WO2013015284A1 - 半導体基板及びその製造方法、太陽電池素子、並びに太陽電池 - Google Patents
半導体基板及びその製造方法、太陽電池素子、並びに太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013015284A1 WO2013015284A1 PCT/JP2012/068720 JP2012068720W WO2013015284A1 WO 2013015284 A1 WO2013015284 A1 WO 2013015284A1 JP 2012068720 W JP2012068720 W JP 2012068720W WO 2013015284 A1 WO2013015284 A1 WO 2013015284A1
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0236—Special surface textures
- H01L31/02363—Special surface textures of the semiconductor body itself, e.g. textured active layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/22—Diffusion of impurity materials, e.g. doping materials, electrode materials, into or out of a semiconductor body, or between semiconductor regions; Interactions between two or more impurities; Redistribution of impurities
- H01L21/225—Diffusion of impurity materials, e.g. doping materials, electrode materials, into or out of a semiconductor body, or between semiconductor regions; Interactions between two or more impurities; Redistribution of impurities using diffusion into or out of a solid from or into a solid phase, e.g. a doped oxide layer
- H01L21/2251—Diffusion into or out of group IV semiconductors
- H01L21/2254—Diffusion into or out of group IV semiconductors from or through or into an applied layer, e.g. photoresist, nitrides
- H01L21/2255—Diffusion into or out of group IV semiconductors from or through or into an applied layer, e.g. photoresist, nitrides the applied layer comprising oxides only, e.g. P2O5, PSG, H3BO3, doped oxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/36—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the concentration or distribution of impurities in the bulk material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1804—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof comprising only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor substrate and a manufacturing method thereof, a solar cell element, and a solar cell.
- n type diffused layer of the conventional silicon solar cell element The manufacturing process of the n type diffused layer of the conventional silicon solar cell element is demonstrated.
- a p-type silicon substrate having a textured structure is prepared so as to promote the light confinement effect and achieve high efficiency.
- a mixed gas atmosphere of phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3 ), nitrogen, and oxygen is used at 800 ° C. to 900 ° C.
- An n-type diffusion layer is uniformly formed by performing several tens of minutes at a temperature.
- the silicon surface is oxidized and an amorphous film of PSG (phosphosilicate glass) is formed. Only phosphorus atoms diffuse into the silicon substrate, and phosphorus atoms are present in a high concentration.
- a diffusion layer is formed.
- an n-type diffusion layer is formed by applying a solution containing a phosphate such as phosphorus pentoxide (P 2 O 5 ) or ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ).
- a phosphate such as phosphorus pentoxide (P 2 O 5 ) or ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ).
- P 2 O 5 phosphorus pentoxide
- NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
- the n-type diffusion layer on the back surface needs to be converted into a p + -type diffusion layer. Therefore, after applying an aluminum paste containing aluminum as a group 13 element on the n-type diffusion layer on the back surface, heat treatment is performed, and at the same time the n-type diffusion layer is converted to the p + -type diffusion layer by the diffusion of aluminum. , Got ohmic contact.
- a method of using a boron compound as a diffusion source instead of aluminum has been proposed (see, for example, JP-A-2002-539615).
- a diffusing agent composition containing B 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 or P 2 O 5 dispersed in an organic solvent has been proposed (see, for example, JP-A-2011-71489).
- phosphorus atoms that are n-type impurity atoms, boron atoms that are p-type impurity atoms, and the like are replaced with silicon atoms into the silicon substrate. Diffused.
- phosphorus atoms and boron atoms can be replaced with silicon atoms at a high concentration because their atomic radii are significantly smaller than those of silicon atoms.
- lattice strain lattice strain
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described conventional problems, and provides a semiconductor substrate excellent in light conversion efficiency, a method for manufacturing the same, a solar cell element formed using the semiconductor substrate, and a solar cell.
- ⁇ 2> The semiconductor substrate according to ⁇ 1>, wherein a content of the metal atom on a surface of the impurity diffusion layer is 1 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or more.
- n-type impurity atom is at least one selected from P (phosphorus) and Sb (antimony).
- ⁇ 4> The semiconductor substrate according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>, wherein the p-type impurity atom is at least one selected from B (boron) and Ga (gallium).
- the impurity diffusion layer contains an n-type impurity atom and is at least one selected from P 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 and Sb 2 O 3 provided on at least one surface of the semiconductor layer.
- N-type impurity-containing materials SiO 2 , K 2 O, Na 2 O, Li 2 O, BaO, SrO, CaO, MgO, BeO, ZnO, PbO, CdO, V 2 O 5 , SnO, ZrO 2 and MoO
- the semiconductor substrate according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, which is formed by heat-treating glass powder containing at least one glass component substance selected from the group consisting of 3 .
- the impurity diffusion layer includes a p-type impurity atom, and at least one p-type impurity-containing material selected from B 2 O 3 and Ga 2 O 3 provided on at least one surface of the semiconductor layer. And at least selected from SiO 2 , K 2 O, Na 2 O, Li 2 O, BaO, SrO, CaO, MgO, BeO, ZnO, PbO, CdO, V 2 O 5 , SnO, ZrO 2 and MoO 3.
- a solar cell element comprising the semiconductor substrate according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 6> and an electrode disposed on the impurity diffusion layer.
- a solar cell comprising the solar cell element according to ⁇ 7> and a tab wire wiring material disposed on the electrode.
- Impurity diffusion layer formation containing glass powder containing at least one impurity atom selected from the group consisting of n-type impurity atoms and p-type impurity atoms and a dispersion medium on at least one surface of the semiconductor layer ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 6>, comprising: a step of applying a composition; and a step of thermally diffusion-treating the applied impurity diffusion layer forming composition to form an impurity diffusion layer. This is a method for manufacturing a semiconductor substrate.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a semiconductor substrate excellent in light conversion efficiency, a method for manufacturing the same, and a solar cell element and a solar cell formed using the semiconductor substrate.
- the term “process” is not limited to an independent process, and is included in the term if the intended purpose of the process is achieved even when it cannot be clearly distinguished from other processes.
- a numerical range indicated by using “to” indicates a range including the numerical values described before and after “to” as the minimum value and the maximum value, respectively.
- the amount of each component in the composition means the total amount of the plurality of substances present in the composition unless there is a specific notice when there are a plurality of substances corresponding to each component in the composition.
- the semiconductor substrate of the present invention includes a semiconductor layer, K, Na, Li, Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, Be, Zn, Pb, Cd, V, Sn, Zr, Mo, La, Nb, Ta, Y, Ti. , Zr, Ge, Te and Lu (hereinafter also referred to as “specific metal atom group”), and at least one selected from the group consisting of n-type impurity atoms and p-type impurity atoms. And an impurity diffusion layer containing one kind of impurity atom.
- a semiconductor substrate having excellent light conversion efficiency can be configured. This can be considered that, for example, since the strain in the impurity diffusion layer is relaxed, excellent light conversion characteristics can be exhibited.
- a so-called selective emitter structure in which two types of impurity diffusion layers having different impurity concentrations are provided, and an electrode is formed on the impurity diffusion layer having a high impurity concentration, and n-type and p-type on the back surface are provided.
- a solar cell element having a back contact structure in which both diffusion layers are formed has been developed.
- the diffusion layer is formed because the impurity diffusion layer contains at least one kind of metal atom selected from the specific metal atom group (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “specific metal atom”).
- the area can be identified. Therefore, an electrode can be easily formed on the impurity diffusion layer in the semiconductor substrate with excellent alignment accuracy. That is, by using the semiconductor substrate, a solar cell element having a selective emitter structure and a back contact structure can be efficiently manufactured without causing deterioration of characteristics.
- the semiconductor layer may be either a p-type semiconductor layer or an n-type semiconductor layer. Among these, a p-type semiconductor layer is preferable, and a p-type silicon layer is more preferable.
- the impurity diffusion layer of the semiconductor substrate contains at least one metal atom selected from the specific metal atom group, and among them, K, Na, Li, Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, from the viewpoint of strain relaxation and discrimination. It preferably contains at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of Zn, Pb, Cd, V, Sn, Zr, Mo, La, Nb, Ta, Y, Ti, Ge, Te and Lu, More preferably, it contains at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of Na, Li, Ba, Ca, Mg, Zn, Sn, Ti, Te, V, and Pb, and is selected from the group consisting of Ca and Mg. More preferably, it contains at least one metal atom.
- the content of the specific metal atom contained in the impurity diffusion layer is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the present invention is obtained.
- the content on the surface of the impurity diffusion layer is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or more, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm. More preferably, it is cm 3 .
- the kind and content of the specific metal atom in the impurity diffusion layer can be measured by performing secondary ion analysis (SIMS analysis) by an ordinary method using IMS-7F (manufactured by CAMECA). Specifically, secondary ion analysis is performed while cutting a region of a predetermined area to be measured in the depth direction to measure the type and concentration of the specific metal atom.
- the content of the specific metal atom on the surface is the concentration of the specific metal atom measured when the measurement is started from the surface and the depth reaches 0.025 ⁇ m.
- the said semiconductor substrate can be manufactured with the manufacturing method of the semiconductor substrate demonstrated below, for example.
- the method for producing a semiconductor substrate of the present invention comprises a glass powder containing at least one impurity atom selected from n-type impurity atoms and p-type impurity atoms on at least one surface of a semiconductor layer, and an impurity diffusion layer containing a dispersion medium A step of applying a forming composition, and a step of forming an impurity diffusion layer by subjecting the applied impurity diffusion layer forming composition to thermal diffusion treatment, and having other steps as necessary.
- the impurity diffusion layer forming composition containing a glass powder (hereinafter sometimes referred to simply as “glass powder”) and a dispersion medium is used.
- the impurity diffusion layer forming composition may further contain other additives as required in consideration of coating properties and the like.
- the impurity diffusion layer forming composition contains at least one impurity atom selected from the group consisting of n-type impurity atoms and p-type impurity atoms, and thermally diffuses these impurity atoms after being applied to a semiconductor substrate.
- the side etching step that is essential in the conventional gas phase reaction method is not required, and the process is simplified. For example, when an n-type diffusion layer is formed on a p-type semiconductor substrate by a vapor phase method, a process of converting the n-type diffusion layer formed on the back surface into a p + -type diffusion layer is not necessary.
- the method for forming the p + -type diffusion layer on the back surface and the material, shape, and thickness of the back electrode are not limited, and the choice of manufacturing method, material, and shape to be applied is widened. Further, if a p-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition is applied to the formation of the p + -type diffusion layer, the generation of internal stress in the semiconductor substrate due to the thickness of the back electrode can be suppressed, and the warpage of the semiconductor substrate can also be suppressed. .
- the glass powder contained in the impurity diffusion layer forming composition is melted by firing to form a glass layer on the impurity diffusion layer.
- a glass layer is formed on the impurity diffusion layer also in the conventional gas phase reaction method and the method of applying a phosphate-containing solution. Therefore, the glass layer produced
- the impurity atoms in the glass powder do not volatilize even during firing, the generation of volatilized gas suppresses the formation of an impurity diffusion layer not only on the surface but also on the back surface and side surfaces. As this reason, it is considered that the impurity atoms are not easily volatilized because they are bonded to other component elements in the glass powder or taken into the glass.
- the impurity diffusion layer forming composition can form an impurity diffusion layer having a desired concentration at a desired site, a selective region having a high impurity concentration can be formed. Become. On the other hand, it is generally difficult to form a selective region with a high impurity concentration by a gas phase reaction method, which is a general method of an impurity diffusion layer, or a method using a phosphoric acid or borate-containing solution. .
- the glass powder containing at least one impurity atom selected from the group consisting of the n-type impurity atom and the p-type impurity atom will be described in detail.
- the glass powder containing impurity atoms contains a substance containing impurity atoms and a substance containing the specific metal atom, and preferably contains other glass component substances as necessary.
- the glass component substance may be a substance containing the specific metal atom.
- An n-type impurity atom is an element capable of forming an n-type diffusion layer by diffusing (doping) into a semiconductor substrate.
- Group 15 elements can be used as n-type impurity atoms, and examples include P (phosphorus), Sb (antimony), Bi (bismuth), and As (arsenic). From the viewpoints of safety, ease of vitrification, etc., P or Sb is preferred.
- n-type impurity-containing material used to introduce n-type impurity atoms into the glass powder examples include P 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 , Sb 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 3 and As 2 O 3. It is preferable to use at least one selected from 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 and Sb 2 O 3 .
- a p-type impurity atom is an element capable of forming a p-type diffusion layer by diffusing (doping) into a silicon substrate.
- Group 13 elements can be used as p-type impurity atoms, and examples include B (boron), Al (aluminum), and Ga (gallium).
- Examples of the p-type impurity-containing material used for introducing p-type impurity atoms into the glass powder include B 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , and Ga 2 O 3 , and B 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3, and It is preferable to use at least one selected from Ga 2 O 3 .
- the glass powder includes K, Na, Li, Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, Be, Zn, Pb, Cd, V, Sn, Zr, Mo, La, Nb, Ta, It is preferable to include at least one substance containing a specific metal atom selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Ge, Te, and Lu.
- the substance containing the specific metal atom include K 2 O, Na 2 O, Li 2 O, BaO, SrO, CaO, MgO, BeO, ZnO, PbO, CdO, V 2 O 5 , SnO, ZrO 2 , and MoO.
- the impurity atom has a smaller atomic radius than the silicon atom, such as a phosphorus atom or a boron atom, it is preferable to select one having a large atomic radius. Thereby, the lattice distortion generated in the diffusion layer can be more effectively alleviated.
- the content ratio of the substance containing the specific metal atom in the glass powder is not particularly limited. In general, the content is preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less.
- the glass powder can be controlled in terms of melting temperature, softening point, glass transition point, chemical durability, etc. by adjusting the component ratio as necessary. Furthermore, it is preferable to contain the components described below. Examples of glass component materials include SiO 2 , K 2 O, Na 2 O, Li 2 O, BaO, SrO, CaO, MgO, BeO, ZnO, PbO, CdO, V 2 O 5 , SnO, ZrO 2 and MoO 3. It is preferable to use at least one selected from these.
- the glass powder may be a heavy metal atom that becomes a killer element that promotes carrier recombination in a semiconductor substrate, or a p-type impurity atom in the case of an n-type diffusion layer forming composition.
- a heavy metal atom that becomes a killer element that promotes carrier recombination in a semiconductor substrate or a p-type impurity atom in the case of an n-type diffusion layer forming composition.
- heavy metal atoms that become killer elements include Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, W, Cu, and Cr.
- Examples of p-type impurity atoms include Group 13 elements, and examples of n-type impurity atoms include Group 15 elements.
- the glass powder containing n-type impurity atoms include systems containing both the n-type impurity-containing substance and the glass component substance, such as P 2 O 5 —K 2 O system, P 2 O 5 —Na. 2 O system, P 2 O 5 -Li 2 O system, P 2 O 5 -BaO-based, P 2 O 5 -SrO based, P 2 O 5 -CaO-based, P 2 O 5 -MgO-based, P 2 O 5 -BeO, P 2 O 5 -ZnO, P 2 O 5 -CdO, P 2 O 5 -PbO, P 2 O 5 -V 2 O 5 , P 2 O 5 -SnO, P 2 O 5 -GeO2 based, P 2 O 5 -TeO 2 system like system containing P 2 O 5 as an n-type impurity-containing material, n-type impurity contained in place of the P 2 O 5 of system containing P 2 O
- a composite glass containing two components is exemplified, but a composite glass containing three or more kinds of components such as P 2 O 5 —SiO 2 —CaO and P 2 O 5 —SiO 2 —MgO may be used as necessary.
- the glass powder containing p-type impurity atoms include those containing both the p-type impurity-containing material and the glass component material, and include B 2 O 3 —ZnO, B 2 O 3 —PbO, B Glass powders such as a system containing B 2 O 3 as a p-type impurity-containing material such as a 2 O 3 single system, and a system containing Al 2 O 3 as a p-type impurity-containing material such as an Al 2 O 3 —SiO 2 system are mentioned. It is done.
- a composite glass containing two components is exemplified, but glass powder containing a substance of three or more components such as B 2 O 3 —SiO 2 —Na 2 O may be used.
- the content ratio of the glass component substance in the glass powder is preferably set in consideration of the melting temperature, the softening temperature, the glass transition temperature, and the chemical durability, and is generally 0.1% by mass to 95% by mass. It is preferable that it is 0.5 mass% or more and 90 mass% or less.
- the softening point of the glass powder is preferably 200 ° C. to 1000 ° C., more preferably 300 ° C. to 900 ° C., from the viewpoints of diffusibility during the diffusion treatment and dripping.
- the shape of the glass powder examples include a substantially spherical shape, a flat shape, a block shape, a plate shape, a scale shape, and the like. It is desirable that the shape is flat or plate-like.
- the average particle size of the glass powder is desirably 100 ⁇ m or less. When glass powder having an average particle size of 100 ⁇ m or less is used, a smooth coating film can be easily obtained. Furthermore, the average particle size of the glass powder is more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. The lower limit is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more.
- the average particle diameter of glass represents a volume average particle diameter, and can be measured by a laser scattering diffraction method particle size distribution measuring apparatus or the like.
- the glass powder containing impurity atoms is produced by the following procedure.
- raw materials for example, the impurity-containing material and the glass component material are weighed and filled in a crucible.
- the material for the crucible include platinum, platinum-rhodium, iridium, alumina, quartz, carbon, and the like, and are appropriately selected in consideration of the melting temperature, atmosphere, reactivity with the molten material, and the like.
- it heats with the temperature according to a glass composition with an electric furnace, and is set as a melt. At this time, it is desirable to stir the melt uniformly.
- the obtained melt is poured onto a zirconia substrate, a carbon substrate or the like to vitrify the melt.
- the glass is crushed into powder.
- a known method such as a jet mill, a bead mill, or a ball mill can be applied to the pulverization.
- the content ratio of the glass powder containing impurity atoms in the impurity diffusion layer forming composition is determined in consideration of coating properties and impurity diffusibility.
- the content ratio of the glass powder in the impurity diffusion layer forming composition is preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less.
- the content is more preferably 5% by mass or more and 85% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 2% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less.
- the dispersion medium is a medium in which the glass powder is dispersed in the impurity diffusion layer forming composition. Specifically, a binder or a solvent is employed as the dispersion medium.
- binder examples include polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide resin, polyvinyl amide resin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone resin, polyethylene oxide resin, polysulfonic acid resin, acrylamide alkyl sulfonic acid resin, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, cellulose ether such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose derivatives, Gelatin, starch and starch derivatives, sodium alginate and its derivatives, xanthan and xanthan derivatives, gua and gua derivatives, scleroglucan and scleroglucan derivatives, tragacanth and tragacanth derivatives, dextrin and dextrin derivatives, (meth) acrylic acid resin, (Meth) acrylic ester resin (eg, alkyl (meth) acrylate resin, dimethyl acrylate Aminoethyl (meth) acrylate resin, etc.), butadiene resins, styrene resins, s
- the molecular weight of the binder is not particularly limited, and is preferably adjusted as appropriate in view of the desired viscosity as the impurity diffusion layer forming composition.
- the weight average molecular weight can be 10,000 to 500,000, and preferably 50,000 to 300,000.
- the content rate of the binder in the impurity diffusion layer forming composition is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately adjusted in view of a desired viscosity as the composition and dischargeability in the ink jet system.
- the content of the impurity diffusion layer forming composition may be 0.5% by mass to 10% by mass, and preferably 2% by mass to 8% by mass.
- Examples of the solvent include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl-n-propyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, methyl-n-butyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl-n-pentyl ketone, methyl-n-hexyl ketone, diethyl ketone, and dipropyl.
- Ketone solvents such as ketone, diisobutyl ketone, trimethylnonanone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, methylcyclohexanone, 2,4-pentanedione, acetonylacetone; diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, methyl-n-propyl ether, diisopropyl ether, Tetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethyldioxane, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol -N-propyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl n-propyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol di-
- an impurity diffusion layer forming composition at least one selected from the group consisting of ⁇ -terpineol, diethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether and 2- (2-butoxyethoxy) ethyl acetate is used from the viewpoint of applicability to the substrate. preferable.
- the content ratio of the dispersion medium in the impurity diffusion layer forming composition is determined in consideration of applicability and the concentration of n-type impurities or p-type impurities.
- the viscosity of the impurity diffusion layer forming composition is preferably 10 mPa ⁇ s or more and 1000000 mPa ⁇ s or less, more preferably 50 mPa ⁇ s or more and 500000 mPa ⁇ s or less in consideration of applicability.
- the impurity diffusion layer forming composition may contain other additives.
- other additives include surfactants, metal particles such as silicon, and thickeners.
- the thing similar to the said binder can be mentioned, for example.
- the content rate of the thickener when it contains a thickener can be suitably selected so that the viscosity as an impurity diffusion layer forming composition may be 20 Pa.s or more and 1000 Pa.s or less, for example.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view conceptually showing an example of the manufacturing process of the solar cell element of the present invention.
- common constituent elements are denoted by the same reference numerals.
- an alkaline solution is applied to a silicon substrate which is a p-type semiconductor substrate 10 to remove a damaged layer, and a texture structure is obtained by etching.
- a texture structure is obtained by etching.
- the damaged layer on the silicon surface generated when slicing from the ingot is removed with 20% by mass caustic soda.
- etching is performed with a mixed solution of 1% by mass caustic soda and 10% by mass isopropyl alcohol to form a texture structure (the description of the texture structure is omitted in the figure).
- a texture structure on the light receiving surface (surface) side, a light confinement effect is promoted, and high efficiency is achieved.
- an n-type diffusion layer forming composition 11 is applied as an impurity diffusion layer forming composition to the surface of the p-type semiconductor substrate 10, that is, the surface that becomes the light receiving surface.
- a known coating method such as a printing method, a spin method, a brush coating, a spray method, a doctor blade method, a roll coater method, and an ink jet method can be appropriately selected.
- the coating amount may be a 0.01g / m 2 ⁇ 100g / m 2 as a glass powder content is preferably 0.1g / m 2 ⁇ 10g / m 2.
- a drying step for volatilizing the solvent contained in the impurity diffusion layer forming composition is provided as necessary after application.
- drying is performed at a temperature of about 80 ° C. to 300 ° C. for about 1 to 10 minutes when using a hot plate, and about 10 to 30 minutes when using a dryer or the like.
- the drying conditions depend on the solvent composition of the impurity diffusion layer forming composition and are not particularly limited to the above conditions in the present invention.
- the p-type semiconductor substrate 10 coated with the n-type diffusion layer forming composition is heat-treated at, for example, 200 ° C. to 800 ° C. in an oxygen-containing atmosphere or an oxygen-containing gas (eg, air). It is preferable.
- the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 300 ° C to 800 ° C, more preferably 400 ° C to 700 ° C, still more preferably 400 ° C to 600 ° C.
- the heat treatment time is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected according to the configuration of the n-type diffusion layer forming composition. For example, it can be 1 minute to 30 minutes.
- the manufacturing method of the p + -type diffusion layer (high-concentration electric field layer) 14 on the back surface is limited to a method by conversion from an n-type diffusion layer by aluminum to a p + -type diffusion layer.
- any conventionally known method can be adopted, and the options of the manufacturing method are expanded.
- p-type diffusion layer forming composition 13 which is an impurity diffusion layer forming composition can be applied to form p + -type diffusion layer (high concentration electric field layer) 14.
- the method for applying the p-type diffusion layer forming composition 13 to the back surface of the p-type semiconductor substrate 10 is the same as the method for applying the n-type diffusion layer forming composition described above on the p-type semiconductor substrate.
- the p-type diffusion layer forming composition 13 applied to the back surface is subjected to thermal diffusion processing in the same manner as the thermal diffusion processing in the n-type diffusion layer forming composition 11 described later, so that a p + -type diffusion layer (high-concentration electric field) is formed on the back surface.
- Layer 14 can be formed.
- the thermal diffusion treatment of the p-type diffusion layer forming composition 13 is preferably performed simultaneously with the thermal diffusion treatment of the n-type diffusion layer forming composition 11.
- the p-type semiconductor substrate 10 on which the n-type diffusion layer forming composition layer 11 is formed is subjected to thermal diffusion treatment at 600 ° C. to 1200 ° C.
- thermal diffusion treatment n-type impurity atoms diffuse into the p-type semiconductor substrate 10 as shown in FIG.
- the specific metal atoms contained in the n-type diffusion layer forming composition 11 diffuse into the n-type diffusion layer 12.
- lattice strain due to plastic deformation generated in a region where n-type impurity atoms (for example, phosphorus atoms) are diffused at a high concentration is alleviated, and generation of defects is suppressed.
- the specific metal atom that diffuses into the n-type diffusion layer is preferably included in the surface layer of the n-type diffusion layer in a concentration range of 1 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or more. From the viewpoint of suppressing the diffusion of n-type impurity atoms due to the reduction of lattice defects, the range of 1 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 is more preferable so that the concentration is not too high.
- a known continuous furnace, batch furnace, or the like can be applied to the thermal diffusion treatment. Further, the furnace atmosphere during the thermal diffusion treatment can be appropriately adjusted to air, oxygen, nitrogen or the like.
- the thermal diffusion treatment time can be appropriately selected according to the content of n-type impurity atoms contained in the n-type diffusion layer forming composition. For example, it can be 1 minute to 60 minutes, and more preferably 2 minutes to 30 minutes.
- a glass layer such as phosphate glass is formed on the surface of the formed n-type diffusion layer 12, this phosphate glass is removed by etching.
- etching a known method such as a method of immersing in an acid such as hydrofluoric acid or a method of immersing in an alkali such as caustic soda can be applied.
- the n-type diffusion layer is formed at a desired site. 12 is formed, and an unnecessary n-type diffusion layer is not formed on the back and side surfaces. Therefore, in the conventional method of forming an n-type diffusion layer by a gas phase reaction method, a side etching process for removing an unnecessary n-type diffusion layer formed on a side surface is essential. According to the manufacturing method of the invention, the side etching process is not required, and the process is simplified.
- n-type diffusion layer formed on the back surface it is necessary to convert an unnecessary n-type diffusion layer formed on the back surface into a p + -type diffusion layer.
- a group 13 element is added to the n-type diffusion layer on the back surface.
- a method is adopted in which an aluminum paste is applied and baked, and aluminum is diffused into the n-type diffusion layer to convert it into a p + -type diffusion layer. Conversion to p + -type diffusion layer and sufficient in this method, since in order further to form a high density electric field layer is a p + -type diffusion layer, it is necessary to some degree or more aluminum content, the aluminum layer It was necessary to form a thick film.
- n-type diffusion layer since an unnecessary n-type diffusion layer is not formed on the back surface, it is not necessary to perform conversion from the n-type diffusion layer to the p + -type diffusion layer, and it is necessary to increase the thickness of the aluminum layer. Disappear. As a result, generation of internal stress and warpage in the semiconductor substrate can be suppressed. As a result, it is possible to suppress an increase in power loss and damage to the element.
- the manufacturing method of the p + -type diffusion layer (high-concentration electric field layer) 14 on the back surface is limited to a method by conversion from an n-type diffusion layer by aluminum to a p + -type diffusion layer.
- either method can be adopted, and the choice of manufacturing method is expanded.
- the p-type diffusion layer forming composition 13 is applied to the back surface of the p-type semiconductor substrate 10 (the surface opposite to the surface on which the n-type diffusion layer forming composition is applied), and is baked to form p on the back surface. It is preferable to form the + type diffusion layer (high concentration electric field layer) 14.
- the specific metal atom contained in the p-type diffusion layer forming composition 13 diffuses into the p + -type diffusion layer 14.
- specific metal atoms diffuse into the p + -type diffusion layer is preferably contained in 1 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or more concentration range in the surface layer of the p + -type diffusion layer.
- the range of 1 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 is more preferable so that the concentration is not too high.
- the material used for the back surface electrode 20 is not limited to Group 13 aluminum, and for example, Ag (silver) or Cu (copper) can be applied. In addition, it can be formed thinner than the conventional one.
- an antireflection film 16 is formed on the n-type diffusion layer 12.
- the antireflection film 16 is formed by applying a known technique.
- the antireflection film 16 is a silicon nitride film, it is formed by a plasma CVD method using a mixed gas of SiH 4 and NH 3 as a raw material. At this time, hydrogen diffuses into the crystal, and orbits that do not contribute to the bonding of silicon atoms, that is, dangling bonds and hydrogen are combined to inactivate defects (hydrogen passivation).
- the mixed gas flow ratio NH 3 / SiH 4 is 0.05 to 1.0
- the reaction chamber pressure is 13.3 Pa (0.1 Torr) to 266.6 Pa (2 Torr)
- the temperature is 300 ° C. to 550 ° C. and the frequency for plasma discharge is 100 kHz or more.
- a surface electrode metal paste is printed, applied and dried by a screen printing method on the antireflection film 16 on the surface (light receiving surface) to form a surface electrode metal paste layer 17.
- the metal paste for a surface electrode contains (1) metal particles and (2) glass particles as essential components, and includes (3) a resin binder and (4) other additives as necessary.
- a back electrode 20 is also formed on the p + -type diffusion layer (high concentration electric field layer) 14 on the back surface.
- the material and forming method of the back electrode 20 are not particularly limited.
- the back electrode 20 may be formed by applying and drying a back electrode paste containing a metal such as aluminum, silver, or copper. At this time, a silver paste for forming a silver electrode may be partially provided on the back surface for connection between elements in the module process.
- the electrode is fired to complete the solar cell element.
- the antireflection film 16 as an insulating film is melted by the glass particles contained in the electrode metal paste on the surface side, and the silicon 10 surface is also partially melted.
- the metal particles (for example, silver particles) in the paste form a contact portion with the silicon substrate 10 and solidify. Thereby, the formed surface electrode 18 and the silicon substrate 10 are electrically connected. This is called fire-through.
- FIG. 2A is a plan view of a solar cell element in which the surface electrode 18 includes a bus bar electrode 30 and a finger electrode 32 intersecting with the bus bar electrode 30 as viewed from the surface.
- FIG. 2B is an enlarged perspective view illustrating a part of FIG.
- Such a surface electrode 18 can be formed, for example, by means such as screen printing of the above metal paste, plating of the electrode material, vapor deposition of the electrode material by electron beam heating in a high vacuum, or the like.
- the surface electrode 18 composed of the bus bar electrode 30 and the finger electrode 32 is generally used as an electrode on the light receiving surface side and is well known, and it is possible to apply known forming means for the bus bar electrode and finger electrode on the light receiving surface side. it can.
- the solar cell element in which the n-type diffusion layer is formed on the front surface, the p + -type diffusion layer is formed on the back surface, and the front surface electrode and the back surface electrode are further provided on the respective layers has been described.
- a semiconductor substrate manufactured using the impurity diffusion layer forming composition is used, a solar cell element having a selective emitter structure can be manufactured.
- a solar cell element having a selective emitter structure for the purpose of high efficiency has two types of n-type diffusion layers having different impurity concentrations, and the n-type diffusion layer directly under the electrode has a high impurity concentration, and other regions.
- the light receiving region has a low impurity concentration.
- the n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition can also be used to form a high concentration diffusion layer directly under the electrode.
- an n-type impurity concentration is 1. at a distance of 0.10 ⁇ m to 1.0 ⁇ m in the depth direction of the p-type semiconductor substrate of the n + -type diffusion layer formed by the thermal diffusion process. It is preferable that a high concentration region of 00 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or more exists. It is more preferable that the high concentration region exists at a distance of 0.12 ⁇ m to 1.0 ⁇ m in the depth direction, and it is further preferable that the high concentration region exists at a distance of 0.15 ⁇ m to 1.0 ⁇ m in the depth direction. In general, the diffusion concentration of impurities decreases from the substrate surface layer in the depth direction.
- the impurity concentration in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate can be measured by performing secondary ion analysis (SIMS analysis) by a conventional method using IMS-7F (made by CAMECA) as described above. .
- the concentration gradient of the n-type impurity from the surface to the depth direction of 0.1 ⁇ m is ⁇ It is preferably 9.00 ⁇ 10 21 atoms / (cm 3 ⁇ ⁇ m) or more, more preferably ⁇ 8.00 ⁇ 10 21 atoms / (cm 3 ⁇ ⁇ m) or more.
- the concentration gradient of the n-type impurity from the surface to a depth of 0.1 ⁇ m is within the above range, the carrier collection efficiency tends to be further improved.
- the concentration gradient of the n-type impurity from the surface to a depth of 0.1 ⁇ m is an n-type impurity concentration difference obtained by subtracting the n-type impurity concentration at the surface from the n-type impurity concentration at a depth of 0.1 ⁇ m from the surface. Calculated by dividing by 0.1 ⁇ m.
- n + -type diffusion layer As a method for forming an n + -type diffusion layer in which impurities are diffused at a high concentration from the surface to a deep position in this way, when the n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition is used, a sheet on the surface of the n + -type diffusion layer is used.
- the resistance value is preferably 20 ⁇ / ⁇ to 60 ⁇ / ⁇ , and more preferably 20 ⁇ / ⁇ to 40 ⁇ / ⁇ .
- the sheet resistance value can be measured by a four-probe method at 25 ° C., for example, using a Loresta-EP MCP-T360 type low resistivity meter manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation. In the present invention, the sheet resistance value at 25 points is measured, and the sheet resistance value is evaluated as the arithmetic average value.
- the layer thickness (ie, junction depth) of the n + -type diffusion layer is preferably in the range of 0.5 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m, and more preferably in the range of 0.6 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m.
- the layer thickness (junction depth) of the n + -type diffusion layer is measured in the same manner as described above by measuring the impurity concentration in the depth direction of the semiconductor substrate, and the impurity concentration is 1.00 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or less. Is required as a depth.
- an impurity concentration is not present in a region other than the n + -type diffusion layer (hereinafter also referred to as “first n-type diffusion layer”) of the silicon substrate having a high impurity concentration.
- a low n-type diffusion layer (hereinafter also referred to as “second n-type diffusion layer”) is formed.
- a method for forming the second n-type diffusion layer for example, a method in which the n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition is applied and thermal diffusion treatment is performed, and a method in which heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere containing n-type impurities is used. Can be mentioned.
- an n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition having a low impurity concentration it is preferable to use an n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition having a low impurity concentration.
- an n + -type diffusion layer is formed with an n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition having a high impurity concentration in the region where the electrode is to be formed.
- an n-type diffusion layer can be formed with an n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition having a low impurity concentration.
- the n + -type diffusion layer and the n-type diffusion layer may be formed by thermal diffusion treatment, but are preferably formed simultaneously by one thermal diffusion treatment.
- the atmosphere containing the n-type impurity in the method of forming the second n-type diffusion layer by heat treatment in an atmosphere containing the n-type impurity is not particularly limited as long as it contains the n-type impurity.
- a mixed gas atmosphere of phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3 ), nitrogen, and oxygen can be used.
- the heat treatment conditions are the same as above.
- the sheet resistance value on the surface is preferably about 100 ⁇ / ⁇ .
- the impurity concentration on the surface is in the range of 1.00 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 to 1.00 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 , and the layer thickness (junction depth) is 0.2 ⁇ m to 0.3 ⁇ m. Preferably there is. Thereby, recombination of carriers generated by light irradiation can be suppressed, and carriers can be efficiently collected by the first n-type diffusion layer.
- a back contact type solar cell element can be produced.
- Back contact solar cell elements aiming at high efficiency have n + -type diffusion layers and p + -type diffusion layers arranged alternately on the back surface that does not become the light-receiving surface, and electrodes are formed on the respective impurity diffusion layers It has a structure.
- the p-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition By using the p-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition, a p + -type diffusion layer can be selectively formed in a specific region.
- the specific metal atom in the impurity diffusion layer forming composition is also diffused into the impurity diffusion layer.
- a slight surface roughening occurs in a region where the specific metal atom is diffused in the outermost layer. This may be because, for example, the solubility of silicon containing a specific metal atom in hydrofluoric acid is improved. For this reason, the formed impurity diffusion layer can be easily identified, and the occurrence of misalignment between the electrode and the impurity diffusion layer is suppressed when the electrode is formed.
- the roughening of the surface is observed as a concave depression, the average depth is extremely shallow in the range of 0.004 ⁇ m to 0.1 ⁇ m, and does not affect the power generation characteristics. Further, the roughening of the surface is about 0.004 ⁇ m to 0.1 ⁇ m when measured as the arithmetic average roughness Ra.
- the roughening of the surface can be observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The arithmetic average roughness can be measured according to the method of JISB0601 using a shape measuring laser microscope VK-9700 (manufactured by Keyence Corporation).
- the solar cell of the present invention includes at least one of the solar cell elements, and is configured by arranging a wiring material (tab wire) on the electrode of the solar cell element. If necessary, the solar cell may be constituted by connecting a plurality of solar cell elements via a wiring material and further sealing with a sealing material.
- the wiring material and the sealing material are not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected from those usually used in the industry.
- Example 1 P 2 O 5 —SiO 2 —CaO glass (P 2 O 5 : 50%, SiO 2 : 43%, CaO: 7%) having a substantially spherical particle shape, an average particle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m, and a softening temperature of 700 ° C. ) 10 g of powder, 6.8 g of ethyl cellulose, and 83.2 g of terpineol were mixed using an automatic mortar kneader to make a paste, thereby preparing an n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition. Next, the prepared paste was applied to the entire surface of the p-type silicon substrate by screen printing, dried at 150 ° C.
- the sheet resistance value on the surface on which the n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition was applied was 35 ⁇ / ⁇ , and P (phosphorus) diffused to form an n-type diffusion layer.
- the sheet resistance value on the back surface was 1000000 ⁇ / ⁇ or more, which was not measurable, and it was determined that the n-type diffusion layer was not substantially formed.
- the sheet resistance value was obtained by measuring 25 points by a four-probe method at 25 ° C. using a Loresta-EP MCP-T360 type low resistivity meter manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, and calculating an arithmetic average value thereof. .
- the content of Ca on the surface of the n-type diffusion layer was 1 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 .
- the secondary ion analysis (SIMS analysis) was performed by a conventional method using IMS-7F (manufactured by CAMCA).
- Example 2 An n-type diffusion layer was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the thermal diffusion treatment time was 30 minutes, to obtain a semiconductor substrate having a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type diffusion layer.
- the sheet resistance on the surface on which the n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition was applied was 24 ⁇ / ⁇ , and P (phosphorus) diffused to form an n-type diffusion layer.
- the sheet resistance on the back surface was 1000000 ⁇ / ⁇ or more, which was not measurable, and it was determined that the n-type diffusion layer was not substantially formed. Further, the content of Ca on the surface of the n-type diffusion layer was 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 .
- Example 3 P 2 O 5 —SiO 2 —MgO glass (P 2 O 5 : 50%, SiO 2 : 43%, MgO: 7%) having a substantially spherical particle shape, an average particle diameter of 1.0 ⁇ m, and a softening temperature of 700 ° C. )
- An n-type diffusion layer was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that powder was used to obtain a semiconductor substrate having a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type diffusion layer.
- the sheet resistance of the surface on which the n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition was applied was 30 ⁇ / ⁇ , and P (phosphorus) diffused to form an n-type diffusion layer.
- the sheet resistance on the back surface was 1000000 ⁇ / ⁇ or more, which was not measurable, and it was determined that the n-type diffusion layer was not substantially formed. Further, the content of Mg on the surface in the n-type diffusion layer was 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 .
- Example 4 [Production of solar cell element having selective emitter structure]
- the n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition of Example 1 was applied to the surface of a p-type silicon substrate by screen printing in a finger shape with a width of 150 ⁇ m and a bus bar shape with a width of 1.5 mm, and dried at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes. .
- heat treatment was performed in the atmosphere at 900 ° C. for 10 minutes to diffuse n-type impurities into the silicon substrate, and an n + -type diffusion layer (first n-type diffusion layer) was formed in the electrode formation scheduled region.
- the average sheet resistance value on the surface of the n + -type diffusion layer is 35 ⁇ / ⁇ , and the sheet resistance value on the surface of the other n-type diffusion layer (second n-type diffusion layer) The average value of was 102 ⁇ / ⁇ .
- the Ca content in the n + -type diffusion layer is 1 ⁇ 10 17. atoms / cm 3 .
- n-type impurity concentration on the surface The n-type impurity concentration at a depth of 0.020 ⁇ m from the surface of the n + -type diffusion layer is 1.01 ⁇ 10 21 atoms / cm 3 , and the depth is 0
- the n-type impurity concentration at 1 ⁇ m was 1.46 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 .
- the concentration gradient of n-type impurity atoms from the surface to a depth of 0.1 ⁇ m was ⁇ 8.64 ⁇ 10 21 atoms / (cm 3 ⁇ ⁇ m).
- n + -type diffusion layer a region having an n-type impurity concentration of 1.00 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or more was formed from the surface to a depth of 0.13 ⁇ m.
- the surface of the formed first n-type diffusion layer was roughened to form a concave depression. Further, when the arithmetic average roughness Ra was measured using a shape measuring laser microscope VK-9700 (manufactured by Keyence Corporation), Ra was 0.05 ⁇ m.
- arithmetic mean roughness Ra was measured according to the method of JISB0601.
- the object to be measured is a part of the texture on the surface of the silicon substrate, and is on a triangular surface which is one surface of a square pyramid having a height of about 5 ⁇ m and a base of about 20 ⁇ m. Since this region is very small, the measurement length was 5 ⁇ m. The evaluation length may be longer than 5 ⁇ m, but in this case, it is necessary to remove the texture irregularities on the surface of the n + -type diffusion layer by cutoff. In the measurement, Mitutoyo roughness standard piece No. The measured value was calibrated using 178-605 or the like.
- the n-type impurity concentration in the depth direction was measured for the region where the second n-type diffusion layer was formed.
- the n-type impurity concentration at the surface of the second n-type diffusion layer is 1.00 ⁇ 10 21 atoms / cm 3
- the n-type impurity concentration at a depth of 0.1 ⁇ m is 2.79 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 . there were. Therefore, the gradient of the n-type impurity concentration from the surface to a depth of 0.1 ⁇ m was ⁇ 9.97 ⁇ 10 21 atoms / (cm 3 ⁇ ⁇ m).
- the region having an n-type impurity concentration of 1.00 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or more was formed from the surface to a depth of 0.02 ⁇ m.
- an antireflection film is formed on the light-receiving surface, a surface electrode is formed on the region where the electrode is to be formed, and the back surface is formed by a conventional method.
- a back electrode was formed on each to produce a solar cell element.
- the light-receiving surface electrode fingers formed here were 100 ⁇ m wide, and the bus bars were 1.1 mm wide.
- the electrode paste is applied by aligning the region where the electrode paste is applied and the region where the first n-type diffusion layer is formed. Then, the heat treatment was performed.
- the portion where the light-receiving surface electrode was formed as described above was observed with a microscope, and compared with the electrode formation region and the first n-type diffusion layer region. It was confirmed that the diffusion layer was 25 ⁇ m wide at both ends with respect to the electrode.
- the obtained solar cell had a conversion efficiency improved by 0.5% compared to a solar cell not having an electrode formation region (selective emitter) in which a high concentration n + -type diffusion layer was formed.
- B 2 O 3 —SiO 2 —Na 2 O glass powder (trade name: TMX-404, Toago Material Technology Co., Ltd.) having a substantially spherical particle shape, an average particle diameter of 4.9 ⁇ m, and a softening point of 561 ° C. 20 g), ethyl cellulose 0.5 g, and terpineol 10 g were mixed using an automatic mortar kneader to make a paste to prepare a p-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition.
- the prepared paste is applied to the back surface of a p-type silicon substrate having an n-type diffusion layer formed on the surface by screen printing, dried on a hot plate at 150 ° C. for 5 minutes, and then debindered at 400 ° C. for 3 minutes. Processed. Next, heat treatment was performed in the atmosphere at 950 ° C. for 30 minutes to diffuse p-type impurity atoms into the silicon substrate, and a p + -type diffusion layer was formed to obtain a semiconductor substrate. Subsequently, the glass layer remaining on the surface of the silicon substrate was removed with hydrofluoric acid.
- the sheet resistance value on the surface on which the p-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition was applied was 60 ⁇ / ⁇ , and B (boron) diffused to form a p + -type diffusion layer.
- the content of Na on the surface of the p + -type diffusion layer was 1 ⁇ 10 17. atoms / cm 3 .
- Example 6 A p + -type diffusion layer was formed in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the thermal diffusion treatment was performed at 1000 ° C. for 10 minutes to obtain a semiconductor substrate.
- the sheet resistance on the surface on which the p-type diffusion layer forming composition was applied was 40 ⁇ / ⁇ , and B (boron) diffused to form a p + -type diffusion layer.
- the content of Na on the surface of the p + -type diffusion layer was 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 .
- Example 7 B 2 O 3 —SiO 2 —CaO glass powder having a substantially spherical particle shape, an average particle size of 5.1 ⁇ m, and a softening point of 808 ° C. (trade name: TMX-403, manufactured by Toago Material Technology Co., Ltd.)
- a p + -type diffusion layer was formed in the same manner as in Example 5 except that was used to obtain a semiconductor substrate.
- the sheet resistance on the surface on which the p-type diffusion layer forming composition was applied was 65 ⁇ / ⁇ , and B (boron) diffused to form a p + -type diffusion layer. Further, the content of Ca on the surface of the p + -type diffusion layer was 1 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 .
- Example 8 The p-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition prepared in Example 5 was patterned and applied to the surface of an n-type silicon substrate in a finger shape with a width of 150 ⁇ m and a bus bar shape with a width of 1.5 mm using a screen printer. Except for this, a p + -type diffusion layer patterned in the same manner as in Example 1 was formed. When the surface of the formed p + -type diffusion layer was observed with an SEM (10,000 times), it was roughened to form a concave depression. Moreover, when arithmetic mean roughness Ra was measured, Ra was 0.06 micrometer. The average value of the sheet resistance value on the surface of the p + type diffusion layer was 65 ⁇ / ⁇ .
- the content of Na on the surface of the p + -type diffusion layer was 1 ⁇ 10 17. atoms / cm 3 .
- An electrode was formed on the formed p + -type diffusion layer so that the finger portion had a width of 100 ⁇ m and the bus bar portion had a width of 1.1 mm. Specifically, after aligning the position where the electrode paste is applied and the formed p + -type diffusion layer using a screen printer equipped with a CCD camera control positioning system, the applied electrode paste is heat treated. An electrode was formed. When the formed electrode and the p + type diffusion layer region were observed with a microscope and compared, it was confirmed that there was no displacement and the p + type diffusion layer was 25 ⁇ m wide at both ends with respect to the finger part of the electrode. did.
- Example 1 an n-type impurity diffusion layer forming composition was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a P 2 O 5 —SiO 2 glass powder containing 1% iron (Fe) was used as the glass powder. A diffusion layer was formed to obtain a semiconductor substrate. The sheet resistance of the surface on which the n-type diffusion layer forming composition was applied was 34 ⁇ / ⁇ , and P (phosphorus) was diffused to form an n-type diffusion layer. The sheet resistance on the back surface was 1000000 ⁇ / ⁇ or more, which was not measurable, and it was determined that the n-type diffusion layer was not substantially formed. The content of Fe on the surface of the n-type diffusion layer was 1 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 .
- the obtained solar cell element had a light conversion characteristic that was lower than that of a conventional solar cell element in which an n-type diffusion layer was formed by vapor phase diffusion using phosphorus oxychloride.
- Example 2 P + in the same manner as in Example 5 except that a p-type diffusion layer forming composition was prepared using B 2 O 5 —SiO 2 glass powder containing 1% iron (Fe) as glass powder in Example 5. A mold diffusion layer was formed to obtain a semiconductor substrate. The sheet resistance of the surface on which the p-type diffusion layer forming composition was applied was 63 ⁇ / ⁇ , and B (boron) diffused to form a p + -type diffusion layer. Further, the content of Fe on the surface of the p + type diffusion layer was 1 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 .
- the obtained solar cell element had significantly reduced light conversion characteristics as compared with a solar cell using a p-type diffusion layer-forming product containing a conventional boron compound.
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Abstract
Description
まず、光閉じ込め効果を促して高効率化を図るよう、テクスチャー構造を形成したp型シリコン基板を準備し、続いてオキシ塩化リン(POCl3)、窒素、酸素の混合ガス雰囲気において800℃~900℃で数十分の処理を行って一様にn型拡散層を形成する。この従来の方法では、シリコン表面が酸化されるとともに、PSG(phosphosilicate glass)の非晶質膜が形成され、シリコン基板中にはリン原子のみが拡散し、リン原子が高濃度に存在するn型拡散層が形成される。
さらに上記、何れの方法において、リンの拡散が側面及び裏面にもおよび、表面のみならず、側面、裏面にもn型拡散層が形成される。
アルミニウムの替わりにホウ素化合物を拡散源として用いる手法が提案されている(例えば、特開2002-539615号公報参照)。さらに、有機溶剤に分散されたB2O3、Al2O3又はP2O5を含む拡散剤組成物が提案されている(例えば、特開2011-71489号公報参照)。
<1> 半導体層と、K、Na、Li、Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Be、Zn、Pb、Cd、V、Sn、Zr、Mo、La、Nb、Ta、Y、Ti、Zr、Ge、Te及びLuからなる群より選ばれる金属原子の少なくとも1種、並びにn型不純物原子及びp型不純物原子からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の不純物原子を含む不純物拡散層と、を有する半導体基板である。
本発明の半導体基板は、半導体層と、K、Na、Li、Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Be、Zn、Pb、Cd、V、Sn、Zr、Mo、La、Nb、Ta、Y、Ti、Zr、Ge、Te及びLuからなる群(以下、「特定金属原子群」ともいう)より選ばれる金属原子の少なくとも1種、並びにn型不純物原子及びp型不純物原子からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の不純物原子を含む不純物拡散層とを有する。特定金属原子群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属原子を不純物拡散層中に含むことで、光変換効率に優れる半導体基板を構成することができる。これは例えば不純物拡散層におけるひずみが緩和されるため、優れた光変換特性を発現できると考えることができる。
しかし、本発明の半導体基板においては、不純物拡散層が特定金属原子群より選ばれるすくなくとも1種の金属原子(以下、単に「特定金属原子」ともいう)を含むことで、拡散層が形成された領域の識別が可能となる。従って前記半導体基板における不純物拡散層上に優れた位置合わせ精度で容易に電極を形成することができる。すなわち前記半導体基板を用いることで選択エミッタ構造およびバックコンタクト構造を有する太陽電池素子を、特性の低下を招くことなく効率よく製造することができる。
具体的には、測定対象となる所定面積の領域を深さ方向に削りながら二次イオン分析を行って特定金属原子の種類と濃度とを測定する。但し、表面における特定金属原子の含有量については、表面から測定を開始して深さ0.025μmに達した時点で測定される特定金属原子の濃度とする。
また前記半導体基板は、例えば、以下に説明する半導体基板の製造方法で製造することができる。
本発明の半導体基板の製造方法は、半導体層の少なくとも一方の面上にn型不純物原子及びp型不純物原子より選ばれる少なくとも1種の不純物原子を含むガラス粉末並びに分散媒を含有する不純物拡散層形成組成物を付与する工程と、前記付与された不純物拡散層形成組成物を熱拡散処理して不純物拡散層を形成する工程とを有し、必要に応じてその他の工程を有して構成される。
前記半導体基板の製造方法においては、n型不純物原子(以下、「ドナー元素」ともいう)及びp型不純物原子(以下、「アクセプタ元素」ともいう)からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の不純物原子を含むガラス粉末(以下、単に「ガラス粉末」と称する場合がある)と、分散媒とを含有する不純物拡散層形成組成物を用いる。前記不純物拡散層形成組成物は更に塗布性などを考慮してその他の添加剤を必要に応じて含有してもよい。
ここで、不純物拡散層形成組成物とは、n型不純物原子及びp型不純物原子からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の不純物原子を含有し、半導体基板に塗布した後にこれらの不純物原子を熱拡散することで不純物拡散層を形成することが可能な材料をいう。本発明の不純物拡散層形成組成物を適用すれば、従来広く採用されている気相反応法では必須のサイドエッチング工程が不要となり、工程が簡易化される。また、例えばp型半導体基板に気相法でn型拡散層を形成する場合、裏面に形成されたn型拡散層をp+型拡散層へ変換する工程も不要となる。そのため、裏面のp+型拡散層の形成方法や、裏面電極の材質、形状及び厚さが制限されず、適用する製造方法や材質、形状の選択肢が広がる。またp+型拡散層の形成にp型の不純物拡散層形成組成物を適用すれば、裏面電極の厚さに起因した半導体基板内の内部応力の発生が抑えられ、半導体基板の反りも抑えられる。
前記不純物原子を含むガラス粉末は、不純物原子を含む物質と、前記特定金属原子を含む物質とを含み、必要に応じてその他のガラス成分物質を含むことが好ましい。ここでガラス成分物質は、前記特定金属原子を含む物質であってもよい。
前記特定金属原子としては、不純物原子がリン原子またはホウ素原子のようにシリコン原子より原子半径の小さい場合には、原子半径の大きいものを選択することが好ましい。これにより拡散層中で生じる格子ひずみをより効果的に緩和できる。
ガラス成分物質としては、SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Li2O、BaO、SrO、CaO、MgO、BeO、ZnO、PbO、CdO、V2O5、SnO、ZrO2及びMoO3が挙げられ、これらから選択される少なくとも1種を用いることが好ましい。
上記では2成分を含む複合ガラスを例示したが、P2O5-SiO2-CaO、P2O5-SiO2-MgO等必要に応じて3種類以上成分を含む複合ガラスでもよい。
上記では2成分を含む複合ガラスを例示したが、B2O3-SiO2-Na2O等、3成分以上の物質を含むガラス粉末でもよい。
ここで、ガラスの平均粒径は、体積平均粒子径を表し、レーザー散乱回折法粒度分布測定装置等により測定することができる。
最初に原料、例えば、前記不純物含有物質とガラス成分物質を秤量し、るつぼに充填する。るつぼの材質としては白金、白金―ロジウム、イリジウム、アルミナ、石英、炭素等が挙げられるが、溶融温度、雰囲気、溶融物質との反応性等を考慮して適宜選ばれる。
次に、電気炉でガラス組成に応じた温度で加熱し融液とする。このとき融液が均一となるよう攪拌することが望ましい。
続いて得られた融液をジルコニア基板やカーボン基板等の上に流し出して融液をガラス化する。
最後にガラスを粉砕し粉末状とする。粉砕にはジェットミル、ビーズミル、ボールミル等公知の方法が適用できる。
分散媒とは、不純物拡散層形成組成物中において上記ガラス粉末を分散させる媒体である。具体的に分散媒としては、バインダーや溶剤が採用される。
不純物拡散層形成組成物におけるバインダーの含有率は特に制限されず、組成物としての所望の粘度や、インクジェット方式における吐出性を鑑みて適宜調整することができる。例えば不純物拡散層形成組成物中に0.5質量%~10質量%とすることができ、2質量%~8質量%であることが好ましい。
不純物拡散層形成組成物とした場合、基板への塗布性の観点から、α-テルピネオール、ジエチレングリコールモノ-n-ブチルエーテル及び酢酸2-(2-ブトキシエトキシ)エチルからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種が好ましい。
不純物拡散層形成組成物の粘度は、塗布性を考慮して、10mPa・s以上1000000mPa・S以下であることが好ましく、50mPa・s以上500000mPa・s以下であることがより好ましい。
不純物拡散層形成組成物としての粘度が前記範囲となるように増粘剤を含むことで半導体層への付与性が向上し、例えば細線再現性に優れる。
詳細には、インゴットからスライスした際に発生するシリコン表面のダメージ層を20質量%苛性ソーダで除去する。次いで1質量%苛性ソーダと10質量%イソプロピルアルコールの混合液によりエッチングを行い、テクスチャー構造を形成する(図中ではテクスチャー構造の記載を省略する)。太陽電池素子は、受光面(表面)側にテクスチャー構造を形成することにより、光閉じ込め効果が促され、高効率化が図られる。
上記n型拡散層形成組成物の塗布量としては特に制限は無い。例えば塗布量は、ガラス粉末量として0.01g/m2~100g/m2とすることができ、0.1g/m2~10g/m2であることが好ましい。
熱処理時間は特に制限されず、n型拡散層形成組成物の構成等に応じて適宜選択できる。例えば1分~30分とすることができる。
裏面に付与されたp型拡散層形成組成物13を、後述するn型拡散層形成組成物11における熱拡散処理と同様に熱拡散処理することで、裏面にp+型拡散層(高濃度電界層)14を形成することができる。なお、p型拡散層形成組成物13の熱拡散処理は、n型拡散層形成組成物11の熱拡散処理と同時に行なうことが好ましい。
n型拡散層に拡散する特定金属原子は、n型拡散層の表層において1×1017atoms/cm3以上の濃度範囲で含まれることが好ましい。格子欠陥の減少によるn型不純物原子の拡散抑制の観点から、高濃度になりすぎないように1×1017atoms/cm3~1×1020atoms/cm3の範囲がより好ましい。
また熱拡散処理時間は、n型拡散層形成組成物に含まれるn型不純物原子の含有率に応じて適宜選択することができる。例えば、1分~60分とすることができ、2分~30分であることがより好ましい。
したがって、従来広く採用されている気相反応法によりn型拡散層を形成する方法では、側面に形成された不要なn型拡散層を除去するためのサイドエッチング工程が必須であったが、本発明の製造方法によれば、サイドエッチング工程が不要となり、工程が簡易化される。
この内部応力は、結晶の結晶粒界に損傷を与え、電力損失が大きくなるという課題があった。また、反りは、モジュール工程における太陽電池素子の搬送や、タブ線と呼ばれる銅線との接続において、素子を破損させ易くしていた。近年では、スライス加工技術の向上から、シリコン基板の厚みが薄型化されつつあり、更に素子が割れ易い傾向にある。
例えば、p型拡散層形成組成物13をp型半導体基板10の裏面(n型拡散層形成組成物を塗布した面とは反対側の面)に塗布し、焼成処理することで、裏面にp+型拡散層(高濃度電界層)14を形成することが好ましい。またこのとき、上記p型拡散層形成組成物13に含まれる特定金属原子がp+型拡散層14中に拡散する。これにより、高濃度にp型不純物原子(例えば、ホウ素原子)が拡散した領域で生じる塑性変形による格子ひずみを緩和し、欠陥の発生が抑制される。p+型拡散層に拡散する特定金属原子は、p+型拡散層の表層において1×1017atoms/cm3以上の濃度範囲で含まれることが好ましい。格子欠陥の減少によるp型不純物原子の拡散抑制の観点から、高濃度になりすぎないように1×1017atoms/cm3~1×1020atoms/cm3の範囲がより好ましい。
また後述するように、裏面の表面電極20に用いる材料は第13族のアルミニウムに限定されず、例えばAg(銀)又はCu(銅)等を適用することができ、裏面の表面電極20の厚さも従来のものよりも薄く形成することが可能となる。
より具体的には、上記混合ガス流量比NH3/SiH4が0.05~1.0、反応室の圧力が13.3Pa(0.1Torr)~266.6Pa(2Torr)、成膜時の温度が300℃~550℃、プラズマの放電のための周波数が100kHz以上の条件下で形成される。
高効率化を目的とした選択エミッタ構造を有する太陽電池素子は、不純物濃度が異なる2種のn型拡散層を有してなり、電極直下のn型拡散層は不純物濃度が高く、他の領域である受光領域では不純物濃度が低い構造となっている。上記n型の不純物拡散層形成組成物は電極直下の高濃度拡散層の形成にも用いることができる。
なお、半導体基板の深さ方向の不純物濃度は、既述のようにIMS-7F(CAMECA社製)を用いて、常法により二次イオン分析(SIMS分析)を行うことで測定することができる。
なお、表面から深さ0.1μmまでのn型不純物の濃度勾配は、表面からの深さ0.1μmにおけるn型不純物濃度から表面におけるn型不純物濃度を差し引いたn型不純物濃度差を、距離0.1μmで除して算出される。
なお、シート抵抗値は、例えば三菱化学(株)製Loresta-EP MCP-T360型低抵抗率計を用いて25℃で四探針法により測定することができる。本発明においては25点のシート抵抗値を測定し、その算術平均値としてシート抵抗値を評価する。
ここでn+型拡散層の層厚(接合深さ)は、上記と同様にして半導体基板の深さ方向に不純物濃度を測定し、不純物濃度が1.00×1016atoms/cm3以下となる深さとして求められる。
またこの場合、n+型拡散層とn型拡散層はそれぞれ熱拡散処理して形成してもよいが、一度の熱拡散処理で同時に形成することが好ましい。
また熱処理条件は上記と同様である。
高効率化を目的としたバックコンタクト型の太陽電池素子は、受光面とならない裏面にn+型拡散層とp+型拡散層とが交互に配置され、それぞれの不純物拡散層上に電極を形成した構造となっている。上記p型不純物拡散層形成組成物を用いることで選択的に特定の領域にp+型拡散層を形成できる。
そのため、形成された不純物拡散層の識別が容易となり、電極を形成する際に、電極と不純物拡散層の位置ずれを引き起こすことが抑制される。
またこの表面の粗面化は、凹状の窪みとして観察され、平均深さは0.004μm~0.1μmの範囲で極浅く、発電特性に影響を与えない程度である。さらにこの表面の粗面化は算術平均粗さRaとして測定すると、0.004μm~0.1μm程度となる。
なお、この表面の粗面化は、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて観察することが可能である。また算術平均粗さは形状測定レーザーマイクロスコープVK-9700(キーエンス社製)を用いて、JISB0601の方法に準じて測定することができる。
本発明の太陽電池は、前記太陽電池素子の少なくとも1つを含み、太陽電池素子の電極上に配線材料(タブ線)が配置されて構成される。太陽電池はさらに必要に応じて、配線材料を介して複数の太陽電池素子が連結され、さらに封止材で封止されて構成されていてもよい。
前記配線材料及び封止材としては特に制限されず、当業界で通常用いられているものから適宜選択することができる。
粒子形状が略球状で、平均粒径が1.0μm、軟化温度が700℃のP2O5-SiO2-CaOガラス(P2O5:50%、SiO2:43%、CaO:7%)粉末10gとエチルセルロース6.8g、テルピネオール83.2gを、自動乳鉢混練装置を用いて混合してペースト化し、n型不純物拡散層形成組成物を調製した。
次に、調製したペーストをスクリーン印刷によってp型シリコン基板表面の全面に塗布し、150℃で10分間乾燥させ、続いて、400℃で3分間脱バインダー処理を行った。次に、大気中、900℃で10分間熱処理し、n型不純物原子をシリコン基板中に拡散させ、n型拡散層を形成して、p型半導体層とn型拡散層とを有する半導体基板を得た。
続いて、シリコン基板の表面に残存したガラス層をフッ酸によって除去した。
なお、シート抵抗値は、三菱化学(株)製Loresta-EP MCP-T360型低抵抗率計を用い25℃で、四探針法により25点測定し、その算術平均値を算出して求めた。
なお、二次イオン分析(SIMS分析)は、IMS-7F(CAMECA社製)を用いて、常法により行なった。
熱拡散処理時間を30分とした以外は実施例1と同様にn型拡散層形成を行って、p型半導体層とn型拡散層とを有する半導体基板を得た。
n型不純物拡散層形成組成物を塗布した側の表面のシート抵抗は24Ω/□であり、P(リン)が拡散しn型拡散層が形成されていた。裏面のシート抵抗は1000000Ω/□以上で測定不能であり、n型拡散層は実質的に形成されていないと判断された。
また、n型拡散層中においてCaの表面における含有量は1×1019atoms/cm3であった。
粒子形状が略球状で、平均粒径が1.0μm、軟化温度が700℃のP2O5-SiO2-MgOガラス(P2O5:50%、SiO2:43%、MgO:7%)粉末を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にn型拡散層形成を行って、p型半導体層とn型拡散層とを有する半導体基板を得た。
n型不純物拡散層形成組成物を塗布した側の表面のシート抵抗は30Ω/□であり、P(リン)が拡散しn型拡散層が形成されていた。裏面のシート抵抗は1000000Ω/□以上で測定不能であり、n型拡散層は実質的に形成されていないと判断された。
また、n型拡散層中においてMgの表面における含有量は1×1019atoms/cm3であった。
実施例1~3で得られたn型拡散層が形成された半導体基板を用い、常法により、受講面に反射防止膜を、表面の電極形成領域に表面電極を、裏面に裏面電極をそれぞれ形成して、太陽電池素子をそれぞれ作製した。
得られたいずれの太陽電池素子も、従来のオキシ塩化リンを用いた気相拡散でn型拡散層を形成した太陽電池素子と比較して、0.1%の変換効率の向上が見られた。
[選択エミッタ構造を有する太陽電池素子の作製]
p型シリコン基板の表面に実施例1のn型不純物拡散層形成組成物をスクリーン印刷により150μm幅でフィンガー状に、そして1.5mm幅でバスバー状に塗布し、150℃で10分間乾燥させた。
次に、大気中、900℃で10分間熱処理し、n型不純物をシリコン基板中に拡散させ、電極形成予定領域にn+型拡散層(第一のn型拡散層)を形成した。次いで、オキシ塩化リン(POCl3)、窒素、及び酸素の混合ガス雰囲気大気中で、830℃で10分間熱処理し、n型不純物をシリコン基板中に拡散させ、受光領域に第二のn型拡散層を形成した。続いて、シリコン基板の表面に残存したガラス層をフッ酸によって除去した。
n+型拡散層の表面から深さ0.020μmの位置におけるn型不純物濃度(以下、「表面におけるn型不純物濃度」という)は1.01×1021atoms/cm3であり、深さ0.1μmにおけるn型不純物濃度は1.46×1020atoms/cm3であった。従って表面から深さ0.1μmまでのn型不純物原子の濃度勾配は-8.64×1021atoms/(cm3・μm)であった。
またn+型拡散層では、n型不純物濃度が1.00×1020atoms/cm3以上である領域が、表面から深さ0.13μmにまで形成されていた。
形成した第一のn型拡散層の表面は粗面化されて凹状の窪みが形成されていた。また形状測定レーザーマイクロスコープVK-9700(キーエンス社製)を用いて算術平均粗さRaを測定したところ、Raは0.05μmであった。なお、算術平均粗さRaは、JISB0601の方法に準じて測定した。測定対象物はシリコン基板表面のテクスチャーの一部であり、高さが5μm、底辺が20μm程度からなる四角錘の一つの面である三角面上である。この領域は微小であるため、測定長さは5μmとした。評価長さは5μmより長くても構わないが、この場合はn+型拡散層の表面のテクスチャーの凹凸を、カットオフにより除去する必要がある。なお、測定に際しては、測定前にミツトヨ製粗さ標準片No.178-605等を用いて、測定値の較正を行った。
第二のn型拡散層の表面におけるn型不純物濃度は1.00×1021atoms/cm3であり、深さ0.1μmおけるn型不純物濃度は2.79×1018atoms/cm3であった。従って表面から深さ0.1μmまでのn型不純物濃度の勾配は-9.97×1021atoms/(cm3・μm)であった。
また第二のn型拡散層では、n型不純物濃度が1.00×1020atoms/cm3以上である領域は、表面から深さ0.02μmにまで形成されていた。
上記のようにして受光面電極が形成された部分を顕微鏡で観察し、電極形成領域と第一のn型拡散層の領域と比較したところ、位置ずれはなく、フィンガー部において第一のn型拡散層が電極に対して両端それぞれ幅25μmずつ広いことを確認した。
得られた太陽電池セルは、高濃度のn+型拡散層が形成された電極形成領域(選択エミッタ)を有しない太陽電池セルに比べて、変換効率が0.5%向上していた。
粒子形状が略球状で、平均粒子径が4.9μm、軟化点561℃のB2O3-SiO2-Na2Oガラス粉末(商品名:TMX-404、東罐マテリアル・テクノロジー(株)社製)20gと、エチルセルロース0.5gと、テルピネオール10gとを、自動乳鉢混練装置を用いて混合してペースト化し、p型不純物拡散層形成組成物を調製した。
続いて、シリコン基板の表面に残存したガラス層をフッ酸によって除去した。
熱拡散処理を1000℃10分とした以外は実施例5と同様にp+型拡散層形成を行って半導体基板を得た。
p型拡散層形成組成物を塗布した側の表面のシート抵抗は40Ω/□であり、B(ホウ素)が拡散しp+型拡散層が形成されていた。
また、p+型拡散層中においてNaの表面における含有量は1×1019atoms/cm3であった。
粒子形状が略球状で、平均粒子径が5.1μm、軟化点808℃のB2O3-SiO2-CaOガラス粉末(商品名:TMX-403、東罐マテリアル・テクノロジー(株)社製)を用いた以外は実施例5と同様にp+型拡散層形成を行って、半導体基板を得た。
p型拡散層形成組成物を塗布した側の表面のシート抵抗は65Ω/□であり、B(ホウ素)が拡散しp+型拡散層が形成されていた。
また、p+型拡散層中においてCaの表面における含有量は1×1017atoms/cm3であった。
実施例5~7で得られたp+型拡散層が形成された半導体基板を用い、常法により、表面に反射防止膜を、表面の電極形成領域に表面電極を、裏面に裏面電極をそれぞれ形成して、太陽電池素子をそれぞれ作製した。得られたいずれの太陽電池素子も、従来のホウ素化合物を含むp型不純物拡散層形成物を用いた太陽電池素子と比較して、0.07%の変換効率の向上が見られた。
実施例5で調製したp型不純物拡散層形成組成物を、n型シリコン基板の表面に、スクリーン印刷機を用いて150μm幅でフィンガー状に、そして1.5mm幅でバスバー状に、パターニング塗布したこと以外は実施例1と同様にしてパターニングされたp+型拡散層を形成した。
形成されたp+型拡散層の表面をSEM(10000倍)にて観察したところ、粗面化されて凹状の窪みが形成されていた。また算術平均粗さRaを測定したところ、Raは0.06μmであった。
またp+型拡散層の表面のシート抵抗値の平均値は65Ω/□を示した。
形成された電極とp+型拡散層の領域とを顕微鏡で観察し、比較したところ、位置ずれはなく、p+型拡散層が電極のフィンガー部に対して両端それぞれ幅25μmずつ広いことを確認した。
実施例1において、ガラス粉末として鉄(Fe)を1%含むP2O5-SiO2ガラス粉末を用いてn型不純物拡散層形成組成物を調製したこと以外は実施例1と同様にn型拡散層形成を行って、半導体基板を得た。
n型拡散層形成組成物を塗布した側の表面のシート抵抗は34Ω/□であり、P(リン)が拡散しn型拡散層が形成されていた。裏面のシート抵抗は1000000Ω/□以上で測定不能であり、n型拡散層は実質的に形成されていないと判断された。
また、n型拡散層中においてFeの表面における含有量は1×1017atoms/cm3であった。
実施例5において、ガラス粉末として鉄(Fe)を1%含むB2O5-SiO2ガラス粉末を用いてp型拡散層形成組成物を調製したこと以外は、実施例5と同様にp+型拡散層形成を行って半導体基板を得た。
p型拡散層形成組成物を塗布した側の表面のシート抵抗は63Ω/□であり、B(ホウ素)が拡散しp+型拡散層が形成されていた。
また、p+型拡散層中においてFeの表面における含有量は1×1017atoms/cm3であった。
本明細書に記載された全ての文献、特許出願、及び技術規格は、個々の文献、特許出願、及び技術規格が参照により取り込まれることが具体的かつ個々に記された場合と同程度に、本明細書に参照により取り込まれる。
Claims (9)
- 半導体層と、
K、Na、Li、Ba、Sr、Ca、Mg、Be、Zn、Pb、Cd、V、Sn、Zr、Mo、La、Nb、Ta、Y、Ti、Zr、Ge、Te及びLuからなる群より選ばれる金属原子の少なくとも1種、並びにn型不純物原子及びp型不純物原子からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の不純物原子を含む不純物拡散層と、
を有する半導体基板。 - 前記不純物拡散層の表面における前記金属原子の含有量が1×1017atoms/cm3以上である請求項1に記載の半導体基板。
- 前記n型不純物原子は、P(リン)及びSb(アンチモン)から選択される少なくとも1種である請求項1又は請求項2に記載の半導体基板。
- 前記p型不純物原子は、B(ホウ素)及びGa(ガリウム)から選択される少なくとも1種である請求項1又は請求項2に記載の半導体基板。
- 前記不純物拡散層はn型不純物原子を含み、前記半導体層の少なくとも一方の面上に付与された、P2O3、P2O5及びSb2O3から選択される少なくとも1種のn型不純物含有物質と、SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Li2O、BaO、SrO、CaO、MgO、BeO、ZnO、PbO、CdO、V2O5、SnO、ZrO2及びMoO3からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種のガラス成分物質とを含有するガラス粉末を熱処理して形成される請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の半導体基板。
- 前記不純物拡散層はp型不純物原子を含み、前記半導体層の少なくとも一方の面上に付与されたB2O3及びGa2O3から選択される少なくとも1種のp型不純物含有物質と、SiO2、K2O、Na2O、Li2O、BaO、SrO、CaO、MgO、BeO、ZnO、PbO、CdO、V2O5、SnO、ZrO2及びMoO3から選択される少なくとも1種のガラス成分物質とを含有するガラス粉末を熱処理して形成される請求項1、請求項2又は請求項4に記載の半導体基板。
- 請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の半導体基板と、前記不純物拡散層上に配置された電極と、を備える太陽電池素子。
- 請求項7に記載の太陽電池素子と、前記電極上に配置された配線材料と、を備える太陽電池。
- 半導体層の少なくとも一方の面上に、n型不純物原子及びp型不純物原子からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の不純物原子を含むガラス粉末と、分散媒とを含有する不純物拡散層形成組成物を付与する工程と、
前記付与された不純物拡散層形成組成物を熱拡散処理して不純物拡散層を形成する工程と、
を有する請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の半導体基板の製造方法。
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