JP7105877B2 - 多孔性炭素、これを含む正極及びリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
多孔性炭素、これを含む正極及びリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7105877B2 JP7105877B2 JP2020516602A JP2020516602A JP7105877B2 JP 7105877 B2 JP7105877 B2 JP 7105877B2 JP 2020516602 A JP2020516602 A JP 2020516602A JP 2020516602 A JP2020516602 A JP 2020516602A JP 7105877 B2 JP7105877 B2 JP 7105877B2
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- porous carbon
- porous
- carbon
- sulfur
- positive electrode
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Classifications
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Description
本発明はリチウム二次電池の正極材料で使われてもよい多孔性炭素に関する。
本発明はまたリチウム二次電池の正極材料で使われてもよい多孔性炭素の製造方法に係り、(S1)多孔性シリカを有機溶媒に溶解させ、塩化アルミニウム6水和物(Aluminium chloride hexahydrate)を混合し、前記多孔性シリカ溶液を製造する段階;(S2)前記多孔性シリカ溶液において有機溶媒を蒸発させ、多孔性シリカ粒子を収得する段階;(S3)前記多孔性シリカ粒子を第1熱処理してAl酸性部位が導入された多孔性シリカ粒子を収得する段階;(S4)前記Al酸性部位が導入された多孔性シリカ粒子の気孔に炭素前駆体を含浸させた後、第2熱処理して炭素-シリカ複合体を収得する段階;及び(S5)前記炭素-シリカ複合体においてシリカをエッチングして多孔性炭素を収得する段階;を含む。
(S1)段階では、多孔性シリカを有機溶媒に溶解させ、Al酸性部位導入用水和物を混合して、前記多孔性シリカ溶液を製造することができる。
(S2)段階では、前記多孔性シリカ溶液において有機溶媒を蒸発させ、多孔性シリカ粒子を収得することができる。
(S3)段階では、前記多孔性シリカ粒子を第1熱処理してAl酸性部位が導入された多孔性シリカ粒子を収得することができる。
(S4)段階では、前記Al酸性部位が導入された多孔性シリカ粒子の気孔に炭素前駆体を含浸させた後、第2熱処理して炭素-シリカ複合体を収得することができる。
(S5)段階では、前記炭素-シリカ複合体においてシリカをエッチングして多孔性炭素を収得することができる。
本発明はまた、多孔性炭素;及び前記多孔性炭素の気孔の内部に担持された硫黄含有物質;を含む正極活物質に係り、リチウム二次電池用正極活物質であってもよい。好ましくは前記正極活物質はリチウム-硫黄二次電池用正極活物質であってもよい。
本発明はまた、前述したような正極活物質の製造方法に係り、前記正極活物質の製造方法は、(P1)前記多孔性炭素と硫黄または硫黄化合物の混合粉末を形成する段階;(P2)前記混合粉末に硫黄溶解用溶媒を混合して混合物を形成する段階;及び(P3)真空下で前記混合物を熱処理して硫黄を前記多孔性炭素の気孔に担持させる段階;を含むことができる。
正極活物質を製造するための多孔性炭素は、前述したような(S1)ないし(S5)段階を含む多孔性炭素の製造方法によって製造されてもよく、前記硫黄は硫黄元素(elemental sulfur、S8)、硫黄系化合物またはこれらの混合物を含むことができる。前記硫黄系化合物は、具体的に、Li2Sn(n≧1)、有機硫黄化合物または炭素-硫黄ポリマー((C2Sx)n:2.5≦x≦50、n≧2)などであってもよい。
前記(P1)段階で得た混合粉末に溶媒を混合して混合物を形成し、前記溶媒は硫黄の溶解度が高い硫黄溶解用溶媒を使用することで前記混合粉末に含まれた硫黄を溶解させ、溶解された液相の硫黄が前記多孔性炭素の気孔内部に担持されるようにする。
前記(P2)段階で形成された混合物を真空下で熱処理することで、前記多孔性炭素に含まれた気孔内部に担持された液相の硫黄が前記気孔の表面に固着(fixation)できるようにする。
本発明はまた、前述したような正極活物質を含む正極、及び前記正極を含むリチウム二次電池に関する。
三重ブロック共重合体であるEO20PO70EO20(商標名:Pluronic P123、EO:エチレングリコール、PO:プロピレングリコール)8.0g、塩化カリウム(KCl)10g、37.2wt%塩酸(HCl)20mLを水130mL、エタノール10mLに混合して常温で8時間以上撹拌させた。次に、Pluronic P123が完全に溶けると9.26mLのメシチレン(mesitylene)を入れて、40℃で2時間撹拌させた。
(1)多孔性炭素製造
製造例1で製造された球形の多孔性シリカ1gをエタノール50mlに均一に分散させた後、塩化アルミニウム6水和物(Aluminium chloride hexahydrate)0.21gを一緒に混合して2時間撹拌し、多孔性シリカ溶液を収得した。
前記製造された多孔性炭素と硫黄粉末を混合した混合粉末を得た。この時、製造される正極活物質内で硫黄の重量が70重量%になるように混合粉末を製造した。
前記正極活物質80重量%、カーボンブラック(導電材)10重量%、及び PVDF(バインダー)10重量%組成の正極合剤を溶剤であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP:N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone)に添加して正極スラリーを製造した後、アルミニウムホイル集電体上にコーティングして正極を製造した。この時、正極で硫黄の含量は2.3mg/cm2である。
-DME:ジメトキシメタン(dimethoxymethane)
-DOL:1,3-ジオキソラン(1,3-dioxolane)
実施例1と同様に実施するが、前記第1熱処理後、Al酸性部位が導入された多孔性シリカの気孔にフルフリルアルコールとテトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテルを含浸させ、1:0.67の重量比で混合して前記多孔性シリカの気孔体積を測定した後、測定された気孔体積ぐらい含浸させた。
実施例1と同様に実施するが、前記第1熱処理後、Al酸性部位が導入された多孔性シリカの気孔にフルフリルアルコールとテトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテルを含浸させ、1:0.43の重量比で混合して前記多孔性シリカの気孔体積を測定した後、測定された気孔体積ぐらい含浸させた。
実施例1と同様に実施するが、前記第1熱処理後、Al酸性部位が導入された多孔性シリカの気孔にフルフリルアルコールとテトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテルを含浸させ、1:0.25の重量比で混合して前記多孔性シリカの気孔体積を測定した後、測定された気孔体積ぐらい含浸させた。
実施例1と同様に実施するが、前記第1熱処理後、Al酸性部位が導入された多孔性シリカの気孔にフルフリルアルコールとテトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテルを含浸させ、1:2.33の重量比で混合して前記多孔性シリカの気孔体積を測定した後、測定された気孔体積ぐらい含浸させた。
マイクロ気孔のみを含む活性炭(MSP-20、Kanto chemical Co.)を用意した。
実施例1で製造された多孔性炭素の形態、大きさ及び気孔を観察した。
実施例1の多孔性炭素及び比較例1の活性炭に対する表面積、気孔体積及び気孔の大きさを比べるために、窒素吸脱着実験を実施した。
実施例1の多孔性炭素と比較例1の活性炭をそれぞれ含むリチウム-硫黄二次電池の充放電初サイクルでの電圧プロファイル(voltage profile)を分析した放電容量実験を行った。放電容量実験は、定電流テスト(galvanostatic test)によって、1Cレート(rate)を1672mA/gで定義し、0.2Cレート(rate)で定電流テストを行った。
マイクロ気孔とメソ気孔を含み、均一な形態と大きさを有する多孔性炭素によって硫黄の電気化学的還元反応過程でポリスルフィド浸出問題の緩和を通じたリチウム-硫黄二次電池の寿命特性改善可否、及び増加された気孔体積によって硫黄の担持の効率性が向上され、可逆的な容量の向上可否を確認するために、定電流充放電(Galvanostatic charge-discharge)分析を行った。定電流充放電(Galvanostatic charge-discharge)分析は、0.2Cで1.7Vないし3.0V電圧帯(vs Li/Li+)で行った(1C:1672mA/g)。
実施例1及び比較例1のリチウム-硫黄二次電池に対し、充放電密度をそれぞれ0.1C、0.2C、0.5C、1C及び5Cへと順次変化させ、各密度当たり5回ずつサイクルを行って高レート特性を実験した。
Claims (10)
- 1nmないし8nmの直径を有するマイクロ気孔(micro pore)及び20nmないし40nmの直径を有するメソ気孔(meso pore)を含む多孔性炭素であって、
前記多孔性炭素は粒径3μmないし10μmの球形粒子であり、
前記メソ気孔の気孔体積は3.5cm3/g以上である多孔性炭素。 - 前記多孔性炭素は、前記マイクロ気孔及び前記メソ気孔を1:40ないし50の気孔体積比で含む、請求項1に記載の多孔性炭素。
- 前記多孔性炭素の比表面積は1000m2/gないし1300m2/gである、請求項1または2に記載の多孔性炭素。
- (S1)多孔性シリカを有機溶媒に溶解させ、Al酸性部位導入用水和物を混合し、多孔性シリカ溶液を製造する段階であって、
前記Al酸性部位導入用水和物は塩化アルミニウム6水和物(Aluminium chloride hexahydrate)であり、
多孔性シリカ溶液は、前記有機溶媒100重量部に対して、前記多孔性シリカ1ないし5重量部及び前記Al酸性部位導入用水和物0.21ないし1.05重量部を使用して製造される、段階;
(S2)前記多孔性シリカ溶液において有機溶媒を蒸発させて多孔性シリカ粒子を収得する段階;
(S3)前記多孔性シリカ粒子を第1熱処理してAl酸性部位が導入された多孔性シリカ粒子を収得する段階であって、
前記第1熱処理は0.5℃/分ないし3℃/分の速度で500℃ないし600℃まで昇温させて熱処理する、段階;
(S4)前記Al酸性部位が導入された多孔性シリカ粒子の気孔に炭素前駆体を含浸させた後、第2熱処理して炭素-シリカ複合体を収得する段階であって、
前記炭素前駆体は、フルフリルアルコール(furfuryl alcohol)、スクロース(Sucrose)及びグルコース(Glucose)からなる群から選択される1種以上であり、
前記第2熱処理は、70℃ないし100℃で7時間ないし10時間行う、段階;
(S5) 前記第2熱処理以後、不活性雰囲気下で0.5℃/分ないし3℃/分の速度で昇温させ、700℃ないし1000℃で1時間ないし5時間第3熱処理する段階;及び
(S6)前記炭素-シリカ複合体においてシリカをエッチングして多孔性炭素を収得する段階であって、
前記多孔性炭素は、球形の形態を有し、3μmないし10μmの大きさを有し、
前記多孔性炭素は、気孔体積が3.5cm3/g以上であるメソ気孔を有し、
前記エッチングの際に使用されたエッチング溶液は、フッ化水素(HF)、過酸化水素(H 2 O 2 )、硝酸(HNO 3 )及び水酸化カリウム(KOH)からなる群から選択される1種以上を含む溶液である、段階;
を含む多孔性炭素の製造方法。 - 請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性炭素;及び前記多孔性炭素の気孔の内部に担持された硫黄含有物質;を含む正極活物質。
- 前記多孔性炭素に担持された硫黄の含量は、正極活物質全体重量を基準にして50ないし80重量%である、請求項5に記載の正極活物質。
- (P1)請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の多孔性炭素と硫黄含有物質の混合粉末を形成する段階;
(P2)前記混合粉末に硫黄溶解用溶媒を混合して混合物を形成する段階;及び
(P3)真空下で前記混合物を熱処理し、硫黄を前記多孔性炭素の気孔に含浸させる段階;を含む正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記硫黄溶解用溶媒は、CS2、エチレンジアミン、アセトン及びエタノールで構成された群から選択された1種以上である、請求項7に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項5または6に記載の正極活物質を含むリチウム二次電池用正極。
- 請求項9に記載の正極を含むリチウム二次電池。
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US11367866B2 (en) | 2022-06-21 |
US11631842B2 (en) | 2023-04-18 |
US20220278311A1 (en) | 2022-09-01 |
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US20200295354A1 (en) | 2020-09-17 |
CN111295359B (zh) | 2023-03-28 |
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