CN100383068C - 无定形材料和陶瓷的制备方法 - Google Patents
无定形材料和陶瓷的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN100383068C CN100383068C CNB028149947A CN02814994A CN100383068C CN 100383068 C CN100383068 C CN 100383068C CN B028149947 A CNB028149947 A CN B028149947A CN 02814994 A CN02814994 A CN 02814994A CN 100383068 C CN100383068 C CN 100383068C
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Abstract
制备无定形材料和陶瓷材料的方法。本发明实施方式可用来制备磨料颗粒。所述磨料颗粒可嵌入各种磨具,包括粘合磨具、涂敷磨具、非织构磨具和研磨刷。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及无定形材料和陶瓷的制备方法。
发明背景
现在已经知道许多种无定形材料(包括玻璃)和陶瓷材料以及它们的制备方法。其中某些制备过程的终产品(即所需最终形式的产品)包括块体形式,如磨料颗粒、切削工具、基底及其他结构形式;膜,如涂层;颗粒,如逆反射珠和填料;或者是更复杂的形状,如发动机部件。某些情况下,用于制备特定无定形或陶瓷制品的原材料可以是具有与所得无定形或陶瓷制品相同组成的颗粒,而在其他情况下,原材料总体上产生所需的组成,但各原材料只提供了最终组成所必备的某些组分。
所需要的组成上及显微结构(如果存在的话)上的均匀程度取决于终产品及其用途。但通常希望组成和显微结构均匀。此外,还希望存在特定的组成和/或结晶和/或非结晶。另一方面,还希望所述材料具有一特定构型(例如,球形颗粒)。
虽然有很多已知方法可以制备无定形材料制品和陶瓷制品,以及能作为原材料制备这些制品的无定形和陶瓷材料,但仍然希望继续发现新的方法,以制备这些材料和具有所需特征或组成的材料。
发明概述
一方面,本发明提供了制备包含Al2O3的无定形材料(例如玻璃)的方法,该方法包括:
熔制:
(a)金属M(例如Al,Ca,Cu,Cr,Fe,Li,Mg,Ni,Ag,Ti,Zr及其组合)的金属微粒材料,它具有负的氧化物生成焓,或它们的合金;
(b)下列物质中的至少一种:
(i)氧化M(例如,氧化铝、氧化钙、氧化铜、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化镍、氧化银、氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合)和氧化M(例如,氧化铝、氧化钙、氧化铜、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化镍、氧化银、氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合)之外的金属氧化物源,只要它不是氧化M;或
(ii)包含氧化M的复合金属氧化物(例如,复合氧化镍·金属氧化物,复合氧化钙·金属氧化物,复合氧化铜·金属氧化物,复合氧化铬·金属氧化物,复合氧化铁·金属氧化物,复合氧化锂·金属氧化物,复合氧化镁·金属氧化物,复合氧化银·金属氧化物,复合氧化钛·金属氧化物,复合氧化锆·金属氧化物,以及它们的组合)以产生熔体,熔体中至少有一部分金属M被氧化[某些实施方式中,最好几乎所有的金属M(即至少95wt%,甚或至少99wt%)都氧化],且氧化M、氧化M之外的金属氧化物或复合金属氧化物中至少有一个包含Al2O3;
冷却熔体,得到无定形材料。
在某些实施方式中,金属微粒材料中的金属M占无定形材料中氧化M重量的至少10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%甚或至少50%。某些实施方式中,无定形材料可以存在于另一种材料中(例如,包含无定形材料的颗粒,包含无定形材料的陶瓷,等等)。某些实施方式中,熔体和无定形材料包含,或进一步包含Y2O3、REO、ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种。
在本申请中:
“无定形材料”指来自熔体或蒸汽相的材料,该材料经X-射线衍射测定,缺乏长程晶体结构,而且经DTA(差热分析)测定,具有对应于无定形材料晶化时的放热峰,如用本申请中“差热分析”部分所描述的测试方法所测定的;
“陶瓷”包括无定形材料、玻璃、结晶陶瓷、玻璃陶瓷及其组合;
“复合金属氧化物”指包含两种或多种不同金属元素和氧的金属氧化物(例如,CeAl11O18、Dy3Al5O12、MgAl2O4和Y3Al5O12);
“复合Al2O3·金属氧化物”指理论解释上包含Al2O3和一种或多种Al以外的金属元素的复合金属氧化物(例如,CeAl11O18、Dy3Al5O12、MgAl2O4和Y3Al5O12);
“复合Al2O3·Y2O3”指理论解释上包含Al2O3和Y2O3(例如Y3Al5O12)的复合金属氧化物;
“复合Al2O3·REO”指理论解释上包含Al2O3和稀土氧化物的复合金属氧化物(例如CeAl11O18和Dy3Al5O12);
“玻璃”指具有玻璃转变温度的无定形材料;
“玻璃陶瓷”指包含无定形材料经热处理形成的晶体的陶瓷;
“Tg”指玻璃转变温度,可用本发明“差热分析”部分所述测试方法测定;
“Tx”指结晶温度,可用本发明“差热分析”部分所述测试方法测定;
“稀土氧化物”指氧化铈(例如CeO2)、氧化镝(例如Dy2O3)、氧化铒(例如Er2O3)、氧化铕(例如Eu2O3)、氧化钆(例如Gd2O3)、氧化钬(例如Ho2O3)、氧化镧(例如La2O3)、氧化镥(例如Lu2O3)、氧化钕(例如Nd2O3)、氧化镨(例如Pr6O11)、氧化钐(例如Sm2O3)、氧化铽(例如Tb2O3)、氧化钍(例如Th4O7)、氧化铥(例如Tm2O3)和氧化镱(例如Yb2O3)及其组合;
“REO”指稀土氧化物。
此外,在这里应当理解,除非指出金属氧化物(例如Al2O3、复合Al2O3·金属氧化物等)是晶体,例如玻璃陶瓷,它可以是无定形的、结晶的或部分无定形和部分结晶的。例如,倘若玻璃陶瓷包含Al2O3和ZrO2,Al2O3和ZrO2可以各自是无定形态、晶态或部分无定形态和部分晶态,甚或作为与另一种金属氧化物的反应产物[例如,除非指出Al2O3是Al2O3晶体或Al2O3的某种特定结晶(例如α-Al2O3),它可以是Al2O3晶体和/或作为一种或多种结晶复合Al2O3·金属氧化物的一部分]。
此外,应当理解,通过加热不显示Tg的无定形材料形成的玻璃陶瓷不一定非得包含玻璃,而是可以包含晶体和不显示Tg的无定形材料。
另一方面,本发明提供了制备包含玻璃的制品的方法,所述玻璃包含Al2O3,该方法包括:
熔制:
(a)金属M(例如Al,Ca,Cu,Cr,Fe,Li,Mg,Ni,Ag,Ti,Zr及其组合)的金属微粒材料,它具有负的氧化物生成焓,或它们的合金;
(b)下列物质中的至少一种:
(i)氧化M(例如,氧化铝、氧化钙、氧化铜、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化镍、氧化银、氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合)和氧化M(例如,氧化铝、氧化钙、氧化铜、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化镍、氧化银、氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合),之外的金属氧化物源只要它不是氧化M;或
(ii)包含氧化M的复合金属氧化物(例如,复合氧化镍·金属氧化物,复合氧化钙·金属氧化物,复合氧化铜·金属氧化物,复合氧化铬·金属氧化物,复合氧化铁·金属氧化物,复合氧化锂·金属氧化物,复合氧化镁·金属氧化物,复合氧化银·金属氧化物,复合氧化钛·金属氧化物,复合氧化锆·金属氧化物,以及它们的组合)以产生熔体,熔体中至少有一部分金属M被氧化[某些实施方式中,最好几乎所有的金属M(即至少95wt%,甚或至少99wt%)都氧化],且氧化M、氧化M之外的金属氧化物或复合金属氧化物中至少有一个包含Al2O3;
冷却熔体,得到玻璃颗粒(例如珠子),所述玻璃具有Tg;
在Tg以上加热玻璃颗粒,以便玻璃颗粒聚结成一定形体;
冷却该形体得到制品。
在某些实施方式中,金属微粒材料中的金属M占无定形材料中氧化M重量的至少10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%甚或至少50%。某些实施方式中,熔体和玻璃包含,或进一步包含,Y2O3、REO、ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种。
另一方面,本发明提供了制备包含Al2O3的玻璃陶瓷的方法,该方法包括:
熔制:
(a)金属M(例如Al,Ca,Cu,Cr,Fe,Li,Mg,Ni,Ag,Ti,Zr及其组合)的金属微粒材料,它具有负的氧化物生成焓,或它们的合金;
(b)下列物质中的至少一种:
(i)氧化M(例如,氧化铝、氧化钙、氧化铜、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化镍、氧化银、氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合)和氧化M(例如,氧化铝、氧化钙、氧化铜、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化镍、氧化银、氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合)之外的金属氧化物源,只要它不是氧化M;或
(ii)包含氧化M的复合金属氧化物(例如,复合氧化镍·金属氧化物,复合氧化钙·金属氧化物,复合氧化铜·金属氧化物,复合氧化铬·金属氧化物,复合氧化铁·金属氧化物,复合氧化锂·金属氧化物,复合氧化镁·金属氧化物,复合氧化银·金属氧化物,复合氧化钛·金属氧化物,复合氧化锆·金属氧化物,以及它们的组合)以产生熔体,熔体中至少有一部分金属M被氧化[某些实施方式中,最好几乎所有的金属M(即至少95wt%,甚或至少99wt%)都氧化],且氧化M、氧化M之外的金属氧化物或复合金属氧化物中至少有一个包含Al2O3;
冷却熔体,得到无定形材料;
对该无定形材料进行热处理,以便至少其中一部分转变成玻璃陶瓷。
在某些实施方式中,金属微粒材料中的金属M占无定形材料中氧化M重量的至少10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%甚或至少50%。某些实施方式中,无定形材料可以存在于另一种材料中(例如,包含无定形材料的颗粒,包含无定形材料的陶瓷,等等)。某些实施方式中,熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷包含,或进一步包含Y2O3、REO、ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种。
另一方面,本发明提供了制备包含玻璃的制品的方法,所述玻璃包含Al2O3,该方法包括:
熔制:
(a)金属M(例如Al,Ca,Cu,Cr,Fe,Li,Mg,Ni,Ag,Ti,Zr及其组合)的金属微粒材料,它具有负的氧化物生成焓,或它们的合金;
(b)下列物质中的至少一种:
(i)氧化M(例如,氧化铝、氧化钙、氧化铜、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化镍、氧化银、氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合)和氧化M(例如,氧化铝、氧化钙、氧化铜、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化镍、氧化银、氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合)之外的金属氧化物源,只要它不是氧化M;或
(ii)包含氧化M的复合金属氧化物(例如,复合氧化镍·金属氧化物,复合氧化钙·金属氧化物,复合氧化铜·金属氧化物,复合氧化铬·金属氧化物,复合氧化铁·金属氧化物,复合氧化锂·金属氧化物,复合氧化镁·金属氧化物,复合氧化银·金属氧化物,复合氧化钛·金属氧化物,复合氧化锆·金属氧化物,以及它们的组合)以产生熔体,熔体中至少有一部分金属M被氧化[某些实施方式中,最好几乎所有的金属M(即至少95wt%,甚或至少99wt%)都氧化],且氧化M、氧化M之外的金属氧化物或复合金属氧化物中至少有一个包含Al2O3;
冷却熔体,得到玻璃颗粒(例如珠子),所述玻璃具有Tg;
在Tg以上加热玻璃颗粒,以便玻璃颗粒结合成形;
冷却该形体得到包含玻璃的制品;
对制品进行热处理,以便至少其中一部分转变成玻璃陶瓷。在某些实施方式中,金属微粒材料中的金属M占无定形材料中氧化M重量的至少10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%甚或至少50%。某些实施方式中,熔体和玻璃包含,或进一步包含Y2O3、REO、ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种。
另一方面,本发明提供了制备包含Al2O3的磨料颗粒的方法,该方法包括:
熔制:
(a)金属M(例如Al,Ca,Cu,Cr,Fe,Li,Mg,Ni,Ag,Ti,Zr及其组合)的金属微粒材料,它具有负的氧化物生成焓,或它们的合金;
(b)下列物质中的至少一种:
(i)氧化M(例如,氧化铝、氧化钙、氧化铜、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化镍、氧化银、氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合)和氧化M(例如,氧化铝、氧化钙、氧化铜、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化镍、氧化银、氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合)之外的金属氧化物源,只要它不是氧化M;或
(ii)包含氧化M的复合金属氧化物(例如,复合氧化镍·金属氧化物,复合氧化钙·金属氧化物,复合氧化铜·金属氧化物,复合氧化铬·金属氧化物,复合氧化铁·金属氧化物,复合氧化锂·金属氧化物,复合氧化镁·金属氧化物,复合氧化银·金属氧化物,复合氧化钛·金属氧化物,复合氧化锆·金属氧化物,以及它们的组合)以产生熔体,熔体中至少有一部分金属M被氧化[某些实施方式中,最好几乎所有的金属M(即至少95wt%,甚或至少99wt%)都氧化],且氧化M、氧化M之外的金属氧化物或复合金属氧化物中至少有一个包含Al2O3;
冷却熔体,得到无定形材料;
粉碎该无定形材料,得到包含无定形材料的颗粒;
对颗粒进行热处理,以便至少一部分无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷,得到包含玻璃陶瓷的磨料颗粒。
在某些实施方式中,本发明方法还包括控制包含玻璃陶瓷的磨料颗粒的粒径,得到大量具有指定标称粒径的磨料颗粒,其中所述大量磨料颗粒中的至少一部分是大量包含玻璃陶瓷的磨料颗粒。在某些实施方式中,金属微粒材料中的金属M占无定形材料中氧化M重量的至少10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%甚或至少50%。某些实施方式中,无定形材料可以存在于另一种材料中(例如,包含无定形材料的颗粒,包含无定形材料的陶瓷,等等)。某些实施方式中,熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷包含,或进一步包含Y2O3、REO、ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种。磨料颗粒可以用在磨具当中,也可直接以疏松形式使用。
另一方面,本发明提供了制备包含Al2O3的磨料颗粒的方法,该方法包括:
熔制:
(a)金属M(例如Al,Ca,Cu,Cr,Fe,Li,Mg,Ni,Ag,Ti,Zr及其组合)的金属微粒材料,它具有负的氧化物生成焓,或它们的合金;
(b)下列物质中的至少一种:
(i)氧化M(例如,氧化铝、氧化钙、氧化铜、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化镍、氧化银、氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合)和氧化M(例如,氧化铝、氧化钙、氧化铜、氧化铬、氧化铁、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化镍、氧化银、氧化钛、氧化锆以及它们的组合)之外的金属氧化物源,只要它不是氧化M;或
(ii)包含氧化M的复合金属氧化物(例如,复合氧化镍·金属氧化物,复合氧化钙·金属氧化物,复合氧化铜·金属氧化物,复合氧化铬·金属氧化物,复合氧化铁·金属氧化物,复合氧化锂·金属氧化物,复合氧化镁·金属氧化物,复合氧化银·金属氧化物,复合氧化钛·金属氧化物,复合氧化锆·金属氧化物,以及它们的组合)以产生熔体,熔体中至少有一部分金属M被氧化[某些实施方式中,最好几乎所有的金属M(即至少95wt%,甚或至少99wt%)都氧化],且氧化M、氧化M之外的金属氧化物或复合金属氧化物中至少有一个包含Al2O3;
将熔体转变为包含无定形材料的颗粒,所述转变包括冷却熔体,得到无定形材料;
对包含无定形材料的颗粒进行热处理,以便至少一部分无定形材料转变成玻璃陶瓷,得到包含玻璃陶瓷的磨料颗粒。
在某些实施方式中,本发明方法还包括控制包含无定形材料的颗粒,以便加热之后得到大量具有指定标称粒径的颗粒,其中所述大量磨料颗粒的至少一部分是大量包含玻璃陶瓷的磨料颗粒。在某些实施方式中,该方法还包括控制包含玻璃陶瓷的磨料颗粒的粒径,得到大量具有指定标称粒径的磨料颗粒,其中所述大量磨料颗粒中的至少一部分是大量包含玻璃陶瓷的磨料颗粒。在某些实施方式中,金属微粒材料中的金属M占无定形材料中氧化M重量的至少10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%甚或至少50%。某些实施方式中,无定形材料可以存在于另一种材料中(例如,包含无定形材料的颗粒,包含无定形材料的陶瓷,等等)。某些实施方式中,熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷包含,或进一步包含Y2O3、REO、ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种。磨料颗粒可以用在磨具当中,也可以疏松形式使用。
本发明制备的无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷可以制成、形成或转变成颗粒[例如玻璃珠(例如,直径至少为1微米、5微米、10微米、25微米、50微米、100微米、150微米、250微米、500微米、750微米、1mm、5mm甚或至少10mm)]、制品(例如盘子)、纤维、颗粒和涂层(例如薄涂层)。无定形材料和/或玻璃陶瓷颗粒及纤维可作为,例如,复合物(例如陶瓷、金属或聚合物基复合物)的绝热材料、填料或增强材料。薄涂层可用作,例如,涉及磨损和热控制应用中的保护涂层。本发明制品的实施方式包括厨房用具(例如盘子)、牙托、增强纤维、刀具衬套、研磨材料和内燃机的结构组件(例如阀和轴承)。其他制品包括在主体或其他基底的外表面上具有陶瓷保护涂层的制品。
虽然不想受限于理论解释,但可以认为,金属氧化反应释放的热量对于形成均匀的熔体和无定形材料是有益的。例如,可以认为,原料中的氧化反应所产生的额外热量抵消了或最大程度降低了热传递的不足,从而促进了熔体的形成及均化,特别是在形成x、y和z方向上的尺寸大于150微米的无定形颗粒时。我们还认为,所产生的额外热量有助于推动各种化学反应和物理过程(例如致密化过程和球化过程)的完成。此外,可以认为,对于某些实施方式,实际上是氧化反应所产生的额外热量使形成熔体成为可能,否则,由于这些材料熔点高,熔体的形成难以进行或实际不可行。此外,可以认为,实际上是氧化反应所产生的额外热量使形成无定形材料成为可能,否则,这些材料不可能形成或得不到所需尺寸范围。在形成无定形材料时,本发明的另一个优点是许多化学和物理过程,如熔制、致密化和球化可以在短时间内完成,因而可以获得非常高的骤冷速率。
材料在x、y和z方向上的尺寸可以通过目视或使用显微镜测定,取决于尺寸本身的尺度。举例来说,z尺寸可以是球的直径、涂层厚度或棱形的最长长度。
附图简述
图1是经过涂敷磨具的局部剖面简图,所述磨具包含根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒;
图2是粘合磨具的透视图,所述磨具包含根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒;
图3是非织构磨具的放大简图,所述磨具包含根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒。
发明祥述
从实用角度考虑(下同),以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式中,至少包含35wt%(在某些实施方式中宜至少40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%甚或至少70wt%;某些实施方式中,宜在60-70wt%的范围内)的Al2O3。
熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式包含Al2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中宜至少包含20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%甚或至少70wt%;某些实施方式中,宜在60-70wt%的范围内)、Y2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内)和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种(在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内),其中,以熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷的总重计,至少80wt%(在某些实施方式中,宜至少为85wt%、90wt%、95wt%、97wt%、98wt%、99wt%,甚至100wt%)的熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷共同包含Al2O3、Y2O3和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种。
熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式包含Al2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中宜至少包含20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%甚或至少70wt%;某些实施方式中,宜在60-70wt%的范围内)、REO(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内)和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种(在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内),其中,以熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷的总重计,至少80wt%(在某些实施方式中,宜至少为85wt%、90wt%、95wt%、97wt%、98wt%、99wt%,甚至100wt%)的熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷共同包含Al2O3、REO和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种。
熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式包含Al2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中宜至少包含20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%甚或至少70wt%;某些实施方式中,宜在60-70wt%的范围内)、REO(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内)、Y2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内)和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种(在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内),其中,以熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷的总重计,至少80wt%(在某些实施方式中,宜至少为85wt%、90wt%、95wt%、97wt%、98wt%、99wt%,甚至100wt%)的熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷共同包含Al2O3、REO、Y2O3和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种。
以熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷的总重计,熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式至少包含20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%甚或至少70wt%(某些实施方式中,宜在60-70wt%的范围内)的Al2O3和0-70wt%(在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内)的Y2O3。
以熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷的总重计,熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式至少包含20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%甚或至少70wt%(某些实施方式中,宜在60-70wt%的范围内)的Al2O3和0-70wt%(在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内)的REO。
熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式包含Al2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中宜至少包含20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%甚或至少70wt%;某些实施方式中,宜在60-70wt%的范围内)、REO(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内)和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种(在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内),其中,以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,至少60wt%(在某些实施方式中,宜至少为65wt%、70wt%、75wt%、80wt%、85wt%、90wt%、95wt%、97wt%、98wt%、99wt%,甚至100wt%)的熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷共同包含Al2O3、REO和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种,含低于20wt%(在某些实施方式中,低于15wt%、10wt%、5wt%甚至0)的SiO2,和低于20wt%(在某些实施方式中,低于15wt%、10wt%、5wt%甚至0)的B2O3。
熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式包含Al2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中宜至少包含20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%甚或至少70wt%;某些实施方式中,宜在60-70wt%的范围内)、Y2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内)和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种(在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内),其中,以熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷的总重计,至少60wt%(在某些实施方式中,宜至少为65wt%、70wt%、75wt%、80wt%、85wt%、90wt%、95wt%、97wt%、98wt%、99wt%,甚至100wt%)的熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷共同包含Al2O3、Y2O3和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种,含低于20wt%(在某些实施方式中,低于15wt%、10wt%、5wt%甚至0)的SiO2,和低于20wt%(在某些实施方式中,低于15wt%、10wt%、5wt%甚至0)的B2O3。
熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式包含Al2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中宜至少包含20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%甚或至少70wt%;某些实施方式中,宜在60-70wt%的范围内)、REO(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内)和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种(在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内),其中,以熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷的总重计,至少60wt%(在某些实施方式中,宜至少为65wt%、70wt%、75wt%、80wt%、85wt%、90wt%、95wt%、97wt%、98wt%、99wt%,甚至100wt%)的熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷共同包含Al2O3、REO和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种,含低于20wt%(在某些实施方式中,低于15wt%、10wt%、5wt%甚至0)的SiO2,和低于20wt%(在某些实施方式中,低于15wt%、10wt%、5wt%甚至0)的B2O3。
熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式包含Al2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中宜至少包含20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%甚或至少70wt%;某些实施方式中,宜在60-70wt%的范围内)、Y2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内)和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种(在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内),其中,以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,至少60wt%(在某些实施方式中,宜至少为65wt%、70wt%、75wt%、80wt%、85wt%、90wt%、95wt%、97wt%、98wt%、99wt%,甚至100wt%)的熔体、无定形材料和玻璃陶瓷共同包含Al2O3、Y2O3和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种,含低于20wt%(在某些实施方式中,低于15wt%、10wt%、5wt%甚至0)的SiO2,和低于20wt%(在某些实施方式中,低于15wt%、10wt%、5wt%甚至0)的B2O3。
熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式包含Al2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中宜至少包含20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%甚或至少70wt%;某些实施方式中,宜在60-70wt%的范围内)、REO(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内)和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种(在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内),其中,以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,至少60wt%(在某些实施方式中,宜至少为65wt%、70wt%、75wt%、80wt%、85wt%、90wt%、95wt%、97wt%、98wt%、99wt%,甚至100wt%)的熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷共同包含Al2O3、REO和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种,含低于40wt%(在某些实施方式中,低于35wt%、30wt%、25wt%、20wt%、15wt%、10wt%、5wt%甚至0)的SiO2、B2O3和P2O5。
熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式包含Al2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中宜至少包含20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%甚或至少70wt%;某些实施方式中,宜在60-70wt%的范围内)、Y2O3(以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内)和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种(在某些实施方式中,宜包含0-70wt%,在某些实施方式中,宜在0-50wt%范围内,更宜在0-25wt%范围内,最宜在0-10wt%范围内),其中,以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,至少60wt%(在某些实施方式中,宜至少为65wt%、70wt%、75wt%、80wt%、85wt%、90wt%、95wt%、97wt%、98wt%、99wt%,甚至100wt%)的熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷共同包含Al2O3、Y2O3和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种,含低于40wt%(在某些实施方式中,低于35wt%、30wt%、25wt%、20wt%、15wt%、10wt%、5wt%甚至0)的SiO2、B2O3和P2O5。
任选地,如果这里所述的熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的实施方式没有具体说明,以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的实施方式包含不超过40wt%(在某些实施方式中,低于35wt%、30wt%、25wt%、20wt%、15wt%、10wt%、5wt%、4wt%、3wt%、2wt%、1wt%甚至0)的SiO2、B2O3和P2O5。
任选地,如果这里所述的熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的实施方式没有具体说明,以熔体、无定形材料或玻璃陶瓷的总重计,熔体、无定形材料(包括玻璃)及由它们制备的玻璃陶瓷的实施方式宜包含不超过20wt%(在某些实施方式中,低于15wt%、10wt%、5wt%、4wt%、3wt%、2wt%、1wt%甚至0)的As2O3、B2O3、GeO2、P2O5、SiO2、TeO2和V2O5。
通常,无定形材料和由其制备的玻璃陶瓷的实施方式具有彼此垂直的x、y和z三个维度,其中x、y和z三个方向上的尺寸各自至少为10微米、至少为25微米、至少为30微米、35微米、40微米、45微米、50微米、75微米、100微米、150微米、200微米、250微米、500微米、1000微米、2000微米、2500微米、1mm、5mm甚或至少为10mm。
举例来说,熔体可以通过加热(包括火焰加热或等离子体加热)适当的金属氧化物源(包括含有至少一种金属M的金属微粒材料,所述金属的氧化物生成焓是负的,或其合金)得到,所述熔体宜为均匀熔体。迅速冷却熔体,得到无定形材料。虽然不想受限于理论解释,但我们认为金属氧化反应释放的热量对于形成熔体和无定形材料是有益的。例如,我们认为原料中的氧化反应所产生的额外热量抵消了或最大程度降低了热传递的不足,从而促进了熔体的形成及均化,特别是在形成直径大于150微米的无定形颗粒时。我们还相信,所产生的额外热量有助于推动各种化学反应和物理过程(例如致密化过程和球化过程)的完成。此外,我们认为,对于某些实施方式,实际上是氧化反应所产生的额外热量使形成熔体成为可能,否则,由于这些材料熔点高,熔体的形成难以进行或实际不可行。此外,我们认为,实际上是氧化反应所产生的额外热量使形成无定形材料成为可能,否则,这些材料不可能形成或得不到所需尺寸范围。在形成无定形材料时,原料在热源中的停留时间宜为最佳停留时间。如果停留时间太短,则熔化可能不充分,且/或化学反应可能无法完成。如果停留时间太长,尽管熔化和化学反应完成了,但熔化的材料在通过热源时可能冷却得更慢,因而骤冷速率太慢,不足以得到所需无定形材料。冷却速率不宜低于50K/s。
所得无定形材料的某些实施方式通常是均匀的。另一方面,本发明方法的某些实施方式能提供大量无定形颗粒,这些颗粒彼此相对而言,通常是均匀的(例如,其组成相对而言是一样的)。
某些实施方式中,金属氧化物源(包括含有至少一种金属M的金属微粒材料,所述金属的氧化物生成焓是负的,或其合金)集聚形成颗粒(即,各种原料聚集形成颗粒)。
原料可以是结材料晶体和/或无定形材料。某些实施方式中,原料宜具有约20-200微米范围内的直径。
某些实施方式中,所得材料宜包括分散在所得无定形材料中的金属M。在制备无定形材料时,用来制备无定形材料的金属M至少有95wt%甚或99wt%被氧化。
金属微粒材料的颗粒尺寸通常在约10-100微米范围内,虽然更小或更粗的颗粒也可以使用。一般地,粗颗粒难于反应完全,而非常细的金属颗粒又难以处理。金属微粒材料的优选颗粒尺寸取决于(例如)金属被氧化的难易程度。
一般地,金属微粒材料占原料的约5-75wt%,虽然此范围之外的量也可以采用。通常,如果加入的金属太少,则金属的氧化过程中释放的热量可能减少。相反,如果加入太多的金属,则熔化过程中的金属氧化反应(即燃烧)变得太剧烈,可能引起其他不希望发生的过程,例如颗粒发生挥发和分裂。另一方面,存在于原料中的金属材料通常为无定形材料提供约15-50%的相应的金属氧化物,氧化M,虽然更高的量也可以采用。金属微粒材料的所需用量取决于(例如)金属被氧化的难易程度、颗粒尺寸、所得金属氧化物的化学计量和氧化过程中释放的热量。
使用一种以上的包含金属M的金属材料也在本发明范围之内。
有用的无定形材料包括共熔组合物或接近共熔的组合物(例如,二元或三元共熔组合物)。本领域技术人员了解本发明之后不难理解,除这里所述组合物外,其他组合物,如四元或其他高级共熔组合物,也可以使用。
Al2O3(基于理论解释氧化物)的来源,包括商业来源,有矾土(包括天然矾土和合成矾土)、焙烧矾土、水合氧化铝(例如勃姆石和水铝矿)、铝、拜耳法精炼矾土、铝矿、γ氧化铝、α氧化铝、铝盐、硝酸铝及其组合。Al2O3源可以包含,也可以只提供Al2O3。或者,Al2O3源可以包含或提供Al2O3,以及一种或多种Al2O3以外的金属氧化物[包括复合Al2O3·金属氧化物材料或包含复合Al2O3·金属氧化物的材料(如Dy3Al5O12、Y3Al5O12、CeAl11O18等)]。
稀土氧化物的来源,包括商业来源,有稀土氧化物粉末、稀土金属、稀土矿(例如氟碳铈镧矿和独居石)、稀土盐、稀土硝酸盐和稀土碳酸盐。稀土氧化物源可以包含,也可以只提供稀土氧化物,还可以提供一种或多种稀土氧化物之外的其他金属氧化物[包括复合稀土氧化物·其他金属氧化物材料或包含复合稀土氧化物·其他金属氧化物的材料(例如Dy3Al5O12、CeAl11O18等)]。
Y2O3(基于理论解释氧化物)的来源,包括商业来源,有氧化铱粉末、铱、铱矿和铱盐(例如,碳酸铱、硝酸铱、氯化铱、氢氧化铱及其组合)。Y2O3源可以包含,也可以只提供Y2O3。或者,Y2O3源可以包含或提供Y2O3,以及一种或多种Y2O3以外的金属氧化物[包括复合Y2O3·金属氧化物材料或包含复合Y2O3·金属氧化物的材料(如Y3Al5O12)]。
ZrO2(基于理论解释氧化物)的来源,包括商业来源,有氧化锆粉末、锆砂、锆、锆矿和锆盐(例如,碳酸锆、乙酸锆、硝酸锆、氯化锆、氢氧化锆及其组合)。此外,ZrO2源可以包含,也可以只提供ZrO2,还可以包含其他金属氧化物,如氧化铪。HfO2的来源,包括商业来源,有氧化铪粉末、铪、铪矿和铪盐。此外,HfO2源可以包含,也可以只提供HfO2,还可以包含其他金属氧化物,如ZrO2。
其他有用的金属氧化物(基于理论解释氧化物)包括BaO、CaO、Cr2O3、CoO、Fe2O3、GeO2、Li2O、MgO、MnO、NiO、Na2O、Sc2O3、SrO、TiO2、ZnO及其组合。其来源,包括商业来源包括其氧化物自身、复合氧化物、矿、碳酸盐、乙酸盐、硝酸盐、氯化物、氢氧化物等。加入这些金属氧化物可以改善所得磨料颗粒的物理性质并/或改进加工性能。根据所需(例如)性质,以玻璃陶瓷重量计,这些金属氧化物可以0-50wt%之间的任何比例加入,某些实施方式中宜为0-25wt%,更宜为0-50wt%。
具体选择金属氧化物来源和其他添加剂根据本发明制备陶瓷时,通常要考虑以下方面,例如所得陶瓷的所需组成和显微结构、所需结晶度、所得陶瓷的所需物理性质(例如硬度或韧性)(如果需要的话),避免或尽可能减少不需要的杂质,所得陶瓷的所需特征,和/或用于制备陶瓷的特定工艺(包括设备及扩散和/或固化过程之前和/或当中原料的任何纯化操作)。
某些情况下,宜限量加入下述金属氧化物:Na2O、P2O5、SiO2、TeO2、V2O3及其组合。其来源,包括商业来源,有其氧化物自身、复合氧化物、矿、碳酸盐、乙酸盐、硝酸盐、氯化物、氢氧化物等。加入这些金属氧化物可以改善所得磨料颗粒的物理性质并/或改进加工性能。根据所需(例如)性质,以玻璃陶瓷重量计,使用这些金属氧化物时,可以加入0-20wt%,宜为0-5wt%,更宜为0-2wt%。
加入某些金属氧化物可以改变玻璃陶瓷的性质和/或晶体结构或显微结构,以及制备玻璃陶瓷的原料和中间体的加工性能。例如,已经观察到,加入诸如MgO、CaO、Li2O和Na2O等氧化物可以改变无定形材料的Tg(对于玻璃而言)和Tx(其中Tx是结晶温度)。虽然不想受限于理论解释,但我们认为,加入这些氧化物会影响玻璃的形成。此外,例如,加入这些氧化物可降低总体系的熔化温度(例如降低体系的共熔温度),并使无定形材料的形成更容易。多组分体系(四元体系等)中存在复合共熔物可以改善无定形材料的形成能力。加入某些金属氧化物,如MgO、CaO、Li2O和Na2O,可以影响液态熔体的粘度和玻璃在“操作”温度范围内的粘度。向无定形材料中加入至少一种卤素(例如氟和氯)或硫族化物(例如硫化物、硒化物和碲化物),以及这样制备的玻璃陶瓷,也包括在本发明范围之内。
加入某些材料也会影响无定形材料和包含无定形材料的陶瓷的结晶过程。例如,某些金属、金属氧化物(例如钛酸盐和钛酸锆)和氟化物可以起成核剂的作用,导致晶体发生有益的异相成核。此外,加入某些氧化物会影响由无定形材料重新加热而发生析晶形成的介稳相的性质。另一方面,对于包含结晶ZrO2的陶瓷,宜加入某些已知能稳定四方型/立方型ZrO2的金属氧化物(例如Y2O3、TiO2、CaO和MgO)。
具体选择金属氧化物来源和其他添加剂来根据本发明制备陶瓷时,通常要考虑以下方面,例如所得陶瓷的所需组成和显微结构、所需结晶度、所得陶瓷的所需物理性质(例如硬度或韧性)(如果需要的话),避免或尽可能减少不需要的杂质,所得陶瓷的所需特征,和/或用于制备陶瓷的特定工艺(包括设备及扩散和/或固化过程之前和/或当中原料的任何纯化操作)。
关于等离子体喷射的其他细节,可参见(例如)共同待批U.S.系列号10/211640,与此申请同时提交。
快速冷却也可在受控气氛,如还原性、中性或氧化性气氛中进行,以保持和/或影响冷却过程中所需氧化态等。所述气氛也可以通过影响结晶动力学来影响从过冷液体形成无定形材料。例如有报道称,与在空气中相比,在氩气气氛中,不结晶Al2O3的过冷度较大。
材料的显微结构或相组成(玻璃相/无定形/结晶)可以通过多种方法测定。例如,用光学显微镜、电子显微镜、差热分析(DTA)和X-射线衍射(XRD)可以获得各种信息。
利用光学显微镜时,由于缺乏光散射中心,如晶体边界,无定形材料一般基本上是透明的,而晶体材料则显示结晶结构,由于光散射效应,它们是不透明的。
珠子的无定形百分产率可以利用-100+200目级分(即,用开口尺寸为150微米-125微米的筛子之间收集的级)来计算。可按下述方式进行测量。在载玻片上铺一单层珠子,用光学显微镜观察珠子。利用光学显微镜目镜上的十字准星作为基准,按直线排列的珠子可依据其光学透明度计作无定形或晶形。总共数500粒珠子,以无定形珠子数除以参与计数的总珠子数,就得到无定形百分产率。
用DTA时,如果与材料对应的DTA曲线包含一个放热结晶温度(Tx),则该材料归为无定形。如果同一条曲线包含低于Tx的吸热温度(Tg),则可认为它包含玻璃相。如果材料的DTA曲线不含这些温度,则可认为它包含结晶。
差热分析(DTA)可按如下方法进行。DTA测试(所用仪器如Netzsch
Instruments,Selb,Germany生产的“NETZSCH STA 409DTA/TGA”),可以采用-140+170目级分(即用开口尺寸为105微米-90微米的筛子之间收集的级分)。将一定量(通常约为400毫克)的过筛样品置于100微升Al2O3样品管中。在静止空气中,以10℃/分钟的速率将每个样品从室温(约25°)加热到1100℃。
用X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)方法分析时(所用衍射仪如Phillips,Mahwah,NJ生产的“PHILLIPS XRG 3100”,铜Kα1射线,1.54050),通过比较结晶材料的XRD图样中的衍射峰和JCPDS(粉末衍射标准联合委员会)数据库(衍射数据国际中心出版)提供的结晶XRD图样,可以确定材料中存在的相。此外,XRD可用来定性确定相的类型。宽的发散峰的存在是无定形材料的特征。如果既存在宽峰,也存在尖锐峰,则表明在无定形基质中存在结晶物质。
初始形成的无定形材料或陶瓷(包括结晶之前的玻璃)可能比所需要的尺寸大。无定形材料或陶瓷可以利用本领域已知的粉碎和/或研磨技术转变为小片材料,所述技术包括轧辊破碎、canary研磨、颚式破碎、锤磨、球磨、喷射研磨、冲击破碎等。某些情况下,宜使用两个或多个粉碎步骤。例如,形成陶瓷(固化)之后,它的形式可能比所需要的大。第一个粉碎步骤可以是将这些较大的团或“块”粉碎成小片。粉碎这些块可以用锤磨、冲击破碎或颚式破碎完成。然后可接着粉碎这些小片,使之具有所需粒径分布。为了产生所需粒径分布(有时称作磨料粒度或粒级),可能需要进行多步粉碎。通常要优化粉碎条件,以得到所需颗粒形状和粒径分布。所得具有所需尺寸的颗粒如果太大,可再粉碎或“循环粉碎”,如果它们太小,则可用作再熔化的原料。
陶瓷(包括结晶之前的玻璃)的形状取决于(例如)陶瓷的组成和/或显微结构、它冷却时的几何形式以及粉碎陶瓷的方法(即所用的粉碎技术)。一般地,如果优选“块”状,则可能需要更多的能量才能获得这种形状。反过来,如果优选“尖”状,则可能需要较少的能量获得这种形状。为获得所需不同的形状,也可以改变粉碎技术。对于某些颗粒(例如磨料颗粒),通常希望平均纵横比为1∶1-5∶1,某些实施方式中为1.25∶1-3∶1,甚或1.5∶1-2.5∶1。
直接形成所需形状的陶瓷(包括结晶之前的玻璃)也包括在本发明的范围之内。例如,可以将熔体倒入模子形成(包括模制)陶瓷(包括结晶之前的玻璃)。
通过聚结制备陶瓷(包括结晶之前的玻璃)也包括在本发明范围之内。这个聚结步骤实质上是由两个或多个小颗粒形成尺寸较大的聚合体。例如,包含颗粒(例如通过粉碎获得)的无定形材料(包括珠和微球)、纤维等可以形成较大的粒径。例如,通过在Tg以上的温度下加热(例如)包含无定形材料的颗粒和/或纤维等,使颗粒等聚结成形,然后冷却聚结成为形体,也可以得到陶瓷(包括结晶之前的玻璃)。聚结所用温度和压力取决于(例如)无定形材料的组成和所得材料的所需密度。温度应当低于玻璃结晶温度,对于玻璃,应当高于玻璃转变温度。对于有些实施方式,加热在至少约850-1100℃范围内的某个温度下进行(在某些实施方式中,宜为900°-1000℃)。通常,无定形材料在聚结过程中处于一定压力之下(例如0-1GPa及以上),用以帮助无定形材料的聚结。一种实施方式中,将一定量的颗粒等置于模子中,在高于玻璃转变点的温度下进行热压,在此温度下,玻璃的粘性流动导致玻璃颗粒以较大程度的聚结。聚结技术的典型例子有热压、热等静压、热挤出等。一般情况下,宜在进一步热处理之前冷却所得聚结体。如果需要热处理的话,则热处理之后,将聚结体粉碎成较小粒径或所需粒径分布。
再次进行热处理,以进一步改善材料的所需性质,也包括在本发明范围之内。例如,可通过热等静压(例如在约900°-1400℃的温度下)除去残留孔隙,增加材料密度。也可以可对所得聚结制品进行热处理,以产生玻璃陶瓷、结晶陶瓷或另外包含结晶陶瓷的陶瓷。
无定形材料和/或玻璃陶瓷(例如颗粒)的聚结也可以通过各种方法完成,包括无压或加压烧结(例如烧结、等离子体烧结、热压、热等静压、热锻、热挤出等。)
热处理可以通过各种方法进行,包括本领域已知用于对玻璃进行热处理以提供玻璃陶瓷的那些方法。例如,热处理可以批量进行,例如用电阻加热炉、感应加热炉或燃气加热炉。或者,举例来说,热处理可以利用转窑连续进行。对于转窑,材料可在高温下直接加到窑中。高温持续的时间可以是几秒-几分-几小时的范围之内。温度可以是900°-1600℃,通常为1200°-1500℃范围之内的任何温度。有的热处理批量进行(例如在成核步骤中),而另外的热处理则连续进行(例如在晶体生长步骤并为获得所需密度),也包括在本发明范围之内。对于成核步骤,温度通常在约900°-1100℃范围内,在某些实施方式中,宜在约925°-1050℃范围之内。类似地,对于提高密度步骤,温度通常在约1100°-1600℃,在某些实施方式中,宜在1200°-1500℃范围内。举例来说,此热处理的进行将材料输入高温炉中。或者,例如,所述材料也可在低得多的温度下(例如室温)加到炉中,然后以预定加热速率加热到所需温度。在空气以外的气氛中进行热处理也包括在本发明范围之内。在某些情况下,甚至需要在还原性气氛中进行热处理。此外,例如,热处理可能需要在诸如热等静压或气体压力炉中那样的气体压力下进行。将所得制品或热处理制品转变(例如粉碎)成颗粒(例如磨料颗粒)包括在本发明范围之内。
对无定形材料进行热处理,使之至少部分结晶,形成玻璃陶瓷。对某些玻璃进行热处理形成玻璃陶瓷在本领域是众所周知的。成核和使玻璃陶瓷晶粒生长的加热条件对于各种玻璃都是已知的。另外,本领域的技术人员利用本领域已知技术研究玻璃的时间-温度-转变(TTT)之后,可以确定合适的条件。本领域的技术人员阅读本发明的介绍之后,应当能够绘制本发明制备的无定形材料的TTT曲线,确定可以获得磨料颗粒的玻璃陶瓷的合适成核和/或晶体生长条件。
一般地,玻璃陶瓷比形成该玻璃陶瓷的无定形材料具有更高的强度。因此,材料的强度可以调节,例如通过控制无定形材料转变成结晶陶瓷相的程度。此外,材料强度还受到(例如)所形成的成核位点数目的影响,它反过来又影响结晶相晶粒数目和尺寸。有关形成玻璃陶瓷的其他细节可参见《玻璃陶瓷》,P.W.McMillan,Academic Press,Inc.,2ndedition,1979。
例如,在对根据本发明制备的、用于制备玻璃陶瓷的一些示例性无定形材料的热处理过程中,在高于约900℃的温度下观察到这样一些相的形成,如La2Zr2O7,如果存在ZrO2,还有立方/四方ZrO2,某些情况下还有单斜ZrO2。尽管不想受限于理论解释,但我们认为,与氧化锆相关的相是从无定形材料成核的第一批相。Al2O3、ReAlO3(其中Re是至少一种稀土阳离子)、ReAl11O18、Re3Al5O12、Y3Al5O12等相的形成据信通常在高于约925℃的温度下发生。一般地,在此成核步骤中的晶体尺寸在纳米级。例如,可以观察到小至10-15纳米的晶体。至少对于某些实施方式,在约1300℃热处理1小时可以充分结晶。通常,对于每个成核和晶体生长步骤,热处理可持续几秒(某些实施方式中甚至少于5秒)至几分钟至1小时甚至更长。
所得晶体的大小一般可通过成核和/或结晶时间和/或温度进行至少部分控制。虽然通常优选小晶体(例如不大于微米级,甚至不大于纳米级),所制备的玻璃陶瓷的晶体尺寸可以大一些(例如至少1-10微米,至少10-25微米,至少50-100微米,甚或大于100微米)。虽然不想受限于理论解释,在本领域一般都认为晶体尺寸越小(密度相同),陶瓷的机械性质越好(例如硬度和强度)。
存在于玻璃陶瓷实施方式中的结晶的例子有:Al2O3(例如α-Al2O3)、Y2O3、REO、HfO2、ZrO2(例如立方ZrO2和四方ZrO2)、BaO、CaO、Cr2O3、CoO、Fe2O3、GeO2、Li2O、MgO、MnO、NiO、Na2O、P2O5、Sc2O3、SiO2、SrO、TeO2、TiO2、V2O3、ZnO、“复合金属氧化物”[包括“复合Al2O3·金属氧化物”(例如复合Al2O3·REO(例如ReAlO3(例如GaAlO3LaAlO3)、ReAl11O18(例如LaAl11O18)和Re3Al5O12(例如Dy3Al5O12)),复合Al2O3·Y2O3(例如Y3Al5O12)和复合ZrO2·REO(例如Re2Zr2O7(例如La2Zr2O7)))],以及它们的组合。
用其他阳离子取代复合Al2O3·金属氧化物(例如复合Al2O3·Y2O3(例如石榴石晶体结构的铝酸钇))中的部分钇和/或铝离子也在本发明的范围之内。例如,复合Al2O3·Y2O3中的部分Al离子可由下述离子中的至少一种取代:Cr、Ti、Sc、Fe、Mg、Ca、Si、Co及其组合。例如,复合Al2O3·Y2O3中的部分Y离子可由下述离子中的至少一种取代:Ce、Dy、Er、Eu、Gd、Ho、La、Lu、Nd、Pr、Sm、Th、Tm、Yb、Fe、Ti、Mn、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Mg、Ca、Sr及其组合。类似地,部分取代氧化铝中的铝离子也包括在本发明范围之内。例如,Cr、Ti、Sc、Fe、Mg、Ca、Si、Co可取代氧化铝中的部分铝。上述阳离子取代可影响熔凝材料的性质(例如硬度、韧度、强度、导热性等)。
用其他阳离子取代复合Al2O3·金属氧化物(例如复合Al2O3·REO)中的部分稀土和/或铝离子也在本发明的范围之内。例如,复合Al2O3·REO中的部分Al离子可由下述离子中的至少一种取代:Cr、Ti、Sc、Fe、Mg、Ca、Si、Co及其组合。例如,复合Al2O3·REO中的部分Y离子可由下述离子中的至少一种取代:Y、Fe、Ti、Mn、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Mg、Ca、Sr及其组合。类似地,部分取代氧化铝中的铝离子也包括在本发明范围之内。例如,Cr、Ti、Sc、Fe、Mg、Ca、Si、Co可取代氧化铝中的部分铝。上述阳离子取代可影响熔凝材料的性质(例如硬度、韧度、强度、导热性等)。
根据ASTM标准E 112-96“确定平均颗粒尺寸的标准测定法”,平均晶粒尺寸可通过截距法测定。将样品镶装在镶装树脂中(例如以商品名“TRANSOPTICPOWDER”购于Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL的树脂),通常镶装在直径约2.5cm、高约1.9cm的树脂圆块中。可利用常规抛光技术,用抛光剂(如以商品名“ECOMET3”购于Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL的抛光剂)制备镶装品截面。用金刚石轮对样品抛光约3分钟,然后用45、30、15、9、3和1微米浆液各抛光5分钟。在镶装好并抛光的样品上溅射一薄层金-钯,用扫描电镜(如JEOL SEM Model JSM840A)观察。利用样品显微结构的典型背散射电子(BSE)显微图,按下述方法测定平均晶粒尺寸。沿显微图随机画一条直线,数出与单位长度(NL)该直线相交的晶粒的数目。根据此数目,用下面的方程计算平均晶粒尺寸:
平均晶粒尺寸=1.5/NLM
其中NL是与单位长度直线相交的晶粒数目,M是显微镜的放大倍数。
玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式包括含有平均晶粒尺寸不大于150纳米的α氧化铝的玻璃陶瓷。
玻璃陶瓷的某些实施方式包括含有α氧化铝的玻璃陶瓷,其中至少75%(以数目计)(某些实施方式中宜为80%、85%、90%、95%或100%)的α氧化铝的晶粒尺寸不大于200纳米。
玻璃陶瓷的一些实施方式包括含有α氧化铝、结晶ZrO2和第一复合Al2O3·Y2O3的玻璃陶瓷,其中α氧化铝、结晶ZrO2或第一复合Al2O3·Y2O3至少有一个平均晶粒尺寸不大于150纳米。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含第二种不同的复合Al2O3·Y2O3。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含复合Al2O3·REO。
玻璃陶瓷的一些实施方式包括含有第一种复合Al2O3·Y2O3、第二种不同的复合Al2O3·Y2O3和结晶ZrO2的玻璃陶瓷,其中第一复合Al2O3·Y2O3、第二复合Al2O3·Y2O3或结晶ZrO2中,至少有一个,其至少75%(以数目计)(某些实施方式中宜为80%、85%、90%、95%或100%)的晶粒尺寸不大于200纳米。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含第二种不同的复合Al2O3·Y2O3。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含复合Al2O3·REO。
玻璃陶瓷的一些实施方式包括含有α氧化铝、结晶ZrO2和第一复合Al2O3·REO的玻璃陶瓷,其中α氧化铝、结晶ZrO2或第一复合Al2O3·REO至少有一个,其平均晶粒尺寸不大于150纳米。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含第二种不同的复合Al2O3·REO。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含复合Al2O3·Y2O3。
玻璃陶瓷的一些实施方式包括含有第一种复合Al2O3·REO、第二种不同的复合Al2O3·REO和结晶ZrO2的玻璃陶瓷,其中第一复合Al2O3·REO、第二复合Al2O3·REO或结晶ZrO2中,至少有一个,其至少75%(以数目计)(某些实施方式中宜为80%、85%、90%、95%或100%)的晶粒尺寸不大于200纳米。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含复合Al2O3·Y2O3。
玻璃陶瓷的一些实施方式包括含有第一种复合Al2O3·Y2O3、第二种不同的复合Al2O3·Y2O3和结晶ZrO2的玻璃陶瓷,其中第一复合Al2O3·Y2O3、第二复合Al2O3·Y2O3或结晶ZrO2中,至少有一个,其平均晶粒尺寸不大于150纳米。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含第二种不同的复合Al2O3·Y2O3。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含复合Al2O3·REO。
玻璃陶瓷的一些实施方式包括含有第一种复合Al2O3·Y2O3、第二种不同的复合Al2O3·Y2O3和结晶ZrO2的玻璃陶瓷,其中第一复合Al2O3·Y2O3、第二复合Al2O3·Y2O3或结晶ZrO2中,至少有一个,其至少75%(以数目计)(某些实施方式中宜为80%、85%、90%、95%或100%)的晶粒尺寸不大于200纳米。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含复合Al2O3·REO。
玻璃陶瓷的一些实施方式包括含有第一种复合Al2O3·REO、第二种不同的复合Al2O3·REO和结晶ZrO2的玻璃陶瓷,其中第一复合Al2O3·REO、第二复合Al2O3·REO或结晶ZrO2中,至少有一个,其平均晶粒尺寸不大于150纳米。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含第二种不同的复合Al2O3·REO。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含复合Al2O3·Y2O3。
玻璃陶瓷的一些实施方式包括含有第一种复合Al2O3·REO、第二种不同的复合Al2O3·REO和结晶ZrO2的玻璃陶瓷,其中第一复合Al2O3·REO、第二复合Al2O3·REO或结晶ZrO2中,至少有一个,其至少75%(以数目计)(某些实施方式中宜为80%、85%、90%、95%或100%)的晶粒尺寸不大于200纳米。某些实施方式中,玻璃陶瓷宜进一步包含复合Al2O3·Y2O3。
某些实施方式中,磨料颗粒的玻璃陶瓷包含至少75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、97%、98%、99%或100%(体积)微晶,其中所述微晶的平均尺寸小于1微米。某些实施方式中,磨料颗粒的玻璃陶瓷包含至少75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、97%、98%、99%或100%(体积)微晶,其中所述微晶的平均尺寸小于0.5微米。磨料颗粒的玻璃陶瓷包含至少75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、97%、98%、99%或100%(体积)微晶,其中所述微晶的平均尺寸小于0.3微米。磨料颗粒的玻璃陶瓷包含至少75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、97%、98%、99%或100%(体积)微晶,其中所述微晶的平均尺寸小于0.15微米。
根据本发明用来提供玻璃陶瓷实施方式的方法制备无定形材料,对无定形材料进行热处理形成结晶,所述结晶可以是(例如)等轴、柱形或平板形的。
一般地,根据本发明方法制备的陶瓷的(真实)密度(有时称作比重)至少为理论解释密度的70%。根据本发明方法制备的陶瓷的(真实)密度宜至少为理论解释密度的75%、80%、85%、90%、92%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、99.5%或100%。磨料颗粒的(真实)密度至少为理论解释密度的85%、90%、92%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%、99.5%或100%。
本发明材料的平均硬度可按如下方法测定。将部分材料镶装在镶装树脂中(例如以商品名“TRANSOPTIC POWDER”购于Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL的树脂),通常镶装在直径约2.5cm、高约1.9cm的树脂圆块中。可利用常规抛光技术,用抛光剂(如以商品名“ECOMET 3”购于Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL的抛光剂)制备安镶装截面。用金刚石轮对样品抛光约3分钟,然后用45、30、15、9、3和1微米浆液各抛光5分钟。利用常规微硬度测定仪(如以商品名“MITUTOYO MVK-VL”购于Mitutoyo Corporation,Tokyo,Japan的测定仪)进行微硬度测定,测定仪上装有Vickers压头,压头负重100克。微硬度测定根据ASTM Test Method E384《材料微硬度测定方法(1991)》所述方法指导进行。
某些实施方式中,根据本发明方法制备的玻璃陶瓷的平均硬度至少为12、13、14、15、16、17或18GPa。本发明制备的磨料颗粒的平均硬度至少为15GPa,某些实施方式中,至少为16GPa、17GPa或18GPa。
有关无定形材料、玻璃陶瓷的其他细节,包括其制备、使用和性质,可参见提交于2001年8月2日的美国申请09/922526、09/922527和09/922530,以及同时提交的临时申请10/211598,10/211630,10/211639,10/211034,10/211044,10/211628,10/211640和10/211684。
根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒通常包含微晶陶瓷,某些实施方式中,宜至少包含75vol%、80vol%、85vol%、90vol%、91vol%、92vol%、93vol%、94vol%、95vol%、96vol%、97vol%、98vol%、99vol%、99.5vol%或100vol%微晶陶瓷。
磨料颗粒可以装入磨具中,也可以取松散形式使用。磨具包含粘合剂和大量磨料颗粒,其中至少部分磨料颗粒是通过本发明方法制备的。磨具的例子有涂敷磨具、粘结磨具(例如研磨轮)、非织构磨具和研磨刷。涂敷磨具通常包含具有第一和第二两个相背主表面的背衬,有粘合剂和大量磨料颗粒至少在第一主表面的一部分上形成研磨层。
某些实施方式中,以磨具中磨料颗粒的总重计,磨具中至少有5wt%、10wt%、15wt%、20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%、70wt%、75wt%、80wt%、85wt%、90wt%、95wt%或100wt%的磨料颗粒是根据本发明的方法制备的。
在使用之前,通常要对磨料颗粒进行分级,形成给定的颗粒尺寸分布。这种分布一般具有一个从粗颗粒到细颗粒的尺寸范围。在研磨领域,此范围有时分为“粗”级分、“中”级分和“细”级分。根据工业上接受的分级标准进行了分级的磨料颗粒,用数字范围为每个标称级别指定颗粒尺寸分布。这种工业上接受的分级标准(即指定标称级别)包括众所周知的美国国家标准学会(ANSI)标准、欧洲研磨产品制造商联合会(FEPA)标准和日本工业(JIS)标准。一方面,本发明提供了大量具有指定标称级别的磨料颗粒,其中至少一部分颗粒是根据本发明方法制备的。某些实施方式中,以磨料颗粒的总重计,所述大量磨料颗粒中至少有5wt%、10wt%、15wt%、20wt%、25wt%、30wt%、35wt%、40wt%、45wt%、50wt%、55wt%、60wt%、65wt%、70wt%、75wt%、80wt%、85wt%、90wt%、95wt%或100wt%是根据本发明方法制备的。
ANSI级别包括:ANSI4、ANSI6、ANSI8、ANSI16、ANSI24、ANSI36、ANSI40ANSI50、ANSI60、ANSI80、ANSI100、ANSI120、ANSI150、ANSI180、ANSI220、ANSI240、ANSI280、ANSI320、ANSI360、ANSI400和ANSI600。包含本发明的磨料颗粒的ANSI级别优选ANSI8-220。FEPA级别包括:P8、P12、P16、P24、P36、P40、P50、P60、P80、P100、P120、P150、P180、P220、P320、P400、P500、P600、P800、P1000和P1200。包含本发明的磨料颗粒的FEPA级别优选P12-P220。JIS级别包括:JIS8、JIS12、JIS16、JIS24、JIS36、JIS46、JIS54、JIS60、JIS80、JIS100、JIS150、JIS180、JIS220、JIS240、JIS280、JIS320、JIS360、JIS600、JIS800、JIS1000、JIS1500、JIS2500、JIS4000、JIS6000、JIS8000和JIS10000。包含本发明的磨料颗粒的JIS级别优选JIS8-220。
粉碎并筛分之后,通常有多个不同的磨料颗粒尺寸分布或级别。这些级别在一定时间有可能与生产商或供应商的需要不匹配。为最大程度减少存货,可以将不合需求的级别里的颗粒重新熔化,形成无定形材料。此循环利用步骤可发生在粉碎步骤之后,此时颗粒为大块状或小片状(有时称作“细颗粒”),尚未筛分成一定分布。
另一方面,本发明提供了制备磨料颗粒的方法,所述方法包括对包含颗粒的无定形材料(例如玻璃)进行热处理,使至少部分无定形材料转变为玻璃陶瓷,形成包含玻璃陶瓷的磨料颗粒。本发明还提供了制备包含玻璃陶瓷的磨料颗粒的方法,所述方法包括对无定形材料进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料转变为玻璃陶瓷,粉碎所得经过热处理的材料,形成磨料颗粒。在被粉碎时,玻璃倾向于形成比粉碎明显结晶的玻璃陶瓷或结晶材料更尖锐的颗粒。
另一方面,本发明提供了磨料颗粒聚集体,每个磨料颗粒聚集体包含大量通过粘结剂结合起来的本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒。另一方面,本发明提供了包含粘合剂和大量磨料颗粒的磨具(例如涂敷磨具、粘合磨具(包括玻璃质研磨轮、类树脂研磨轮和粘结金属研磨轮、切割轮、镶嵌点和磨石)、非织构磨具和研磨刷),其中至少部分磨料颗粒是根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒(包括磨料颗粒聚集体)。本领域的技术人员都熟悉含有磨料颗粒的磨具的制备和使用方法。此外,根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒可用于需利用磨料颗粒的用途,如研磨化合物(例如抛光化合物)的浆液、磨介、喷沙清理介质、振动磨介等。
涂敷磨具通常包括一个背衬、磨料颗粒和至少一种将磨料颗粒固定在背衬上的粘合剂。所述背衬可以是任何合适的材料,包括布料、聚合物膜、纤维、非织造布、纸、它们的组合,以及经过处理的上述材料。粘合剂可以是任何合适的粘合剂,包括无机或有机粘合剂(包括可热固树脂和可辐射固化树脂)。磨料颗粒可存在于涂敷磨具的一层或两层中。
涂敷磨具的一个例子见图1。如此图所示,本发明经涂敷磨具1有一个背衬(基底)2和研磨层3。研磨层3中有根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒4,这些磨料颗粒通过初始结合涂层5和脱结涂层6固定在背衬2的主表面上。某些情况下采用上胶结涂层(未示出)。
粘合磨具一般包括通过有机粘合剂、金属粘合剂或玻璃质粘合剂结合在一起的磨料颗粒的一个成形体。举例来说,这种成形体的形式可以是轮,如研磨轮或切割轮。研磨轮的直径通常约为1cm-1米;切割轮的直径约为1cm-80cm(更宜为3cm-50cm)。切割轮的厚度通常约为0.5mm-5cm,更宜约为0.5mm-2cm。举例来说,磨料颗粒的成形体也可以是磨石、片段、镶嵌点、盘(例如双面磨盘)或其他常规粘合磨具形式。以粘合磨具的总体积计,粘合磨具通常包含约3-50vol%粘合材料、约30-90vol%磨料颗粒(或混合磨料颗粒)、高达50vol%添加剂(包括研磨助剂)和高达70vol%的孔隙。
优选形式是研磨轮。图2所示为研磨轮10,它包含根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒11,它是模制的轮,固定于毂12上。
非织构磨具一般包含敞开多孔疏松的聚合物纤物结构,它含有根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒,所述颗粒通过有机粘合剂的粘合分布在整个结构当中。纤维结构的例子包括聚酯纤维、聚酰胺纤维和芳族聚酸胺纤维。图3所示为典型的非织构磨具放大约100倍后的简图。本发明的这种非织构磨具包含作为基底的纤维垫50,根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒52通过粘合剂54粘结到纤维垫上。
有用的研磨刷包括那些具有大量与背衬形成一体的硬毛的研磨刷(例如美国专利5427595(Pihl等)、5443906(Pihl等)、5679067(Johnson等)和5903951(Ionta等))。这样的刷子宜通过注塑聚合物与磨料颗粒的混合物来制备。
用于制备磨具的合适的有机粘合剂包括热固性有机聚合物。合适的热固性有机聚合物的例子包括酚醛树脂、脲甲醛树脂、密胺甲醛树脂、聚氨酯树脂、丙烯酸树脂、聚酯树脂、含有α,β-不饱和羰基侧基的氨基塑料树脂、环氧树脂、丙烯酸化氨基甲酸酯、丙烯酸化环氧化合物及其组合。粘合剂和/或磨具也可以包含添加剂,如纤维、润滑剂、湿润剂、触变材料、表面活性剂、颜料、染料、抗静电剂(例如碳黑、氧化矾、石墨等)、偶联剂(例如硅烷、钛酸盐、铝锆酸盐等)、增塑剂、悬浮剂等。选择这些任选添加剂的量,以获得所需性质。偶联剂可增强磨料颗粒和/或填充剂的粘合性。粘合剂可以热固化、辐射固化或两种方法组合。有关粘合剂的其他细节可参见美国专利4588419(Caul等)、4751138(Tumey等)和5436063(Follett等)。
更具体地,至于玻璃质研磨剂,具有无定形结构并且通常较硬的玻璃质粘合材料在本领域是人所共知的。某些情况下,玻璃质粘合材料包括结晶材料。粘合的玻璃质磨具可以是轮形(包括切割轮)、磨石、镶嵌点或其他常规粘合磨具形状。玻璃质粘合磨具优选研磨轮。
用来形成玻璃质粘合材料的金属氧化物的例子包括:氧化硅、硅酸盐、氧化铝、苏打、氧化钙、氧化钾、氧化钛、氧化铁、氧化锌、氧化锂、氧化镁、氧化硼、硅酸铝、硅硼酸盐玻璃、硅酸锂铝玻璃及其组合等。一般地,玻璃质粘合材料可由包含10-100%玻璃粉的组合物形成,但更宜用含20-80%或30-70%玻璃粉的组合物。玻璃质粘合材料的剩余部分可以是非烧结玻璃料。或者,玻璃质粘合材料可由不含烧结玻璃料的组合物形成。玻璃质粘合材料的典型熟化温度范围是约700°-1500℃,通常在约800°-1300℃范围内,有时在约900°-1200℃范围内,甚或在约950°-1100℃范围内。粘合熟化的实际温度依赖于(例如)具体的粘合化学性质。
玻璃质粘合材料优选那些包含氧化硅、氧化铝(宜至少含10wt%氧化铝)和氧化硼(宜至少含10wt%氧化硼)。多数情况下,玻璃质粘合材料可进一步包含碱金属氧化物(例如Na2O和K2O)(某些情况下含至少10wt%碱金属氧化物)。
粘合材料还可包含填充材料或研磨助剂,通常是颗粒材料形式。一般地,此颗粒材料是无机材料。可用于本发明的填充剂的例子包括:金属碳酸盐(例如碳酸钙(例如白垩、方解石、泥灰、石灰华、大理石和石灰石)、碳酸钙镁、碳酸钠、碳酸镁)、氧化硅(例如石英、玻璃珠、玻璃泡和玻璃纤维)、硅酸盐(例如滑石、陶土、(蒙脱石)长石、云母、硅酸钙、原硅酸钙、硅铝酸钠、硅酸钠)、金属硫酸盐(例如硫酸钙、硫酸钡、硫酸钠、硫酸钠铝、硫酸铝)、石膏、蛭石、木粉、三水合铝、碳黑、金属氧化物(例如氧化钙(生石灰)、氧化铝、二氧化钛))和金属亚硫酸盐(例如亚硫酸钙)。
通常,加入研磨助剂可增加磨具的使用寿命。研磨助剂是对研磨的化学和物理过程有显著影响的材料,能改善性能。虽然不想受限于理论解释,但我们认为研磨助剂可(a)减少磨料颗粒和被研磨工件之间的摩擦,(b)防止磨料颗粒“盖帽”(即防止金属颗粒焊旬磨料颗粒顶部上),或者至少可减少磨料颗粒盖帽的倾向,(c)降低磨料颗粒和工件的界面温度,(d)减少研磨力。
研磨助剂含有众多的不同材料,可以无机物基的,也可以有机物基的。研磨助剂的例子有石蜡、有机卤化物、卤盐和金属及其合金。有机卤化物通常在研磨期间分解,释放出卤酸或气体卤化物。这种材料的例子包括氯化石蜡,如四氯萘、五氯萘和聚氯乙烯。卤盐的例子包括氯化钠、冰晶石钾、冰晶石钠、冰晶石铵、四氟硼酸钾、四氟硼酸钠、氟化硅、氯化钾和氯化镁。金属的例子包括锡、铅、铋、钴、锑、镉和铁、钛。其他研磨助剂包括硫、有机硫化物、石墨和金属硫化物。组合使用不同研磨助剂也在本发明范围之内,而且在某些情况下,这会产生协同作用。研磨助剂优选冰晶石,最好是四氟硼酸钾。
在涂敷磨具和粘合磨具中,研磨助剂尤其有用。在涂敷淹没制品中,研磨助剂通常用在上胶结涂层中,它可施涂在磨料颗粒的表面上。但有时候,研磨助剂加于胶结涂层中。一般地,加到涂敷磨具中的研磨助剂的量约为50-300g/m2(宜为约80-160g/m2)。在玻璃质粘合磨具中,研磨助剂通常嵌入制品的孔隙中。
磨具可100%包含根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒,或这种磨料颗粒与其他磨料颗粒和/或稀释颗粒的混合物。不过,磨具中的磨料颗粒至少有约2wt%,宜至少有约5wt%,更宜至少有约30-100wt%是根据本发明方法制备的。在某些情况下,根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒可与其他磨料颗粒和/或稀释颗粒混合,比例为5-75wt%、约为25-75wt%、约40-60wt%或约50-50wt%(即等重量)。合适的常规磨料颗粒的例子包括熔凝氧化铝(包括白刚玉、热处理氧化铝和棕刚玉)、碳化硅、碳化硼、碳化钛、金刚石、立方氮化硼、石榴石、熔凝氧化铝-氧化锆、溶胶-凝胶磨料颗粒等。溶胶-凝胶磨料颗粒可以用种子形成,也可以不用种子形成。类似地,溶胶-凝胶磨料颗粒可以是随和形状,也可以具一定形状,如棒形或三角形。溶胶-凝胶磨料颗粒的例子包括下述专利所述的颗粒:美国专利4314827(Leitheiser等)、4518379(Leitheiser等)、4623364(Cottringer等)、4744802(Schwabel)、4770671(Monroe等)、4881951(Wood等)、5011508(Wald等)、5090968(Pellow)、5139978(Wood)、5201916(Berg等)、5227104(Bauer)、5366523(Rowenhorst等)、5429647(Larmie)、5498269(Larmie)和5551963(Larmie)。有关用氧化铝粉末作原料制备的烧结氧化铝磨料颗粒的其他细节还可参见,例如美国专利5259147(Falz)、5593467(Monroe)和5665127(Moltgen)。有关熔融磨料颗粒的其他细节可参见,例如美国专利1161620(Coulter)、1192709(Tone)、1247337(Saunders等)、1268533(Allen)、2424645(Baumann等)、3891408(Rowse等)、3781172(Pett等)、3893826(Quinan等)、4126429(Watson)、4457767(Poon等)、5023212(Dubots等)、5143522(Gibson等)和5336280(Dubots等),及提交于2000年2月2日、美国序列号为09/495978,09/496638和09/496713的申请,提交于2000年1月19日、序列号为09/618876、09/618879、09/619106、09/619191、09/619192、09/619215、09/619289、09/619563、09/619729、09/619744和09/620262的申请,及提交于2001年1月30日、序列号为09/772730的申请。某些情况下,与包含100%单一类型磨料颗粒的磨具相比,由混合磨料颗粒可形成研磨性能得到改善的磨具。
对于混合磨料颗粒,形成混合物的各种磨料颗粒可以具有相同尺寸。或者,各种磨料颗粒也可以具有不同尺寸。例如,较大尺寸的磨料颗粒可以是根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒,而尺寸较小的颗粒是另一种类型的磨料颗粒。相反,例如,,较小尺寸的磨料颗粒可以是根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒,而尺寸较大的颗粒是另一种类型的磨料颗粒。
合适的稀释颗粒的例子包括大理石、石膏、燧石、石英、氧化铁、硅酸铝、玻璃(包括玻璃泡和玻璃珠)、氧化铝泡、氧化铝珠和稀释聚集体。根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒也可以结合到研磨聚集体中。研磨聚集体通常包含大量磨料颗粒、粘合剂和可用的添加剂。粘合剂可以是有机和/或无机粘合剂。研磨聚集体可以是任意形状,也可以具有一定形状。所述形状可以是块状、柱状、棱锥形、圆形、方块形或类似形状。研磨聚集体颗粒的颗粒尺寸通常为约100-5000微米,通常约为250-2500微米。有关研磨聚集体颗粒的其他细节可参见,例如美国专利4311489(Kressner)、4652275(Bloecher等)、4799939(Bloecher等)、5549962(Holmes等)和5975988(Christianson),提交于2000年10月16日、序列号为09/688444和09/688484的美国申请。
磨料颗粒可均匀分散于磨具中,也可以集中在磨具中的选定区域或部分中。例如,在涂敷磨具中,可以有两层磨料颗粒,第一层包含不是根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒,第二层(最外层)包含根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒。类似地在粘合磨具中,研磨轮可分为两个不连续的部分,最外面部分可包含根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒,而最里面部分则不包含。根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒可均匀分散在整个粘合磨具中。
有关涂敷磨具的其他细节可参见,例如美国专利4734104(Broberg)、4737163(Larkey)、5203884(Buchanan等)、5152917(Pieper等)、5378251(Culler等)、5417726(Stout等)、5436063(Follett等)、5496386(Broberg等)、5609706(Benedict等)、5520711(Helmin)、5954844(Law等)、5961674(Gagliardi等)和5975988(Christinason)。有关粘合磨具的其他细节可参见,例如,美国专利4543107(Rue)、4741743(Narayanan等)、4800685(Haynes等)、4898597(Hay等)、4997461(Markhoff-Mantheny等)、5037453(Narayanan等)、5110332(Narayanan等)和5863308(Qi等)。有关玻璃质粘合磨具的其他细节可参见,例如,美国专利4543107(Rue)、4898597(Hay等)、4997461(Markhoff-Mantheny等)、5094672(Giles Jr.等)、5118326(Sheldon等)、5131926(Sheldon等)、5203886(Sheldon等)、5282875(Wood等)、5738696(Wu等)和5863308(Qi)。有关非织构磨具的其他细节可参见,例如,美国专利2958593(Hoover等)。
本发明提供了一种对表面研磨的方法,所述方法包括使工件表面与至少一种根据本发明方法制备的磨具接触;移动此磨具或接触表面,用以磨料颗粒研磨至少一部分所述表面。利用由本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒进行研磨的方法包括从打磨(即高压高磨削率)到抛光(例如用涂敷研磨带对医学移植材料进行抛光)范围内的各种方法,其中后者通常用精细级别(例如小于ANSI220及更细)的磨料颗粒。磨料颗粒也可用于精密研磨应用中,如用玻璃质粘合轮研磨凸轮轴。用于一具体研磨用途的磨料颗粒尺寸对于本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。
根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒可以用于干磨,也可用于湿磨。对于湿磨,可引入液体,液体可以从轻雾到瓢泼的形式提供。常用液体的例子包括:水、水溶性油、有机润滑剂和乳液。液体可用来减少研磨过程中产生的热量并/或用作润滑剂。液体可包含少量添加剂,如杀菌剂、消泡剂等。
根据本发明方法制备的磨料颗粒可用来研磨工件,如金属铝、碳钢、低碳钢、工具钢、不锈钢、硬化钢、钛、玻璃、陶瓷、木材、类木材料、油漆、漆面、有机涂敷表面等。研磨过程中施加的力量通常在约1-100千克范围内。
举例来说,根据本发明方法制备的无定形颗粒和玻璃陶瓷的实施方式,可用作聚合复合物、金属复合物或陶瓷基质复合物的填料,用作等离子体喷射的进料颗粒或用来形成陶瓷材料的原料。其透明形式可用作逆反射珠。根据本发明方法制备的无定形颗粒和玻璃陶瓷的实施方式,可以粘弹性变形形成具有简单或复杂形状的块体材料。
下面的实施例将进一步阐述本发明的优点和实施方式,但这些实施例中所引用的具体材料及其用量,以及其他条件和细节,不应当理解为对本发明的不当限制。除非另外指出,所有的份和百分数均以重量为基础。除非另有说明,所有实施例都不含显著量的SiO2、B2O3、P2O5、GeO2、TeO2、As2O3和V2O5。
实施例
实施例1-6和比较例A、B和C
在250ml聚乙烯瓶(直径7.3cm)中加入50克各种粉末的混合物(如表1所示,原料来源列于表2)、75克异丙醇和200克氧化铝研磨介(圆柱形,高和直径均为0.635cm;99.9%氧化铝;得自Coors,Golden CO)。对聚乙烯瓶中的内容物以60转/分钟(rpm)的速度研磨16小时。研磨之后,除去研磨介,将浆液倒在温热(约75℃)的玻璃(“PYREX”)盘上,干燥。借助油漆刷,用70目筛子(开孔尺寸212微米)对干燥混合物过筛。
研磨并过筛之后,将研磨过的进料颗粒混合物缓慢(0.5克/分钟)送入氢氧焰火炬中,熔化颗粒。用来熔化颗粒并由此产生熔滴的火炬是购于BethlehemApparatus Co.,Hellertown,PA的PM2D B型Bethlehem台式炉。火炬中氢和氧的流量如下所述:对于内环,氢气流量为8标准升/分钟(SLPM),氧气流量为3.5SLPM。对于外环,氢气流量为23SLPM,而氧气流量为12SLPM。将干燥并分了级的颗粒缓慢(0.5克/分钟)送入火炬的火焰中,所述火焰将颗粒熔化,然后将熔化的颗粒输送到一倾斜的不锈钢表面(约51厘米(20英寸)宽,坡度为45°)上,表面上有冷水流过(约8升/分钟),可快速对熔滴淬冷。将所得熔融并经淬冷的颗粒收集在盘中,于110℃干燥。所述颗粒为球形,尺寸在几微米到250微米之间,可以是透明(即无定形)和/或不透明的(即结晶)。
通过火焰形成的珠子的无定形百分产率可以利用-100+200目的尺寸级分(即,用开口尺寸为150微米利125微米的两个筛子收集的级分)来计算。可按下述方式进行测量。在载玻片上铺一单层珠子,用光学显微镜观察珠子。利用光学显微镜目镜上的十字准星作为基准,按直线排列的珠子可依据其光学透明度计作无定形或晶形。总共数500粒珠子,以无定形珠子数除以参与计数的总珠子数,就得到无定形百分产率。
表1
实施例 | 批料量,g | 各组分重量百分数 | 最终重量百分数氧化铝% | 来自金属铝的氧化铝最终百分数 | 无定形百分产率 |
比较例A | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:30Al:0.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:13.8ZrO<sub>2</sub>:6.2 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:60.0Al:0.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:28.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:12.0 | 60 | 0 | 9 |
实施例1 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:21.6Al:6.2La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:15.3ZrO<sub>2</sub>:6.9 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:43.0Al:12.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:31.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:14.0 | 60 | 35 | 22 |
实施例2 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:6.1Al:17.6La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:18.2ZrO<sub>2</sub>:8.1 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:12.0Al:35.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:36.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:16.0 | 60 | 85 | 91 |
比较例B | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:25.0Al:0.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:17.3ZrO<sub>2</sub>:7.7 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:50.0Al:0.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:35.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:15.0 | 50 | 0 | 27 |
实施例3 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:9.0Al:11.1La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:20.7ZrO<sub>2</sub>:9.2 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:18.0Al:22.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:41.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:18.0 | 50 | 70 | 94 |
比较例C | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:35.0Al:0.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:10.4ZrO<sub>2</sub>:4.6 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:70.0Al:0.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:21.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:9.0 | 70 | 0 | 3 |
实施例4 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:13.6Al:16.9La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:13.5ZrO<sub>2</sub>:6.0 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:27.0Al:9.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:27.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:12.0 | 70 | 70 | 25 |
实施例5 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:16.1Al:4.6La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:20.2ZrO<sub>2</sub>:9.0 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:32.0Al:9.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:41.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:18.0 | 45.8 | 35 | 97 |
实施例6 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:27.5Al:7.8La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:10.2ZrO<sub>2</sub>:4.5 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:55.0Al:16.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:20.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:9.0 | 74.1 | 35 | 6 |
表2
原料 | 来源 |
氧化铝颗粒(Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) | 购自Alcoa Industrial Chemicals,Bauxite,AR,商品名“A l6 SG” |
铝颗粒(Al) | 购自Alfa Aesar,Ward Hill,MA |
氧化镧颗粒(La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) | 购自Molycorp Inc.,Mountain Pass,CA,批料混合之前在700℃焙烧小时 |
氧化锆颗粒(ZrO<sub>2</sub>) | 购自Zirconia Sales,Inc.Mareitta,GA,商品名“DK-2” |
实施例7和8及比较例D和E
实施例7和8及比较例D和E珠子按照上述实施例1-6和比较例A、B和C制备,不同的是原料用量列于表3,原料来源列于表4,氢焰直接射向位于19升(5加仑)圆柱形容器(直径30厘米,高34厘米)中并剧烈流动的循环水,循环水对熔滴快速淬冷。火焰撞击水的角度约为45°,火焰长度,即炉子到水表面的距离约为18厘米。通过火焰形成的珠子的无定形百分产率可以利用实施例1-6和比较例A、B和C所用相同的方法计算。实施例7和8及比较例D和E的无定形百分产率数据和组成的信息一道列于表3。
表3
实施例 | 批料量,g | 各组分重量百分数 | 最终重量百分数氧化铝% | 来自金属铝的氧化铝最终百分数 | 无定形百分产率 |
比较例D | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:31.8Al:0.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:18.3 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:63.5Al:0.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:36.5 | 63.5 | 0 | 39 |
比较例E | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:29.3Al:0.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:20.8 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:58.5Al:0.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:41.5 | 58.5 | 0 | 45 |
实施例7 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:18.7Al:9.9ZrO<sub>2</sub>:21.5 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:37.3Al:19.8ZrO<sub>2</sub>:42.9 | 63.5 | 50 | 36 |
实施例8 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:17.0Al:9.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:24.1 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:33.9Al:18.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:48.1 | 58.5 | 50 | 63 |
表4
原料 | 来源 |
氧化铝颗粒(Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) | 购自Alcoa Industrial Chemicals,Bauxite,AR,商品名“A l6 SG” |
铝颗粒(Al) | 购自Alfa Aesar,Ward Hill,MA |
氧化锆颗粒(ZrO<sub>2</sub>) | 购自Zirconia Sales,Inc.Mareitta,GA,商品名“DK-2” |
实施例9和比较例F
实施例9及比较例F珠子按照上述实施例7和8及比较例D和E制备,不同的是原料用量列于表5,原料来源列于表6。通过火焰形成的珠子的无定形百分产率可以利用实施例1-6和比较例A、B和C所用相同的方法计算。实施例9及比较例F的无定形百分产率数据和组成的信息一道列于表5。
表5
实施例 | 批料量,g | 各组分重量百分数 | 最终重量百分数氧化铝% | 来自金属铝的氧化铝最终百分数 | 无定形百分产率 |
比较例F | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:33Al:0.0Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:17.0 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:66.0Al:0.0Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:34 | 66 | 0 | 37 |
实施例9 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:19.5Al:10.3Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:20.1 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:39.07Al:20.67Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:40.26 | 66 | 50 | 93 |
表6
原料 | 来源 |
氧化铝颗粒(Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) | 购自Alcoa Industrial Chemicals,Bauxite,AR,商品名“A 16 SG” |
铝颗粒(Al) | 购自Alfa Aesar,Ward Hill,MA |
氧化钇颗粒(Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) | 购自H.C.Stark Newton,MA |
相组成(玻璃相/无定形相/结晶)通过差热分析(DTA)测定。如果与材料对应的DTA曲线包含一个放热结晶温度(Tx),则该材料归为无定形。如果同一条曲线包含低于Tx的吸热温度(Tg),则认为它包含玻璃相。如果材料的DTA曲线不含这些的温度,则可认为它包含结晶。
对实施例9的珠子利用下述方法进行差热分析(DTA)。DTA测试(所用仪器为Netzsch Instruments,Selb,Germany生产的“NETZSCH STA 409DTA/TGA”)可以采用-140+170目尺寸级分(即用开口尺寸为105微米和90微米的两个筛子收集的级分)。将一定量(通常约为400毫克)的每种过筛样品置于100毫升Al2O3样品管中。在静止空气中,以10℃/分钟的速率将每个样品从室温(约25℃)加热到1100℃。
实施例9制备的珠子的DTA曲线在约894℃的附近显示吸热,如曲线上存在一个向下的变化所证实的。我们认为此现象是由玻璃材料的玻璃转变温度(Tg)引起的。同一材料在约943℃显示放热,如曲线上的一个尖锐峰所证实的。我们认为此现象是材料的结晶过程(Tx)所引起的。因此,该材料经测定为玻璃相。
实施例9的玻璃态珠子可通过在电热炉中于1300℃热处理1小时而发生结晶过程。用光学显微镜观察到热处理所得珠子是不透明的,(在热处理之前,珠子是透明的)。我们认为,热处理过的珠子不透明是珠子发生结晶的结果。由于缺乏光散射中心,如晶粒间界,无定形材料(包括玻璃相材料)一般基本上是透明的,而结晶材料则由于晶粒间界的光散射效应,是不透明的。
将部分经结晶的颗粒镶装在镶装树脂中(例如以商品名“TRANSOPTICPOWDER”购于Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL的树脂),通常镶装在直径约2.5cm、高约1.9cm的树脂圆块中。可利用常规抛光技术,用抛光剂(如以商品名“ECOMET3”购于Buehler,Lake Bluff,IL的抛光剂)制备镶装截面。用金刚石轮对样品抛光约3分钟,然后用45、30、15、9、3和1微米浆液各抛光5分钟。在镶装好并抛了光的样品上溅射一薄层金-钯,用扫描电镜(如JEOL SEM ModelJSM 840A)观察。利用SEM的背散射电子(BSE)图像模式进行观察,发现样品的显微结构不含超过200纳米的晶体。
实施例10和11及比较例G和H
实施例10和11及比较例G和H珠子按照上述实施例7和8及比较例D和E制备,不同的是原料用量列于表7,原料来源列于表8。通过火焰形成的珠子的无定形百分产率可以利用实施例1-6和比较例A、B和C所用相同的方法计算。实施例10和11及比较例G和H的无定形百分产率数据与组成的信息一道列于表7。
表7
表8
原料 | 来源 |
氧化铝颗粒(Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) | 购自Alcoa Industrial Chemicals,Bauxite,AR,商品名“A 16 SG” |
铝颗粒(Al) | 购自Alfa Aesar,Ward Hill,MA |
镁颗粒(Mg) | 购自Alfa Aesar |
氧化镁颗粒(MgO) | 购自BDH Chemicals Ltd,Poole,England |
氧化钇颗粒(Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) | 购自H.C.Stark Newton,MA |
实施例12
实施例12珠子按照上述实施例7和8及比较例D和E制备,不同的是原料用量列于表9,原料来源列于表10。通过火焰形成的珠子的无定形百分产率可以利用实施例1-6和比较例A、B和C所用相同的方法计算。实施例12的无定形百分产率数据组成的信息一道列于表9。
表9
实施例 | 批料量,g | 各组分重量百分数 | 最终重量百分数氧化铝% | 来自金属铝的氧化铝最终百分数 | 无定形百分产率 |
实施例12 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:16.7Al:8.8Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:16ZrO<sub>2</sub>:8.6 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:33.3Al:17.6Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:31.9ZrO<sub>2</sub>:17.2 | 57.5 | 50 | 93 |
表10
原料 | 来源 |
氧化铝颗粒(Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) | 购自Alcoa Industrial Chemicals,Bauxite,AR,商品名“A 16 SG” |
铝颗粒(Al) | 购自Alfa Aesar,Ward Hill,MA |
氧化钇颗粒(Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) | 购自H.C.Stark Newton,MA |
氧化锆颗粒(ZrO<sub>2</sub>) | 购自Zirconia Sales,Inc.Mareitta,GA,商品名“DK-2” |
实施例12制备的珠子的DTA曲线如实施例9所述测定。所述DTA曲线在约900℃的附近显示吸热,如曲线上存在一个向下的变化所证实的。我们认为此现象是由玻璃材料的玻璃转变温度(Tg)引起的。同一材料在约935℃显示放热,如曲线上的一个尖锐峰所证实的。我们认为此现象是材料的结晶化(Tx)所引起的。因此,该材料经测定为玻璃相。
实施例12的玻璃态珠子可使其在电热炉中于1300℃热处理1小时而进行结晶化。光学显微镜观察到热处理所得珠子是不透明的,(在热处理之前,珠子是透明的)。我们认为,热处理过的珠子不透明是珠子发生结晶化的结果。由于缺乏光散射中心,如晶粒间界,无定形材料(包括玻璃相材料)一般基本上是透明的,而晶体材料则由于晶粒间界的光散射效应,是不透明的。
实施例13
实施例13珠子可按照上述实施例7和8及比较例D和E制备,不同的是原料用量列于表11,原料来源列于表12。通过火焰形成的珠子的无定形百分产率可以利用实施例1-6和比较例A、B和C所用相同的方法计算。实施例13的无定形百分产率数据和组成的信息一道列于表11。
表11
实施例 | 批料量,g | 各组分重量百分数 | 最终重量百分数氧化铝% | 来自金属铝的氧化铝最终百分数 | 无定形百分产率 |
实施例13 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:10.6Al:5.6La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:23.4ZrO<sub>2</sub>:10.4 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:21.2Al:11.2La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:46.7ZrO<sub>2</sub>:20.9 | 38.5 | 50 | 96 |
表12
原料 | 来源 |
氧化铝颗粒(Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) | 购自Alcoa Industrial Chemicals,Bauxite,AR,商品名“A 16SG” |
铝颗粒(Al) | 购自Alfa Aesar,Ward Hill,MA |
氧化钇颗粒(La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:) | 购白Molycorp Inc.,Mountain Pass,CA,在批量混合之前于700℃焙烧6小时 |
氧化锆颗粒(ZrO<sub>2</sub>) | 购自Zirconia Sales,Inc.Mareitta,GA,商品名“DK-2” |
实施例13制备的珠子的DTA曲线如实施例9所述测定。所述DTA曲线在约880℃的附近显示吸热,如曲线上存在一个向下的变化所证实的。我们认为此现象是由玻璃材料的玻璃转变温度(Tg)引起的。同一材料在约933℃所显示放热,如曲线上的一个尖锐峰所证实的。我们认为此现象是材料的结晶化(Tx)所引起的。因此,该材料经测定为玻璃相。
实施例13的玻璃态珠子让其在电热炉中于1300℃热处理1小时而结晶化。用X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)法(所用衍射仪是Phillips,Mahwah,NJ生产的“PHILLIPS XRG 3100”,铜Kα1射线,1.54050)测定结晶化珠子中存在的相。通过比较结晶材料的XRD图样中的衍射峰和JCPDS(粉末衍射标准联合委员会)数据库(衍射数据国际中心出版)提供的结晶相XRD图样,测定所述相。测出结晶物质包括LaAlO3、ZrO2(立方相、四方相)、LaA11O18和过渡Al2O3相。
将实施例13中制备的玻璃相珠子约25克置于石墨模子中,用单轴压机(以商品名“HP-50”购于Thermal Technology Inc.,Brea,CA)进行热压。热压在氩气气氛和13.8兆帕(MPa)(2000磅/平方英寸或2ksi)的压力下进行。热压炉以25℃/分钟的速度逐渐升温至970℃。所得透明圆盘直径约34毫米(mm),厚度约6mm,用“Chipmunk”颚式粉碎机(BICO Inc.,Burbank,CA生产的VD型粉碎机)将圆盘粉碎成磨料颗粒,并分级成-30+35目级分(即用开口尺寸在600微米和500微米的两个筛子收集的级分)和-35+40目级分(即用开口尺寸在500微米和425微米的两个筛子收集的级分)。
分了级的磨料颗粒通过在电热炉中于1300℃热处理45分钟而结晶化。所得颗粒是不透明/结晶颗粒,如用光学显微镜所观察到的。
将部分结晶化的颗粒如实施例9和比较例F所述镶装在镶装树脂中。利用SEM的背散射电子(BSE)图像模式进行观察,发现样品的显微结构不含超过200纳米的晶体。
实施例14-17
实施例14-17珠子按照上述实施例7和8及比较例D和E制备,不同的是原料用量列于表13,原料来源列于表14。通过火焰形成的珠子的无定形百分产率可以利用实施例1-6和比较例A、B和C所用相同的方法计算。实施例14-17的无定形百分产率数据和组成的信息一道列于表13。
表13
实施例 | 批料量,g | 各组分重量百分数 | 最终重量百分数氧化铝% | 来自金属铝的氧化铝最终百分数 | 无定形百分产率 |
实施例14 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:15.5Al:8.2ZrO<sub>2</sub>:22.0TiO<sub>2</sub>:4.3 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:31.0Al:16.4ZrO<sub>2</sub>:44.0TiO<sub>2</sub>:8.6 | 54 | 50 | 79 |
实施例15 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:12.3Al:6.5ZrO<sub>2</sub>:17.4La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:13.8 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:24.5Al:13.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:34.8La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:27.7 | 44 | 50 | 94 |
实施例16 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:9.1Al:4.8ZrO<sub>2</sub>:13.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:23.1 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:18.2Al:9.6ZrO<sub>2</sub>:25.9La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:46.2 | 34 | 50 | 94 |
实施例17 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:7.5Al:4.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:17.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:21.4 | Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:15.0Al:8.0ZrO<sub>2</sub>:34.0La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:42.8 | 28 | 50 | 93 |
表14
原料 | 来源 |
氧化铝颗粒(Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) | 购自Alcoa Industrial Chemicals,Bauxite,AR,商品名“A l6 SG” |
铝颗粒(Al) | 购自Ala Aesar,Ward Hill,MA |
氧化钇颗粒(La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:) | 购自Molycorp Inc.,Mountain Pass,CA,在批料混合之前于700℃焙烧6小时 |
氧化钛粉末(TiO<sub>2</sub>) | 购自Kemira,Savannah,GA,商品名“UNITANE 0-110” |
氧化锆颗粒(ZrO<sub>2</sub>) | 购自Zirconia Sales,Inc.Mareitta,GA,商品名“DK-2” |
在不背离本发明范围和宗旨的情况下,对本发明的各种改进和变化对于本领域技术人员来说都是显而易见的。应当理解,本发明不受上面所列阐释性实施方式的不当限制。
Claims (16)
1.制备以无定形材料总重计包含至少35wt%Al2O3的无定形材料的方法,所述方法包括:
熔制:
(a)包含至少一种金属M或它们的合金的金属微粒材料,它具有负的氧化物生成焓;
(d)下述物质中的至少一种:
(i)氧化M和氧化M之外的金属氧化物源;或
(ii)包含氧化M的复合金属氧化物以产生熔体,熔体中至少有一部分金属M被氧化,且氧化M、氧化M之外的金属氧化物或复合金属氧化物中至少有一个包含Al2O3,其中M选自Al、Ca、Cu、Cr、Fe、Li、Mg、Ni、Ag、Ti、Zr及其组合;
冷却熔体,得到无定形材料。
2.制备以磨料颗粒总重计包含至少35wt%Al2O3的磨料颗粒的方法,该方法包括:
熔制:
(a)包含至少一种金属M或它们的合金的金属微粒材料,它具有负的氧化物生成焓;
(d)下述物质中的至少一种:
(i)氧化M和氧化M之外的金属氧化物源;或
(ii)包含氧化M的复合金属氧化物
以产生熔体,熔体中至少有一部分金属M被氧化,且氧化M、氧化M之外的金属氧化物或复合金属氧化物中至少有一个包含Al2O3,其中M选自Al、Ca、Cu、Cr、Fe、Li、Mg、Ni、Ag、Ti、Zr及其组合;
将熔体转变成包含无定形材料的颗粒,所述转变包括冷却熔体形成无定形材料;
对无定形材料进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料转变为玻璃陶瓷,得到包含玻璃陶瓷的磨料颗粒。
3.制备包含Al2O3的无定形材料的方法,所述方法包括:
火焰熔制:
(a)包含至少一种金属M或它们的合金的金属微粒材料,它具有负的氧化物生成焓;
(b)下述物质中的至少一种:
(i)氧化M和氧化M之外的金属氧化物源;或
(ii)包含氧化M的复合金属氧化物
以产生熔体,熔体中至少有一部分金属M被氧化,且氧化M、氧化M之外的金属氧化物或复合金属氧化物中至少有一个包含Al2O3,其中M选自Al、Ca、Cu、Cr、Fe、Li、Mg、Ni、Ag、Ti、Zr及其组合;
冷却熔体,得到无定形材料。
4.制备包含Al2O3的磨料颗粒的方法,该方法包括:
火焰熔化:
(a)包含至少一种金属M或它们的合金的金属微粒材料,它具有负的氧化物生成焓;
(b)下述物质中的至少一种:
(i)氧化M和氧化M之外的金属氧化物源;或
(ii)包含氧化M的复合金属氧化物以产生熔体,熔体中至少有一部分金属M被氧化,且氧化M、氧化M之外的金属氧化物或复合金属氧化物中至少有一个包含Al2O3,其中M选自Al、Ca、Cu、Cr、Fe、Li、Mg、Ni、Ag、Ti、Zr及其组合;
将熔体转变成包含无定形材料的颗粒,所述转变包括冷却熔体形成无定形材料;
对无定形材料进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料转变为玻璃陶瓷,得到包含玻璃陶瓷的磨料颗粒。
5.权利要求1或3所述方法,其特征在于,它还包括对无定形材料进行热处理,使至少一部分无定形材料转变为玻璃陶瓷。
6.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于它还包括:
粉碎无定形材料形成无定形颗粒;
对颗粒进行热处理,使至少部分无定形材料转变为玻璃陶瓷,得到包含玻璃陶瓷的磨料颗粒。
7.权利要求1-4中任一项所述方法,其特征在于所述无定形材料是玻璃。
8.权利要求7所述方法,其特征在于至少一部分所述玻璃是玻璃颗粒,所述玻璃具有Tg,所述方法还包括
在Tg以上的温度加热玻璃颗粒,使玻璃颗粒聚结成一形体;
冷却该形体,得到制品。
9.权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于至少部分所述玻璃是玻璃珠,所述玻璃具有Tg,所述方法还包括
在Tg以上的温度加热玻璃颗粒,使玻璃颗粒聚结合成一形体;
冷却该形体,得到制品。
10.权利要求9所述方法,其特征在于所述方法还包括对玻璃制品进行热处理,使至少部分玻璃转变为玻璃陶瓷,形成玻璃陶瓷制品。
11.权利要求1-4中任一项所述方法,其特征在于M至少是Al。
12.权利要求7所述方法,其特征在于,以玻璃总重计,所述玻璃包含60-70wt%Al2O3。
13.权利要求1-4中任一项所述方法,其特征在于所述包含氧化M的复合金属氧化物是复合Al2O3·金属氧化物。
14.权利要求7所述方法,其特征在于熔体和玻璃各自包含Al2O3、REO、Y2O3,以及ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种,以熔体和玻璃总重计,其中至少80wt%的熔体和玻璃各自共同包含Al2O3、REO、Y2O3,以及ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种。
15.权利要求7所述方法,其特征在于熔体和玻璃包含Al2O3,以及REO或Y2O3中的至少一种和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种,其中,以熔体和玻璃的总重计,至少60wt%的熔体和玻璃各自共同包含Al2O3、REO,以及ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种,含低于20wt%的SiO2和低于20wt%的B2O3。
16.权利要求7所述方法,其特征在于熔体和玻璃包含Al2O3,以及REO或Y2O3中的至少一种和ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种,其中,以熔体和玻璃的总重计,至少60wt%的熔体和玻璃各自共同包含Al2O3、REO,以及ZrO2或HfO2中的至少一种,低于40wt%的熔体和玻璃各自共同包含SiO2、B2O3和P2O5。
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- 2002-08-02 KR KR10-2004-7001669A patent/KR20040024605A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-08-02 AU AU2002321904A patent/AU2002321904A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2002-08-02 US US10/211,628 patent/US7101819B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-08-02 EP EP02756890A patent/EP1414767A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-08-02 KR KR1020047001664A patent/KR100885327B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-08-02 US US10/211,044 patent/US7147544B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-08-02 CN CNB028149947A patent/CN100383068C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-08-02 KR KR1020047001663A patent/KR100895911B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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- 2002-08-02 JP JP2003516979A patent/JP4567970B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-08-02 EP EP02756935A patent/EP1414765A2/en not_active Withdrawn
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- 2002-08-02 WO PCT/US2002/024491 patent/WO2003011786A1/en active Application Filing
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Patent Citations (5)
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US4489022A (en) * | 1981-11-25 | 1984-12-18 | Glaverbel | Forming coherent refractory masses |
US4489022B1 (zh) * | 1981-11-25 | 1991-04-16 | Glaverbel | |
EP0601453A2 (de) * | 1992-12-10 | 1994-06-15 | Veitsch-Radex Aktiengesellschaft Für Feuerfeste Erzeugnisse | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aluminiumoxid-Teilchen, ein nach diesem Verfahren hergestelltes Aluminiumoxid-Pulver sowie dessen Verwendung |
EP0709347A1 (en) * | 1994-10-27 | 1996-05-01 | Corning Incorporated | Lithium aluminoborate glass-ceramics |
WO1997016385A1 (en) * | 1995-11-01 | 1997-05-09 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | At least partly fused particulates and methods of making them by flame fusion |
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