CN101257079B - 半导体层 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供发光元件及半导体基板的制作方法。该发光元件包含:β-Ga2O3基板、在所述β-Ga2O3基板上形成的GaN系半导体层、以及在所述GaN系半导体上形成的双异型发光层。该半导体基板的制作方法包含:在β-Ga2O3基板上形成GaN系半导体层的步骤;在所述GaN系半导体层上形成GaN系外延层的步骤;以及从所述GaN系外延层削除所述β-Ga2O3基板和所述GaN系半导体层,制作所述GaN系外延层的基板的步骤。
Description
本申请是国际申请日为2004年8月4日、申请号为200480022689.2、发明名称为“半导体层”的申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及半导体层,更具体地涉及可以获得具有高结晶质量的GaN系外延层的半导体层。
背景技术
图3表示常规半导体层。这种半导体层包括由Al2O3制成的Al2O3衬底11、在Al2O3衬底11表面上形成的AlN层12和利用MOCVD(金属有机化学气相沉积)法通过外延生长而在AlN层12上形成的GaN生长层13(例如参考JP 52-36117B)。
根据这种半导体层,AlN层12在Al2O3衬底11和GaN生长层13之间形成,因而可以减少晶格常数的不匹配从而减少缺陷晶体。
但是,根据常规半导体层,不能够使得AlN层12和GaN生长层13的晶格常数相互完美相配,因此很难进一步提高GaN生长层13的晶体质量。另外,当将常规半导体层应用于发光元件时,发光层的晶态退化,并且发光效率下降。
因此,本发明的目的是提供可以获得具有高结晶质量的GaN系外延层的半导体层。
发明内容
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供半导体层,其特征在于包括由Ga2O3系半导体制成的第一层和通过用氮原子置换第一层的部分或全部氧原子获得的第二层。
根据本发明的半导体层,通过用氮原子置换第一层的部分或全部氧原子获得的第二层在由Ga2O3系半导体制成的第一层上形成,由此获得由GaN系化合物半导体制成的具有高结晶度的第二层而不插入缓冲层。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明实施方案1的半导体层横截面图;
图2是表示制造根据本发明实施方案1的半导体层的工艺的流程图;和
图3是常规半导体层的横截面图。
具体实施方式
下面将描述根据本发明实施方案的半导体层。该实施方案由下列层构成:由Ga2O3系半导体制成的第一层,由GaN系化合物半导体制成并通过使第一层表面经受氮化处理等从而用氮原子置换第一层的部分或全部氧原子以在第一层上获得的第二层,和在第二层上由GaN系外延层制成的第三层。本文中,“Ga2O3系半导体”包含诸如Ga2O3、(InxGa1-x)2O3其中0≤x<1、(AlxGa1-x)2O3其中0≤x<1以及(InxAlyGa1-x-y)2O3其中0≤x<1、0≤y<1并且0≤x+y<1的半导体,还包含均通过用于制备这种半导体而进行的原子置换或原子缺陷来表现n-型导电特性或p-型导电特性的半导体。另外,“GaN系化合物半导体”和“GaN系外延层包含诸如GaN、InzGa1-zN其中0≤z<1、AlzGa1-zN其中0≤z<1以及InzAlpGa1-z-pN其中0≤z<1、0≤p<1并且0≤z+p<1的半导体,还包含均通过用于制备这种半导体而进行的原子置换或原子缺陷来表现n-型导电特性或p-型导电特性的半导体。
例如,作为第一实施例,第二层和第三层可以由相同的化合物半导体制成,如由Ga2O3制成第一层、由GaN制成第二层和由GaN制成第三层。另外,作为第二实施例,第二层和第三层也可以分别由不同的化合物半导体制成,如由Ga2O3制成第一层、由GaN制成第二层和由InzGa1-zN其中0≤z<1制成第三层。而且,作为第三实施例,第二层和第三层还可以分别由不同的化合物半导体制成,并且也可以根据不同于在第一实施例和第二实施例中的组合来制作第一层和第二层,如由(InxGa1-x)2O3其中0≤x<1制成第一层、由InzAlpGa1-z-pN其中0≤z<1、0≤p<1并且0≤z+p<1制成第二层和由AlzGa1-zN其中0≤z<1制成第三层。
根据实施方案,由于可以使得第二层和第三层的晶格常数相互匹配,或者可以使其相互非常接近,因此获得具有高结晶质量的GaN系外延层。
(实施方案1)
图1表示根据本发明实施方案1的半导体层。实施方案1的半导体层包括作为第一层的β-Ga2O3衬底1、作为第二层的大约2nm厚的GaN层2和作为第三层的GaN生长层3,其中,所述衬底1由β-Ga2O3单晶制成,所述GaN层2通过使β-Ga2O3衬底1表面经受氮化处理而形成,所述GaN生长层3利用例如MOCVD法通过外延生长来形成在GaN层2上。在氮化处理中用氮原子置换β-Ga2O3衬底1的氧原子,由此形成GaN层2。
图2表示制造半导体层的工艺。第一,利用FZ(悬浮区)法制作β-Ga2O3衬底1(工艺a)。首先,制备β-Ga2O3种晶和β-Ga2O3多晶原料。
通过对解理面(cleaved face)加以利用等削减β-Ga2O3单晶从而获得β-Ga2O3种晶,并且该种晶具有横截面为正方形的棱柱形状,并且其轴向符合a-轴<100>方向、b-轴<010>方向或c-轴<001>方向。
例如,将4N纯度的Ga2O3粉末装入橡胶管,在500MPa下冷压,并在1500℃下烧结10小时,由此获得β-Ga2O3多晶原料。
接下来,在二氧化硅管中,在1-2个大气总压力下在氮气和氧气混合气体(从100%氮气变为100%氧气)环境中使β-Ga2O3种晶和β-Ga2O3多晶的头部相互接触。加热使其接触部分熔融,并冷却β-Ga2O3多晶的已溶解物质,由此产生β-Ga2O3单晶。当在b-轴<010>方向生长为晶体时,β-Ga2O3单晶在(100)面具有强解理,因此沿着垂直于与(100)面平行的面的面来切削β-Ga2O3单晶,从而制作β-Ga2O3衬底1。顺便而言,当在a-轴<100>方向或c-轴<001>方向生长为晶体时,β-Ga2O3单晶在(100)面和(001)面具有弱解理。因此,所有面的可加工能力变得优良,并因此不存在如上所述的对切削面的限制。
接下来,通过在60℃下在硝酸溶液中煮沸来蚀刻β-Ga2O3衬底1(工艺b)。然后将所得β-Ga2O3衬底1浸入乙醇中并经受超声波清洗(工艺c)。而且,在浸入水中并经受超声波清洗(工艺d)后,干燥β-Ga2O3衬底1(工艺e)并在MOCVD系统的生长室中在1000℃下进行真空清洗(工艺f)从而清洁β-Ga2O3衬底1的表面。
接下来,对β-Ga2O3衬底1进行氮化处理(工艺g)。也就是说,在MOCVD系统的生长室中在预定环境气氛下加热β-Ga2O3衬底1并持续预定的时间。适当选择环境气氛(包括大气)、加热温度和加热时间,由此在β-Ga2O3衬底1表面上获得所需的GaN层2。例如,在300托下在NH3环境中将β-Ga2O3衬底1在1050℃加热5分钟,由此在β-Ga2O3衬底1表面上形成大约2nm厚的薄GaN层2。
接着,利用MOCVD法生长GaN以获得GaN生长层3(工艺h)。也就是说,当MOCVD系统生长室中的压力降到100托并且氨气和三甲基镓(TMG)被分别提供为生长室的N供应原料和Ga供应原料时,在GaN层2上生长例如约100nm厚的GaN生长层3。通过调整供应原料的浓度、加热温度等可以控制GaN生长层的厚度。
在实施方案1中,当三甲基铝(TMA)与TMG一起供应时,可以形成AlGaN层作为第二层来替代GaN层2。另外,当三甲基铟(TMI)与TMG一起供应时,可以形成InGaN层作为第二层来替代GaN层2。
根据实施方案1,得到了下列效果。
(1)由于获得了具有高结晶度的β-Ga2O3衬底1,因此获得了在该衬底上形成的总位错密度(through dislocation density)低和结晶度高的GaN层2。而且,由于GaN层2和GaN生长层3的晶格常数互相匹配,并且GaN生长层3继承GaN层(2)的高结晶度而生长,因此获得总位错密度更低且结晶度高的GaN生长层(3)。
(2)例如在n-型GaN生长层和p-型GaN生长层之间形成InGaN层,由此可以制作发光元件例如发光二极管或半导体激光。
(3)由于当本发明应用于发光元件时获得了具有高结晶度的发光层,因此提高了发光效率。
(4)由于β-Ga2O3衬底1具有导电特性,因此当制作发光元件时,可以采用电极从层结构的竖直方向取出的立式结构,并因此可以简化层结构以及制造工艺。
(5)由于β-Ga2O3衬底1具有半透明特性,因此光也可以从衬底侧发出。
(6)由于真空清洗(工艺f)、氮化处理(工艺g)和GaN外延生长(工艺d)在MOCVD系统的生长室中连续进行,因此可以有效地生产半导体层。
然而,也可以生长InGaN、AlGaN或InGaAlN来替代GaN生长层3。在InGaN和AlGaN的情况下,可以使得它们的晶格常数几乎与GaN层2匹配。在InGaAlN的情况下,可以使得其晶格常数与GaN层2匹配。
例如,当在薄膜GaN层2上形成Si掺杂GaN层、在Si掺杂GaN层上形成未掺杂InGaN层、在未掺杂InGaN层上形成Mg掺杂GaN层或AlGaN层时,获得双异型(double hetero type)发光元件。此时,当交替形成In组成比例相互不同的阱层和阻挡层以形成未掺杂InGaN层时,获得具有MQW(多量子阱层)的激光二极管元件。
另一方面,当图1中GaN层2和衬底1在GaN生长层3生长到预定厚度后被移除时,获得GaN衬底。同样,形成InGaN层、AlGaN层或InGaAlN层以替代GaN生长层3,由此可以得到相应衬底。
另外,虽然FZ法被描述为β-Ga2O3衬底1的生长方法,但是也可以采用任意其它合适的生长方法例如EFG(固定型模生长法,Edge-defined Film-fed Growthmethod)法。而且,虽然MOCVD法被描述为GaN系外延层的生长方法,但是也可以采用任意其它合适的生长方法例如PLD(脉冲激光沉积)法。
此外,本发明的半导体层并不限于发光元件,并因此可应用于多种半导体元件和部件。
工业适用性
根据本发明的半导体层,通过用氮原子置换第一层的部分或全部氧原子而获得的第二层在由β-Ga2O3系半导体制成的第一层上形成,由此获得由GaN系化合物半导体制成并具有高结晶度的第二层而不插入缓冲层。因此,当在第二层上形成GaN系外延层时,可以使得第二层和GaN系外延层的晶格常数相互匹配,或者相互非常接近,并因此获得具有高结晶质量的GaN系外延层。
Claims (3)
1.GaN系发光元件,其特征在于包含:β-Ga2O3单晶基板、在所述β-Ga2O3单晶基板的表面部分上形成的GaN层、以及在所述GaN层上形成的多量子阱层,所述GaN层是通过使所述β-Ga2O3基板的表面经受氮化处理而形成的,所述多量子阱层的结构为交替层叠In组成比不同的阱层和阻挡层而构成的未掺杂InGaN层。
2.GaN系半导体基板的制作方法,其特征在于包含:
在β-Ga2O3单晶基板的表面部分上形成GaN系半导体层的步骤,所述GaN系半导体层是通过使所述β-Ga2O3基板的表面经受氮化处理而形成的;
在所述GaN系半导体层上形成GaN系外延层的步骤;
然后移除所述β-Ga2O3单晶基板和所述GaN系半导体层,制作所述GaN系外延层的基板的步骤。
3.根据权利要求2所述的GaN系半导体基板的制作方法,其特征在于,所述GaN系外延层是GaN层、InGaN层、AlGaN层、或InGaAlN层。
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