JP6508806B2 - 正極活物質、その製造方法、それを採用した正極及びリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
正極活物質、その製造方法、それを採用した正極及びリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6508806B2 JP6508806B2 JP2014138272A JP2014138272A JP6508806B2 JP 6508806 B2 JP6508806 B2 JP 6508806B2 JP 2014138272 A JP2014138272 A JP 2014138272A JP 2014138272 A JP2014138272 A JP 2014138272A JP 6508806 B2 JP6508806 B2 JP 6508806B2
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- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- lithium
- nickel
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 175
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 118
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 89
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 86
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 150
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010183 spectrum analysis Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910005652 Li1.05Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002290 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel(2+) Chemical compound [Ni+2] VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium sulfate Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001453 nickel ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CC(N)C1 RBTVSNLYYIMMKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 66
- -1 lithium transition metal Chemical class 0.000 description 22
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 16
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 15
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 7
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- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011267 electrode slurry Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000572 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide (NCM) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910016739 Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3(OH)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RLTFLELMPUMVEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[V+5] Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[V+5] RLTFLELMPUMVEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBDMTTNVIIVBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] FBDMTTNVIIVBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RLJDSHNOFWICBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [P]=O.[Fe].[Li] Chemical compound [P]=O.[Fe].[Li] RLJDSHNOFWICBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical compound [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NDPGDHBNXZOBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum lithium cobalt(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Al+3].[Co++].[Ni++] NDPGDHBNXZOBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021475 bohrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011329 calcined coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- NKCVNYJQLIWBHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonodiperoxoic acid Chemical compound OOC(=O)OO NKCVNYJQLIWBHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006231 channel black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Co+2] GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)OCCCC QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002050 diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 1
- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002019 disulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- CYEDOLFRAIXARV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCC CYEDOLFRAIXARV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021473 hassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011565 manganese chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002867 manganese chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940099607 manganese chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940099596 manganese sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000003701 mechanical milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006051 mesophase pitch carbide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001139 pH measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052699 polonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000036647 reaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021481 rutherfordium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021477 seaborgium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
- C01D15/00—Lithium compounds
- C01D15/02—Oxides; Hydroxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/523—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron for non-aqueous cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Description
[化学式1]
LixCoaNibMcO2+α
前記化学式1で、0.9<x<1.5、0<a<0.5、0<b<1、0<c<1、−0.1≦α≦0.1であり、Mは、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ti、Zr、Nb、Mo、W、Zn、Al、Si、Mn、Cr、Fe、Mg、V及び希土類元素からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの元素である。
[化学式2]
LixCoaNibMcO2+α
前記化学式2で、0.9<x<1.1、0<a<0.5、0.4<b<1、0<c<0.5、−0.1≦α≦0.1であり、Mは、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ti、Zr、Nb、Mo、W、Zn、Al、Si、Mn、Cr、Fe、Mg、V及び希土類元素からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの元素である。
[化学式3]
LixCoaNibMncO2+α
前記化学式3で、0.9<x<1.1、0<a<0.5、0.4<b<1、0<c<0.5、−0.1≦α≦0.1である。
ニッケル前駆体であるNiSO4、コバルト前駆体であるCoSO4及びマンガン前駆体であるMnSO4を0.5:0.2:0.3のモル比で水に添加して、ニッケルコバルトマンガン水酸化物前駆体水溶液を製造した。前記水溶液を攪拌しつつ、それに水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を徐々に滴下して反応混合物を5時間攪拌することで、前記前駆体水溶液を中和させて、ニッケルコバルトマンガン水酸化物であるNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3(OH)2を沈澱させた。この沈殿物をろ過、洗浄して得られた結果物を80℃、大気雰囲気で乾燥させて平均粒径約6μmの小径粒子であるNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3(OH)2粉末を製造した。
Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3(OH)2を得るための反応混合物の攪拌時間を9.5時間に変化させて、平均粒径約6μmの小径粒子Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3(OH)2粉末の代わりに、平均粒径約15μmの大径Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3(OH)2粉末を得て、正極活物質の二次粒子が平均粒径6μmの小径粒子の代わりに、平均粒径15μmの大径粒子を得たことを除いては、製造例1と同じ方法によって施して正極活物質を製造した。
前記製造例1によって得た正極活物質及び製造例2によって得た正極活物質を20:80重量比で混合して、一次粒子の平均粒径4μmであり、二次粒子の平均粒径6μmの小径粒子と、二次粒子の平均粒径15μmの大径粒子とからなる正極活物質Li[Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3]O2を得た。
2次熱処理温度を940℃に変化させたことを除いては、製造例1と同じ方法によって行って正極活物質を製造した。
2次熱処理温度を980℃に変化させたことを除いては、製造例1と同じ方法によって行って正極活物質を製造した。
平均粒径6μmの小粒子Li[Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3]O2を正極活物質として使った。
大粒子平均粒径11μmのLi[Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3]O2(N11C、三星SDI(株)製)を正極活物質として使った。
前記製造例1で得られた正極活物質粉末及び炭素導電剤(Super P)を97:1.5の重量比で均一に混合した後、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)結合剤溶液を添加して、活物質:炭素導電剤:結合剤=97:1.5:1.5の重量比になるように、活物質スラリーを製造した。前記スラリーを、ドクターブレードを使って厚さ15μmのアルミニウム集電体上に90μm厚さにコーティングし、120℃で1時間以上乾燥させた後で圧延して、厚さ70μmの正極板を製造した。
前記製造例1で製造された正極活物質の代わりに、前記製造例2及び製造例3で製造された正極活物質をそれぞれ使ったことを除いては、前記実施例1と同じ方法で製造した。
前記実施例1で製造された正極活物質の代わりに、前記比較製造例1ないし4で製造された正極活物質を使ったことを除いては、前記実施例1と同じ方法で製造した。
製造例1で合成された正極活物質粉末と、平均粒径16μmのLiCoO2(CM15V、三星SDI(株))正極活物質粉末とを20:80重量比で混合した後、炭素導電剤(Super P)を97:1.5の重量比で均一に混合した。この混合物にポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)結合剤溶液を添加して、活物質:炭素導電剤:結合剤=97:1.5:1.5の重量比になるように活物質スラリーを製造した。前記スラリーを、厚膜コーティング器を使って、厚さ12μmのアルミニウム集電体上に、ローディングレベルが40mg/cm2になるようにコーティングし、120℃で1時間以上乾燥させた後で圧延して、合剤密度3.95g/cm3の正極を製造した。
負極活物質を、黒鉛粉末の代わりに、黒鉛粉末とSiOx(0<x<2)(信越化学社製)との95:5混合極板を使ったことを除いては、実施例4と同じ方法を用いて、2000mAh容量を有するポリマータイプのリチウムイオン二次電池(フルセル)を製造した。
製造例1で製造された正極活物質の代わりに、製造例2による正極活物質を使い、負極活物質として、80:20重量比の黒鉛粉末とSiOx(0<x≦2)との混合物を含む負極を使ったことを除いては、実施例4と同じ方法を用いて、2000mAh容量を有するポリマータイプのリチウムイオン二次電池(フルセル)を製造した。
製造例1で製造された正極活物質の代わりに、比較製造例3による正極活物質を使ったことを除いては、実施例4と同じ方法を用いて、2000mAh容量を有するポリマータイプのリチウムイオン二次電池(フルセル)を製造した。
製造例2で製造された正極活物質の代わりに、比較製造例4による正極活物質を使ったことを除いては、実施例6と同じ方法を用いて2000mAh容量を有するポリマータイプのリチウムイオン二次電池(フルセル)を製造した。
前記製造例1及び2で1次熱処理されたNi系遷移金属酸化物と、製造された正極活物質、比較製造例1ないし4で製造された正極活物質粒子についてのSEMイメージを測定した。SEM測定機器は、FEI社(USA)製のSirion(モデル名)を使った。
製造例1及び比較製造例1ないし3で製造された正極活物質のpHを測定し、その結果を下記の表1に示す。pH評価は、純水100gに正極活物質2gを10分間攪拌した後、pH測定器[eutech,pH6000]を使って測定した。
製造例1及び比較製造例1ないし3で製造された正極活物質の残留リチウム量を測定して表1に示す。残留リチウム評価は滴定法で評価し、正極活物質粉末を水に溶解させた後で塩酸で滴定して、正極活物質粉末に含まれたLiOH及びLi2CO3の含量を計算し、これより、正極活物質の表面に残留するLiOHまたはLi2CO3の含量を計算した。
一方、製造例1及び比較製造例1ないし3で製造された正極活物質において炭酸リチウムの含量を確認するために、GC−MS[ガスクロマトグラフ質量分析計、Agilent 7000]による分析を行い、その結果を下記の表1に示す。
製造例1と比較製造例1及び2で製造された正極活物質粉末のXRD分析を実施した。
前記製造例1及び比較製造例3によって得た正極活物質の熱的安定性を、示差走査熱量計を用いて分析し、その結果を図4に示す。
1)フル充電後の60℃保存[1週]によるメタル溶出実験
前記実施例1、実施例2、比較例3、及び比較例4によるコインセルに対して、25℃で0.2Cの電流で、電圧が4.45V(vs.Li)に至るまで定電流充電した後で解体し、正極を、一定量の電解液が入っているポーチに浸漬して密封した後、これを60℃で1週間保存した後、ニッケル、コバルト及びマンガン金属が溶出される量を測定した。ニッケルの溶出量は、ICP−AES(Varian)を用いて測定した。
2)フル充電後の85℃保存時間による体積変化
前記実施例1、比較例3及び比較例4によるコインセルに対して、25℃で0.2Cの電流で電圧が4.45V(vs.Li)に至るまで定電流充電し、これを解体して正極を一定量の電解液が入っているポーチに浸漬して密封した後、これを85℃で1週間保存した後で体積変化を測定した。体積変化評価方法は、アルキメデス法を用いてポーチの経時的な体積変化を測定した。
製造例1の正極活物質及び比較製造例1の正極活物質を、10Φサイズの円形モールドに3gずつ充填後、4tonの圧力で加圧する破壊強度実験を進め、加圧前後の写真を示す。
実施例3、実施例5、比較例5及び比較例6によって製造された正極に含まれた正極活物質層を圧延した後、これを30mm×30mmサイズに切断した後、厚さ及び重量を測定して合剤密度を求めた。そして、同一ローディングレベルを有する正極を、プレス圧力を増加させつつ圧延して折り曲げた時の切断特性を調べた。また、前記それぞれの圧力で圧延された正極を、真空乾燥器で100℃、10時間乾燥させた後、切断特性を評価した結果を図8及び9に示し、下記の表5には、圧延前後の正極の合剤密度を示す。
前記実施例4〜6及び比較例5〜6で製造されたフルセル25℃で0.2Cの電流で電圧4.3Vで定電流充電し、4.3Vを維持しつつ電流が0.05Cになるまで定電圧充電した。次いで、放電時に電圧が3.0Vに至るまで0.2Cの定電流で放電した(化成段階)。
[数式1]
容量維持率[%]=[200回目のサイクルでの放電容量/最初のサイクルでの放電容量]×100
前記実施例4及び比較例5で製造された前記フルセルに対して、衝突、貫通、熱露出及び過充電についての安定性を評価した。
前記評価結果を、下記の表7に示す。
◎:テストされたすべての電池の81〜100%が良好な状態である。
○:テストされたすべての電池の61〜80%が良好な状態である。
△:テストされたすべての電池の21〜60%が良好な状態である。
X:テストされたすべての電池の20%以下が良好な状態である。
2 負極
3 正極
4 セパレータ
5 電池ケース
6 キャップアセンブリ
Claims (19)
- 2つ以上の一次粒子の凝集体を含む少なくとも1つの二次粒子を含み、
前記二次粒子は、ニッケル系リチウム遷移金属酸化物を含み、
前記一次粒子の平均粒径が3ないし5μmであり、
前記二次粒子は、平均粒径5ないし8μmの小径二次粒子と、平均粒径10ないし20μmの大径二次粒子のうち選択された1つ以上を含み、
X線回折分析スペクトル分析で、(003)ピークの半値幅が0.120ないし0.125゜である、正極活物質。 - X線回折分析スペクトル分析で、(104)ピークの半値幅が0.105ないし0.110゜であり、(110)ピークの半値幅が0.110ないし0.120゜である、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記ニッケル系リチウム遷移金属酸化物でリチウムサイトを占有しているニッケルイオンの占有率が0.4原子%以下である、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質が六方晶系結晶構造を持ち、
a軸の長さは、2.867ないし2.868Åであり、
c軸の長さは、14.228ないし14.229Åであり、
それによる単位胞体積は、101.35Å3ないし101.40Å3である、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質で、残留リチウムであるLiOHの含量が滴定法による測定によって0.01ないし0.06重量%であり、Li2CO3の含量は滴定法による測定によって0.05ないし0.1重量%である、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質で、GC−MS分析による炭酸リチウムの含量は、0.01ないし0.05重量%である、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記ニッケル系リチウム遷移金属酸化物が、下記の化学式1で表示される化合物である請求項1に記載の正極活物質:
[化学式1]
LixCoaNibMcO2+α
前記化学式1で、0.9<x<1.5、0<a<0.5、0<b<1、0<c<1、−0.1≦α≦0.1であり、
Mは、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ti、Zr、Nb、Mo、W、Zn、Al、Si、Mn、Cr、Fe、Mg、V及び希土類元素からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの元素である。 - 前記ニッケル系リチウム遷移金属酸化物が、下記の化学式2で表示される化合物である、請求項1に記載の正極活物質:
[化学式2]
LixCoaNibMncO2+α
前記化学式2で、0.9<x<1.1、0<a<0.5、0.4<b<1、0<c<0.5、−0.1≦α≦0.1である。 - 前記ニッケル系リチウム遷移金属酸化物が、Li1.05Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2を含む、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- リチウムコバルト酸化物をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記リチウムコバルト酸化物の含量は、正極活物質の総重量100重量部を基準として、70ないし90重量部である、請求項10に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質の示差走査熱量計分析で、昇温の際にピークが出現し始めるオンセットポイント温度が250ないし270℃である、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 請求項1ないし12のうちいずれか1項に記載の正極活物質を含む正極。
- 請求項13に記載の正極を採用したリチウム二次電池。
- ニッケル系遷移金属水酸化物前駆体を400ないし600℃で1次熱処理してニッケル系遷移金属酸化物を得る段階と、
遷移金属に対するリチウムのモル比が1.05以上になるように、前記ニッケル系遷移金属酸化物及びリチウム前駆体を混合し、これを1000ないし1050℃で2次熱処理する段階
とを含む、
請求項1ないし12のうちいずれか1項に記載の正極活物質の製造方法であって、前記二次粒子は平均粒径5ないし8μmの小径二次粒子を含む、製造方法。 - 前記1次熱処理が大気雰囲気で、1ないし5時間行われる、請求項15に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記2次熱処理が空気雰囲気で、5ないし10時間行われる、請求項15に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記ニッケル系遷移金属水酸化物前駆体が、ニッケル前駆体、コバルト前駆体及びマンガン前駆体を含む、請求項15に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記リチウム前駆体が、水酸化リチウム、炭酸リチウム、硫酸リチウム及び硝酸リチウムのうち選択された1つ以上である、請求項15に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
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US9184443B2 (en) | 2015-11-10 |
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