TWI726205B - N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺 - Google Patents
N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI726205B TWI726205B TW107112472A TW107112472A TWI726205B TW I726205 B TWI726205 B TW I726205B TW 107112472 A TW107112472 A TW 107112472A TW 107112472 A TW107112472 A TW 107112472A TW I726205 B TWI726205 B TW I726205B
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- Prior art keywords
- formula
- ether
- mol
- reaction
- chloro
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- NPQICEFTXKYSPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[(5-chloro-2-propan-2-ylphenyl)methyl]cyclopropanamine Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1CNC1CC1 NPQICEFTXKYSPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract description 42
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 31
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 16
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- CWMFOCDUMQCBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(5-chloro-2-propan-2-ylphenyl)-n-cyclopropylmethanimine Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1C=NC1CC1 CWMFOCDUMQCBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 78
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 75
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 66
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 60
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 45
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 42
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 40
- -1 ion compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 40
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- BCARRKVCHXVTJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromo-4-chloro-1-propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Br BCARRKVCHXVTJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- ZDWAJOHLJMQPPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-4-propan-2-ylaniline Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1Br ZDWAJOHLJMQPPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical compound BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- QMWKRZOLOPHTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromo-4-nitro-1-propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1Br QMWKRZOLOPHTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 150000001989 diazonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 24
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 23
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 19
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Substances [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 18
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOCCCC DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- SZNYYWIUQFZLLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropoxy)propane Chemical compound CC(C)COCC(C)C SZNYYWIUQFZLLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 15
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 14
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- HTJDQJBWANPRPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopropylamine Chemical compound NC1CC1 HTJDQJBWANPRPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- KUGQOKROJFMWCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-chloro-2-propan-2-ylbenzaldehyde Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1C=O KUGQOKROJFMWCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 12
- BKIMMITUMNQMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC BKIMMITUMNQMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- HFPZCAJZSCWRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-cymene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 HFPZCAJZSCWRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000012954 diazonium Substances 0.000 description 11
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anisole Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1 RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- QARVLSVVCXYDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromobenzene Chemical compound BrC1=CC=CC=C1 QARVLSVVCXYDNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylcyclohexane Chemical compound CC1CCCCC1 UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- JXMYUMNAEKRMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nitro-4-propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 JXMYUMNAEKRMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910021591 Copper(I) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(I) chloride Chemical compound [Cu]Cl OXBLHERUFWYNTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- NVJUHMXYKCUMQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethoxypropane Chemical compound CCCOCC NVJUHMXYKCUMQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XSJVWZAETSBXKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxypropane Chemical compound CCOC(C)C XSJVWZAETSBXKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- ZNSMNVMLTJELDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether Chemical compound ClCCOCCCl ZNSMNVMLTJELDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- AQZGPSLYZOOYQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diisoamyl ether Chemical compound CC(C)CCOCCC(C)C AQZGPSLYZOOYQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diisopropyl ether Chemical compound CC(C)OC(C)C ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bisulfite Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])=O DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 238000009903 catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 8
- GHDIHPNJQVDFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxycyclohexane Chemical compound COC1CCCCC1 GHDIHPNJQVDFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 8
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 229910052979 sodium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium sulfide (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-2] GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- VZCQJDHZUGGCKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromo-2-nitro-3-propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=CC(Br)=C1[N+]([O-])=O VZCQJDHZUGGCKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 7
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229950005499 carbon tetrachloride Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229940117389 dichlorobenzene Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-bromosuccinimide Chemical compound BrN1C(=O)CCC1=O PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 6
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- HUMNYLRZRPPJDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CC=C1 HUMNYLRZRPPJDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 6
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- POLCUAVZOMRGSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl ether Chemical compound CCCOCCC POLCUAVZOMRGSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002290 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 6
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyl acetate Natural products CCCCOC(C)=O DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)OCCCC QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GJRQTCIYDGXPES-UHFFFAOYSA-N iso-butyl acetate Natural products CC(C)COC(C)=O GJRQTCIYDGXPES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- FGKJLKRYENPLQH-UHFFFAOYSA-M isocaproate Chemical compound CC(C)CCC([O-])=O FGKJLKRYENPLQH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- OQAGVSWESNCJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N isovaleric acid methyl ester Natural products COC(=O)CC(C)C OQAGVSWESNCJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910001510 metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxybenzene Substances CCCCOC=C UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GYNNXHKOJHMOHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl-cycloheptane Natural products CC1CCCCCC1 GYNNXHKOJHMOHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monofluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1 PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- FYGHSUNMUKGBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1C FYGHSUNMUKGBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Dimethylbenzene Natural products CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1 IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- AMOYMEBHYUTMKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-phenylethoxy)ethylbenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CCOCCC1=CC=CC=C1 AMOYMEBHYUTMKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZPTVNYMJQHSSEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-nitrotoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 ZPTVNYMJQHSSEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RIQIOKOQHGSKLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,5-dibromo-1,3-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound CN1C(=O)N(C)C(Br)(Br)C1=O RIQIOKOQHGSKLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 description 4
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000031709 bromination Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005893 bromination reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cu]Cl ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229940045803 cuprous chloride Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000005695 dehalogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003217 pyrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- QBERHIJABFXGRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M rhodium;triphenylphosphane;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Rh].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 QBERHIJABFXGRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000009666 routine test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YPNVIBVEFVRZPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L silver sulfate Chemical compound [Ag+].[Ag+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O YPNVIBVEFVRZPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000367 silver sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SRRKNRDXURUMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium disulfide Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-][S-] SRRKNRDXURUMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamic acid Chemical compound NS(O)(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PUGUQINMNYINPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 4-(2-chloroacetyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CCN(C(=O)CCl)CC1 PUGUQINMNYINPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- FEONEKOZSGPOFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K tribromoiron Chemical compound Br[Fe](Br)Br FEONEKOZSGPOFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- ZKWDCFPLNQTHSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tribromoisocyanuric acid Chemical compound BrN1C(=O)N(Br)C(=O)N(Br)C1=O ZKWDCFPLNQTHSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropylamine Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)CCC YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本發明係關於一種藉由在特定鉑觸媒上進行N-[(5-氯-2-異丙基苯基)亞甲基]環丙胺之氫化作用以製備N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺之方法。
Description
本發明係關於一種藉由在特定鉑觸媒上進行N-[(5-氯-2-異丙基苯基)亞甲基]環丙胺之氫化作用以製備N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺之方法。
文獻敘述用於溴化強失活的芳族物質(諸如經對-烷基取代之硝基苯或硝基苯自身)的製備方法。已經敘述以極低的產率(55%之粗產物產率及34%之蒸餾後產率)及超過24小時的長反應時間藉由鐵及溴溴化對硝基乙基苯(J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 2804)。敘述以通常為60-75%之單離化合物的產率藉由鐵及溴溴化硝基苯(參考Organic Synthesis 1941, Coll. 第1卷,123, ibid. 1928, 第8卷, 48)。已知藉由溴酸鉀溴化失活芳族物質之另一種可行方法(J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 2169-2171)。然而,因為溴酸鉀在超過70%強度之硫酸溶液中分解,從安全角度看,反應存在問題。而且,已知藉由N-溴丁二醯亞胺於半濃縮硫酸中溴化對硝基甲苯或硝基苯(Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 645–647, J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 304-306)。然而,該反應需要N-溴丁二醯亞胺作為溴化劑。發現二甲基二溴乙內醯脲明顯更有效(參考Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1994, 67, 1918-1921)。然而,三氟甲磺酸(一種極昂貴的試劑)在此用作質子來源,其使得工業處理不經濟。在相同參考中亦敘述硫酸用作質子來源。然而,從環境及處理工程角度而言存在問題的溶劑二氯甲烷用作溶劑,及此外,達成84%之對硝基甲苯之最大溴化產率。亦已知二溴異氰脲酸作為用於失活芳族物質之溴化劑(Organikum,第22版,Wiley-VCH, 第367至368頁)。 此外,已知利用亞化學計量量(0.5當量)之硫酸銀可將對硝基異丙苯轉換成溴硝基異丙苯(參考WO 2009/05674、J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 1917-1919)。而且,在WO 2009/055674中,僅以18%之產率分離所需產物。此皆導致極高的生產成本。 文獻類似地敘述硝基鹵基芳族物質之還原。適宜的還原劑為連二亞硫酸鈉(Tietze, Eicher in Reaktionen und Synthesen, Thieme Verlag 1981, 136 ff.)、硫化鈉、硫化銨(Applied Catalysis A: General 2006, 301, 251–258),二硫化鈉(tin in Reduction of Nitroarenes, Organic Reactions(New York), 1973, 20, 455-477.)、水合肼(Chem. Rev. 1965, 65, 51-68)、鐵與礦物酸諸如鹽酸、硫酸、乙酸之組合(Adv. Synth. Catal. 2005, 347, 217-219)、甲酸或路易斯酸(Lewis acid)諸如硫酸亞鐵(II)(Org. Synth. 1955, Coll. 第3卷, 56; ibid. 1948, 第28卷, 11)、氯化鐵(III)(Ber. dtsch. Chem. 1927, 1173-1182)、鋁化合物(J. Chem. Soc. Pak. 1988, 10, 393-395)、鉑觸媒(Chem. Cat. Chem. 2009, 1, 210-221;Synthesis 2003, 11, 1657-1660:添加劑諸如ZnX2
(X = Cl、Br、I)、氯化鋁(III)、溴化鎂及氯化亞銅(I)及溴化銅(II))、阮內鎳(Raney nickel)(Tietze, Eicher in Reaktionen und Synthesen, Thieme Verlag 1981, 466 ff.)及抗壞血酸(Commun. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ank. Serie B 1988, 34, 159-162)。此外,從文獻中已知可藉由錯合物氫硼化物諸如氫硼化鈉、氰基氫硼化鈉、乙醯氧基氫硼化鈉以及鋁酸鹽諸如氫化鋁鋰或氫化二異丁基鋁來還原芳族硝基化合物。熟習此項技術者本身知曉適宜的反應條件。 文獻敘述藉由桑德邁爾(Sandmeyer)反應氯化芳族物質之製備方法(例如Organikum,第22版,Wiley-VCH,640 ff.)。3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺之重氮化敘述於J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 1917-1919及J. Chem. Soc. 1952, 4443 ff中。 已經敘述溴芳族物質至對應的格利雅(Grignard)化合物的轉換(J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 1917-1919)及其與二甲基甲醯胺之反應以形成苯甲醛(Synth. Commun. 1984, 228-230)。同樣已知間溴氯苯與鎂以選擇性地將鎂插入C-Br鍵之反應及隨後與親電子試劑(乙醛)之反應(Org. Synth. 1955, Coll. 第3卷, 200;ibid. 1948, 第28卷, 28.)。 PCT/EP2011/069426敘述藉由環丙胺之苯甲醛的還原性胺化。在其中所述之條件下,可選擇性氫化而不打開環丙烷環。然而,在氫化條件下,對應的氯代芳族物質[參考式(II)]之去鹵化反應作為不需要的副反應而發生。而且,可採用羅伊卡特-瓦拉赫(Leukart-Wallach)反應以進行還原性胺化(藉由甲酸及衍生物之亞胺還原反應,參考J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936, 58, 1808-1811, ibid. 1950, 72, 3073-3075;Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap. 1976, 49, 2485-2490)。
自該先前技術開始,本發明之一個目的在於以高純度、產率及更佳品質而不打開環丙烷環及同時抑制去鹵化副反應來提供製備N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺之替代方法,其中較佳地可簡單及不昂貴地進行該方法。特定而言,所尋求之方法應可能獲得所需目標化合物而無需複雜的純化。 該目標係藉由一種製備N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺之新穎方法而達成。 本發明係關於一種製備式(I)之N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺(I) 的方法,其特徵在於 (d)在特定鉑觸媒上氫化式(III)之N-[(5-氯-2-異丙基苯基)亞甲基]環丙胺(III)。 本發明亦係關於一種製備式(I)之N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺(I) 的方法,其特徵在於 (c)在第一步中使式(II)之5-氯-2-異丙基苯甲醛(II) 與環丙胺反應及 (d)在第二步中於特定鉑觸媒上方氫化所得式(III)之N-[(5-氯-2-異丙基苯基)亞甲基]環丙胺(III)。 本發明亦係關於一種製備式(I)之N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺(I) 的方法,其特徵在於 (b)使式(V)之格利雅化合物(V) 與式(VI)之二烷基甲醯胺(VI) 其中R彼此獨立地選自C1
-C4
-烷基,較佳獨立地為甲基或正丁基,甚至更佳為甲基 反應,及 (c)使所得式(II)之5-氯-2-異丙基苯甲醛(II) 與環丙胺反應,及 (d)在特定鉑觸媒上氫化所得式(III)之N-[(5-氯-2-異丙基苯基)亞甲基]環丙胺(III)。 本發明亦係關於一種製備式(I)之N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺(I) 的方法,其特徵在於 (a)使式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯(IV) 與鎂以將鎂選擇性地插入C-Br鍵反應,及 (b)使所得式(V)之格利雅化合物(V) 與式(VI)之二烷基甲醯胺(VI) 其中R彼此獨立地選自C1
-C4
-烷基,較佳獨立地為甲基或正丁基,甚至更佳為甲基 反應,及 (c)使所得式(II)之5-氯-2-異丙基苯甲醛(II) 與環丙胺反應,及 (d)在特定鉑觸媒上氫化所得式(III)之N-[(5-氯-2-異丙基苯基)亞甲基]環丙胺(III)。 式(I)之N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺(I) 為新穎的及同樣由本發明提供。 出人意料地發現,即使芳族部份攜帶氯取代基,苯甲醛(II)與環丙胺之反應同樣地產生所需產物。文獻敘述鹵基芳族物質之氫化中的去鹵化反應(J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 3491-3494)。在本發明之情形中,可極大地抑制該副反應。 式(II)之5-氯-2-異丙基苯甲醛係藉由如下而獲得: (a)使式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯(IV) 與鎂以將鎂選擇性插入C-Br鍵反應及隨後 (b)使所得式(V)之格利雅化合物(V) 與式(VI)之二烷基甲醯胺反應(VI) 其中R彼此獨立地選自C1
-C4
-烷基,較佳獨立地為甲基或正丁基,尤其較佳為甲基。 式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯(IV) 為新穎的及同樣由本發明提供。 本發明進一步係關於藉由如下製備式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯的方法: (i)使式(IX)之重氮鹽(IX) 其中X為HSO4
、Cl、Br、HCO2
、CH3
CO2
或H2
PO4
與CuCl、FeCl2
或FeSO4
及含水HCl或金屬氯化物(其中該金屬為鈉、鉀、銫、鈣或鎂)反應。 本發明進一步係關於藉由如下製備式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯的方法: (h)使式(VIII)之銨鹽(VIII) 其中X為HSO4
、Cl、Br、HCO2
、CH3
CO2
或H2
PO4
與NaNO2
及/或KNO2
或C1
-C20
-烷基亞硝酸鹽反應,及隨後 (i)使所得式(IX)之重氮鹽(IX) 其中X係如上所定義, 與CuCl、FeCl2
或FeSO4
及含水HCl或金屬氯化物(其中該金屬為鈉、鉀、銫、鈣或鎂)反應。 本發明進一步係關於藉由如下製備式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯的方法: (g)首先,藉由酸(較佳為H2
SO4
、HCl、HBr、HCO2
H、CH3
CO2
H或H3
PO4
,尤其較佳為H2
SO4
或HCl)將式(VII)之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺(VII) 轉換成式(VIII)之銨鹽(VIII), 然後 (h)其與NaNO2
及/或KNO2
或C1
-C20
-烷基亞硝酸鹽反應以形成式(IX)之重氮鹽(IX) (i)其隨後與CuCl、FeCl2
或FeSO4
及含水HCl或金屬氯化物(其中該金屬為鈉、鉀、銫、鈣或鎂)反應。 式(VII)之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺係藉由如下獲得: (e)首先,藉由含於硫酸中之二甲基二溴乙內醯脲溴化式(X)之對硝基異丙苯(X) 及 (f)還原所得式(XI)之2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯(XI)。 本發明進一步係關於藉由如下製備式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯的方法: (f)還原所得式(XI)之2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯(XI),及 (g)藉由酸(較佳為H2
SO4
、HCl、HCO2
H、CH3
CO2
H或H3
PO4
,尤其較佳為H2
SO4
或HCl)將所得式(VII)之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺(VII) 轉換成式(VIII)之銨鹽(VIII), 然後 (h)其與NaNO2
及/或KNO2
或C1
-C20
-烷基亞硝酸鹽反應以形成式(IX)之重氮鹽(IX) (i)其隨後與CuCl、FeCl2
或FeSO4
及含水HCl或金屬氯化物(其中該金屬為鈉、鉀、銫、鈣或鎂)反應, 其中X係如文中所定義。 本發明進一步係關於藉由如下製備式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯的方法: (e)首先,藉由二甲基二溴乙內醯脲於硫酸中溴化式(X)之對硝基異丙苯(X) 及 (f)還原所得式(XI)之2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯(XI),及 (g)藉由酸(較佳為H2
SO4
、HCl、HCO2
H、CH3
CO2
H或H3
PO4
,尤其較佳為H2
SO4
或HCl)將所得式(VII)之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺(VII) 轉換成式(VIII)之銨鹽(VIII), 然後 (h)其與NaNO2
及/或KNO2
或C1
-C20
-烷基亞硝酸鹽反應以形成式(IX)之重氮鹽,(IX) (i)其隨後與CuCl、FeCl2
或FeSO4
及含水HCl或金屬氯化物(其中該金屬為鈉、鉀、銫、鈣或鎂)反應, 其中X係如文中所定義。 出人意料地發現,當緩慢引入二溴乙內醯脲時,可以極高產率(>90%化學產率)在硫酸中溴化對硝基異丙苯。在該操作模式中,可無需使用有機溶劑(諸如二氯甲烷、氯仿或四氯甲烷),這從環境及處理工程角度而言極其有利。有意思的是,儘管該底物相比對硝基甲苯(甲基)為一種空間上更受阻礙之化合物(對硝基異丙苯中之異丙基),該等反應條件對於對硝基異丙苯極適用。此外,可藉由溴及催化量之氯化鐵(III)在3至5小時的反應時間內以高產率(>95%)溴化對硝基異丙苯。文獻闡明應用於對比底物(對硝基乙基苯)之對比系統(應用鐵及溴以形成系統:溴化鐵(III)及溴),產生顯著更低的產率(55%)及要求極長的反應時間(>24小時)(J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 2804)。 經取代之N-(苄基)環丙胺類為製備農化品活性化合物中的重要中間產物。適當經取代之N-(苄基)環丙胺已經敘述於例如合成對真菌具活性的吡唑甲醯胺中(參考,例如,WO 2007/087906、WO 2010/130767)。 因此,例如,式(I)之N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺可與式(P1)之吡唑衍生物(P1) 其中 X1
為氟或氯(較佳為氟), X2
為氟或氯(較佳為氟), R1
為羥基、氟、氯或溴。 視需要在稀釋劑存在下,視需要在縮合劑存在下及視需要在酸結合劑存在下反應,以形成式(P2)之吡唑羧酸(P2)。步驟 (c)
藉由與環丙胺反應達成式(II)之5-氯-2-異丙基苯甲醛至對應式(III)之N-[(5-氯-2-異丙基苯基)亞甲基]環丙胺的轉換[製程(c)]。 在進行製程(c)時,可視需要添加酸作為觸媒。實例為乙酸、對甲苯磺酸及三氟乙酸。較佳係使用乙酸。亦可使用酸性鹽,例如KHSO4
或NaHSO4
。若使用適宜的觸媒,該等之含量基於所用環丙胺可為0.01至10重量%。 亦可經從反應混合物中除去在環丙胺及式(II)之5-氯-2-異丙基苯甲醛之間之縮合反應所形成的水而進行製程(c)。這可例如藉由使用水結合劑(例如硫酸鈉、硫酸鎂或分子篩),或藉由使用除水裝置成為可能。然而,亦可在不除水下進行氫化。 一般可在減壓下、在大氣壓下或在超大氣壓下進行製程(c)。所用溫度可作為所用底物之函數而變化及熟習此項技術者可藉由常規測試容易測定其。例如,可在−20至+200℃,較佳為+10至+100℃之溫度下進行製備通式(I)之化合物的反應。尤其較佳地在大氣壓及+10至+100℃之溫度下進行該反應。 亦可在溶劑(稀釋劑)存在下進行製程(c)。該等溶劑較佳亦以反應混合物在整個還原製程期間保持容易攪拌的含量用於該製程步驟中。用於進行製備式(III)之亞胺之製程的可能溶劑為在反應條件下呈惰性的所有有機溶劑。可提及之實例為:醇諸如甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、丁醇;醚諸如乙基丙基醚、甲基第三丁基醚、正丁基醚、苯甲醚、苯乙醚、環己基甲基醚、二甲基醚、乙醚、二甲基乙二醇二苯醚、二丙基醚、二異丙基醚、二-正丁基醚、二異丁基醚、二異戊基醚、乙二醇二甲基醚、異丙基乙基醚、四氫呋喃、二噁烷、雙(氯乙基)醚及環氧乙烷及/或環氧丙烷之聚醚;硝基烴諸如硝基甲烷、硝基乙烷、硝基丙烷、硝基苯、氯硝基苯、鄰硝基甲苯;腈諸如乙腈、甲基腈、丙腈、丁腈、異丁腈、苄腈、苯基腈、間-氯苄腈以及化合物諸如四氫噻吩二氧化物及二甲基亞碸、四亞甲基亞碸、二丙基亞碸、苄基甲基亞碸、二異丁基亞碸、二丁基亞碸、二異戊基亞碸;碸諸如二甲基碸、二乙基碸、二丙基碸、二丁基碸、二苯基碸、二己基碸、甲基乙基碸、乙基丙基碸、乙基異丁基碸及五亞甲基碸;脂族、環脂族或芳族烴諸如戊烷、己烷、庚烷、辛烷、壬烷及工業烴,例如包含具有在例如40℃至250℃範圍內之沸點的組分的石油溶劑、對-甲-異丙苯、具有在70℃至190℃沸點範圍內之石油精餾分、環己烷、甲基環己烷、石油醚、輕石油、辛烷、苯、甲苯、硝基苯及二甲苯。在所有提及之溶劑中,較佳係甲醇、二甲苯、環己烷及尤其較佳係甲醇、乙醇、甲苯。 在製程(c)之另一實施例中,亦可整批進行環丙胺與式(II)之羰基化合物的反應。 若在溶劑中進行該反應,可在反應結束後藉由蒸餾除去溶劑。這可以在大氣壓或減壓下,在室溫或高溫下進行。然而,該混合物亦可直接轉移至氫化反應,基於經濟因素此尤為有利。在該製程之實施例中,接著可無需處理式(III)之亞胺。當分離式(III)之亞胺時,觀察到大於95%的產率。步驟 (d)
以如同催化性氫化反應進行式(III)之N-[(5-氯-2-異丙基苯基)亞甲基]環丙胺之反應,以形成式(I)之N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺[製程(d)]。在還原式(III)化合物之催化性氫化反應中,任何氫化觸媒可用作觸媒。適宜的觸媒視需要包含在任何常規無機載體上之一或多種元素週期表之第8至10族的金屬。例如可為貴金屬觸媒(諸如釕觸媒、鈀觸媒、鉑觸媒及銠觸媒、阮內鎳觸媒(Raney nickel catalyst)及阮內鈷(Raney cobalt)及林德拉觸媒(Lindlar catalyst)。然而,除了該等異質觸媒之外,亦可在同質觸媒,例如威爾金森觸媒(Wilkinson catalyst)上進行氫化反應。亦可呈例如應用於碳(木炭或活性碳)、氧化鋁、二氧化矽、二氧化鋯、碳酸鈣或二氧化鈦之承載形式使用對應的觸媒。熟習此項技術者知曉該等觸媒。尤其較佳係鈀觸媒。可以水濕潤或呈乾燥形式使用該等觸媒。所用觸媒較佳地可重複用於複數個反應中。 在該製程中,基於所用式(III)之亞胺,以約0.01至約30重量%之濃度使用觸媒。較佳地以約0.1至約5重量%,尤其較佳為約0.1至約2.0重量%之濃度使用觸媒。 可在高壓釜中之超大氣壓下或在氫氣氛圍中之大氣壓下進行催化性氫化反應。該氫氣氛圍可另外包含惰性氣體,例如氬氣或氮氣。較佳地在10至200℃,尤其較佳為10至150℃,極佳為10至60℃之溫度下進行催化性氫化反應。氫氣壓通常為0.1至50巴,較佳為0.1至30巴,尤其較佳為1至6巴。 亞胺之氫化反應所用的其他試劑及氫化條件敘述於Harada於Patai中之「The Chemistry Carbon-Nitrogen Double Bond」,第276至293頁;Nishimura, 「Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation for Organic Synthesis」,第226至250頁, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2001及Rylander, 「Catalytic Hydrogenation over Platinum Metals」, 第291至303頁, Academic Press, New York, 1967之出版物中。 一般而言,宜在溶劑(稀釋劑)存在下進行亞胺之氫化反應之製程。該等溶劑宜以反應混合物在整個還原製程期間保持容易攪拌的含量使用。用於進行該製程的可能溶劑為在反應條件下呈惰性的所有有機溶劑,所用溶劑之類型取決於進行還原反應的方式。 可提及之實例為醇諸如甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、丁醇;醚諸如乙基丙基醚、甲基第三丁基醚、正丁基醚、苯甲醚、苯乙醚、環己基甲基醚、二甲基醚、乙醚、二甲基乙二醇二苯醚、二丙基醚、二異丙基醚、二-正丁基醚、二異丁基醚、二異戊基醚、乙二醇二甲基醚、異丙基乙基醚、四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、二噁烷、雙(氯乙基)醚及環氧乙烷及/或環氧丙烷之聚醚;胺諸如三甲胺、三乙胺、三丙胺、三丁胺、N-甲基嗎啉、吡啶、烷基化吡啶及四亞甲基二胺;脂族、環脂族或芳族烴諸如戊烷、正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、壬烷及工業烴,其等可經氟及氯原子取代,例如二氯甲烷(methylene chloride)、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、氟苯、氯苯或二氯苯;例如包含具有在例如40℃至250℃範圍內之沸點的組分的石油溶劑、對-甲-異丙苯、具有在70℃至190℃之沸點範圍內之石油精餾分、環己烷、甲基環己烷、石油醚、輕石油、辛烷、苯、甲苯、氯苯、溴苯、硝基苯、二甲苯;酯諸如乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸異丁酯以及碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二丁酯、碳酸乙二酯;及脂族醇諸如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇及異丙醇及正丁醇。在上述溶劑中,較佳係甲醇、二甲苯、環己烷及尤其較佳係甲醇、乙醇、甲苯。 可整批或在無溶劑下進行根據製程(d)之反應。 根據製程(d)之反應中之溶劑之用量可在大範圍內變化。一般而言,溶劑之用量在1倍至50倍之溶劑量,尤其較佳為2倍至40倍之溶劑量,特定而言2倍至30倍之溶劑量的範圍內,在各情形中基於所用式(III)之N-[(5-氯-2-異丙基苯基)亞甲基]環丙胺。 出人意料地觀察到,除了已知反應外,在用於該製程(d)之尤其較佳的反應條件下僅觀察到在小範圍內的環丙基取代基之氫解反應及另外亦僅觀察到在小範圍內的氯代芳族物質之去鹵化反應。 可例如藉由結晶及/或蒸餾進行式(III)之亞胺之處理(純化)及單離。步驟 (a)
藉由與鎂反應達成式(IV)之溴氯化合物至對應的式(V)之格利雅化合物的轉換[製程(a)]。 較佳地在–80℃至+120℃之溫度範圍,尤其較佳地在10℃至+70℃之溫度下進行該製程(a)。 一般在大氣壓下進行該製程(a)。然而,亦可在減壓或超大氣壓下作為替代進行。 反應時間不重要及取決於批次大小及溫度,可在1及多個小時之範圍中選擇。 當進行製程(a)時,每莫耳式(IV)之溴氯異丙苯使用0.4 mol至1.8 mol,較佳係0.9 mol至1.5 mol,尤其較佳係1.0至1.2 mol鎂。 在反應完成之後,獲得之有機鎂溶液可直接用於下一製程步驟[製程(b)]中。通常以定量化學產率形成格利雅化合物。對於隨後的反應,建議過濾呈於適當有機溶劑中之溶液形式所獲得之式(V)之有機鎂化合物。 用於製程(a)之適宜溶劑為例如脂族、脂環族或芳族烴諸如甲苯、鄰-、間-及對二甲苯、三甲基苯、醚諸如乙基丙基醚、第三戊基甲基醚、甲基第三丁基醚、正丁基醚、苯甲醚、苯乙醚、環己基甲基醚、二甲基醚、乙醚、二甲基乙二醇二苯醚、二丙基醚、二異丙基醚、二正丁基醚、二異丁基醚、二異戊基醚、乙二醇二甲基醚、異丙基乙基醚、四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、二噁烷、雙(氯乙基)醚及環氧乙烷及/或環氧丙烷之聚醚。尤其較佳係使用四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、甲基第三丁基醚及四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、甲基第三丁基醚與甲苯及/或二甲苯之混合物。根據製程(a)之反應中之溶劑的用量可在大範圍內變化。一般而言,溶劑之用量在1倍至50倍之溶劑量,尤其較佳為2倍至40倍之溶劑量,特定而言2倍至30倍之溶劑量之範圍內,在各情形中基於所用之式(IV)之溴氯異丙苯。步驟 (b)
藉由與式(VI)之二烷基甲醯胺的反應達成式(V)之格利雅化合物至對應式(II)之5-氯-2-異丙基苯甲醛的轉換[製程(b)]。 較佳地在–80℃至+120℃之溫度範圍,尤其較佳地在–10℃至+70℃之溫度下進行該製程(b)。 一般在大氣壓下進行該製程(b)。然而,亦可在減壓或超大氣壓下作為替代進行。 反應時間不重要及取決於批次大小及溫度,可在1及多個小時之範圍中選擇。 當進行製程(b)時,每莫耳式(V)之格利雅化合物使用1.0 mol至5.0 mol,較佳為1.0 mol至2 mol,尤其較佳為1.0至1.5 mol式(VI)之二烷基甲醯胺。 在反應完成之後,獲得之反應溶液可與含水礦物酸混合。以85至95%之化學產率之產率形成式(II)之5-氯-2-異丙基苯甲醛。 用於製程(b)之適宜溶劑為例如脂族、脂環族或芳族烴諸如甲苯、鄰-、間-及對二甲苯、三甲基苯、醚諸如乙基丙基醚、第三戊基甲基醚、甲基第三丁基醚、正丁基醚、苯甲醚、苯乙醚、環己基甲基醚、二甲基醚、乙醚、二甲基乙二醇二苯醚、二丙基醚、二異丙基醚、二正丁基醚、二異丁基醚、二異戊基醚、乙二醇二甲基醚、異丙基乙基醚、四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、二噁烷、雙(氯乙基)醚及環氧乙烷及/或環氧丙烷之聚醚。尤其較佳係使用四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、甲基第三丁基醚及四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、甲基第三丁基醚與甲苯及/或二甲苯之混合物。根據製程(b)之反應中之溶劑的用量可在大範圍內變化。一般而言,溶劑之用量在1倍至50倍之溶劑量,尤其較佳為2倍至40倍之溶劑量,特定而言2倍至30倍之溶劑量之範圍內,在各情形中基於所用之式(V)之格利雅化合物。步驟 g :
藉由與礦物酸及/或有機酸之反應達成式(VII)之苯胺化合物至對應的式(VIII)之銨鹽的轉換[製程(g)]。 較佳地在–30℃至+120℃之溫度範圍,尤其較佳地在–10℃至+70℃之溫度下進行該製程(g)。 一般在大氣壓下進行該製程(g)。然而,亦可在減壓或超大氣壓下作為替代進行。 反應時間不重要及取決於批次大小及溫度,可在1及多個小時之範圍中選擇。 當進行製程(g)時,每莫耳式(VII)之苯胺化合物使用1.0 mol至5.0 mol,較佳為1.0 mol至4.0 mol,尤其較佳為1.0至3.0 mol酸(H2
SO4
、HCl、HBr、HCO2
H、CH3
CO2
H、H3
PO4
,尤其較佳為H2
SO4
、HCl)。 用於製程(g)之適宜溶劑為水,醇諸如甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、丁醇;醚諸如乙基丙基醚、甲基第三丁基醚、正丁基醚、苯甲醚、苯乙醚、環己基甲基醚、二甲基醚、乙醚、二甲基乙二醇二苯醚、二丙基醚、二異丙基醚、二正丁基醚、二異丁基醚、二異戊基醚、乙二醇二甲基醚、異丙基乙基醚、四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、二噁烷、雙(氯乙基)醚及環氧乙烷及/或環氧丙烷之聚醚;脂族、環脂族或芳族烴諸如戊烷、正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、壬烷及工業烴,其等可經氟及氯原子取代,例如二氯甲烷、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、氟苯;例如包含具有在例如40℃至250℃範圍內之沸點的組分的石油溶劑、對-甲-異丙苯、具有在70℃至190℃沸點範圍內之石油精餾分、環己烷、甲基環己烷、石油醚、輕石油、辛烷、苯、甲苯、氯苯、二氯苯、溴苯、硝基苯、二甲苯;酯諸如乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸異丁酯以及碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二丁酯、碳酸乙二酯;及脂族醇諸如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇及異丙醇及正丁醇。在所述溶劑中,較佳係醇,特定而言甲醇、乙醇、及水,尤其水。 在反應完成之後,所獲得之反應溶液可直接進行重氮化。通常以定量化學產率形成銨鹽。步驟 (h) :
藉由與亞硝酸鹽(NaNO2
及/或KNO2
或C1
-C20
-烷基亞硝酸鹽,尤其較佳與NaNO2
及/或KNO2
)反應達成式(VIII)之銨鹽至對應的重氮鹽(IX)的轉換[製程(h)]。 較佳地在–30℃至+80℃之溫度範圍,尤其較佳地在–10℃至+50℃之溫度下進行該製程(h)。 一般在大氣壓下進行該製程(h)。然而,亦可在減壓或超大氣壓下作為替代進行。 反應時間不重要及取決於批次大小及溫度,可在1及多個小時之範圍中選擇。 當進行製程(h)時,每莫耳式(VIII)之銨鹽使用1.0 mol至5.0 mol,較佳為1.0 mol至2 mol,尤其較佳為1.0至1.5 mol亞硝酸鹽(NaNO2
及/或KNO2
或C1
-C20
-烷基亞硝酸鹽,尤其較佳係NaNO2
及/或KNO2
)。 在反應完成之後,所獲得之反應溶液可直接進行至對應的式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯的轉換。通常以定量化學產率形成式(IX)之重氮鹽。 用於製程(h)之適宜溶劑為水,有機酸諸如乙酸、丙酸、三氟乙酸或呈有機酸與水之混合物或呈與如下有機溶劑之2相體系:諸如醚,例如乙基丙基醚、甲基第三丁基醚、正丁基醚、環己基甲基醚、二甲基醚、乙醚、二甲基乙二醇二苯醚、二丙基醚、二異丙基醚、二正丁基醚、二異丁基醚、二異戊基醚、乙二醇二甲基醚、異丙基乙基醚、四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、二噁烷、雙(氯乙基)醚及環氧乙烷及/或環氧丙烷之聚醚;脂族、環脂族或芳族烴諸如戊烷、正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、壬烷及工業烴,其等可經氟及氯原子取代,例如二氯甲烷、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、氟苯;例如包含具有在例如40℃至250℃範圍內之沸點的組分的石油溶劑、對-甲-異丙苯、具有在70℃至190℃之沸點範圍內之石油精餾分、環己烷、甲基環己烷、石油醚、輕石油、辛烷、氯苯、二氯苯、溴苯、硝基苯;酯諸如乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸異丁酯以及碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二丁酯、碳酸乙二酯。在上述溶劑中,較佳係水與有機酸之混合物及尤其較佳係水。根據製程(h)之反應中之溶劑的用量可在大範圍內變化。一般而言,溶劑之用量在1倍至50倍之溶劑量,尤其較佳係2倍至40倍之溶劑量,特定而言2倍至30倍之溶劑量之範圍內,在各情形中基於所用之式(VIII)之銨鹽。步驟 (i) :
藉由與氯化亞銅(I)及/或氯化銅(II)或硫酸亞鐵(II)、氯化亞鐵(II)或氯化鈉或氯化鉀或上述酸與鹽酸,尤其較佳係氯化亞銅(I)、氯化亞鐵(II)或硫酸亞鐵(II)與含水鹽酸之組合反應達成式(IX)之重氮鹽至對應的式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯的轉換[製程(i)]。 較佳地在–30℃至+80℃之溫度範圍,尤其較佳地在–10℃至+50℃之溫度下進行該製程(i)。 一般在大氣壓下進行該製程(i)。然而,亦可在減壓或超大氣壓下作為替代進行。 反應時間不重要及取決於批次大小及溫度,可在1及多個小時之範圍中選擇。 當進行製程(i)時,每莫耳式(IX)之重氮鹽使用1.0 mol至5.0 mol,較佳係1.0 mol至2 mol,尤其較佳係1.0至1.5 mol氯化亞銅(I)及/或氯化銅(II)、氯化亞鐵(II)或硫酸亞鐵(II)或氯化鈉或氯化鉀或上述鹽之混合物。 當進行製程(i)時,每莫耳式(IX)之重氮鹽使用1.0 mol至5.0mol,較佳係1.0 mol至2 mol,尤其較佳係1.0 mol至1.5 mol含水HCl。 用於製程(i)之適宜溶劑為水,有機酸諸如乙酸、丙酸、三氟乙酸或呈有機酸與水之混合物或呈與如下有機溶劑之2相體系:諸如醚,例如乙基丙基醚、甲基第三丁基醚、正丁基醚、環己基甲基醚、二甲基醚、乙醚、二甲基乙二醇二苯醚、二丙基醚、二異丙基醚、二正丁基醚、二異丁基醚、二異戊基醚、乙二醇二甲基醚、異丙基乙基醚、四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、二噁烷、雙(氯乙基)醚及環氧乙烷及/或環氧丙烷之聚醚;脂族、環脂族或芳族烴諸如戊烷、正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、壬烷及工業烴,其等可經氟及氯原子取代,例如二氯甲烷、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、氟苯;例如包含具有在例如40℃至250℃範圍內之沸點的組分的石油溶劑、對-甲-異丙苯、具有在70℃至190℃之沸點範圍內之石油精餾分、環己烷、甲基環己烷、石油醚、輕石油、辛烷、氯苯、二氯苯、溴苯、硝基苯;酯諸如乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸異丁酯以及碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二丁酯、碳酸乙二酯。在上述溶劑中,較佳係水與有機酸之混合物及尤其較佳係水。根據製程(i)之反應中之溶劑的用量可在大範圍內變化。一般而言,溶劑之用量在1倍至50倍之溶劑量,尤其較佳係2倍至40倍之溶劑量、特定而言2倍至30倍之溶劑量之範圍內,在各情形中基於所用之式(IX)之重氮鹽。 在反應完成之後,可萃取式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯。這以約60至92%之化學產率產生式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯。步驟 (e) :
藉由與溴化試劑諸如N-溴丁二醯亞胺、二甲基二溴乙內醯脲、二溴氰脲酸及三溴氰脲酸在硫酸、溴、溴及路易斯酸諸如氯化鐵(III)、溴化鐵(III)、氯化鋁(III)、溴化鋁(III)、氯化鈦(IV)中之反應達成式(X)之對硝基異丙苯之溴化以形成對應的式(XI)之2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯[製程(e)]。 較佳地在–20℃至+120℃之溫度範圍,尤其較佳地在–10℃至+40℃之溫度下進行該製程(e)。 一般在大氣壓下進行該製程(e)。然而,亦可在減壓或超大氣壓下作為替代進行。 反應時間不重要及取決於批次大小及溫度,可在1及多個小時之範圍中選擇。 當進行製程(e)時,每莫耳式(X)之對硝基異丙苯使用0.4 mol至1.4 mol,較佳係0.9 mol至1.2 mol,尤其較佳係0.50至0.65 mol二甲基二溴乙內醯脲或0.4至2 mol溴與0.01至1 mol氯化鐵(III),較佳係0.8至1.7 mol溴與0.05至0.8 mol氯化鐵(III),尤其較佳係0.8至1.4 mol溴與0.1至0.5 mol氯化鐵(III)。 當進行製程(e)時,在二溴乙內醯脲之情形下,每莫耳式(X)之對硝基異丙苯使用1 mol至6 mol,較佳係1.5 mol至4 mol,尤其較佳係2至3.5 mol硫酸,及在溴與氯化鐵(III)之情形下,在氯化脂族及/或芳族烴中,尤其較佳在無溶劑下進行該反應。 可整批、無溶劑下進行製程(e)之反應,這產生改良的空間產率。 在反應完成之後,可藉由相分離分離出硫酸及視需要再次使用。例如,利用氫氧化鈉水溶液、氫氧化鉀溶液、碳酸鈉或碳酸鉀洗滌粗製式(XI)之2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯及以88至95%之產率獲得其。在溴/氯化鐵(III)之情形下,將混合物與水混合及隨後利用有機溶劑萃取。以該方式獲得之式(XI)之2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯係以極佳產率(>90%)及無需進一步處理之純度獲得。 亦可在溶劑存在下進行製程(e)。適宜溶劑為例如脂族、脂環族或芳族鹵化烴,例如氯苯、二氯苯、二氯甲烷、氯仿、四氯甲烷、二氯乙烷或三氯乙烷、腈諸如乙腈、丙腈、正丁腈或異丁腈或苄腈及水及脂族、脂環族羧酸。尤其較佳係使用氯苯、二氯苯、二氯甲烷、氯仿、二氯乙烷、三氯乙烷、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乙腈、丁腈及水。步驟 (f) :
藉由與觸媒及氫反應達成式(XI)之溴硝基異丙苯至對應的式(VII)之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺的轉換[製程(f)]。 任何氫化觸媒可用作還原式(XI)之溴硝基異丙苯之催化性氫化反應之觸媒。適宜的觸媒視需要包含在任何常規無機載體上之一或多種元素週期表之第8至10族的金屬。可例如為貴金屬觸媒諸如釕觸媒、鈀觸媒、鉑觸媒及銠觸媒、阮內鎳觸媒及阮內鈷及林德拉觸媒。然而,除了該等異質觸媒之外,亦可在同質觸媒,例如威爾金森觸媒上進行氫化反應。亦可呈例如承載於碳(木炭或活性碳)、氧化鋁、二氧化矽、二氧化鋯、碳酸鈣或二氧化鈦上之承載形式使用對應的觸媒。熟習此項技術者本身知曉該等觸媒。尤其較佳係添加或不添加路易斯酸諸如ZnX2
(X = Cl、Br、I)、氯化鋁(III)、溴化鎂及氯化亞銅(I)及溴化銅(II)之鈀及鉑觸媒。可以水濕潤或呈乾燥形式使用該等觸媒。所用觸媒較佳地再次用於複數個反應中。 在製程(f)中,基於所用式(XI)之溴硝基異丙苯,以約0.01至約30重量%之濃度使用觸媒。較佳地以約0.1至約5重量%,尤其較佳係約0.1至約2.0重量%之濃度使用觸媒。 可在高壓釜之超大氣壓下或在氫氣氛圍中之大氣壓下進行催化性氫化反應。該氫氣氛圍可另外包含惰性氣體,例如氬氣或氮氣。較佳地在10至200℃,尤其較佳係10至150℃,極佳係10至60℃之溫度下進行該催化性氫化反應。氫氣壓通常為0.1至50巴,較佳係0.1至30巴,尤其較佳係1至6巴。 一般而言,宜在溶劑(稀釋劑)存在下進行式(XI)之溴硝基異丙苯之氫化反應的製程。宜以反應混合物在整個還原處理期間保持容易攪拌的含量使用該等溶劑。用於進行該製程的可能溶劑為在反應條件下呈惰性的所有有機溶劑,所用溶劑之類型取決於進行還原反應的方式。 亦可使用還原劑諸如連二亞硫酸鈉、硫化鈉、硫化銨、亞硫酸氫鈉、水合肼(Chem. Rev. 1965, 65, 51-68)、鐵與礦物酸(諸如鹽酸、硫酸)、乙酸、甲酸或路易斯酸(諸如硫酸亞鐵(II)、氯化鐵(III)、鋁化合物以及錯合物氫硼化物諸如氫硼化鈉、氰基氫硼化鈉、乙醯氧基氫硼化鈉及鋁酸鹽諸如氫化鋁鋰或氫化二異丁基鋁)之組合進行該還原反應。較佳係硫化鈉、亞硫酸氫鈉及鐵與鹽酸。尤其較佳係硫化鈉及亞硫酸氫鈉。 較佳地在–30℃至+150℃之溫度範圍,尤其較佳地在20℃至+100℃之溫度下進行該製程(f)。 反應時間不重要,及取決於批次大小及溫度,可在1及多個小時之範圍中選擇。 當進行製程(f)時,每莫耳式(XI)之溴硝基異丙苯使用1.0 mol至5.0 mol硫化鈉及/或亞硫酸氫鈉,較佳係1.0 mol至3.0 mol硫化鈉及/或亞硫酸氫鈉,尤其較佳係1.0至2.0 mol硫化鈉及/或亞硫酸氫鈉。 用於製程(f)之適宜溶劑為醇諸如甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇及丁醇與水之混合物;醚諸如乙基丙基醚、甲基第三丁基醚、正丁基醚、苯甲醚、苯乙醚、環己基甲基醚、二甲基醚、乙醚、二甲基乙二醇二苯醚、二丙基醚、二異丙基醚、二正丁基醚、二異丁基醚、二異戊基醚、乙二醇二甲基醚、異丙基乙基醚、四氫呋喃、甲基四氫呋喃、二噁烷、雙(氯乙基)醚及環氧乙烷及/或環氧丙烷之聚醚;脂族、環脂族或芳族烴諸如戊烷、正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、壬烷及之工業烴,其等可經氟及氯原子取代,例如二氯甲烷、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、氟苯;例如包含具有在例如40℃至250℃範圍內之沸點的組分的石油溶劑、對-甲-異丙苯、具有在70℃至190℃之沸點範圍內之石油精餾分、環己烷、甲基環己烷、石油醚、輕石油、辛烷、苯、甲苯、氯苯、二氯苯、溴苯、硝基苯、二甲苯;酯諸如乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸異丁酯以及碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二丁酯、碳酸乙二酯;及脂族醇諸如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇及異丙醇及正丁醇。在所述溶劑中,較佳係與水混合之醇,特定而言甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇。根據製程(f)之反應中之溶劑的用量可在大範圍內變化。一般而言,溶劑之用量在1倍至50倍之溶劑量,尤其較佳係2倍至40倍之溶劑量、特定而言2倍至30倍之溶劑量之範圍內,在各情形中基於所用之式(XI)之溴硝基異丙苯。 在反應完成之後,可萃取式(VII)之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺。這以約60至85%之化學產率產生式(VII)之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺。 本發明進一步提供式(II)至(XI)之化合物於製備式(I)之化合物中的用途。
製備實例 實例1:式(XI)之2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯 歷時5小時將1,3-二溴-5,5-二甲基乙內醯脲(86.9 g,0.298 mol)分成約5 g之部份添加至對硝基異丙苯(X)(100 g,0.581 mol,GC純度96%)及硫酸(178 g,1.743 mol,98%強度)的溶液中。接著將混合物升溫至室溫及另外攪拌1小時。將反應混合物倒至200 g冰水中及與亞硫酸氫鈉(15.1 g,0.06 mol)及甲苯(300 g)混合。然後分離相。利用5%強度之氫氧化鈉水溶液洗滌有機相及在減壓下蒸餾出甲苯。獲得呈淡黃色油之2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯(147 g,93.6 GC-%(按面積計算),97%之理論值)。 將對硝基異丙苯(X)(50 g,0.300 mol,GC純度:99.1%)及氯化鐵(III)之溶液加熱至40℃及歷時3小時滴加溴(59.92 g,0.375 mol)。將反應混合物倒入120 ml水中,滴加亞硫酸氫鈉(40%強度之水溶液,20.81 g,0.078 mol)及利用100 ml氯苯萃取混合物。在相分離之後,利用100 ml 5%強度之HCl水溶液洗滌氯苯相。減壓下除去氯苯產生呈黃色油之2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯(74.05 g,96.9 GC-%(按面積計算),98%之理論值)。1
H-NMR(600 MHz, CDCl3
):δ = 8.41(d, 1H), 8.14(dd, 1H), 7.45(d, 1H), 3.45(heptet, 1H), 1.29(d, 3H), 1.27(d, 3H)ppm。 GC-MS:m/ez = 245[M+
]。 實例2:式(VII)之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺 在80℃下攪拌硫化鈉(31.2 g,0.24 mol)及硫(7.7 g,0.24 mol)之溶液15分鐘。隨後添加異丙醇(160 g)及在75℃下進一步攪拌該混合物15分鐘及最後歷時30分鐘滴加2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯(XI)(50 g,0.19 mol)。在另外攪拌5小時之後,反應完成。爲了處理,首先蒸餾出異丙醇及利用甲苯/氯苯萃取剩餘混合物。減壓下蒸餾合併之有機相。獲得呈紅色油之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺(42 g,91 GC-%(按面積計算),93%之理論值)。 將2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯(XI)(20 g,79.1 mmol,96.5 GC%(按面積計算))、甲醇(400 ml)、碳載鉑(1%鉑,2%釩,以水潤濕)(1.0 g,0.018 mmol)及二溴化鋅(90 mg,0.40 mmol)置於600 ml高壓釜中。隨後利用氮氣沖洗該高壓釜及在室溫下利用氫氣加壓至5巴。透過矽藻土過濾高壓釜之內容物,利用甲醇洗滌及減壓下蒸餾出溶劑。獲得呈棕色油之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺(17.1 g,93 LC-%(按面積計算),98.3 GC-%(按面積計算),98%之理論值)。 將2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯(XI)(20 g,78.1 mmol,95.8 GC%(按面積計算))、甲醇(400 ml)、碳載鉑(5%鉑,以硫使之中毒,以水潤濕)(1.0 g,0.090 mmol)及二溴化鋅(265 mg,1.18 mmol)置於600 ml高壓釜中。隨後利用氮氣沖洗該高壓釜及在室溫下利用氫氣加壓至5巴。透過矽藻土過濾高壓釜之內容物,利用甲醇洗滌及減壓下蒸餾出溶劑。獲得呈棕色油之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺(17.4 g,94.5 LC-%(按面積計算),97.7 GC-%(按面積計算),>99 %之理論值)。 式(VII)之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺1
H-NMR(600 MHz, (CDCl3
):δ = 7.04(d, 1H), 6.89(d, 1H), 6.61(dd, 1H), 3.56(br s, 2H), 3.25(heptet, 1H), 1.19(s, 3H), 1.18(s, 3H)ppm。 GC-MS:m/e = 213[M+
]。 將2-溴-1-異丙基-4-硝基苯(XI)(50 g,0.192 mol,93.5 GC-%(按面積計算))、100 ml水、鐵粉(40.71 g,0.718 mol)加熱至70℃及歷時2小時添加鹽酸(193.7 g,1.647 mol,31%之水溶液)。接著將混合物冷卻至0℃及吸濾懸浮液。在50℃之真空乾燥爐中乾燥獲得之溶劑整夜。獲得呈淡棕色固體之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺鹽酸鹽(48 g,純度:88.7%,包含:8.6%鐵,88.7%之理論值)。 式(VIII)之3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺鹽酸鹽1
H-NMR(600 MHz, d4
-MeOD):δ = 7.62(d, 1H), 7.52(d, 1H), 7.38(dd, 1H), 4.83(bs, 2 H), 3.40(heptet, 1H), 1.26(s, 3H), 1.25(s, 3H)ppm。 實例3:式(IV)之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯 在室溫下,將鹽酸(152 g,31%強度,1.29 mol)滴加至3-溴-4-異丙基苯胺(VII)(100 g,0.43 mol)與水(150 g)之懸浮液中。隨後將該懸浮液冷卻至5℃及歷時2小時滴加含於水(140 g)中之亞硝酸鈉(32.7 g,0.46 mol)之溶液。在另外攪拌1小時之後,添加醯胺基硫酸(2.5 g,0.026 mol)。將氯化亞銅(I)(10.8 g,0.11 mol)、鹽酸(202 g,31%,1.72 mol)及水(75 g)置於第二燒瓶中及歷時30分鐘滴加先前生成的重氮鹽。在另外攪拌1.5小時之後,利用二氯甲烷(250 g)萃取混合物,分離相及減壓下蒸餾出二氯甲烷。藉由蒸餾純化獲得之粗產物。獲得呈無色油之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯(62.6 g,94.8 GC-%(按面積計算),59%之理論值)。1
H-NMR(600 MHz, CDCl3
):δ = 7.54(d, 1H), 7.24(dd, 1H), 7.19(d, 1H), 3.32(heptett, 1H), 1.22(s, 3H), 1.21(s, 3H)ppm。 GC-MS:m/z = 234[M+H]+
。 實例4:式(II)之5-氯-2-異丙基苯甲醛 將鎂(4.6 g,0.189 mol)與四氫呋喃(65 ml)一起置於反應容器中及在攪拌下加熱至40℃。接著滴加約5%之含於四氫呋喃(95 ml)中之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯(IV)(43 g,0.180 mol)的溶液。在反應開始之後,在溫和回流下,歷時1小時添加含於四氫呋喃中之2-溴-4-氯-1-異丙基苯之剩餘物。然後將混合物冷卻至0℃及歷時1小時滴加二甲基甲醯胺(13.8 g,0.189 mol)。另外攪拌獲得之反應混合物1小時及以使溫度保持低於30℃之方式添加鹽酸(86.7 g,0.369 mol)。接著分離相及利用甲苯(2 × 50 ml)萃取。減壓下蒸餾合併之有機相及在4:1之異丙醇/水中使獲得之粗產物結晶。獲得呈無色固體之5-氯-2-異丙基苯甲醛(25.7 g,99 GC-%(按面積計算),77%之理論值)。1
H-NMR(600 MHz, CDCl3
):δ = 10.3(s, 1H), 7.78(d, 1H), 7.50(dd, 1H), 7.39(d, 1H), 3.89(hept., 1H), 1.31(s, 3H), 1.29(s, 3H)ppm。 GC-MS:m/e = 182[M+
]。 實例5:式(III)之N-[(5-氯-2-異丙基苯基)亞甲基]環丙胺 將環丙胺(39.2 g,0.69 mol)添加至含於甲醇(1200 ml)中之5-氯-2-異丙基苯甲醛(II)(120 g,0.65 mol,99.6 GC-%(按面積計算))之溶液中及在室溫下攪拌混合物2小時。隨後在減壓下除去溶劑及獲得呈淡黃色油之N-[(5-氯-2-異丙基苯基)亞甲基]環丙胺(144 g,99.2 GC-%(按面積計算),98.5%之理論值)。1
H-NMR(600 MHz, CDCl3
):δ = 8.87(s, 1H), 7.69(t, 1H), 7.34(d, 2H), 3.48(hept., 1H), 1.15(m, 1H), 1.26(s, 3H), 1.25(s, 3H), 0.95(m, 4H)ppm。 GC-MS:m/e = 221[M+
]。 以該方式獲得之亞胺可按上述方式單離。作為另一選擇,將其留在各自的溶劑中,添加觸媒及注入氫氣,如下所述: 實例6:式(I)之N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺 將環丙胺(3.26 g,0.057 mol)添加至含於甲醇(100 ml)中之5-氯-2-異丙基苯甲醛(II)(10 g,0.054 mol,99.3 GC%(按面積計算))之溶液中及在室溫下攪拌混合物1小時。隨後添加活性碳載鉑(0.2 g,5% Pt,乾燥),利用氮氣沖洗該反應容器及利用氫氣在25℃之最高溫度下歷時8小時加壓至6巴。透過矽藻土過濾高壓釜之內容物,利用甲醇洗滌及減壓下蒸餾出溶劑。獲得呈淡黃色油之N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺(9.8 g,96.8 GC-%(按面積計算),78.0%之理論值)。 將活性碳載鉑(5 g,5% Pt,乾燥)添加至含於甲醇(1350 ml)中之N-[(5-氯-2-異丙基苯基)亞甲基]環丙胺(III)(160.8 g,0.725 mol)之溶液中。隨後利用氮氣沖洗該反應容器及利用氫氣在25℃之最高溫度下歷時8小時加壓至6巴。透過矽藻土過濾高壓釜之內容物,利用甲醇洗滌及減壓下蒸餾出溶劑。獲得呈淡黃色油之N-(5-氯-2-異丙基苄基)環丙胺式(I)(153.5 g,97.1 GC-%(按面積計算),91.9%之理論值)。1
H-NMR(600 MHz, DMSO):δ = 7.36(d, 1H), 7.27(d, 1H), 7.23(dd, 1H), 3.76(s, 2H), 3.23(hept., 1H), 2.09(m, 1H), 1.18(s, 3H), 1.17(s, 3H), 0.37(m, 2H), 0.26(m, 2H)ppm。 GC-MS:m/e = 223[M+
]。 HPLC-MS:m/e = 224[M+H]+
。
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