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CN101729020A - 使用变换器用于能量转移的设备和制造其的方法 - Google Patents

使用变换器用于能量转移的设备和制造其的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101729020A
CN101729020A CN200910209818A CN200910209818A CN101729020A CN 101729020 A CN101729020 A CN 101729020A CN 200910209818 A CN200910209818 A CN 200910209818A CN 200910209818 A CN200910209818 A CN 200910209818A CN 101729020 A CN101729020 A CN 101729020A
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China
Prior art keywords
voltage
storing device
energy
energy storing
directional
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Granted
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CN200910209818A
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CN101729020B (zh
Inventor
R·D·金
R·L·施泰格瓦尔德
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
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    • B60L50/51Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
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    • B60L53/22Constructional details or arrangements of charging converters specially adapted for charging electric vehicles
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    • B60L53/20Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
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    • B60L53/00Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/50Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
    • B60L53/56Mechanical storage means, e.g. fly wheels
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L58/20Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having different nominal voltages
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Abstract

本发明提供了使用变换器用于能量转移的设备和制造其的方法。其中,电机驱动电路包括配置以供应电能的第一能量存储装置,耦合到第一能量存储装置的双向DC-DC电压变换器,耦合到双向DC-DC电压变换器的电压逆变器,和配置以从外部能量来源接收电能的输入装置。该电机驱动电路还包括耦合到输入装置、第一能量存储装置、双向DC-DC电压变换器的耦合系统。该耦合系统具有配置以经由双向DC-DC电压变换器向第一能量存储装置转移电能的第一配置,并且具有配置以经由双向DC-DC电压变换器从第一能量存储装置向电压逆变器转移电能的第二配置。

Description

使用变换器用于能量转移的设备和制造其的方法
技术领域
本发明大体上涉及混合动力和电动车(hybrid and electricvehicle),并且更加具体地涉及用于对能量存储装置充电的系统,该能量存储装置用于为混合动力和电动车供电。
背景技术
混合动力电动车结合了内燃发动机和电机(motor),该电机典型地由例如牵引用蓄电池等的能量存储装置供电。这样的结合通过使燃烧发动机和电机能够在各自增加的效率的范围中各自运转可增加总体燃料效率。例如,电机可在从起步加速时是高效的,而燃烧发动机可在恒定发动机运转的持续阶段期间(例如在高速公路驾驶时)是高效的。具有电机以增加初始加速度使在混合动力车中的燃烧发动机变得更小并且燃料效率更高。
纯电动车典型地使用存储的电能以为电机供电,该电机推进车辆。纯电动车可使用一个或多个存储的电能来源。例如,存储的电能的第一来源可用于提供持续更久的能量而存储的电能的第二来源可用于提供更高功率的能量用于例如加速。
插入式混合动力电动车被配置以使用来自外部来源的电能以对牵引用蓄电池再充电。这通过减少内燃发动机必须运转以对牵引用蓄电池再充电的时间量而节省燃料。这样的车(可包括道路上和越野车、高尔夫车、叉车和公用载重车)可使用非车载(off-board)固定蓄电池充电器或车载(on-board)蓄电池充电器以从外部能量来源(例如公用电网等)向车辆的车载牵引用蓄电池转移电能。插入式混合动力客车典型地包括电路和连接以便于从外部能量来源(例如公用电网等)对牵引用蓄电池再充电。典型地,蓄电池充电电路包括升压变换器、高频滤波器、斩波器(chopper)、电感器和其他电力部件。这些在车运转期间一般不使用的附加部件增加车的成本和重量。
因此希望的是提供一种设备便于电能从外部来源转移到插入式车辆的车载电存储装置,其减少仅用于在车载电存储装置和外部来源之间转移能量的部件的数目。
发明内容
根据本发明的方面,电机驱动电路包括配置以供应电能的第一能量存储装置、耦合到第一能量存储装置的双向DC-DC电压变换器、耦合到双向DC-DC电压变换器的电压逆变器逆变器,和配置以从外部能量来源接收电能的输入装置。该电机驱动电路还包括耦合到输入装置、第一能量存储装置、双向DC-DC电压变换器的耦合系统(coupling system)。该耦合系统具有配置以经由双向DC-DC电压变换器向第一能量存储装置转移电能的第一配置,并且具有配置以经由双向DC-DC电压变换器从第一能量存储装置向电压逆变器转移电能的第二配置。
根据本发明的另一个方面,制造其的方法包括:提供第一能量存储装置、将第一双向降压/升压变换器耦合到第一能量存储装置,以及将输入装置耦合到第一双向降压/升压变换器。该输入装置配置以从外部能量来源接收电能。该方法还包括将一个或多个耦合装置耦合到第一双向降压/升压变换器、第一能量存储装置和输入装置,该一个或多个耦合装置配置以使电能经由第一双向降压/升压变换器对第一能量存储装置充电,并且配置以使电能经由第一双向降压/升压变换器从第一能量存储装置向电压逆变器转移。
根据本发明的再另一个方面,牵引系统包括配置以推进车的电机和配置以向电机供应AC电力信号的电压逆变器。该系统还包括配置以向电压逆变器供应DC电力信号的电机驱动电路。该电机驱动电路具有第一蓄电池和耦合到第一蓄电池的第一双向降压/升压变换器,该第一双向降压/升压变换器具有第一电感器和第一晶体管。电机驱动电路还具有配置以从外部能量来源接收电能的输入装置并且具有耦合系统,该耦合系统具有其中外部能量来源经由输入装置和第一双向降压/升压变换器耦合到第一蓄电池的第一配置。该耦合系统还具有其中第一蓄电池经由第一双向降压/升压变换器耦合到电压逆变器的第二配置。
各种其他特征和优势将从下列详细的说明和附图变得明显。
附图说明
附图示出目前设想用于实现本发明的实施例。
图1是示出根据本发明的实施例的牵引系统的示意图。
图2是示出根据本发明的另一个实施例的牵引系统的示意图。
图3是示出根据本发明的另一个实施例的牵引系统的示意图。
图4是示出根据本发明的另一个实施例的牵引系统的示意图。
图5是示出根据本发明的另一个实施例的牵引系统的示意图。
图6是在根据本发明的另一个实施例的图5中示出的牵引系统的备选实施例。
图7是示出根据本发明的另一个实施例的牵引系统的示意图。
图8是示出根据本发明的另一个实施例的牵引系统的示意图。
图9是示出根据本发明的实施例的牵引系统的示意图。
部件列表
100    牵引系统            172    第二晶体管
102    第一能量存储装置    174    第一二极管
104    电感器              176    第二二极管
106    双向DC-DC电压变换器 178    第三晶体管
108    第一晶体管          180    第四晶体管
110    第二晶体管                 182    第三二极管
112    第一二极管                 184    第四二极管
114    第二二极管                 186    第五晶体管
116    耦合系统                   188    第六晶体管
118    半导体开关                 190    第五二极管
120    第一位置                   192    第六二极管
122    第二位置                   194    第一接触器
124    输入装置                   196    第二接触器
126    极管整流器                 198    第三接触器
128    插孔                       200    牵引系统
130    插头                       202    第一接触器
132    外部能量来源               204    第二接触器
134    电压逆变器                 206    第三接触器
136    电机                       208    第四接触器
138    第二能量存储装置           210    变压器
140    电容器                     212    牵引系统
142    牵引系统                   214    第一接触器
144    第一位置                   216    第二接触器
146    第二位置                   218    第三接触器
148    牵引系统                   220    第四接触器
150    第一接触器                 222    隔离变压器
152    第二接触器                 224    第一电感线圈
154    第三接触器                 226    第二电感线圈
156    牵引系统                   228    节点
158    第一双向DC-DC电压变换器    230    节点
160    第二双向DC-DC变换器        232    牵引系统
162    第三双向DC-DC变换器        234    接触器
164    第一电感器                 236    电源总线
166    第二电感器        238    牵引系统
168    第三电感器        240    第一接触器
170    第一晶体管        242    第二接触器
具体实施方式
在图1中示出的本发明的实施例中,示出在例如插入式电动或插入式混合动力车等的车辆或固定电力驱动系统中可用的牵引系统100。牵引系统100包括第一能量存储装置102,其可以是蓄电池(battery)、燃料电池、超级电容器或其类似物,其耦合到双向DC-DC电压变换器106的电感器104。电感器104耦合到串联连接的第一晶体管108和第二晶体管110。晶体管108、110中的每个分别与第一和第二二极管112、114反并联耦合。耦合系统116包括开关118,其可以例如是接触器、继电器、半导体开关或其类似物。开关118具有第一位置120和耦合到第一晶体管108的第二位置122。当开关118处于第一位置120时,双向DC-DC电压变换器106耦合到输入装置124,该输入装置124包括二极管整流器126和配置以连接到外部能量来源132的电插头130、131的插孔128、129用于DC或AC电能的转移。在本发明的实施例中,包含插头130、131的电线133可耦合到插座(没有示出)(耦合到外部能量来源132)以电连接外部能量来源132到输入装置124用于DC或AC电能的转移。外部能量来源132可以例如是公用电网。当开关118处于第二位置122时,双向DC-DC电压变换器106耦合到三相DC-AC电压逆变器134,其转换DC电力为AC电力用于驱动电机136。本发明的实施例不限于三相电压逆变器并且可包括具有更大或更少相数的电压逆变器。
在本发明的实施例中,第二能量存储装置138(虚拟示出)耦合到电压逆变器134,该能量存储装置138可以是蓄电池、燃料电池、超电容器或其类似物。双向DC-DC电压变换器106可以是双向降压/升压变换器。如此,双向DC-DC电压变换器106可包括跨接两个晶体管108、110耦合的电容器140(虚拟示出)。当使用来自外部能量来源132的电压对能量存储装置102、138充电时,双向DC-DC电压变换器106允许电压的调制或降压变换以控制外部能量来源132和能量存储装置102、138之间的能量转移。与常规的蓄电池充电器相比的功率因子的增加引起能量向存储装置102、138的更高效率的转移。
AC电力系统的功率因子定义为有效功率与表观功率(apparentpower)的比率并且可表示为0和1之间的数字或0和100之间的百分比。有效功率是电路在特定时间做功的能力。表观功率是电路的电流和电压的乘积。由于存储在负载中和返回到来源的能量,或由于使从来源汲取的电流的波形变形的非线性负载,表观功率可能大于有效功率。具有较低功率因子的电路做的功比具有较高功率因子的电路少。因此,为了做相同量的功,输入更高的电压或电流进入具有较低功率因子的电路。
在具有正弦电流和电压的电路中,功率因子可由于电流和电压之间的相位差而减小。开关式电源可配置以控制由负载汲取的功率量以增加能量转移功率因子(energy transfer power factor)。在一些应用中,开关式电源(例如包括降压/升压变换器的那个)控制从其输出的电流使得电流波形与从其输出的电压波形成比例。例如,降压/升压变换器可使电流波形整形为与电压波形的正弦波同相位的正弦波。可以控制升压变换器以保持恒定的DC总线输出线电压且同时汲取与输出线电压同相位并且相同频率的电流。
在运转中,开关118在正常车辆运转(即,电机运转)期间处于第二位置122。第一能量存储装置102向双向DC-DC电压变换器106供应DC电压,双向DC-DC电压变换器106阶升或升压DC电压。升压的DC电压通过电压逆变器134变换为AC电压以驱动电机136。同样地,在正常车辆运转(即,减速或当制动时,经常看成是再生制动)期间,驱动电机(electric drive motor)136起发电机的作用并且AC电压在电压逆变器134中变换为DC电压并且向双向DC-DC电压变换器106供应DC电压,双向DC-DC电压变换器106降阶或降压DC电压并且供应DC电压以对第一能量存储装置102部分地再充电。
开关118在第一能量存储装置102从外部来源132再充电期间处于第一位置120。插头130、131从外部能量来源132(例如公用电网等)通过插孔128、129转移电力到二极管整流器126。在本发明的实施例中,二极管整流器126变换AC电压为DC电压,其产生通过第一晶体管108、第二二极管114和电感器104对第一能量存储装置102充电的电流。通过拨动开关118到第二位置122,第一能量存储装置102向双向DC-DC电压变换器106供应DC电压,双向DC-DC电压变换器106升压DC电压并且供应升压的DC电压以通过开关118对第二能量存储装置138充电。
在图2中示出的本发明的实施例示出在例如插入式电动或插入式混合动力车等的车辆或固定电力驱动系统中可用的牵引系统142。牵引系统100和142公用的元件和部件将视情况关于相同的标号论述。图3-8将也关于相同的标号论述公用部件。开关118直接耦合到双向DC-DC电压变换器106的电感器104而不是如在图1中示出的直接耦合到第一晶体管108。在第一位置144,开关118将双向DC-DC电压变换器106耦合到第一能量存储装置102。在第二位置146,开关118将双向变换器106耦合到输入装置124。
在运转中,开关118在正常车辆运转(即,电机运转或再生制动)期间处于第一位置144。如在关于图1说明的实施例中,在电机运转期间,第一能量存储装置102向双向DC-DC电压变换器106供应DC电压,双向DC-DC电压变换器106阶升或升压该DC电压,其然后输出到第二能量存储装置136并且由电压逆变器134变换为AC电压以驱动电机136。与图1类似,在再生制动期间,电机136起发电机的作用并且电能和电力通过逆变器134转移以对第二能量存储装置138(如果存在)部分地再充电,以及电能和电力通过双向DC-DC变换器106(以降压模式起作用)转移以对第一能量存储装置102部分地再充电。
将开关118处于第二位置146将电感器104耦合到输入装置124。二极管整流器126向双向DC-DC电压变换器106提供DC充电信号,双向DC-DC电压变换器106输出升压的充电DC信号以对第二能量存储装置138充电。通过拨动开关118到第一位置144,电能可以从第二能量存储装置138通过第一晶体管108、二极管114和电感器104转移以对第一能量存储装置102充电。
在图3中示出的本发明的实施例包括在例如插入式电动或插入式混合动力车等的车辆或其他固定电力驱动系统中可用的牵引系统148。在这个实施例中,耦合系统116分别包括第一、第二和第三接触器150、152和154。第一能量存储装置102通过第一接触器150直接可耦合到电感器104并且通过第二接触器152直接可耦合到第一晶体管108。第一晶体管108通过第三接触器154直接可耦合到第二能量存储装置138。
在运转中,当第二接触器152闭合并且其他两个接触器150、154断开时第一能量存储装置102被充电。来自外部能量来源132的电能流过电感器104、第一接触器152和双向变换器106,该双向变换器106起升压变换器的作用以对第一能量存储装置102充电。当处于这个升压模式时,晶体管110在高频开关并且反向二极管112起“续流(freewheeling)”二极管的作用。当第三接触器154是闭合的并且其他两个接触器150、152是断开时第二能量存储装置138(如果存在)被充电。在一个示例中,来自公用电网的电能由二极管整流器126变换为DC信号,流过电感器104、第三接触器154并且双向DC-DC电压变换器106起升压变换器的作用以对第二能量存储装置138充电。预期有第一和第二能量存储装置102、138可通过闭合第二和第三接触器152、154以及断开第二接触器150而被同时充电。
当车辆处于电机运转模式时,接触器150和154是闭合的并且另一个接触器152是断开的。在电机运转期间,第一能量存储装置102通过接触器150向双向DC-DC电压变换器106(其升压DC信号)供应DC电压。来自变换器106的DC电力信号流过第三接触器154。来自变换器106和第二能量存储装置138的DC电力由电压逆变器134变换为AC信号以驱动电机136。在再生制动期间的运转与上文说明的类似,其中双向DC-DC电压变换器106将来自DC-AC电压逆变器134的DC侧的较高的电压降压到较低的电压以对第一能量存储装置102部分地充电。
在图4中示出的本发明的实施例示出在例如插入式电动或插入式混合动力车等的车辆或固定电力驱动系统中可用的牵引系统156。牵引系统156包括并行耦合的第一、第二和第三双向DC-DC电压变换器158、160、162。变换器158-162分别包括牵引系统156的第一、第二和第三电感器164、166、168。变换器158包括牵引系统156的第一和第二晶体管170、172以及第一和第二二极管174、176。变换器160包括牵引系统156的第三和第四晶体管178、180以及第三和第四二极管182、184。变换器162包括牵引系统156的第五和第六晶体管186、188以及第五和第六二极管190、192。每个晶体管170、172、178、180、186、188与各自的二极管174、176、182、184、190、192反并联耦合。双向DC-DC电压变换器158-162的每个可以是双向降压/升压变换器。
耦合系统116分别包括第一、第二和第三接触器194、196和198。第一能量存储装置102通过第一接触器194直接可耦合到第二电感器166、第三电感器168和第一电感器164。第二接触器196耦合在第一晶体管170和第一能量存储装置102之间。第三接触器198耦合在第一晶体管170和三相电压逆变器134之间,三相电压逆变器134耦合于电机136。
在运转中,当第二接触器196闭合并且其他两个接触器194、198断开时第一能量存储装置102被充电。外部能量来源132提供DC电力信号或AC电力信号(例如来自公用电网),该AC电力信号由二极管整流器126变换为DC信号。DC信号流过电感器164、第一接触器196和双向DC-DC电压变换器158到第一能量存储装置102。
当第三接触器198是闭合的并且其他两个接触器194、196是断开时第二能量存储装置138(如果存在)被充电。在这个情况下,AC电力信号(如可由公用电网提供)由二极管整流器126变换为DC信号。DC信号流过双向DC-DC电压变换器158(第一电感器164、第二晶体管172、第一二极管174)并且通过第三接触器198流到第二能量存储装置138。当车辆处于电机运转时,第二接触器196是断开的并且其他两个接触器194、198是闭合的。在这个模式下,第一能量存储装置102向各个双向DC-DC电压变换器158、160、162的电感器166、168、164中的每个供应DC信号。三个电压变换器158、160、162中的每个升压来自第一能量存储装置102的DC信号并且输出升压的电压到电压逆变器134,这里得到的DC信号被变换为适用于驱动电机136的AC信号。可根据所需要的功率而使用升压变换器中的一个或全部。如果需要低功率,可以仅使用变换器中的一个以增加总体部分负载效率。当使用超过一个变换器时,它们的开关可是交替的以增加有效开关频率并且从而减少在第一能量存储装置102和任何其他DC总线滤波器(没有示出)上的波纹电流和电压。在再生制动期间的运转与上文说明的类似,其中双向DC-DC电压变换器158、160、162在降压模式中运转以在经过电压逆变器134之后减小由电机136产生的电压。
在图5中示出的本发明的实施例示出在例如插入式电动或插入式混合动力车等的车辆或其他固定电力驱动系统中可用的牵引系统200的实施例。耦合系统116包括第一、第二、第三和第四接触器202、204、206、208。第一能量存储装置102通过第一接触器202直接可耦合到第一电感器164并且通过第二接触器204直接可耦合到第二电感器166。第一能量存储装置102直接耦合到第三电感器168。三个双向DC-DC电压变换器158、160、162的输出耦合到电压逆变器134,而电压逆变器134进而耦合到电机136。具有对于插头130、131的插孔128、129的输入装置124配置以从外部能量来源132接收电力,外部能量来源132可以是例如公用电网等的外部AC电源。输入装置124的一个端子通过第四接触器208直接可耦合到第二电感器166,并且输入装置124的第二端子通过第三接触器206直接可耦合到第一电感器164。
在本发明的备选实施例中,输入装置124还包括变压器210(虚拟示出)以隔离系统200与外部能量来源132。典型地,电插座提供120伏特AC或240伏特AC。变压器210可以配置以在输入装置124处将公用电网电压从120Vac或240Vac阶升到480Vac或更高。更高的电压允许能量存储装置102、132更快充电。
在运转中,当第三和第四接触器206、208闭合并且第一和第二接触器202、204断开时第一能量存储装置102和第二能量存储装置138都被充电。外部能量来源132在输入装置124处向系统200提供电压。在没有整流器的情况下,第一和第二双向电压变换器158、160用于经由两个全桥相脚(full bridge phase leg)之间耦合的AC来源(在一个相脚由晶体管178、180构成并且在第二相脚由170和172构成)变换AC输入电压为DC电压。注意,在再生制动模式期间,当电机136产生AC电压并且电压逆变器134产生DC电压时,两个双向DC-DC变换器158、160中的两个相脚的运转与DC-AC电压逆变器134的三个相脚中的两个的运转类似。
当车辆处于电机运转时,第一和第二接触器202、204是闭合的,并且第三和第四接触器206、208是断开的。在这个情况下,闭合第一和第二接触器202、204引起将第一能量存储装置102耦合到各个双向DC-DC电压变换器158、160、162的第一、第二和第三电感器164、166、168。变换器158、160、162升压来自第一能量存储装置102的DC电压并且输出升压的DC电压到电压逆变器134并且到第二能量存储装置138(如果存在)。电压逆变器134变换DC电压为适用于驱动电机136的AC电压。
图6示出在图5中示出的牵引系统200的备选实施例。在这个实施例中,外部能量来源132是DC电源并且利用单个双向DC-DC变换器(例如160或158)或为了更高功率的充电应用而使用异步并且交错的开关利用并行模式中的两个双向DC-DC电压变换器160、158以有利地最小化波纹电流以进一步增加充电器效率。DC电源132的第一正极端子205通过插头130、131和插孔128、129直接连接到例如接触器208等的接触器,如单个DC-DC升压变换器运转所示出的。然而,对于单个DC-DC升压变换器运转,正极端子205可相反连接到接触器206(如虚拟示出的)。对于更高功率运转,正极端子205可通过插头130、131和插孔128、129连接到接触器208和206二者。DC电源132的负极端子209通过插头131和插孔129直接连接到牵引系统200的公用线211。
为了对第一能量存储装置102和第二能量存储装置138(如果存在)充电,第一正极端子205通过接触器208向第二双向DC-DC电压变换器160供应DC电力。如果接触器206还被连接到第一正极端子205,DC电力向第一双向DC-DC电压变换器158供应。DC电力直接流向第二能量存储装置138,并且通过晶体管186和电感器168流向第一能量存储装置102。
当车辆处于电机运转时,接触器204和接触器202(如果存在)闭合并且接触器208和接触器206(如果存在)断开。在这个情况下,闭合接触器202、204引起将第一能量存储装置102耦合到各个双向DC-DC电压变换器158、160、162的第一、第二和第三电感器164、166、168。变换器158、160、162升压来自第一能量存储装置102的DC电压并且输出升压的DC电压到电压逆变器134并且到第二能量存储装置138(如果存在)。电压逆变器134变换DC电压为适用于驱动电机136的AC电压。
在图7中示出的本发明的实施例示出在例如插入式电动或插入式混合动力车等的车辆或固定电力驱动系统中可用的牵引系统212。耦合系统116包括第一、第二、第三和第四接触器214、216、218、220。第一能量存储装置102通过第一接触器214直接可耦合到第一电感器164并且通过第二接触器216直接可耦合到第二电感器166。第一能量存储装置102直接耦合到第三电感器168。三个双向DC-DC电压变换器158、160、162的输出耦合到电压逆变器134,该电压逆变器134进而耦合到电机136。输入装置124具有耦合到插孔128、129的隔离变压器222,而不是二极管整流器126。隔离变压器222包括第一电感线圈224和第二电感线圈226。第二电感线圈226通过第三接触器218直接可耦合到第一双向DC-DC电压变换器158的第一和第二晶体管170、172之间的节点228。第二电感线圈226通过第四接触器220还直接可耦合到第二双向DC-DC电压变换器160的第三和第四晶体管178、180之间的节点230。在这个实施例中,在第一能量存储装置102和第二能量存储装置138(如果存在)的充电操作期间,使用变压器线圈电感代替如在图5中示出的双向DC-DC变换器电感器164、166与外部AC电源132连接。
在运转中,当第三和第四接触器218、220闭合并且第一和第二接触器214、216断开时,第一能量存储装置102和第二能量存储装置138(如果存在)都被充电。根据隔离变压器222和电感器线圈224、226的配置,来自外部能量来源132通过输入装置124的电压可以是120Vac、240Vac、480Vac或一些更高的电压。来自双向DC-DC电压变换器160、158的两个全相脚使用变压器线圈电感来变换施加到全相晶体管桥接电路的中点的AC电压的运转与在再生制动运转期间当来自电机136的AC电压在逆变器134处变换为DC电压时DC-AC电压逆变器134的运转类似。也向第三双向DC-DC电压变换器162的第五晶体管186和第三电感器168供应相同的DC电压以使用处于降压运转模式的双向DC-DC电压变换器162对第一能量存储装置102充电。
当车辆或固定电力驱动系统处于电机运转时,第一和第二接触器214、216闭合并且第三和第四接触器218、220断开。第一能量存储装置102通过第一接触器220向第一电感器164供应DC电压,并且通过第二接触器216向第二电感器166,并且直接向第三电感器168供应DC电压。三个双向DC-DC电压变换器158、160、162升压DC电压并且向电压逆变器134供应升压的电压,电压逆变器134变换DC电压为适用于驱动电机136的AC电压。
在图8中示出的本发明的实施例示出在例如插入式电动或插入式混合动力车等的车辆或固定电力驱动系统中可用的牵引系统232。耦合系统116包括接触器234。第一能量存储装置102通过接触器234直接可耦合到第一电感器164并且直接耦合到第二和第三电感器166、168。输入装置124包括将插孔128、129耦合到第一双向DC-DC电压变换器158的电源总线236。在本发明的实施例中,输入装置124包括二极管整流器126和可选的耦合到插孔128、129的变压器222(虚拟示出)。
在运转中,第一能量存储装置102通过断开接触器234以去除第一能量存储装置102和输入装置124之间的直接并行连接而被充电。第二能量存储装置138由在升压模式运转的双向DC-DC电压变换器158充电。存储装置102可以由在降压模式运转的双向DC-DC电压变换器160和162中的任一个或二者同时充电。在一个实施例中,外部电源132向输入装置124提供AC电压,在这里信号被二极管整流器126变换为DC电压。在本发明的备选实施例中,外部能量来源132是DC电源并且向输入装置124供应DC电压。来自二极管整流器126的DC信号流过第一电感器164、第一晶体管170和第一二极管174到第二能量存储装置138。第一能量存储装置102可以通过第二电感器166和第三晶体管178或通过第三电感器168和第五晶体管186而被充电。
当车辆处于电机运转或固定电力驱动没有连接到外部来源132时,接触器234闭合,并且插孔128、129从插头130、131脱离。第一能量存储装置102向第一、第二和第三双向DC-DC电压变换器158、160、162的第一、第二和第三电感器164、166、168供应DC电压以升压DC电压。升压的DC电压输出到电压逆变器134,该电压逆变器134变换DC电压为适用于驱动电机136的AC电压。
系统232的备选实施例包括隔离变压器222(虚拟示出),其耦合到输入装置124的二极管整流器126。根据它的配置,变压器222可以阶升由外部能量来源132供应的电压。增加进入系统232的输入电压可减少对能量存储装置102、138充电所需要的时间。
在图9中示出的本发明的实施例示出在例如插入式电动或插入式混合动力车等的车辆或固定电力驱动系统中可用的牵引系统238。第一和第五晶体管170、186直接耦合到第二能量存储装置138。耦合系统116包括第一和第二接触器240、242。第三晶体管178通过第一接触器240直接可耦合到第二能量存储装置138。第一存储装置102通过第二接触器242直接可耦合到第一和第二电感器164、166并且直接耦合到第三电感器168。输入装置124包括二极管整流器126和对于电插头130、131的插孔128、129并且配置以从外部能量来源132接收电能。
在运转中,第二能量存储装置138(如果存在)通过断开第一和第二接触器240、242而被充电。如果第二能量存储装置138不存在,与DC-AC电压逆变器134关联的大DC接线滤波电容器(没有示出)(其执行DC接线滤波或平滑功能)允许DC输入电压在逆变器134处被滤波,并且电压的值由用于通过双向DC-DC电压变换器162对第一能量存储装置102充电的功率部分地调节。外部能量来源132通过输入装置124向系统238供应输入电压。如果必要的话(即,如果外部能量来源132是AC能量来源),二极管整流器126变换AC输入电压为DC信号。在降压模式(即,瞬时输入电压高于第二能量存储装置138的电压),来自输入装置124的电能通过第三开关晶体管178、第一和第二电感器164、166、第一和第四二极管174、184(续流二极管)向第二能量存储装置138供应。在升压模式(即,瞬时输入电压低于第二能量存储装置138的电压),晶体管178连续地传导并且第二晶体管172被开关以调节第一双向DC-DC电压变换器158的输出。来自输入装置124的电能通过第三晶体管178、第一和第二电感器164、166、第一二极管174向第二能量存储装置138供应。一般,来自第一和第二双向DC-DC电压变换器158、160的输出电压被控制并且设置在使外部能量来源132和第二能量存储装置138之间的能量转移功率因子最大化的水平。能量从第二能量存储装置138转移以通过第三双向DC-DC电压变换器162对第一能量存储装置102充电。电能流过开关第五晶体管186、续流第六二极管192和第三电感器168以对第一能量存储装置102充电。注意这个设置允许输入来源的降压和升压并且因此允许从输入AC线路(从而获得高功率因子)独立于AC输入电压水平而汲取近正弦曲线电流。另外,可以适应任何实际DC源电压,因为变换器158、160可以降压或升压而产生极为灵活的充电系统。
在电机运转期间,第一和第二接触器240、242闭合。第一能量存储装置102通过第二接触器242向第一和第二双向DC-DC电压变换器158、160供应DC电压,并且直接向第三双向DC-DC电压变换器162供应DC电压。双向DC-DC电压变换器158、160、162中的每个升压来自第一能量存储装置102的DC电压并且输出升压的电压到电压逆变器134,其变换DC电压为适用于驱动电机136的AC电压。可根据所需要的功率而使用升压变换器中的一个或全部。如果需要低功率,可以仅使用变换器中的一个以增加总体部分负载效率。当使用超过一个变换器时,它们的开关可是交替的以增加有效开关频率并且从而减少在第一能量存储装置102和任何其他DC总线滤波器(没有示出)上的波纹电流和电压。
根据本发明的一个实施例,电机驱动电路包括配置以供应电能的第一能量存储装置、耦合到第一能量存储装置的双向DC-DC电压变换器、耦合到双向DC-DC电压变换器的电压逆变器和配置以从外部能量来源接收电能的输入装置。该电机驱动电路还包括耦合到输入装置、第一能量存储装置、双向DC-DC电压变换器的耦合系统。该耦合系统具有配置以经由双向DC-DC电压变换器向第一能量存储装置转移电能的第一配置,并且具有配置以经由双向DC-DC电压变换器从第一能量存储装置向电压逆变器转移电能的第二配置。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,制造其的方法包括:提供第一能量存储装置、将第一双向降压/升压变换器耦合到第一能量存储装置并且将输入装置耦合到第一双向降压/升压变换器。该输入装置配置以从外部能量来源接收电能。该方法还包括将一个或多个耦合装置耦合到第一双向降压/升压变换器、第一能量存储装置和输入装置,该一个或多个耦合装置配置以使电能经由第一双向降压/升压变换器对第一能量存储装置充电,并且配置以使电能经由第一双向降压/升压变换器从第一能量存储装置向电压逆变器转移。
根据本发明的再另一个实施例,牵引系统包括配置以推进车辆的电机和配置以向电机供应AC电力信号的电压逆变器。该系统还包括配置以向电压逆变器供应DC电力信号的电机驱动电路。该电机驱动电路具有第一蓄电池和耦合到第一蓄电池的第一双向降压/升压变换器,该第一双向降压/升压变换器具有第一电感器和第一晶体管。电机驱动电路还具有配置以从外部能量来源接收电能的输入装置并且具有耦合系统,该耦合系统具有其中外部能量来源经由输入装置和第一双向降压/升压变换器耦合到第一蓄电池的第一配置。该耦合系统还具有其中第一蓄电池经由第一双向降压/升压变换器耦合到电压逆变器的第二配置。
尽管本发明已经连同仅有限数量的实施例详细说明,应该容易认识到本发明不限于这样公开的实施例。相反,本发明可以被改动以包含任何数量在此之前没有说明的变化、修改、代替或等效设置,但其与本发明的精神和范围相当。另外,尽管本发明的各种实施例已经被说明,要认识到本发明的方面可仅包括说明的实施例中的一些。因此,本发明不被视为被先前的说明所限制的,而仅被附上的权利要求的范围所限制。

Claims (10)

1.一种电机驱动电路(100,142,148,156,200,212,232,238),其包括:
配置以供应电能的第一能量存储装置(102);
耦合到所述第一能量存储装置(102)的双向DC-DC电压变换器(106,158,160,162);
耦合到所述双向DC-DC电压变换器(106,158,160,162)的电压逆变器(134);
配置以从外部能量来源(132)接收电能的输入装置(124);以及
耦合系统(116),其耦合到所述输入装置(124)、所述第一能量存储装置(102)和所述双向DC-DC电压变换器(106,158,160,162),所述耦合系统(116)具有配置以经由所述双向DC-DC电压变换器(106,158,160,162)向所述第一能量存储装置(102)转移电能的第一配置,并且具有配置以经由所述双向DC-DC电压变换器(106,158,160,162)从所述第一能量存储装置(102)向所述电压逆变器(134)转移电能的第二配置。
2.如权利要求1所述的电机驱动电路(100,142,148,156,200,212,232,238),其还包括配置以向所述电压逆变器(134)供应电能的第二能量存储装置(138)。
3.如权利要求2所述的电机驱动电路(100,142,148,156,200,212,232,238),其中所述第一能量存储装置(102)包括蓄电池和燃料电池中之一,并且其中所述第二能量存储装置(138)包括蓄电池和超级电容器中之一。
4.如权利要求2所述的电机驱动电路(100,142,148,156,200,212,232,238),其中所述第一能量存储装置(102)配置以最大化能量输出,并且其中所述第二能量存储装置(138)配置以最大化功率输出。
5.如权利要求2所述的电机驱动电路(100,142,148,156,200,212,232,238),其中所述耦合系统(116)具有配置以经由所述双向DC-DC电压变换器(106,158,160,162)向所述第二能量存储装置(138)转移电能的第三配置。
6.如权利要求2所述的电机驱动电路(100,142,148,156,200,212,232,238),其中所述双向DC-DC电压变换器(106,158,160,162)包括第一双向降压/升压变换器。
7.如权利要求6所述的电机驱动电路(100,142,148,156,200,212,232,238),其还包括耦合到所述第一双向降压/升压变换器(106,158,160,162)的第二双向降压/升压变换器(106,158,160,162),其中所述第一和第二双向降压/升压变换器(106,158,160,162)配置以调制用于对所述第二能量存储装置(138)充电的电压。
8.如权利要求1所述的电机驱动电路(100,142,148,156,200,212,232,238),其中所述耦合系统(116)包括一个或多个从接触器(150,152,154,194,196,198,202,204,206,208,214,216,218,220,234,240,242)和半导体开关(118)构成的组中选择的耦合装置。
9.如权利要求1所述的电机驱动电路(100,142,148,156,200,212,232,238),其中所述输入装置(124)包括:
配置以收容电插头(130)的插孔(128);以及
耦合到所述插孔(128)的电压整流器(126)。
10.如权利要求9所述的电机驱动电路(100,142,148,156,200,212,232,238),其中所述输入装置(124)还包括耦合在所述电压整流器(126)和所述插孔(128)之间的变压器(222)。
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