磨圆盘,区别在于用溶胶凝胶法磨粒(从3M Company,St.Paul,MN获得,商品名“321 CUBITRON”)代替实施例47的玻璃陶瓷磨粒。
用以下方法评价实施例47和对比例B-D的涂布研磨圆盘的研磨性能。将每个涂布研磨圆盘装在一倾斜的铝背衬垫上,用它来研磨预称重的1.25cm×18cm×10cm的1018软钢工件的表面。圆盘以5000rpm的速度旋转,圆盘覆盖与背衬垫的倾斜边缘部分以负载8.6千克与工件接触。用圆盘分别逐次研磨一个工件,每次1分钟。总磨削量是指测试期间,从工件上研磨下的材料总量。每个样品在12分钟的研磨后的总磨削量和第12分钟的磨削量(即最后一次的磨削量)列在下表12中。实施例47的结果是两个圆盘的平均值,对实施例47A和对比例B,C和D,各测试了一个圆盘。
表12
实施例 | 总磨削量,g | 最后一次磨削量,g |
47 | 1163 | 92 |
47A | 1197 | 92 |
对比例B | 514 | 28 |
对比例C | 689 | 53 |
对比例D | 1067 | 89 |
不偏离本发明范围和精神,对本发明的各种修改和改变,对本领域技术人员而言,都是显而易见的,本发明不应被不当限制在上述说明性实施例中。
Claims (19)
1.无定形材料,含有占所述的无定形材料总重量的至少35%的Al2O3和选自Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物的除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物,其中,所述的REO是指CeO2,Dy2O3,Er2O3,Eu2O3,Gd2O3,Ho2O3,La2O3,Lu2O3,Nd2O3,Pr6O11,Sm2O3,Tb2O3,Th4O7,Tm2O3,Yb2O3和它们的混合,所述的无定形材料的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5的合量不超过所述的无定形材料的总重量的10%,其中所述的无定形材料缺乏能被X射线衍射检测到的长程的晶体结构,其中所述的无定形材料具有彼此垂直的x,y和z三维尺寸,x,y和z的尺寸至少是5mm,其中无定形材料的密度为理论密度的至少85%;限制条件是如果所述的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物是CaO或ZrO2,则所述的无定形材料进一步含有除Al2O3,CaO和ZrO2之外的一种金属氧化物,当所述的无定形材料结晶时,所述的除Al2O3,CaO和ZrO2之外的金属氧化物的至少一部分形成明显的结晶相;如果所述的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物是CaO,则CaO含量为所述的无定形材料总重量的不超过10%。
2.如权利要求1所述无定形材料,其特征在于,所述的无定形材料不具有Tg。
3.如权利要求1所述无定形材料,其特征在于,所述的无定形材料是玻璃。
4.如权利要求3所述无定形材料,其特征在于,所述的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物是Y2O3或REO。
5.一种制造玻璃陶瓷的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
热处理如权利要求1或3所述的无定形材料,使至少一部分所述的无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷。
6.一种制造磨粒的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
热处理如权利要求1或3所述的无定形材料,使至少一部分所述的无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷;
破碎所述的玻璃陶瓷形成含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。
7.一种制造磨粒的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
热处理含有如权利要求1或3所述的含无定形材料的颗粒,使至少一部分所述的无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷,形成包含玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。
8.如权利要求5到7中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于所述的无定形材料具有一Tg。
9.一种制造含有如权利要求3所述的玻璃的制品的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
提供玻璃颗粒,所述的玻璃颗粒含有占所述的玻璃颗粒总重量至少35%的Al2O3和选自Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物的除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物,其中,所述的REO是指CeO2,Dy2O3,Er2O3,Eu2O3,Gd2O3,Ho2O3,La2O3,Lu2O3,Nd2O3,Pr6O11,Sm2O3,Tb2O3,Th4O7,Tm2O3,Yb2O3和它们的混合,所述的玻璃颗粒的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5的含量不超过所述玻璃颗粒总重量的10%,所述的玻璃颗粒具有一Tg;
加热所述的玻璃颗粒至超过Tg的温度,使所述的玻璃颗粒聚结成一形体;
冷却所述的形体形成制品;限制条件是,如果所述的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物是CaO,则所述的玻璃进一步含有除Al2O3或CaO之外的一种金属氧化物,当所述的玻璃结晶时,至少一部分所述的除Al2O3或CaO之外的金属氧化物形成明显的结晶相。
10.玻璃,含有占所述的玻璃总重量至少35%的Al2O3和选自Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物的除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物,其中,所述的REO是指CeO2,Dy2O3,Er2O3,Eu2O3,Gd2O3,Ho2O3,La2O3,Lu2O3,Nd2O3,Pr6O11,Sm2O3,Tb2O3,Th4O7,Tm2O3,Yb2O3和它们的混合,所述的玻璃的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5的合量不超过所述的玻璃总重量的10%,所述的玻璃具有彼此垂直的x,y和z三维尺寸,而且x,y和z的尺寸至少是5mm;限制条件是,如果所述的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物是CaO,则所述的玻璃进一步含有除Al2O3或CaO之外的一种金属氧化物,当所述的玻璃结晶时,至少一部分所述的除Al2O3或CaO之外的金属氧化物形成明显的结晶相;如果所述的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物是CaO,则CaO含量是所述的玻璃总重量的不超过10%。
11.一种制造玻璃陶瓷的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
热处理如权利要求10所述玻璃,使至少一部分所述的玻璃转变成玻璃陶瓷。
12.一种制造磨粒的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
热处理如权利要求10所述的玻璃,使至少一部分所述的玻璃转变成玻璃陶瓷;
破碎所述的玻璃陶瓷,形成含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。
13.一种制造磨粒的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
热处理包含如权利要求10所述的玻璃的颗粒,使至少一部分所述的玻璃转变成玻璃陶瓷,形成含有玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。
14.玻璃陶瓷,所述的玻璃陶瓷含有占所述的玻璃陶瓷总重量至少35%的Al2O3和选自Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物的除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物,其中,所述的REO是指CeO2,Dy2O3,Er2O3,Eu2O3,Gd2O3,Ho2O3,La2O3,Lu2O3,Nd2O3,Pr6O11,Sm2O3,Tb2O3,Th4O7,Tm2O3,Yb2O3和它们的混合,所述的玻璃陶瓷的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5的合量不超过所述的玻璃陶瓷总重量的10%,所述的玻璃陶瓷具有彼此垂直的x,y和z三维尺寸,而且x,y和z的尺寸至少是5mm;限制条件是,如果所述的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物是CaO,则所述的玻璃陶瓷进一步含有除CaO之外的一种金属氧化物结晶,而且其中CaO含量是所述的玻璃陶瓷总重量的不超过10%。
15.许多具有规定额定级别的磨粒,其特征在于,至少一部分所述的磨粒是含有如权利要求14所述玻璃陶瓷的磨粒。
16.一种磨具,含有一种粘合剂和许多磨粒,其特征在于,至少一部分所述的磨粒含有如权利要求14所述的玻璃陶瓷。
17.一种制造玻璃陶瓷体的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
提供玻璃颗粒,所述的玻璃颗粒含有占所述玻璃颗粒总重量至少35%的Al2O3和选自Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物的除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物,其中,所述的REO是指CeO2,Dy2O3,Er2O3,Eu2O3,Gd2O3,Ho2O3,La2O3,Lu2O3,Nd2O3,Pr6O11,Sm2O3,Tb2O3,Th4O7,Tm2O3,Yb2O3和它们的混合,所述的玻璃颗粒的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5的合量不超过所述的玻璃颗粒总重量的10%,所述的玻璃颗粒具有一Tg;
加热所述的玻璃颗粒至超过Tg的温度,使所述的玻璃颗粒聚结成一形体,所述的玻璃含有占所述玻璃总重量至少35%的Al2O3和除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物,其中,所述的玻璃的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5的合量不超过所述的玻璃总重量的10%,所述的玻璃具有一Tg;限制条件是,如果所述的除Al2O3之外的金属氧化物是ZrO2,则所述的玻璃进一步含有Y2O3或REO中的至少一种;
冷却所述的形体,形成一种玻璃制品;
热处理所述的玻璃制品,形成一种玻璃陶瓷制品。
18.一种制造陶瓷的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
将以下两种物质结合:(a)玻璃颗粒,所述的玻璃颗粒含有占所述的玻璃颗粒总重量至少35%的Al2O3和选自Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物的除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物,其中,所述的REO是指CeO2,Dy2O3,Er2O3,Eu2O3,Gd2O3,Ho2O3,La2O3,Lu2O3,Nd2O3,Pr6O11,Sm2O3,Tb2O3,Th4O7,Tm2O3,Yb2O3和它们的混合,所述的玻璃颗粒的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5的合量不超过所述的玻璃颗粒总重量的10%,和(b)比所述玻璃颗粒更难熔的颗粒,所述的玻璃颗粒具有一Tg;
加热所述的玻璃颗粒至超过Tg的温度,使所述的玻璃颗粒聚结;
冷却所述的玻璃形成陶瓷。
19.一种制造玻璃陶瓷的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
将以下两种物质结合:(a)玻璃颗粒,所述的玻璃颗粒含有占所述的玻璃颗粒总重量至少35%的Al2O3和选自Y2O3,REO,ZrO2,TiO2,CaO,Cr2O3,MgO,NiO,CuO和它们的复合金属氧化物的除Al2O3之外的一种金属氧化物,其中,所述的REO是指CeO2,Dy2O3,Er2O3,Eu2O3,Gd2O3,Ho2O3,La2O3,Lu2O3,Nd2O3,Pr6O11,Sm2O3,Tb2O3,Th4O7,Tm2O3,Yb2O3和它们的混合,所述的玻璃颗粒的As2O3,B2O3,GeO2,P2O5,SiO2,TeO2和V2O5的合量不超过所述的玻璃颗粒总重量的10%,(b)比所述玻璃颗粒更难熔的颗粒,所述的玻璃颗粒具有一Tg;
加热所述的玻璃颗粒至超过Tg的温度,使所述的玻璃颗粒聚结;
冷却所述的玻璃形成陶瓷;以及
热处理所述的陶瓷中的玻璃,形成玻璃陶瓷。
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