WO2011067982A1 - 活物質粒子およびその利用 - Google Patents
活物質粒子およびその利用 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011067982A1 WO2011067982A1 PCT/JP2010/067691 JP2010067691W WO2011067982A1 WO 2011067982 A1 WO2011067982 A1 WO 2011067982A1 JP 2010067691 W JP2010067691 W JP 2010067691W WO 2011067982 A1 WO2011067982 A1 WO 2011067982A1
- Authority
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- active material
- material particles
- particles
- transition metal
- lithium
- Prior art date
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 257
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 204
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 47
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
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- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 claims description 14
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- -1 ammonium ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 28
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 28
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- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 9
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- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910015010 LiNiCoMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical group CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910016366 Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33(OH)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013372 LiC 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn] KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005805 hydroxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- C01G53/006—
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/11—Powder tap density
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/16—Pore diameter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an active material particle for a lithium secondary battery, a method for producing the same, and a lithium secondary battery including the active material particle.
- a lithium secondary battery that includes positive and negative electrodes having a material (active material) capable of reversibly occluding and releasing lithium (Li), and charging and discharging as lithium ions move between the electrodes.
- a material active material
- Such a lithium secondary battery is increasingly important as a power source for mounting on a vehicle or a personal computer or a portable terminal.
- a lithium ion battery that is lightweight and obtains a high energy density is expected to be preferably used as a high-output power source mounted on a vehicle.
- a typical example of an active material used for an electrode (typically a positive electrode) of a lithium secondary battery is a composite oxide containing lithium and a transition metal element.
- a lithium composite oxide nickel-containing lithium composite oxide
- Ni nickel
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 are listed as technical documents related to the active material of the lithium secondary battery.
- lithium secondary batteries are supposed to be used in a mode in which high-rate discharge (rapid discharge) is repeated.
- a lithium ion battery used as a power source for a vehicle for example, a lithium ion battery mounted on a hybrid vehicle that uses a lithium ion battery and another power source having different operating principles such as an internal combustion engine as a power source
- a conventional general lithium ion battery shows relatively high durability against a charge / discharge cycle at a low rate, performance deterioration (internal) It has been known that the resistance is likely to increase).
- Patent Document 1 describes a technique for forming a positive electrode or a negative electrode of a lithium secondary battery from an active material having a porous hollow structure. According to the active material of such a porous hollow structure, the contact area with the electrolyte is increased, the movement of lithium ions is facilitated, and the distortion due to the volume expansion of the active material accompanying the insertion of lithium is suppressed. It is said that a high-capacity and long-life lithium battery capable of rapid charging can be obtained. Further, Patent Documents 2 to 4 disclose composite oxide particles (lithium cobalt composite oxide particles or spinel type) that are hollow spherical secondary particles in which primary particles are aggregated and have a large number of gaps leading to the inside thereof. It is described that by using lithium manganese composite oxide particles) as a positive electrode active material, the contact area with the non-aqueous electrolyte can be increased to improve the utilization rate of the positive electrode active material.
- composite oxide particles lithium cobalt composite oxide particles or spinel type
- the active material particles having a porous structure tend to be particularly susceptible to performance deterioration with respect to the high-rate charge / discharge cycle as described above. For this reason, compared with a lithium secondary battery using active material particles having a dense structure, an effect of reducing reaction resistance (an advantageous effect for increasing the output of the battery) can be obtained at the start of use of the battery. However, it is unsuitable as an active material for a lithium secondary battery for a vehicle power source or the like because performance is deteriorated when high-rate charge / discharge is repeated.
- the present invention is an active material particle for a lithium secondary battery, which exhibits performance suitable for increasing the output of the battery and is an active material with little deterioration due to a charge / discharge cycle (particularly, a charge / discharge cycle with high-rate discharge).
- One object is to provide material particles.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing such active material particles.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery using active material particles.
- active material particles for a lithium secondary battery have a hollow structure having secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles of a lithium transition metal oxide are aggregated and a hollow portion formed inside the secondary particles.
- the secondary particle has a through-hole penetrating from the outside to the hollow portion.
- the active material particles have a BET specific surface area of about 0.5 to 1.9 m 2 / g.
- the active material particles having a hollow shape having a through-hole (perforated hollow structure) and satisfying the BET specific surface area are used for an electrode (typically a positive electrode) of a lithium secondary battery, and have higher performance. It is possible to provide a battery that stably exhibits.
- a lithium secondary battery having a low internal resistance (in other words, good output characteristics) and a small increase in internal resistance can be constructed by a charge / discharge cycle (particularly, a charge / discharge cycle including discharge at a high rate). . If the BET specific surface area of the active material particles is too small, the effect of improving battery performance (for example, the effect of reducing internal resistance) tends to be reduced.
- the specific surface area is too large, the effect of suppressing deterioration due to the charge / discharge cycle may tend to decrease.
- improvement of high rate characteristics for example, suppression of resistance increase due to high rate cycle such as high rate cycle test described later, improvement of high rate discharge performance, etc. At least one of them
- prevention of wear deterioration for example, at least one of suppression of resistance increase with respect to a durability cycle such as a durability test to be described later, improvement of capacity retention rate, etc.
- lithium secondary battery refers to a secondary battery that uses lithium ions as electrolyte ions and is charged / discharged by the movement of charges accompanying the lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes.
- a battery generally referred to as a lithium ion battery is a typical example included in the lithium secondary battery in this specification.
- the opening width of the through holes is an average of 0.01 ⁇ m or more.
- the opening width of the through-hole refers to a passing length in the narrowest portion of the path through which the through-hole penetrates the secondary particle from the outside of the active material particle and reaches the hollow portion.
- the opening width of the through hole (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “opening size”) is in an appropriate range, so that the electrolyte easily enters the hollow portion from the outside through the through hole. . Therefore, in the lithium secondary battery including the active material particles, the battery performance improvement effect (for example, the effect of reducing the internal resistance) due to the perforated hollow structure can be appropriately exhibited.
- the average value of the opening sizes is, for example, for at least 10 active material particles, grasping the opening size of some or all of the through holes of the active material particles, It can be obtained by calculating the arithmetic average value.
- the average hardness of the active material particles is approximately 0.5 MPa or more.
- the average hardness of the active material particles refers to a value obtained by dynamic hardness measurement performed using a flat diamond indenter having a diameter of 50 ⁇ m and under a load speed of 0.5 mN / second to 3 mN / second.
- the active material particles having a perforated hollow structure and high average hardness are used for an electrode (typically a positive electrode) of a lithium secondary battery, It can provide a battery that stably exhibits higher performance.
- a lithium secondary battery having a low internal resistance (in other words, good output characteristics) and having a small increase in resistance even by a charge / discharge cycle (particularly, a charge / discharge cycle including discharge at a high rate) can be constructed.
- the number of the through holes is preferably about 1 to 20 on average per particle of the active material particles.
- the lithium secondary battery including the active material particles has an effect of improving battery performance (for example, internal resistance) by having a perforated hollow structure.
- the desired average hardness can be easily ensured while properly exhibiting the effect of reducing the above. Therefore, good battery performance can be exhibited more stably (for example, while suppressing deterioration due to charge / discharge cycles).
- the value of the said average through-hole number is obtained by grasping
- the average particle diameter of the active material particles is preferably in the range of about 3 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m. Moreover, it is preferable that the average opening size of the said through-hole is 1/2 or less of the average particle diameter of an active material particle. Since the active material particles having such a structure have the above average opening size in an appropriate range, it is desirable that the battery performance improvement effect (for example, the effect of reducing internal resistance) due to having a perforated hollow structure is appropriately exerted. The average hardness can be easily ensured. Therefore, good battery performance can be exhibited more stably.
- the primary particles constituting the perforated hollow secondary particles are sintered together. According to such active material particles, a desired average hardness can be easily ensured. Therefore, good battery performance can be exhibited more stably.
- the primary particles constituting the secondary particles are densely sintered so that there is substantially no gap at the grain boundaries of the primary particles except for the through-hole portions. It is preferable that it is tied.
- SEM scanning microscope
- the cross section of the active material particle is substantially at the grain boundary of the primary particle except for the through hole portion. Active material particles in which no gap is observed are preferred. According to such active material particles, a lithium secondary battery that stably exhibits better high-rate characteristics can be constructed.
- the lithium transition metal oxide is preferably a compound having a layered structure containing nickel as a constituent element (hereinafter also referred to as “Ni-containing Li oxide”). According to the active material particles having such a composition, a higher performance lithium secondary battery can be constructed.
- a compound having a layered structure containing nickel, cobalt and manganese as constituent elements (hereinafter also referred to as “LiNiCoMn oxide”) can be preferably employed.
- a lithium secondary battery using any one of the active material particles disclosed herein.
- a lithium secondary battery typically includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. And at least one (preferably positive electrode) of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is a hollow active material-containing electrode having any of the active material particles disclosed herein.
- the lithium secondary battery having such a configuration can have a low internal resistance and a small increase in resistance even by a charge / discharge cycle (particularly, a charge / discharge cycle including discharge at a high rate).
- the lithium secondary battery provided with the active material particles disclosed herein can be excellent in output characteristics and durability, it is used as a lithium secondary battery mounted on a vehicle (for example, used as a driving power source of the vehicle). It is suitable as a lithium secondary battery. For example, it can be suitably used as a power source for a motor (electric motor) of a vehicle such as an automobile in the form of an assembled battery in which a plurality of lithium secondary batteries are connected in series. Therefore, according to the present invention, there is provided a vehicle including a lithium secondary battery having any of the active material particles disclosed herein (can be active material particles manufactured by any of the methods disclosed herein). Provided.
- the active material particles have secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles of a lithium transition metal oxide are aggregated, and hollow portions formed inside the secondary particles.
- the secondary particle has a through-hole penetrating from the outside to the hollow portion.
- the active material particles can be suitably used as a constituent material of a nonaqueous secondary battery (typically a lithium ion battery) such as a lithium secondary battery.
- the active material particle manufacturing method includes a step of supplying ammonium ions to an aqueous solution (typically an aqueous solution) of a transition metal compound to precipitate the transition metal hydroxide particles from the aqueous solution (raw material hydroxide).
- the aqueous solution contains at least one of transition metal elements constituting the lithium transition metal oxide.
- the manufacturing method also includes a step (mixing step) of preparing an unfired mixture by mixing the transition metal hydroxide and the lithium compound. Furthermore, it includes a step of baking the mixture to obtain the active material particles (firing step).
- the raw material hydroxide generation step includes a step (nucleation step) of depositing the transition metal hydroxide from the aqueous solution at a pH of 12 or more and an ammonium ion concentration of 25 g / L or less, and the deposited transition metal water.
- a step of growing the oxide at a pH of less than 12 and an ammonium ion concentration of 3 g / L or more (particle growth step).
- the active material particles having a perforated hollow structure can be appropriately manufactured.
- This production method can be suitably employed, for example, as a method for producing any of the active material particles disclosed herein.
- the firing step is preferably performed so that the maximum firing temperature is 800 ° C. to 1100 ° C.
- the active material particle which has desired average hardness can be manufactured suitably.
- This firing step is preferably performed so that, for example, secondary particles that do not substantially have a gap at the grain boundaries of the primary particles are formed in portions other than the hollow portion and the through hole.
- the firing step includes a first firing step in which the mixture is fired at a temperature T1 of 700 ° C. or more and 900 ° C. or less, and a result of the first firing step. And a second firing stage in which the product is fired at a temperature T2 that is 800 ° C. or more and 1100 ° C. or less and higher than the firing temperature T1 in the first firing stage.
- a method for producing an electrode for a lithium secondary battery having a configuration in which an electrode mixture layer is held on a sheet-like current collector includes a step of preparing an electrode mixture composition including any active material particle disclosed herein and a solvent in which the active material particle is dispersed. Moreover, the process of providing the said electrode compound-material composition to a electrical power collector is included. Moreover, after drying the provided composition, it includes a step of forming an electrode mixture layer by pressing.
- the active material particles disclosed herein may have a strength that can withstand the press while having a perforated hollow structure. According to such active material particles, a perforated hollow structure suitable for improving battery performance is better maintained in an electrode (preferably a positive electrode) manufactured by the above method and a lithium secondary battery constructed using the electrode. obtain. Therefore, a higher performance lithium secondary battery can be provided.
- a lithium secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte
- the positive electrode has secondary particles in which primary particles of a lithium transition metal oxide are aggregated and a hollow portion formed inside thereof, and the secondary particles have through holes penetrating from the outside to the hollow portion.
- the resistance increase rate is 3 times or less (preferably 2 times or less, more preferably 1.2 times or less);
- the rate of increase in low-temperature ( ⁇ 30 ° C.) reaction resistance is 2 times or less (preferably 1.1 times or less, more preferably 1.05 times).
- the capacity retention rate is 90% or more;
- a low temperature ( ⁇ 30 ° C.) initial reaction resistance measured under the conditions described in the experimental examples described below is 3 ⁇ or less (preferably 2 ⁇ or less);
- the active material particles having a perforated hollow structure any of the active material particles disclosed herein can be preferably used.
- a battery satisfying at least (1) is preferable, and a battery satisfying at least (1) and (2) is more preferable.
- FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration of a cylindrical lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the prismatic lithium secondary battery according to one embodiment.
- 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line III-III in FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the assembled battery according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a surface SEM image showing an example of active material particles having a perforated hollow structure.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional SEM image showing an example of active material particles having a perforated hollow structure.
- FIG. 7 is a side view schematically showing a vehicle (automobile) equipped with a lithium secondary battery.
- the active material particles disclosed herein can be applied to various lithium secondary batteries configured such that the particles can function as electrode active materials.
- Application to a lithium secondary battery including a liquid non-aqueous electrolyte (that is, a non-aqueous electrolyte) is particularly preferable.
- the active material particles can be used as a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material in combination with a counter electrode active material. Among these, utilization as a positive electrode active material is more preferable.
- the present invention will be described more specifically by taking as an example a case where the present invention is mainly applied to a positive electrode active material of a lithium secondary battery (typically, a lithium ion battery), but is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
- a lithium secondary battery typically, a lithium ion battery
- the material of the active material particles disclosed herein may be various lithium transition metal oxides capable of reversibly occluding and releasing lithium.
- it may be a lithium transition metal oxide having a layered structure or a lithium transition metal oxide having a spinel structure used for a positive electrode of a general lithium secondary battery.
- the lithium transition metal oxide having a layered structure include oxides containing at least nickel as the transition metal (nickel-containing lithium composite oxide), oxides containing at least cobalt, and oxides containing at least manganese.
- Ni-containing Li oxide nickel-containing lithium composite oxide
- Such Ni-containing Li oxide may contain one or more metal elements other than Li and Ni (that is, transition metal elements other than lithium and nickel and / or typical metal elements).
- metal elements other than Li and Ni that is, transition metal elements other than lithium and nickel and / or typical metal elements.
- metal elements other than Li and Ni that is, transition metal elements other than lithium and nickel and / or typical metal elements.
- the main component of the transition metal element is Ni, or Ni containing, as a transition metal element, Ni and one or more other transition metal elements (for example, Co and Mn) at approximately the same ratio Li oxide is preferred.
- M 1 is selected from Al, Cr, Fe, V, Mg, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ta, W, Cu, Zn, Ga, In, Sn, La, and Ce. It may be one or more selected from the group consisting of: m may be a number that satisfies 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 0.2. p may be a number that satisfies 0.1 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.9.
- q may be a number that satisfies 0 ⁇ q ⁇ 0.5.
- r may be a number that satisfies 0 ⁇ r ⁇ 0.5.
- s may be a number that satisfies 0 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.02.
- p + q + r + s 1.
- 0 ⁇ s ⁇ p. s may be substantially 0 (that is, an oxide that does not substantially contain M 1 ).
- Ni-containing Li oxide is an oxide containing at least Co and Mn (LiNiCoMn oxide).
- a LiNiCoMn oxide satisfying 0 ⁇ q ⁇ 0.5 and 0 ⁇ r ⁇ 0.5 in the above formula (I) is preferable.
- the first element (the element contained most in terms of the number of atoms) of Ni, Co, and Mn may be any of Ni, Co, and Mn. In a preferred embodiment, the first element is Ni. In another preferred embodiment, the contents of Ni, Co and Mn are approximately the same in terms of the number of atoms.
- the active material particle disclosed here has a hollow structure having secondary particles and a hollow portion formed inside thereof, and a through-hole penetrating from the outside to the hollow portion is formed in the secondary particle. It is a perforated hollow active material particle.
- the secondary particles have a form in which primary particles of the lithium transition metal oxide (preferably an oxide having a layered structure, for example, a layered Ni-containing Li oxide) are aggregated.
- the average hardness of the active material particles is approximately 5 MPa or more.
- the average hardness of the active material particles refers to a value obtained by dynamic hardness measurement performed using a flat diamond indenter having a diameter of 50 ⁇ m and under a load speed of 0.5 mN / second to 3 mN / second.
- the arithmetic average value of the result obtained by performing the said measurement about at least 10 active material particle can be employ
- the battery manufacturing process for example, adjustment of the electrode mixture composition described later, pressing of the electrode mixture layer, conveyance of the electrode sheet
- the structure of the active material particles collapses due to the stress that can be applied in the case of winding, etc., and the stress that can be applied by the volume change of the electrode mixture layer accompanying the charging and discharging of the battery (compressive force), etc.
- the desired effect may not be exhibited.
- the phenomenon in which the structure of the active material particles collapses due to the stress applied due to the charge / discharge can be a cause of the deterioration of the battery using the active material particles having the conventional porous structure due to the charge / discharge cycle.
- a battery which may be a battery used in the form of an assembled battery arranged in a plurality in the lateral direction
- the stress caused by the charge / discharge can have a particularly great influence on the deterioration of the battery.
- the active material particles having a preferred average hardness disclosed herein the battery performance improvement effect (for example, the effect of reducing internal resistance) due to the perforated hollow structure is satisfactorily exhibited, and the maintainability of the effect is maintained.
- a lithium secondary battery excellent in (durability) can be constructed.
- the number of through holes of the secondary particles is preferably about 20 or less (for example, 1 to 20) as an average per particle of the active material particles, and is about 1 to 10 (for example, 1). Is more preferable.
- An active material particle having such a perforated hollow structure having an average number of through-holes is an active material particle having a conventional porous structure (that is, a structure having a large number of pores), for example, a porous hollow having a porous outer shell. Particles and porous particles formed entirely in a porous form (sponge-like) are clearly distinguished from each other in terms of structure.
- the active material particles having a preferred average number of through-holes disclosed herein the effect of improving battery performance (for example, the inside) by having a perforated hollow structure while ensuring the strength of secondary particles (and thus of active material particles) The effect of reducing resistance) can be exhibited satisfactorily and stably.
- the through hole is preferably formed so as to connect the outside of the active material particle and the hollow portion through a relatively short path.
- 50% by number or more (more preferably 70% by number or more, for example, 80% by number or more, or 90% by number) of the through holes appearing in the cross section of the active material particles may be used.
- the outer shell of the active material particle a portion that partitions the outer portion and the hollow portion
- Such a path-shaped through-hole is preferable because the flow resistance is small and the electrolyte easily enters and exits the hollow portion through the through-hole.
- the number of through-holes having a path shape extending substantially vertically through the outer shell of the active material particles to reach the hollow portion is 50 number% or more (more preferably 75 number% or more, for example, 90 number% or more). Active material particles having an average of 1 to 20 (for example, 1 to 10) such through-holes per particle are preferred.
- the through-hole has, on average, a passing length (that is, an opening size) of about 0.01 ⁇ m or more even at the narrowest portion.
- the average opening size is preferably about 0.02 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably about 0.05 ⁇ m or more.
- the average opening size is preferably about 1 ⁇ 2 or less of the average particle diameter of the active material particles, more preferably about 3 or less (for example, about 1 ⁇ 4 or less). In addition, regardless of the average particle diameter of the active material particles, it is preferable that the average opening size of the through holes does not exceed about 2.5 ⁇ m. Such an average opening size is particularly suitable for active material particles having an average number of through-holes of about 1 to 20 (preferably about 1 to 10).
- the characteristic values such as the average number of through-holes, the path shape of the through-holes, and the average opening size can be grasped by, for example, observing the cross section of the active material particles with an SEM.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- a sample obtained by solidifying active material particles or a material containing the active material particles with an appropriate resin preferably a thermosetting resin
- an appropriate resin preferably a thermosetting resin
- SEM observation is performed while cutting the cut surface little by little. Good.
- the orientation (posture) of the active material particles is generally random in the sample, the SEM observation results on a single cross section or a relatively small number of cross sections of about 2 to 10 points are statistically calculated.
- the characteristic value can also be calculated by processing.
- the primary particles constituting the secondary particles are sintered together.
- Such active material particles can have high shape-maintaining properties (being difficult to collapse; for example, it can be reflected in high average hardness, high compressive strength, etc.). Therefore, according to such active material particles, good battery performance can be more stably exhibited.
- the primary particles constituting the secondary particles are densely sintered except the through-hole portion.
- active material particles are preferable because they can be particularly highly shape-retaining.
- the particles in which the primary particles are densely sintered as described above (typically, at least dense enough not to pass a general electrolyte for non-aqueous batteries), the particles The location where the electrolyte can flow between the outside and the hollow portion is limited to the location where there is a through hole. This can be one factor in which the active material particles disclosed herein exert the effect of improving the high-rate cycle characteristics of the lithium secondary battery.
- the electrolyte is squeezed out from the electrode body (particularly the positive electrode mixture layer) due to the expansion and contraction of the active material that accompanies charging / discharging. For example, the output performance may be reduced.
- the active material particles having the above-described configuration the electrolyte solution in the hollow portion is prevented from flowing out in the portion other than the through hole, and therefore, an event that the electrolyte solution is insufficient in the positive electrode mixture layer can be prevented or reduced. Thereby, the resistance rise in the high rate cycle can be suppressed.
- active material particles having an average number of through-holes per particle of about 1 to 20 (preferably 1 to 10).
- the active material particles disclosed herein preferably have a BET specific surface area in the range of about 0.5 to 1.9 m 2 / g.
- the specific surface area is too small, the effect of improving the battery performance tends to be reduced in the lithium secondary battery including the active material particles.
- the effect of improving reaction resistance tends to be reduced.
- the specific surface area is too smaller than the above range, the degree of deterioration due to charge / discharge cycles (particularly, charge / discharge cycles including discharge at a high rate) tends to increase.
- the perforated hollow active material particles having a BET specific surface area in the range of 1.2 to 1.9 m 2 / g, a lithium secondary battery exhibiting better battery performance can be constructed.
- the rate of increase in resistance due to the high-rate cycle is low, the initial reaction resistance (particularly, the initial reaction resistance at low temperatures) is low, the reaction resistance is unlikely to rise even after a charge / discharge cycle, and the capacity retention rate for the charge / discharge cycle
- the effect of at least one of being high can be realized.
- a value of the specific surface area a measured value by a general nitrogen adsorption method can be adopted.
- the average particle diameter of the active material particles is preferably about 2 ⁇ m or more (for example, about 2 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m). If the average particle size is too small, the volume of the hollow part is small, so the effect of improving the battery performance tends to be reduced, and when trying to secure the volume of the hollow part, the outer shell of the active material particle becomes thin and the strength of the active material particle May be easily reduced. More preferably, the average particle size is about 3 ⁇ m or more. From the viewpoint of the productivity of the active material particles, the average particle size is preferably about 25 ⁇ m or less, more preferably about 15 ⁇ m or less (for example, about 10 ⁇ m or less).
- the average particle diameter of the active material particles is about 3 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- a measurement value (median diameter (D50: 50% volume average particle diameter)) by a general laser diffraction particle size distribution measurement can be adopted.
- the active material particles disclosed herein may have a TAP density in the range of about 0.7 to 2.5 g / cm 3 . Active material particles having a TAP density of about 1 to 2 g / cm 3 are preferred. According to such active material particles, a lithium secondary battery exhibiting better high-rate cycle characteristics can be constructed. In addition, as a value of TAP density, the value measured based on JIS K5101 is employable.
- any of the perforated hollow active material particles disclosed herein is, for example, at least one of transition metal elements contained in a lithium transition metal oxide constituting the active material particles (preferably contained in the oxide).
- the transition metal hydroxide can be precipitated from an aqueous solution containing all of the metal elements other than lithium) under appropriate conditions, and the transition metal hydroxide and lithium compound can be mixed and fired.
- one embodiment of the method for producing active material particles will be described in detail by taking, as an example, the case of producing perforated hollow active material particles made of a layered LiNiCoMn oxide. It is not intended to be limited to perforated hollow active material particles.
- the method for producing active material particles disclosed herein includes a step of supplying ammonium ions (NH 4 + ) to an aqueous solution of a transition metal compound and precipitating transition metal hydroxide particles from the aqueous solution (raw material hydroxylation).
- Product generation step The solvent (aqueous solvent) constituting the aqueous solution is typically water, and may be a mixed solvent containing water as a main component.
- an organic solvent such as a lower alcohol
- the aqueous solution of the transition metal compound constitutes the lithium transition metal oxide according to the composition of the lithium transition metal oxide constituting the active material particles as the production object. It contains at least one (preferably all) transition metal elements (here, Ni, Co and Mn).
- a transition metal solution containing one or more compounds that can supply Ni ions, Co ions, and Mn ions in an aqueous solvent is used.
- the metal ion source compounds sulfates, nitrates, chlorides and the like of the metals can be appropriately employed.
- a transition metal solution having a composition in which nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate and manganese sulfate are dissolved in an aqueous solvent (preferably water) can be preferably used.
- the NH 4 + may be supplied to the transition metal solution in the form of an aqueous solution (typically an aqueous solution) containing NH 4 + , for example, and supplied by directly blowing ammonia gas into the transition metal solution. These supply methods may be used in combination.
- An aqueous solution containing NH 4 + can be prepared, for example, by dissolving a compound (ammonium hydroxide, ammonium nitrate, ammonia gas, or the like) that can be an NH 4 + source in an aqueous solvent.
- NH 4 + is supplied in the form of an aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution (ie, aqueous ammonia).
- the raw material hydroxide generation step has a pH of 12 or more (typically pH 12 or more and 14 or less, such as pH 12.2 or more and 13 or less) and an NH 4 + concentration of 25 g / L or less (typically 3 to 25 g / L).
- a step (nucleation step) of depositing a transition metal hydroxide from the transition metal solution under conditions may be included.
- the pH and NH 4 + concentration can be adjusted by appropriately balancing the usage amounts of the ammonia water and the alkali agent (a compound having an action of tilting the liquid property to alkalinity).
- the alkaline agent for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the like can be typically used in the form of an aqueous solution. In this embodiment, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is used.
- the value of pH shall mean pH value on the basis of liquid temperature of 25 degreeC.
- the transition metal hydroxide nuclei (typically particulate) precipitated in the nucleation stage are further reduced to a pH of less than 12 (typically pH 10 or more and less than 12, preferably pH 10).
- the step of growth may be included at a pH of 11.8 or less (for example, pH 11 or more and 11.8 or less) and an NH 4 + concentration of 3 g / L or more (typically 3 to 25 g / L).
- the pH of the particle growth stage is 0.1 or more (typically 0.3 or more, preferably 0.5 or more, for example, about 0.5 to 1.5) lower than the pH of the nucleation stage. It is appropriate to do.
- the pH and NH 4 + concentration can be adjusted in the same manner as in the nucleation stage.
- This particle growth stage is performed so as to satisfy the pH and NH 4 + concentration, and preferably at the pH, the NH 4 + concentration is 15 g / L or less (eg, 1 to 15 g / L, typically 3 to 15 g / L), more preferably 10 g / L or less (for example, 1 to 10 g / L, typically 3 to 10 g / L), so that transition metal hydroxides (here, Ni, Co and The deposition rate of the composite hydroxide containing Mn is increased, and the raw material hydroxide particles suitable for the formation of any of the perforated hollow active material particles disclosed herein (in other words, the firing of the perforated hollow structure) Raw material hydroxide particles) that are easy to form.
- transition metal hydroxides here, Ni, Co and The deposition rate of the composite hydroxide containing Mn is increased, and the raw material hydroxide particles suitable for the formation of any of
- the NH 4 + concentration may be 7 g / L or less (for example, 1 to 7 g / L, more preferably 3 to 7 g / L).
- NH 4 + concentration in the particle growth step for example, may be a substantially the same level as NH 4 + concentration in the nucleation stage may be lower than NH 4 + concentration in the nucleation stage.
- the precipitation rate of the transition metal hydroxide is, for example, the transition metal ions contained in the liquid phase of the reaction liquid with respect to the total number of moles of transition metal ions contained in the transition metal solution supplied to the reaction liquid. It can be grasped by examining the transition of the total number of moles (total ion concentration).
- the temperature of the reaction solution is preferably controlled so as to be a substantially constant temperature (eg, a predetermined temperature ⁇ 1 ° C.) in a range of about 30 ° C. to 60 ° C.
- the temperature of the reaction solution may be approximately the same in the nucleation stage and the particle growth stage.
- the total number of moles (total ion concentration) of Ni ions, Co ions and Mn ions contained in the reaction solution is set to, for example, about 0.5 to 2.5 mol / L through the nucleation stage and the particle growth stage.
- the transition metal solution may be replenished (typically continuously supplied) in accordance with the deposition rate of the transition metal hydroxide so that the total ion concentration is maintained.
- the amounts of Ni ions, Co ions, and Mn ions contained in the reaction solution correspond to the composition of the active material particles as the target product (that is, the molar ratio of Ni, Co, and Mn in the LiNiCoMn oxide constituting the active material particles). It is preferable to set the quantity ratio.
- the transition metal hydroxide particles thus generated are separated from the reaction solution, washed and dried. Then, the transition metal hydroxide particles and the lithium compound are mixed at a desired quantitative ratio to prepare an unfired mixture (mixing step).
- the quantitative ratio corresponding to the composition of the active material particles as the target that is, the molar ratio of Li, Ni, Co, Mn in the LiNiCoMn oxide constituting the active material particles
- Li compound and transition metal hydroxide particles are mixed.
- the lithium compound Li compounds that can be dissolved by heating and become oxides, such as lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, can be preferably used.
- the mixture is fired to obtain active material particles (firing step).
- This firing step is typically performed in an oxidizing atmosphere (for example, in the air).
- the firing temperature in this firing step can be, for example, 700 ° C. to 1100 ° C.
- the maximum baking temperature is 800 ° C. or higher (preferably 800 ° C. to 1100 ° C., for example, 800 ° C. to 1050 ° C.). According to the maximum firing temperature within this range, the sintering reaction of the primary particles of the lithium transition metal oxide (preferably Ni-containing Li oxide, here LiNiCoMn oxide) can proceed appropriately.
- the lithium transition metal oxide preferably Ni-containing Li oxide, here LiNiCoMn oxide
- the mixture is calcined at a temperature T1 of 700 ° C. to 900 ° C. (that is, 700 ° C. ⁇ T1 ⁇ 900 ° C., for example, 700 ° C. ⁇ T1 ⁇ 800 ° C., typically 700 ° C. ⁇ T1 ⁇ 800 ° C.).
- a second firing step, and a result obtained through the first firing step is fired at a temperature T2 of 800 ° C. to 1100 ° C. (that is, 800 ° C. ⁇ T2 ⁇ 1100 ° C., for example, 800 ° C. ⁇ T2 ⁇ 1050 ° C.) And a firing step.
- T1 and T2 are preferably set so that T1 ⁇ T2.
- the first firing stage and the second firing stage are performed continuously (for example, by holding the mixture at the first firing temperature T1, and subsequently raising the temperature to the second firing temperature T2 and maintaining the temperature at T2. Or after holding at the first firing temperature T1, it is once cooled (for example, cooled to room temperature) and subjected to crushing and sieving as necessary before being subjected to the second firing stage. Good.
- the first firing stage is a temperature T1 in which the sintering reaction of the target lithium transition metal oxide proceeds and is lower than the melting point and lower than the second firing stage. It can be grasped as a stage for firing.
- the second firing stage should be understood as a stage in which the sintering reaction of the target lithium transition metal oxide proceeds and the firing is performed at a temperature T2 that is lower than the melting point and higher than the first firing stage. Can do. It is preferable to provide a temperature difference of 50 ° C. or higher (typically 100 ° C. or higher, for example, 150 ° C. or higher) between T1 and T2.
- the technology disclosed herein is characterized by using the active material particles having the above-described perforated hollow structure as the positive electrode active material. Therefore, as long as the object of the present invention can be realized, the material and shape of the other battery components are not particularly limited, and the same as a conventional lithium secondary battery (typically a lithium ion battery) should be used. Can do.
- a positive electrode mixture containing the positive electrode active material as a main component that is, a component occupying 50% by mass or more, typically a component occupying 75% by mass or more
- a lithium secondary battery including the positive electrode is characterized by using the active material particles having the above-described perforated hollow structure as the positive electrode active material. Therefore, as long as the object of the present invention can be realized, the material and shape of the other battery components are not particularly limited, and the same as a conventional lithium secondary battery (typically a lithium ion battery) should be used. Can do.
- a positive electrode mixture containing the positive electrode active material as a main component that is,
- a conductive metal material such as aluminum can be preferably employed as in the conventional general lithium secondary battery.
- the shape of the positive electrode current collector can be different depending on the shape of the battery constructed using the positive electrode, and is not particularly limited. For example, various shapes such as a rod shape, a plate shape, a sheet shape, a foil shape, and a mesh shape It can be.
- the technology disclosed herein includes a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery in which a positive electrode mixture layer is provided on a sheet-shaped or foil-shaped current collector, and a lithium secondary battery including the positive electrode as a constituent element It can be preferably applied to.
- an electrode body (rolled electrode body) formed by winding a sheet-like positive electrode and a negative electrode together with a sheet-like separator is typically a suitable non-aqueous electrolyte (typically May be a battery having a configuration housed in an outer case together with a liquid electrolyte (that is, an electrolytic solution).
- the outer shape of the battery is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, a rectangular parallelepiped shape, a flat shape, a cylindrical shape, or the like.
- the positive electrode mixture may contain an optional component such as a conductive material and a binder (binder) in addition to the active material particles having a perforated hollow structure disclosed herein.
- a conductive material the thing similar to the electrically conductive material used for the positive electrode of a common lithium secondary battery, etc. can be employ
- the conductive material include carbon materials such as carbon powder and carbon fiber, and conductive metal powder such as nickel powder.
- One kind selected from such conductive materials may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- the carbon powder various carbon blacks (for example, acetylene black, furnace black, ketjen black), graphite powder, and the like can be used. Of these, acetylene black and / or furnace black can be preferably employed.
- the proportion of the positive electrode active material in the total positive electrode mixture is preferably about 50% by mass or more (typically 50 to 95% by mass), and usually about 70 to 95% by mass (eg, 75 to 90% by mass). ) Is more preferable.
- the ratio of the conductive material in the whole positive electrode mixture can be, for example, about 2 to 20% by mass, and is usually preferably about 2 to 15% by mass.
- the ratio of the binder to the whole positive electrode mixture can be, for example, about 1 to 10% by mass, and usually about 2 to 5% by mass.
- the technique disclosed here is an aspect in which active material particles having a perforated hollow structure and other particulate or non-particulate active material (for example, active material particles having a general dense structure) are used in combination.
- active material particles having a perforated hollow structure and other particulate or non-particulate active material for example, active material particles having a general dense structure
- the technique disclosed here is an aspect in which active material particles having a perforated hollow structure and other particulate or non-particulate active material (for example, active material particles having a general dense structure) are used in combination.
- active material particles having a perforated hollow structure can be implemented.
- the active material particles having the perforated hollow structure can be implemented.
- the active material particles having the perforated hollow structure can be implemented.
- the active material particles having the perforated hollow structure can be implemented.
- the active material particles having the perforated hollow structure can be implemented.
- the active material particles having the perforated hollow structure can be implemented.
- the perforated hollow active material particles More preferably, 75% by mass or more (for example, 90% by mass or more) of the entire active material is the perforated hollow active material particles. In a preferred embodiment, substantially all of the active material material provided in one electrode (typically the positive electrode) is the above-described perforated hollow active material particles.
- the operation for forming the positive electrode mixture layer on the positive electrode current collector is, for example, a positive electrode mixture composition in which the positive electrode active material and other optional components (conductive material, binder, etc.) are dispersed in an appropriate solvent.
- the composition typically a paste or slurry composition
- the solvent any of an aqueous solvent and a non-aqueous solvent can be used.
- a preferred example of the non-aqueous solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- cellulose-based polymers such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC); polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene -Fluororesin such as hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP); vinyl acetate copolymer; rubber such as styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylic acid modified SBR resin (SBR latex); A dispersible polymer can be preferably employed.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- HPMC hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene -Fluororesin
- FEP hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- SBR latex acrylic acid modified SBR resin
- polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) can be preferably used.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVDC polyvinylidene chloride
- the polymer material illustrated above may be used for the purpose of exhibiting functions as a thickener and other additives of the composition in addition to the function as a binder.
- the operation of applying the positive electrode mixture composition to the sheet-like current collector can be suitably performed using a conventionally known appropriate coating apparatus (slit coater, die coater, comma coater, gravure coater, etc.).
- Appropriate amount of the positive electrode mixture composition is applied to a predetermined range of at least one side (typically both sides) of the current collector, dried, and then pressed in the thickness direction as necessary to achieve the desired properties.
- the sheet-like positive electrode (positive electrode sheet) is obtained.
- a conventionally known roll pressing method, flat plate pressing method, or the like can be appropriately employed.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration of the lithium ion battery according to the present embodiment.
- the lithium ion battery 10 has a configuration in which an electrode body 11 including a positive electrode 12 and a negative electrode 14 is housed in a battery case 15 having a shape capable of housing the electrode body together with a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown).
- the battery case 15 includes a bottomed cylindrical case body 152 and a lid 154 that closes the opening.
- the lid 154 and the case main body 152 are both made of metal and insulated from each other, and are electrically connected to the positive and negative current collectors 122 and 142, respectively. That is, in the lithium ion battery 10, the lid 154 also serves as a positive terminal and the case body 152 serves as a negative terminal.
- the electrode body 11 includes a positive electrode (positive electrode sheet) 12 in which a positive electrode mixture layer 124 including any positive electrode active material disclosed herein is provided on a long sheet-like positive electrode current collector 122, and a long sheet A negative electrode (negative electrode sheet) 14 having a negative electrode mixture layer 144 on a negative electrode current collector (eg, copper foil) 142 is overlapped with two long sheet-like separators 13, and these are wound into a cylindrical shape. It is formed by doing.
- a positive electrode (positive electrode sheet) 12 in which a positive electrode mixture layer 124 including any positive electrode active material disclosed herein is provided on a long sheet-like positive electrode current collector 122, and a long sheet A negative electrode (negative electrode sheet) 14 having a negative electrode mixture layer 144 on a negative electrode current collector (eg, copper foil) 142 is overlapped with two long sheet-like separators 13, and these are wound into a cylindrical shape. It is formed by doing.
- the negative electrode active material constituting the negative electrode mixture layer 144 one or two or more materials conventionally used for lithium ion batteries can be used without any particular limitation.
- a particulate carbon material (carbon particles) including a graphite structure (layered structure) at least partially is mentioned. Any carbon material of a so-called graphitic material (graphite), a non-graphitizable carbonaceous material (hard carbon), an easily graphitizable carbonaceous material (soft carbon), or a combination of these materials is preferred.
- graphite particles such as natural graphite can be preferably used.
- Such a negative electrode active material is typically composed of a binder (similar to the positive electrode-side composite material layer, etc.) and a conductive material used as necessary (positive electrode-side composite material layer and
- the negative electrode composite composition formed by mixing with the negative electrode current collector 142 is applied to the negative electrode current collector 142 and dried, whereby the negative electrode composite material layer is formed on a desired portion of the current collector 142. 144 can be formed.
- the ratio of the negative electrode active material to the whole negative electrode mixture can be about 80% by mass or more (for example, 80 to 99% by mass), and about 90% by mass or more (for example, 90 to 99% by mass). %, More preferably 95 to 99% by mass).
- the ratio of the binder to the whole negative electrode mixture can be, for example, about 0.5 to 10% by mass, and usually about 1 to 5% by mass is preferable.
- the separator 13 that is used while being superimposed on the positive and negative electrode sheets 12 and 14 the same material as that of a conventional lithium ion battery can be used.
- a porous resin sheet (film) made of a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene can be preferably used.
- the positive and negative electrode sheets 12, 14 are formed by superimposing both composite material layers 124, 144, and the composite material layer non-forming portion of both electrode sheets is one end and the other along the longitudinal direction of the separator 13. The positions are slightly shifted in the width direction so as to protrude from the end portions.
- the cover 154 and the case main body 152 are connected to the protruding portion.
- the same non-aqueous electrolytic solution conventionally used for lithium ion batteries can be used without particular limitation.
- a nonaqueous electrolytic solution typically has a composition in which a supporting salt is contained in a suitable nonaqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2 -One or more selected from the group consisting of diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane and the like can be used.
- Examples of the supporting salt (supporting electrolyte) include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2). )
- a lithium salt such as 3 can be used.
- the lithium ion battery 20 includes a flat rectangular container 21 (typically made of metal and may be made of resin).
- a wound electrode body 30 is accommodated in the container 21.
- the electrode body 30 of this embodiment includes a positive electrode sheet 32, a negative electrode sheet 34, and two separators 33 made of the same material as in the first embodiment.
- the separators 33 are overlapped and wound so as to protrude from one end and the other end along the longitudinal direction of the separator 33, and the rolled body is pressed from the side direction to be ablated to match the shape of the container 21. It is formed in a flat shape.
- the positive electrode terminal 24 and the negative electrode terminal 26 for external connection are electrically connected to the electrode sheets 32 and 34.
- the portions protruding from the separator 33 in the positive electrode mixture layer non-forming portions of the electrode sheets 32 and 34 are gathered together in the radial direction of the wound electrode body 30, respectively. It can be suitably performed by connecting (for example, welding) the negative electrode terminals 26 respectively.
- the electrode body 30 to which the terminals 24 and 26 are connected is accommodated in the container 21, and after supplying a suitable non-aqueous electrolyte (the same one as in the first embodiment can be used) into the container 21, the container 21 is By sealing, the lithium ion battery 20 according to the present embodiment is constructed.
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic configuration of the assembled battery according to the present embodiment.
- This assembled battery 60 is constructed using a plurality of batteries 20 according to the second embodiment (typically 10 or more, preferably about 10 to 30, for example, 20). These batteries (unit cells) 20 are accommodated in the wide surface of the container 21 (that is, in the container 21) while being inverted one by one so that the positive terminals 24 and the negative terminals 26 are alternately arranged.
- the surface corresponding to the flat surface of the wound electrode body 30) is arranged in the facing direction.
- a cooling plate 61 having a predetermined shape is disposed in close contact with the wide surface of the container 21 between the arranged unit cells 20 and both outsides in the unit cell arrangement direction (stacking direction).
- the cooling plate 61 functions as a heat radiating member for efficiently dissipating heat generated in each unit cell during use, and introduces a cooling fluid (typically air) between the unit cells 20. It has a possible shape (for example, a shape in which a plurality of parallel grooves extending vertically from one side of the rectangular cooling plate 61 to the opposite side are provided on the surface).
- a cooling plate 61 made of metal having good thermal conductivity or lightweight and hard polypropylene or other synthetic resin is suitable.
- a pair of end plates 68 are disposed on the outer side of the cooling plate 61 arranged on both outsides of the unit cells 20 and the cooling plates 61 (hereinafter collectively referred to as “single cell group”). , 69 are arranged. In this way, the entire cell cell group and end plates 68 and 69 arranged in the stacking direction of the cell 20 (hereinafter also referred to as “constrained body”) bridge between the end plates 68 and 69.
- the attached restraining band 71 for fastening is restrained by a prescribed restraining pressure P in the stacking direction of the restrained body (that is, the lateral direction with respect to the axis of the wound electrode body 30).
- a prescribed restraining pressure P is applied in the stacking direction (for example, the surface pressure that the wide surface of the container 21 receives).
- the restraint pressure P is restrained so that the restraint pressure P is about 0.1 MPa to 10 MPa.
- one positive terminal 24 and the other negative terminal 26 are electrically connected by a connector 67.
- the assembled battery 60 of the desired voltage is constructed
- NiCoMn composite hydroxide was crystallized (nucleation stage).
- the composite hydroxide particles were heat-treated at 150 ° C. for 12 hours in an air atmosphere.
- Li 2 CO 3 as the lithium source and the composite hydroxide particles are combined into the number of moles of lithium (M Li ) and the total number of moles of Ni, Co and Mn constituting the composite hydroxide (M Me ).
- the mixture (M Li : M Me ) was 1.15: 1.
- This mixture was fired at 760 ° C. for 4 hours (first firing stage), and then fired at 950 ° C. for 10 hours (second firing stage). Thereafter, the fired product was crushed and sieved. In this manner, an active material particle sample having a composition represented by Li 1.15 Ni 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 O 2 was obtained.
- the pH in the nucleation stage is varied between 12 and 13, and the particle growth stage
- the active material particles of Samples 1 to 12 having the average particle diameter (D 50 ) and the BET specific surface area shown in Table 1 were prepared by varying the NH 4 + concentration in the sample between 3 and 10 g / L.
- Lithium nitrate, nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and manganese nitrate have a Li: Ni: Co; Mn molar ratio of 1.15: 0.33: 0.33: 0.33, and the total molar concentration of these metal elements is 1. It was dissolved in water so as to be 5 mol / L to prepare a mixed aqueous solution. The mixed aqueous solution mist was introduced into a 700 ° C. heating furnace and thermally decomposed to obtain composite oxide particles having a composition represented by Li 1.15 Ni 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 O 2 (spray pyrolysis method). .
- Samples 13 and 14 were heated (annealed) at 950 ° C. for 10 hours to obtain active material particles of Samples 13 and 14 having the average particle diameter, specific surface area and average hardness shown in Table 1. Samples 13 and 14 were produced by making the average droplet diameter of the mist different from each other.
- the average particle diameter and specific surface area were measured in the same manner as in samples 1 to 12. Moreover, the external appearance of these samples was observed with the said scanning electron microscope. As a result, it was confirmed that any sample had a porous structure in which a large number of pores exist on the particle surface. Further, when the average hardness of these active material particle samples was measured by the above method, it was confirmed that all of them were in the range of 0.05 MPa to 0.1 MPa.
- a mixed aqueous solution was prepared by dissolving in water. This mixed aqueous solution, 25% NaOH aqueous solution, and 25% aqueous ammonia are supplied into the reaction vessel at a constant rate at which the average residence time of NiCoMn composite hydroxide particles precipitated in the reaction vessel is 10 hours. In addition, the reaction solution was controlled to have a pH of 12.0 and an NH 4 + concentration of 15 g / L, and was continuously crystallized.
- NiCoMn composite hydroxide was obtained from the overflow pipe.
- a product (product) was continuously collected, washed with water and dried.
- composite hydroxide particles having a composition represented by Ni 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 (OH) 2 + ⁇ (where ⁇ is 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.5) were obtained. .
- the composite hydroxide particles were heat-treated at 150 ° C. for 12 hours in an air atmosphere.
- Li 2 CO 3 as the lithium source and the composite hydroxide particles are combined into the number of moles of lithium (M Li ) and the total number of moles of Ni, Co and Mn constituting the composite hydroxide (M Me ).
- the mixture (M Li : M Me ) was 1.15: 1.
- This mixture was calcined at 760 ° C. for 4 hours and then at 950 ° C. for 10 hours. Thereafter, the fired product was crushed and sieved. In this manner, an active material particle sample having a composition represented by Li 1.15 Ni 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 O 2 was obtained.
- the active material particles of samples 15 to 21 having the average particle diameter (D 50 ) and BET specific surface area shown in Table 1 are prepared by adjusting conditions such as residence time and pH. did.
- the average particle diameter and specific surface area were measured in the same manner as in Samples 1 to 12.
- the external appearance of these samples was observed with the said scanning electron microscope. As a result, it was confirmed that any sample had a dense structure. Further, when the average hardness of these active material particle samples was measured by the above method, it was confirmed that all of them were in the range of 5 MPa to 30 MPa.
- ⁇ Preparation of positive electrode sheet> The active material particle sample obtained above, acetylene black as a conductive material, and PVDF are such that the mass ratio of these materials is 85: 10: 5 and the solid content concentration (NV) is about 50 mass%.
- a positive electrode mixture composition corresponding to each active material particle sample was prepared by mixing with NMP.
- positive electrode mixture compositions were applied on both sides of a 15 ⁇ m-thick long aluminum foil (current collector).
- the coating amount (based on solid content) of the composition was adjusted to be about 12.8 mg / cm 2 on both sides.
- roll pressing was performed to obtain a sheet-like positive electrode (positive electrode sheet) having a positive electrode mixture layer on both surfaces of the current collector.
- the total thickness of the positive electrode sheet was about 70 ⁇ m. In this way, a total of 21 types of positive electrode sheets corresponding to each active material particle sample were produced.
- the positive electrode sheet was cut in the thickness direction, the cut surface was polished by a cross section polishing method using an argon ion beam, and the cross-section was observed with the scanning electron microscope. From the observation results, the average opening size of the through holes in each sample was determined. The results are shown in Table 1. Further, the average number of through-holes obtained from the above observation results was 1 to 10 per particle for any of Samples 1 to 12. In this cross-sectional observation, in any sample, 50% by number or more of the through-holes can be connected to the outside of the active material particles through the through-holes in a straight line and the secondary particles from the outside. It was confirmed that the hollow portion penetrated almost vertically. Further, in any sample, it was confirmed that the primary particles constituting the secondary particles were densely sintered in places other than the hollow portion and the through hole. As an example, a cross-sectional SEM image of Sample 8 is shown in FIG.
- Natural graphite particles, SBR, and CMC are mixed with ion-exchanged water so that the mass ratio of these materials is 98: 1: 1 and NV is 45% by mass to obtain an aqueous active material composition (negative electrode composite).
- a material composition was prepared. This composition was applied to both sides of a long copper foil (negative electrode current collector) having a thickness of about 10 ⁇ m and dried, followed by roll pressing. Thus, the sheet-like negative electrode (negative electrode sheet) which has a negative mix layer on both surfaces of a collector was produced. The total thickness of the negative electrode sheet was about 50 ⁇ m.
- Each positive electrode sheet and negative electrode sheet produced above were laminated together with two long separators (here, a porous polyethylene sheet having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was used), and the laminated sheet was wound in the longitudinal direction. Thus, a wound electrode body was produced.
- This electrode body was housed in an outer case together with a non-aqueous electrolyte to construct a 18650 type lithium ion battery.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte a composition in which LiPF 6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1 mol / L in a mixed solvent containing EC, DMC, and EMC at a volume ratio of 3: 3: 4 was used.
- each battery constructed as described above is charged with a constant current of 3 hours at a charge rate of 1/10 C, and further charged with a constant current of up to 4.1 V at a charge rate of 1/3 C.
- the initial charge / discharge treatment was repeated 2 to 3 times with a constant current discharge to 3.0 V at a discharge rate of 21 to obtain 21 types of lithium ion batteries corresponding to each active material particle sample.
- the rated capacity of these batteries is 300 mAh.
- each battery was adjusted to SOC 60% again, and a high rate cycle test was repeated at 10,000 at a charge / discharge cycle consisting of the following (I) to (VI) at 25 ° C. Meanwhile, an operation of adjusting the SOC to 60% was performed every 100 cycles.
- (I) Discharge for 10 seconds at a constant current of 20 C (6 A in this case).
- (II). Pause for 5 seconds.
- (III) Charge for 40 seconds at a constant current of 5C.
- IV Pause for 5 seconds.
- the IV resistance after the high rate cycle was measured in the same manner as the initial IV resistance. Then, by dividing the IV resistance value after the high rate cycle by the initial IV resistance value, the resistance increase rate (times) by the high rate cycle test was calculated.
- each battery produced above was charged at a constant current of 1 C up to 4.1 V under a temperature condition of 25 ° C., and then charged at a constant voltage until the total charging time was 2 hours.
- the battery after such CC-CV charging is held at 25 ° C. for 24 hours, and then discharged at 25 ° C. with a constant current of 1 C from 4.1 V to 3.0 V, and then until the total discharge time reaches 2 hours.
- the battery was discharged with voltage, and the discharge capacity (initial capacity) at this time was measured.
- the battery after the initial capacity measurement was subjected to the above durability cycle test.
- the batteries using Samples 6 to 12 had low initial reaction resistance values at a low temperature ( ⁇ 30 ° C.) of 2 ⁇ or less, and were excellent in output performance (particularly, output performance at low temperatures). Furthermore, as can be seen from the data on the rate of increase in the low-temperature reaction resistance, the batteries using the active material particles of Samples 1 to 12 have an extremely high durability because the rate of increase in the low-temperature reaction resistance in the durability test is 5% or less. Showed performance. In addition, the capacity retention rate in the durability test was as good as 90% or more.
- the active material particles having a porous structure (samples 13 and 14) and the active material particles having a dense structure (samples 15 to 21) all have a resistance increase rate of 3 times or more due to the high-rate cycle and lack durability. It was a thing.
- the active material particles having a porous structure had an effect of reducing the initial low-temperature reaction resistance as compared with the active material particles having a dense structure, it was confirmed that the durability of the effect was lacking. That is, in the batteries using the active material particles of Samples 13 and 14, the low-temperature reaction resistance increased by a factor of two or more by the durability test. Furthermore, the batteries according to Samples 13 and 14 each had a capacity retention rate of less than 80%.
- the lithium secondary battery provided by the technology disclosed herein exhibits excellent performance as described above, it can be used as a lithium secondary battery for various applications.
- it can be suitably used as a power source for a motor (electric motor) mounted on a vehicle such as an automobile.
- Such lithium secondary batteries may be used in the form of an assembled battery formed by connecting a plurality of them in series and / or in parallel. Therefore, according to the technology disclosed herein, as schematically shown in FIG. 7, a vehicle (typically an automobile, in particular, a vehicle including such a lithium secondary battery (which may be in the form of an assembled battery) 20 as a power source.
- a vehicle including an electric motor such as a hybrid vehicle, an electric vehicle, and a fuel cell vehicle) 1 may be provided.
- Electrode body 12 Positive electrode (positive electrode sheet) 13 Separator 14 Negative electrode (negative electrode sheet) 122 positive electrode current collector 124 positive electrode composite material layer 142 negative electrode current collector 144 negative electrode composite material layer 20 lithium ion battery (single cell) 24 positive electrode terminal 26 negative electrode terminal 30 electrode body 32 positive electrode sheet 33 separator 34 negative electrode sheet 60 assembled battery 61 cooling plate 67 connector 68, 69 end plate 71 restraint band
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2009年12月2日に出願された日本国特許出願2009-274381号に基づく優先権を主張しており、その出願の全内容は本明細書中に参照として組み入れられている。
正極と負極と非水電解液とを備えるリチウム二次電池であって、
前記正極は、リチウム遷移金属酸化物の一次粒子が集合した二次粒子と、その内側に形成された中空部とを有し、前記二次粒子には外部から前記中空部まで貫通する貫通孔が形成されている孔開き中空構造の活物質粒子を有し、
以下の特性:
(1)後述する実験例に記載の条件で行われるハイレートサイクル試験において、抵抗上昇率が3倍以下(好ましくは2倍以下、より好ましくは1.2倍以下)である;
(2)後述する実験例に記載の条件で行われる耐久サイクル試験において、低温(-30℃)反応抵抗の上昇率が2倍以下(好ましくは1.1倍以下、より好ましくは1.05倍以下、さらに好ましくは1.03倍以下)である;および、
(3)後述する実験例に記載の条件で行われる耐久サイクル試験において、容量維持率が90%以上である;
(4)後述する実験例に記載の条件で測定される低温(-30℃)初期反応抵抗が3Ω以下(好ましくは2Ω以下)である;
のうち一または二以上を満たす、リチウム二次電池。
上記孔開き中空構造の活物質粒子としては、ここに開示されるいずれかの活物質粒子を好ましく採用することができる。上記特性(1)~(4)のうち少なくとも(1)を満たす電池が好ましく、少なくとも(1)および(2)を満たす電池がより好ましい。
Li1+mNipCoqMnrM1 sO2 (I);
で表される層状Ni含有Li酸化物が例示される。ここで、上記式(I)において、M1は、Al,Cr,Fe,V,Mg,Ti,Zr,Nb,Mo,Ta,W,Cu,Zn,Ga,In,Sn,LaおよびCeからなる群から選択される一種または二種以上であり得る。mは、0≦m≦0.2を満たす数であり得る。pは、0.1≦p≦0.9を満たす数であり得る。qは、0≦q≦0.5を満たす数であり得る。rは、0≦r≦0.5を満たす数であり得る。sは、0≦s≦0.02を満たす数であり得る。ここで、典型的にはp+q+r+s=1である。好ましい一態様では、0≦s<pである。sが実質的に0(すなわち、M1を実質的に含有しない酸化物)であってもよい。
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン電池の概略構成を図1に示す。このリチウムイオン電池10は、正極12および負極14を具備する電極体11が、図示しない非水電解液とともに、該電極体を収容し得る形状の電池ケース15に収容された構成を有する。電池ケース15は、有底円筒状のケース本体152と、上記開口部を塞ぐ蓋体154とを備える。蓋体154およびケース本体152はいずれも金属製であって相互に絶縁されており、それぞれ正負極の集電体122,142と電気的に接続されている。すなわち、このリチウムイオン電池10では、蓋体154が正極端子、ケース本体152が負極端子を兼ねている。
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン電池の概略構成を図2,3に示す。このリチウムイオン電池20は、偏平な角型形状の容器21(典型的には金属製であり、樹脂製であってもよい。)を備える。この容器21の中に捲回電極体30が収容されている。本実施形態の電極体30は、第一実施形態と同様の材料を用いてなる正極シート32、負極シート34および二枚のセパレータ33を、両電極シート32,34の合材層非形成部がセパレータ33の長手方向に沿う一方の端部と他方の端部からそれぞれはみ出すように重ね合わせて捲回し、その捲回体を側面方向から押圧して拉げさせることにより、容器21の形状に合わせた扁平形状に形成されている。
本実施形態に係る組電池の概略構成を図4に示す。この組電池60は、第二実施形態に係る電池20の複数個(典型的には10個以上、好ましくは10~30個程度、例えば20個)を用いて構築されている。これらの電池(単電池)20は、それぞれの正極端子24および負極端子26が交互に配置されるように一つづつ反転させつつ、容器21の幅広な面(すなわち、容器21内に収容される捲回電極体30の扁平面に対応する面)が対向する方向に配列されている。当該配列する単電池20間ならびに単電池配列方向(積層方向)の両アウトサイドには、所定形状の冷却板61が、容器21の幅広面に密接した状態で配置されている。この冷却板61は、使用時に各単電池内で発生する熱を効率よく放散させるための放熱部材として機能するものであって、単電池20間に冷却用流体(典型的には空気)を導入可能な形状(例えば、長方形状の冷却板61の一辺から垂直に延びて対向する辺に至る複数の平行な溝が表面に設けられた形状)を有する。熱伝導性の良い金属製もしくは軽量で硬質なポリプロピレンその他の合成樹脂製の冷却板61が好適である。
槽内温度40℃に設定された反応槽内にイオン交換水を入れ、攪拌しつつ窒素ガスを流通させて、該イオン交換水を窒素置換するとともに反応槽内を酸素ガス(O2)濃度2.0%の非酸化性雰囲気に調整した。次いで、25%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液と25%アンモニア水とを、液温25℃を基準として測定するpHが12.5となり且つ液中NH4 +濃度が5g/Lとなるように加えた。
硝酸リチウム、硝酸ニッケル、硝酸コバルトおよび硝酸マンガンを、Li:Ni:Co;Mnのモル比が1.15:0.33:0.33:0.33となり且つこれら金属元素の合計モル濃度が1.5モル/Lとなるように水に溶解させて、混合水溶液を調整した。
この混合水溶液のミストを700℃の加熱炉中に導入して熱分解させることにより、Li1.15Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2で表わされる組成の複合酸化物粒子を得た(噴霧熱分解法)。この粒子を950℃で10時間加熱(アニール)して、表1に示す平均粒径、比表面積および平均硬度を有するサンプル13,14の活物質粒子を得た。なお、サンプル13と14とは、上記ミストの平均液滴径を互いに異ならせて製造したものである。
オーバーフローパイプを備え槽内温度40℃に設定された反応槽内に、イオン交換水を入れ、攪拌しつつ窒素ガスを流通させて、該イオン交換水を窒素置換するとともに反応槽内を酸素ガス(O2)濃度2.0%の非酸化性雰囲気に調整した。次いで、25%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液と25%アンモニア水とを、液温25℃を基準として測定するpHが12.0となり且つ液中NH4 +濃度が15g/Lとなるように加えた。
硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルトおよび硫酸マンガンを、Ni:Co:Mnのモル比が0.33:0.33:0.33となり且つこれら金属元素の合計モル濃度が1.8モル/Lとなるように水に溶解させて、混合水溶液を調整した。この混合水溶液と25%NaOH水溶液と25%アンモニア水とを上記反応槽内に、該反応槽内に析出するNiCoMn複合水酸化物粒子の平均的な滞留時間が10時間となる一定速度で供給し、且つ反応液をpH12.0、NH4 +濃度15g/Lになるように制御して連続的に晶析をさせ、反応槽内が定常状態になった後に、上記オーバーフローパイプよりNiCoMn複合水酸化物(生成物)を連続的に採取し、水洗して乾燥させた。このようにして、Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33(OH)2+α(ここで、式中のαは0≦α≦0.5である。)で表わされる組成の複合水酸化物粒子を得た。
上記で得られた活物質粒子サンプルと、導電材としてのアセチレンブラックと、PVDFとを、これら材料の質量比が85:10:5となり且つ固形分濃度(NV)が約50質量%となるようにNMPと混合して、各活物質粒子サンプルに対応する正極合材組成物を調製した。
天然黒鉛粒子とSBRとCMCとを、これら材料の質量比が98:1:1であり且つNVが45質量%となるようにイオン交換水と混合して、水系の活物質組成物(負極合材組成物)を調製した。この組成物を厚さ約10μmの長尺状銅箔(負極集電体)の両面に塗布して乾燥させ、ロールプレスを行った。このようにして、集電体の両面に負極合材層を有するシート状負極(負極シート)を作製した。該負極シートの全体の厚みは約50μmであった。
上記で作製した各電池をSOC(State of Charge)60%に調整し、25℃の温度下にて20Cの定電流で放電させ、その電圧降下から初期IV抵抗を求めた。
(I).20C(ここでは6A)の定電流で10秒間放電させる。
(II).5秒間休止する。
(III).5Cの定電流で40秒間充電する。
(IV).5秒間休止する。
上記で作製した各電池につき、測定温度-30℃において、測定周波数範囲0.001~10000Hz、振幅5mVの条件で交流インピーダンス測定を行い、Cole-Coleプロットの等価回路フィッティングにより直流抵抗Rsolおよび反応抵抗Rct(初期反応抵抗)を求めた。
上記低温初期反応抵抗測定後の電池に対し、60℃において、SOC0%~100%(上限電圧4.1V、下限電圧3.0V)の範囲で4C(1.2A)の定電流充電と4Cの定電流放電とを500回繰り返す耐久サイクル試験を行った。上記耐久サイクル試験後の各電池につき、低温初期反応抵抗の測定と同様にして、耐久サイクル後の低温反応抵抗を測定した。そして、耐久サイクル後の反応抵抗値を初期の反応抵抗値で除すことにより、上記耐久サイクル試験による抵抗上昇率(倍)を算出した。
以上の結果を表2に示す。
10 リチウムイオン電池
11 電極体
12 正極(正極シート)
13 セパレータ
14 負極(負極シート)
122 正極集電体
124 正極合材層
142 負極集電体
144 負極合材層
20 リチウムイオン電池(単電池)
24 正極端子
26 負極端子
30 電極体
32 正極シート
33 セパレータ
34 負極シート
60 組電池
61 冷却板
67 接続具
68,69 エンドプレート
71 拘束バンド
Claims (13)
- リチウム二次電池用の活物質粒子であって、
リチウム遷移金属酸化物の一次粒子が複数集合した二次粒子と、その内側に形成された中空部とを有する中空構造を構成しており、
前記二次粒子には、外部から前記中空部まで貫通する貫通孔が形成されており、
BET比表面積が0.5~1.9m2/gである、活物質粒子。 - 前記貫通孔の開口幅が平均0.01μm以上である、請求項1に記載の活物質粒子。
- 直径50μmの平面ダイヤモンド圧子を使用して負荷速度0.5mN/秒~3mN/秒の条件で行われるダイナミック硬度測定において、平均硬度が0.5MPa以上である、請求項1または2に記載の活物質粒子。
- 前記貫通孔の数は、前記活物質粒子の一粒子当たり平均1~20個である、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の活物質粒子。
- 平均粒径が3μm~10μmである、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の活物質粒子。
- 前記リチウム遷移金属酸化物は、ニッケルを構成元素として含む層状構造の化合物である、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の活物質粒子。
- 前記リチウム遷移金属酸化物は、ニッケル、コバルトおよびマンガンを構成元素として含む層状構造の化合物である、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の活物質粒子。
- 正極と負極と非水電解液とを備えるリチウム二次電池であって、
前記正極および負極のうち少なくとも一方は、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の活物質粒子を有する中空活物質含有電極である、リチウム二次電池。 - 車両の駆動電源として用いられる、請求項8に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 請求項8または9に記載の電池を備える、車両。
- リチウム遷移金属酸化物の一次粒子が複数集合した二次粒子と、その内側に形成された中空部とを有し、前記二次粒子には外部から前記中空部まで貫通する貫通孔が形成されている孔開き中空構造の活物質粒子を製造する方法であって:
遷移金属化合物の水性溶液にアンモニウムイオンを供給して、前記遷移金属水酸化物の粒子を前記水性溶液から析出させる原料水酸化物生成工程、ここで、前記水性溶液は、前記リチウム遷移金属酸化物を構成する遷移金属元素の少なくとも一つを含む;
前記遷移金属水酸化物とリチウム化合物とを混合して未焼成の混合物を調製する混合工程;および、
前記混合物を焼成して前記活物質粒子を得る焼成工程;
を包含し、
ここで、前記原料水酸化物生成工程は、pH12以上かつアンモニウムイオン濃度25g/L以下で前記水性溶液から前記遷移金属水酸化物を析出させる核生成段階と、その析出した遷移金属水酸化物をpH12未満かつアンモニウムイオン濃度3g/L以上で成長させる粒子成長段階とを含む、活物質粒子製造方法。 - 前記焼成工程は、最高焼成温度が800℃~1100℃となるように行われる、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記焼成工程は、前記混合物を700℃以上900℃以下の温度T1で焼成する第一焼成段階と、その第一焼成段階を経た結果物を800℃以上1100℃以下であって且つ前記第一焼成段階における焼成温度T1よりも高い温度T2で焼成する第二焼成段階とを含む、請求項11または12に記載の方法。
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- 2010-10-07 CA CA2781658A patent/CA2781658C/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2011119092A (ja) | 2011-06-16 |
US20130302687A1 (en) | 2013-11-14 |
EP2509142A1 (en) | 2012-10-10 |
EP2533329B1 (en) | 2014-07-02 |
EP2533329A3 (en) | 2013-03-06 |
JP5175826B2 (ja) | 2013-04-03 |
KR101563775B1 (ko) | 2015-10-27 |
EP2509142B1 (en) | 2015-12-16 |
KR20150093252A (ko) | 2015-08-17 |
CA2781658A1 (en) | 2011-06-09 |
EP2509142A4 (en) | 2013-09-18 |
CA2781658C (en) | 2015-02-17 |
US20130011331A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
KR20120099108A (ko) | 2012-09-06 |
EP2533329A2 (en) | 2012-12-12 |
US8486564B2 (en) | 2013-07-16 |
CN102612772B (zh) | 2015-05-06 |
US9391318B2 (en) | 2016-07-12 |
KR101668974B1 (ko) | 2016-10-24 |
CN102612772A (zh) | 2012-07-25 |
US20120282525A1 (en) | 2012-11-08 |
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