TWI488814B - 發光元件及半導體基板的製作方法 - Google Patents
發光元件及半導體基板的製作方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title claims description 42
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims description 36
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 5
- 229910005191 Ga 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910002704 AlGaN Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims description 7
- XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylgallium Chemical compound C[Ga](C)C XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IBEFSUTVZWZJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylindium Chemical compound C[In](C)C IBEFSUTVZWZJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims 25
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims 2
- JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylaluminium Chemical compound C[Al](C)C JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005231 Edge Defined Film Fed Growth Methods 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004549 pulsed laser deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010407 vacuum cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium nitride Chemical compound [Ga]#N JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000407 epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/20—Deposition of semiconductor materials on a substrate, e.g. epitaxial growth solid phase epitaxy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B25/00—Single-crystal growth by chemical reaction of reactive gases, e.g. chemical vapour-deposition growth
- C30B25/02—Epitaxial-layer growth
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Description
本發明係關於一種半導體層,尤有關於可得到一種高結晶品質的GaN系磊晶層(epitaxial layer)的半導體層。
第3圖係顯示習知的半導體層。此半導體層具備:Al2
O3
基板11,由Al2
O3
所組成;AlN層12,形成於Al2
O3
基板11的表面;GaN成長層13,在AlN層12上藉由有機金屬氣相沈積磊晶法MOCVD(Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition)法使磊晶成長而形成。例如請參考日本專利特公昭52-36117號公報。
根據此半導體層,藉由在Al2
O3
基板11與GaN成長層13之間形成AlN層12的方式,可降低「光柵常數」(grating constant)的不一致,減少結晶不良的情況產生。
但是,根據習知的半導體層,並無法使AlN層12與GaN成長層13的光柵常數完全一致,導致GaN成長層13的結晶品質難以獲得更進一步的提昇。另外,在適用於發光元件的情況下,發光層的結晶性質會惡化,導致發光效率降低。
因此,本發明之目的即在於提供一種半導體層,可得到高結晶品質的GaN系磊晶層。
本發明為了達成上述目的,故提供一種半導體層,其特徵係具備:第1層,由Ga2
O3
系半導體所組成;以及第2層,以氮原子取代該第1層的氧原子之一部或全部後而得。
根據本發明之半導體層,在由Ga2
O3
系半導體所組成之第1層上,將第1層的氧原子之一部或全部以氮原子取代後而得到第2層,並且藉由第2層的形成,可無須透過緩衝層而得到由高結晶度的GaN系化合物半導體所組成之第2層。
以下說明關於本發明實施型態之半導體層。在此實施型態中的半導體層係由第1層、第2層、以及第3層所構成的。其中,第1層係由Ga2
O3
系半導體所組成;第2層係在第1層的表面施加氮化處理,將第1層上的第1層氧原子之一部或全部以氮原子取代而得之GaN系化合物半導體所組成;第3層係在第2層上再加上GaN系磊晶層所組成。在此,「Ga2
O3
系半導體」中包含:Ga2
O3
、(Inx
Ga1-x
)2
O3
(其中,0≦x<1)、(AlX
Ga1-x
)2
O3
(其中,0≦x<1)、(InX
Aly
Ga1-x-y
)2
O3
(其中,0≦x<1,0≦y<1,0≦x+y<1)等所構成之物,此外亦包含了相對於此,由於原子取代或是原子缺陷而顯示出n型導電性或是p型導電性者。另外,在「GaN系化合物半導體」以及「GaN系磊晶層」中,包含由GaN、Inz
Ga1-z
N(其中,0≦z<1)、AlX
Ga1-z
N(其中,0≦z<1)或Inz
ALp
Ga1-z-p
N(其中,0≦z<1、0≦p<1、0≦z+p<1)等所組成之物,此外亦包含了相對於此,由於原子取代或是原子缺陷而顯示出n型導電性或是p型導電性者。
例如,就第1個例子而言,可採用以Ga2
O3
構成第1層;以GaN構成第2層;以GaN構成第3層般,使第2層與第3層由同一種化合物半導體所構成。另外,就第2個例子而言,可採用以Ga2
O3
構成第1層;以GaN構成第2層;以Inz
Ga1-z
N(其中,0≦z<1)構成第3層般,使第2層與第3層由不同種的化合物半導體所構成。另外,就第3個例子而言,可採用以(InX
Ga1-x
)2
O3
(其中,0≦x<1)構成第1層;以Inz
Alp
Ga1-z-p
N(其中,0≦z<1、0≦p<1、0≦z+p<1)構成第2層;以A1Z
Ga1-z
N(其中,0≦z<1)構成第3層般,使第2層與第3層由不同種的化合物半導體構成,並且使第1層及第2層在第1個例子及第2個例子都由不相同的型態組成。
由於根據此實施型態,可使第2層及第3層的光柵常數彼此一致或者是極為近似,因此可得到高結晶品質的GaN系磊晶層。
第1圖係顯示根據本發明之實施例1之半導體層。在此實施例1之半導體層具備:β-Ga2
O3
基板1,作為由β-Ga2
O3
單結晶所組成的第1層;GaN層2,對β-Ga2
O3
基板1的表面施以氮化處理所形成,作為膜厚度約2nm的第2層,GaN成長層3,在GaN層2上藉由例如MOCVD法使磊晶成長並形成,以作為第3層。在此氮化處理中,藉由以氮原子取代β-Ga2
O3
基板1的氧原子之方式,形成GaN層2。
第2圖係顯示半導體層的製造流程。首先,以浮動帶域法(floating zone,FZ法)製造β-Ga2
O3
基板1(步驟A),並應準備β-Ga2
O3
種結晶與β-Ga2
O3
多結晶構件。
β-Ga2
O3
種結晶,具備藉由從β-Ga2
O3
單結晶裂開(cleavage)面等的利用而截斷的剖面正方形之角柱形狀。其軸方向係a軸<100>方位;b軸<010>方位;或c軸<001>方位。
β-Ga2
O3
多結晶材質,係將例如純度4N的Ga2
O3
粉末填充到橡膠管中,然後再以500MPa予以常溫壓製(cold compression),在1500℃的溫度下燒結10小時而得。
其次,在石英管之中,使總壓力在1~2大氣壓力的氮與氧的混合氣體(在從100%氮到100%氧之間變化)之環境下,藉由使β-Ga2
O3
種結晶與β-Ga2
O3
多結晶的尖端相互接觸,並加熱溶解其接觸部分,使β-Ga2
O3
多結晶的溶解物冷卻,而生成β-Ga2
O3
單結晶。因為在β-Ga2
O3
單結晶中,於使結晶沿著b軸<010>方位生長時,在(100)面的裂開性增強,因此在(100)面將其以平行的面與垂直的面予以剪切,然後製作β-Ga2
O3
基板1。此外,因為如果使結晶沿著a軸<100>方位或是c軸<001>方位成長的話,在(100)面以及(001)面的裂開性減弱,因此所有的面的加工性都改善,並無上述的剪切面的限制。
然後,在60℃的硝酸水溶液中,透過煮沸的方式,蝕刻β-Ga2
O3
基板1(步驟B);然後將此蝕刻後的β-Ga2
O3
基板1浸泡在乙醇中並且以超音波洗淨(步驟C);再將其浸泡在水中並以超音波洗淨(步驟D);予以乾燥(步驟E);然後在MOCVD設備的成長爐內,以1000℃進行真空清洗(步驟F),使β-Ga2
O3
基板1的表面潔淨。
接著,對β-Ga2
O3
基板1的表面施以氮化處理(步驟G)。也就是說,使β-Ga2
O3
基板1在MOCVD設備的成長爐內,在特定的環境加熱特定的時間。藉由適當選擇環境(含氣壓)、加熱溫度、加熱時間的方式,可在β-Ga2
O3
基板1的表面得到希望的GaN層2。例如,藉由將β-Ga2
O3
基板1在300torr的NH3
環境中,以1050℃加熱5分鐘的方式,可在β-Ga2
O3
基板1的表面形成厚度僅有2nm左右的薄GaN層2。
其次,再藉由MOCVD法使GaN層成長,而取得GaN成長層3(步驟H)。也就是說,將MOCVD設備成長爐內,減壓到100torr,並且對成長爐內供應氨氣與三甲基鎵(trimethylgallium,TMG),其中,前者係作為氮氣供應原料;而後者係作為鎵供應原料。在GaN層2上,例如,使厚度100nm左右的GaN成長層3成長。GaN成長層3的厚度,可藉由調整供應原料的濃度、加熱溫度等而予以控制。
在實施例1中,藉由供應三甲基鎵與三甲基鋁(trimethylalluminum,TMA),可取代GaN層2而形成AlGaN層,作為第2層。另外,如果同時供應TMG與三甲基銦(trimethylindium,TMI)的話,即可取代GaN層2而形成InGaN層,作為第2層。
根據此實施例1,可得到以下的效果。
(1) 因為可獲得高結晶性的β-Ga2
O3
基板1,因此在基板上形成的GaN層2其穿透位錯(penetration displacement)密度低,因此可得到高結晶性的GaN層2。此外,因為此GaN層2與GaN成長層3的光柵常數一致,而且GaN成長層3可使GaN層2的高結晶性繼續成長,因此可得到穿透位錯少,結晶性高的GaN成長層3。
(2) 因為在n型的GaN成長層與p型的GaN成長層之間,故可藉由例如形成InGaN層的方式,製造發光二極體、半導體雷射等的發光元件。
(3) 因為在將本發明適用於發光元件時,可得到高結晶性的發光層,因此可提高發光效率。
(4) 因為β-Ga2
O3
基板1具有導電性,因此在製造發光元件的時候,可採用從層構造的上下方向取出電極的垂直型構造,因而可使層構成、生產過程更為簡化。
(5) 因為β-Ga2
O3
基板1具備透光性,因此可從基板側獲得光亮。
(6) 因為位在MOCVD裝置的成長爐內,連續進行上述的真空清洗(步驟F)、氮化處理(步驟G)、以及GaN磊晶成長(步驟H)等,因此可更有效率地生產半導體層。
另外,除了GaN成長層3之外,亦可使InGaN、AlGaN或是InGaAlN成長。就InGaN以及AlGaN的情況而言,可使其與GaN層2的光柵常數大致一致;而就InAlGaN的情況而言,則可使其與GaN層2的光柵常數一致。
例如,在薄膜GaN層2上,形成摻雜矽(Si)的GaN層,再於其上形成無摻雜的InGaN層,然後再於其上形成摻雜鎂(Mg)的GaN層或是AlGaN層,而得到雙異質(double hetero)型的發光元件。此時,藉由使無摻雜的InGaN層由不同In組成比的井層與障壁層交互堆疊而構成的話,即可得到具有MQW(多重量子井層)的雷射二極體元件。
另外,在第1圖中,使GaN成長層3具備特定的厚度,然後,在刪除GaN層2與基板1之後,可得到GaN基板。以相同的方式,藉由形成InGaN層、AlGaN層、或InGaAlN層的方式,替代GaN成長層3,分別得到不同的基板。
另外,就β-Ga2
O3
基板1的成長法而言,前文已說明使用FZ法的方式,但除此之外,亦可使用EFG法(Edge-defined Film-fed Growth method)等其他的成長方式亦可。另外,就GaN系磊晶層的成長法而言,已介紹了有機金屬氣相沈積磊晶法(MOCVD)法,但亦可使用脈衝雷射蒸鍍製程技術法(Pulsed Laser Deposition,PLD)等其他的成長方法。
此外,本發明之半導體層並不限於發光元件,亦可適用於各式各樣的半導體零件。
根據本發明之半導體層,因為在由Ga2
O3
系半導體所組成之第1層上,藉由將第1層的氧原子之一部或全部以氮原子取代的方式而形成第2層,再藉由此不需要透過緩衝層而具有高結晶性的GaN系化合物半導體所組成之第2層,因此當在第2層上形成GaN系磊晶層時,可使第2層與GaN系磊晶層的光柵常數一致或是極為近似,而獲得結晶品質高的GaN系磊晶層。
1...β-Ga2
O3
基板
2...GaN層
3...GaN成長層
11...Al2
O3
基板
12...AlN層
13...GaN成長層
圖1係顯示依據本發明的實施例1之半導體層之剖面圖。
圖2係顯示依據本發明的實施例1之半導體層之生產流程圖。
圖3係顯示習知的半導體層之剖面圖。
1...β-Ga2
O3
基板
2...GaN層
3...GaN成長層
Claims (3)
- 一種發光元件,包含:基板,由下列者構成:β-Ga2 O3 單結晶基板;及表面層,對該β-Ga2 O3 單結晶基板的表面施以氮化處理,以氮原子取代氧原子之一部或全部;以及雙異質型發光層,形成於該基板上;且該雙異質型發光層包含:摻雜矽的GaN層,形成於該基板上;無摻雜的InGaN層,形成於該摻雜矽的GaN層上;以及摻雜鎂的GaN層或是摻雜鎂的AlGaN層,形成於該無摻雜的InGaN層上。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之發光元件,其中,該無摻雜的InGaN層,構成多重量子井層,該多重量子井層,包含:無摻雜的InGaN層的井層;以及與該井層In組成比不同的無摻雜的InGaN層的障壁層。
- 一種半導體基板的製作方法,包含下列步驟:形成基板,該基板由下列者構成:β-Ga2 O3 單結晶基板;及表面層,對該β-Ga2 O3 單結晶基板的表面施以氮化處理,以氮原子取代氧原子之一部或全部;使磊晶成長裝置內減壓至既定之壓力,對該磊晶成長裝置內,供給氨氣及三甲基鎵,在該基板上使GaN層成長、供給氨氣、三甲基鎵及三甲基鋁,在該基板上使AlGaN層成長、或是供給氨氣、三甲基鎵及三甲基銦,在該基板上使InGaN層成長;以及自該GaN層、該AlGaN層、或是該InGaN層削除該基板,以製作該GaN層、該AlGaN層、或是該InGaN層所構成之基板。
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