JP4708342B2 - 埋設可能な装置に用いる酸素増大膜システム - Google Patents
埋設可能な装置に用いる酸素増大膜システム Download PDFInfo
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- JP4708342B2 JP4708342B2 JP2006521208A JP2006521208A JP4708342B2 JP 4708342 B2 JP4708342 B2 JP 4708342B2 JP 2006521208 A JP2006521208 A JP 2006521208A JP 2006521208 A JP2006521208 A JP 2006521208A JP 4708342 B2 JP4708342 B2 JP 4708342B2
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- oxygen
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- electrochemical sensor
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Description
以下の記述及び例示は開示された発明の実施形態を詳細に説明するものである。当業者は、その範囲の中で行われる本発明の様々な変更及び修正があることを認めるであろう。従って、実施形態の例示に関する記載は、本発明の範囲を制限すると考えられるべきではない。
ここで使われる“分析物”という用語は広義の用語であり、通常の意味で使われており、制限なしに、生物学的流体中(例えば、血液、組織液、脳脊髄液、リンパ液または尿)の分析可能な物質または化学成分を参照するための用語を含むものである。分析物は自然に発生する物質、人工的な物質、新陳代謝に必要な物質、及び/または反応生成物を含んでいてもよい。ある実施形態では、前記検出領域、装置、及び方法による測定の対象となる分析物はグルコースである。しかしながら、他の分析物についても同様に考えられていて、アカルボキシプロトロンビン(acarboxyprothrombin)に制限されず、以下を含む;アシルカルニチン、アデニンリボースリン酸転移酵素(adenine phosphoribosyl transferase);アデノシン デアミナーゼ(adenosine deaminase);アルブミン(albumin);アルファ−フェトプロテイン(alpha−fetoprotein);アミノ酸プロファイル(amino acid profiles)(アルギニン(クレブズ回路)、ヒスチジン/ウロカニン酸、ホモシステイン、フェニルアラニン/チロシン、トリプトファン);アンドレノステンジオン(andrenostenedione);アンチピリン(antipyrine);アラビニトール エナンチオマー(arabinitol enantiomers);アルギナーゼ(arginase);ベンゾイルエクゴニン(benzoylecgonine);ビオチニダーゼ(biotinidase);ビオプテリン(biopterin);C−反応性蛋白質(c−reactive protein);カルニチン(carnitine);カルノシナーゼ(carnosinase);CD4;セルロプラスミン(ceruloplasmin);ケノデオキシコール酸(chenodeoxycholic acid);クロロキン(chloroquine);コレステロール(cholesterol);コリンエステラーゼ(cholinesterase);共役型1−βヒドロキシコール酸(conjugated 1−beta hydroxy−cholic acid);コルチゾール(cortisol);クレアチンキナーゼ(creatine kinase);クレアチンキナーゼ MM イソ酵素(creatine kinase MM isoenzyme);シクロスポリン A(cyclosporin A);d−ペニシラミン(d−penicillamine);デエチルクロロキン(deethylchloroquine);デヒドロエピアンドロステロンサルフェート(dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate;DNA(アセチレーター多形(acetylator polymorphism)、アルコールデヒドロゲナーゼ(alcohol dehydrogenase)、α1―アンチトリプシン(alpha 1−antitrypsin)、嚢胞性繊維症(cystic fibrosis)、デュシェンヌ/ベッカー型筋ジストロフィー(Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy)、グルコース 6−フォスフェート デヒドロゲナーゼ(glucose− 6−phosphate dehydrogenase)、ヘモグロビン A(hemoglobin A)、ヘモグロビン S(hemoglobin S)、ヘモグロビンC(hemoglobin C)、ヘモグロビンD(hemoglobin D)、ヘモグロビンE(hemoglobin E)、ヘモグロビンF(hemoglobin F)、D−パンジャブ(D−Punjab)、β―タラセミア(beta−thalassemia)、ヘパティティス B ウィルス(hepatitis B virus)、HCMV、HIV−1、HTLV−1,レーバー遺伝性視神経障害(Leber hereditary optic neuropathy)、MCAD,RNA,PKU, 三日熱マラリア原虫(Plasmodium vivax)、性分化(sexual differentiation)、21−デオキシコーチソル(21−deoxycortisol));デスブチルハロファントリン(desbutylhalofantrine); ジヒドロプテリジン還元酵素(dihydropteridine reductase); ジフテリア/破傷風抗毒素(diptheria/tetanus antitoxin); 赤血球中アルギナーゼ(erythrocyte arginase); 赤血球中プロトポルフィリン(erythrocyte protoporphyrin);エステラーゼ D(esterase D); 脂肪酸/アシルグリシン(fatty acids/acylglycines);ヒト絨毛性ゴナドトロピン(free B−human chorionic gonadotropin);赤血球ポルフィリン(free erythrocyte porphyrin);チロキシン(free thyroxine (FT4));トリヨードチロニン(free tri−iodothyronine (FT3));フマリルアセトアセターゼ(fumarylacetoacetase);ガラクトース/ガラクトース1リン酸(galactose/gal−1−phosphate); ガラクトース1リン酸 ウリジルトランスフェラーゼ(galactose−l−phosphate uridyltransferase); ゲンタマイシン(gentamicin);グルコース6リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(glucose−6−phosphate dehydrogenase);グルタチオン(glutathione);グルタチオン ペリオキシダーゼ(glutathione perioxidase);グリココール酸(glycocholic acid); グリコシル化ヘモグロビン(glycosylated hemoglobin);ハロファントリン(halofantrine);ヘモグロビン変異体(hemoglobin variants);ヘキソサミニダーゼ A(hexosaminidase A);ヒト赤血球炭酸脱水酵素l(human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I);17−α―ヒドロキシプロゲステロン(17−alpha− hydroxyprogesterone);ヒポキサンチンホスホリボシル転移酵素(hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase);免疫活(または反応)性トリプシン(immunoreactive trypsin);ラクテート(lactate);鉛(lead);リポプロテイン (a)、B/A−1、R(lipoproteins( (a), B/A−1, R));リゾチーム(lysozyme);メフロキン(mefloquine);ネチルミシン(netilmicin);フェノバルビトン(phenobarbitone);フェニトイン(phenytoin);フィタニック/プリスタニック酸(phytanic/pristanic acid);プロゲステロン(progesterone);プロラクチン(prolactin);プロリダーゼ(prolidase);プリンヌクレオシドホスホリラーゼ(purine nucleoside phosphorylase);キニーネ(quinine);逆位トリヨードチロニン(reverse tri−iodothyronine (rT3));セレン(selenium);血清膵臓リパーゼ(serum pancreatic lipase);シソミシン(sissomicin);ソマトメジンC(somatomedin C);特異抗体(specific antibodies)(アデノウィルス(adenovirus),抗核抗体(anti−nuclear antibody),アンチーゼータ抗体(anti−zeta antibody),アルボウイルス(arbovirus), オーエスキー病ウィルス(Aujeszky’s disease virus),デングウィルス(dengue virus),メジナ虫(Dracunculus medinensis),蝟粒条虫(Echinococcus granulosus),エントアメーバヒストリティカ(Entamoeba histolytica),エンテロウイルス(enterovirus),ジアルジア症(Giardia duodenalisa),ヘリコバクターピロリ(Helicobacter pylori),B型肝炎ウイルス(hepatitis B virus),ヘルペスウイルス(herpes virus), HIV−1,免疫グロブリンE(IgE(アトピー性疾患(atopic disease))),インフルエンザウィルス(influenza virus),ドノバン・リーシュマニア(Leishmania donovani),レプトスピラ(leptospira),麻疹/おたふくかぜ/風疹(measles/mumps/rubella),らい病マイコバクテリア(Mycobacterium leprae),肺炎マイコプラスマ(Mycoplasmapneumoniae),ミオグロビン(Myoglobin),回施糸状虫(Onchocerca volvulus),パラインフルエンザウイルス(parainfluenza virus),熱帯熱マラリア原虫(Plasmodium falciparum),ポリオウイルス(poliovirus), 緑膿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),呼吸器合胞体ウイルス(respiratory syncytial virus),リケッチア(rickettsia(恙虫病(scrub typhus))),マンソン住血吸虫(Schistosoma mansoni),トキソプラスマ(Toxoplasma gondii), トレポネーマパラディウム(Trepenoma pallidium), トリパノソーマ クルジ/ランゲリ(Trypanosoma cruzi/rangeli),ベシキュラストマチスウィルス(vesicular stomatis virus),バンクロフト糸状虫(Wuchereria bancrofti),黄熱病ウイルス(yellow fever virus));特異抗原(specific antigens)(B型肝炎ウイルス(hepatitis B virus),HIV−1);サクシニルアセトン(succinylacetone);スルファドキシン(sulfadoxine);テオフィリン(theophylline);チロトロピン(thyrotropin(TSH));サイロキシン(thyroxine(T4));サイキロキシン結合性グロブリン(thyroxine−binding globulin);痕跡元素(trace elements);トランスフェリン(transferrin);UDP−ガラクトース−4−エピメラーゼ(UDP−galactose−4−epimerase);尿素(urea);ウロポルフィリノーゲン I シンターゼ(uroporphyrinogen I synthase);ビタミンA(vitamin A);白血球(white blood cells);及び亜鉛プロトポルフィリン(zinc protoporphyrin)。血液中または組織液中で自然に発生する、塩類(Salts),糖質(sugar),蛋白質(protein),脂肪(fat),ビタミン(vitamins)及び副腎皮質ホルモン(hormones)も実施形態によっては分析物を構成する。
好ましい実施形態の膜システムは生物学的流体に接した埋設可能な装置に利用するのに適当である。例えば、前記膜システムは生物学的流体中の分析物濃度、例えば糖尿病患者のグルコース濃度、を監視したり測定するための装置のような埋設可能な装置に利用されてもよい。ある実施形態では、前記分析物測定装置は連続的な装置である。また、前記装置は多数の断続的な生体サンプルを分析可能である。前記分析物測定装置は、酵素、化学的、物理的、電気化学的、分光測定法、偏光分析、熱量測定、放射分析、または同様の方法を含む、どのような分析測定方法を用いてもよい
〔化1〕
GOX+グルコース+O2 → グルコン酸塩+H2O2+還元されたGOX
一過性虚血の影響を克服するため、好ましい実施形態における前記膜システム(18)は酸素溶解性が高い材料を含む。これらの材料は虚血の状況下で局所的な酸素の欠乏を補う助けとなるよう、局所的な酸素量を増大させる。結果として、好ましい実施形態における前記膜システムは、分析物センサー及び細胞移植装置等の他の装置が、局所的な一過性虚血の間であっても皮下で機能することを可能にする。
前記細胞破壊ドメイン(40)は埋設可能な装置の最も遠くに配置され、組織が内側に伸びるのを支援するよう設計され、異物カプセル内にみられる収縮力を阻害し、前記膜中の血管質を助長し、及び/またはバリア細胞層の形成を阻害する。ある実施形態では、前記細胞破壊ドメイン(40)は相互に連結した孔及び固体部分を持つ開放された配置を有し、前記固体部分と細胞破壊ドメインの孔の分布は実質的に共連続な固体ドメインを含み、且つ前記最初のドメイン全体を貫通する一つ以上の3次元的な孔を含む。前記孔は、例えば細胞や分子を含む、多くの物質を通過させる。“MEMBRANE FOR USE WITH IMPLANTABLE DEVICES”という発明名称の、2001年7月27日に出願された米国特許第6,702,857号明細書及び“POROUS MEMBRANES FOR USE WITH IMPLANTABLE DEVICES”という発明名称の、2003年8月22日に出願された、米国特許出願公開第10/647,065号明細書には、細胞破壊ドメインを有する膜が開示されている。
前記細胞不浸透性ドメイン(42)は前記細胞破壊ドメインと比較して前記埋設可能な装置からより遠くない場所に位置し、細胞の付着に抵抗することができ、細胞不浸透性であり、及び/または生物的安定材料で構成される。前記細胞不浸透性ドメインが細胞付着(例えば、マクロファージ等の炎症性の細胞の付着、そのため他のドメイン例えば前記酵素ドメインから十分な距離が保たれている)に抵抗力がある場合、ハイポクロライド及び他の酸化種は生体内で短命な化学種であり、生物分解は起こらない。加えて、このドメインを形成するのに好ましい材料はこれらの酸化種の影響に対して耐性があり、生物学的耐久性があるものである。例えば、発明名称が“MEMBRANE FOR USE WITH IMPLANTABLE DEVICES”である、2001年7月27日に出願された、米国特許第6,702,857号明細書,発明名称が“POROUS MEMBRANES FOR USE WITH IMPLANTABLE DEVICES.”である、2003年8月22日に出願された米国特許出願公開第10/647,065号明細書を参照されたい。
前記抵抗ドメイン(44)は細胞破壊ドメインと比較してより前記埋設可能な装置に隣接した位置にある。前記抵抗ドメインは、酸素及び他の分析物(例えば、グルコース)の、下方の酵素ドメインへの流量を制御する。他でより詳細に記述したように、血液中には酸素の量に関してモル過剰のグルコースが存在する;すなわち、細胞外流体中の自由な全ての酸素分子にとって、一般的には100分子以上のグルコース分子が存在する(Updike et al., Diabetes Care 5: 207−21 (1982)を参照されたい)。しかしながら、酸素を共同因子とする固定式酵素ベースセンサーは、グルコース濃度の変化に線形に応答するため、また一方で酸素のテンションの変化に応答しないように、非律速となるような過剰な酸素の供給を受ける。より詳細には、グルコース監視反応は酸素律速であり、グルコース濃度が最小レベルより高い場合には、線形性はみられない。グルコース及び酸素の流れを制御するために前記酵素ドメイン上に位置させる半浸透性膜が無い場合には、グルコース濃度に対する線形応答は約40mg/dLまでのみしか得られない。しかしながら、臨床上の設定値としては、グルコース濃度に対する線形応答は少なくとも約500mg/dLまで望まれる。
固定化酵素ドメイン(46)は前記抵抗ドメイン(44)と比較して電気化学的反応表面から若干近いところに位置する。ある実施形態では、前記固定化酵素ドメイン(46)はグルコースオキシダーゼを含む。他の実施形態においては、前記固定化酵素ドメイン(46)は、例えばガラクトースオキシダーゼ、コレステロールオキシダーゼ、アミノ酸オキシダーゼ、アルコールオキシダーゼ、ラクテートオキシダーゼ、またはウリカーゼ等他のオキシダーゼで浸漬されてもよい。例えば、酵素ベースの電気化学グルコースセンサーが良く機能するために、前記センサーの応答は酵素の活性や共因子の濃度に制限されるべきではない。
前記妨害ドメイン(48)は埋設可能な装置からの距離が固定化酵素ドメインよりも若干近くに配置されている。妨害物質は電気化学的に活性な表面において、直接的にまたは電子輸送剤を通じて、電子的に還元または電子的に酸化される分子または他の化学種であり、偽信号を生成する(例えば、尿酸、アスコルビン酸、またはアセトアミノフェン)。ある実施形態では、前記妨害ドメイン(48)は一つまたはそれ以上の妨害物質が電気化学的反応性表面周囲の電解質層に浸透するのを防ぐ。好ましくは、このタイプの妨害ドメインは、分析物と比較して一つまたはそれ以上の妨害物質に対する透過性が十分低い。
電解質ドメイン(50)は、埋設可能な装置からの距離が妨害ドメイン(48)よりも隣接して配置されている。電気化学反応を確実にするために、前記電解質ドメイン30はセンサー界面の電気化学的に反応性の表面で親水性を保持するような半透過性のコーティングを備える。前記電解質ドメイン(50)は、前記妨害ドメインを構成する材料を保護し維持することによって前記妨害ドメイン(48)の安定性を増大する。前記電解質ドメイン(50)はさらに、電極のスタートアップに関する問題及び不適切な電解質によって引き起こされる電極のドリフトに関する問題を改善し、前記装置の操作の安定化を補助する。電解質ドメインに含まれる緩衝処理された電解質溶液はさらに、前記電極の電気化学的活性が原因で生じる、実質的に疎水的な妨害ドメインと電極との間の大きなpH勾配の形成によって起こりうる、pHが介在する損傷から妨害ドメインを保護する。ある実施形態では、例えば妨害ドメインが与えられないときには、前記電解質ドメインは使用されないだろう。
14 検出領域
16 電極システム
18 膜システム
20 ポテンショスタット
21 A/Dコンバータ
22 マイクロプロセッサ
23 EEPROM
24 SRAM
25 電池
26 石英結晶
27 RFトランシーバ
28 石英結晶
30 生データの流れ
32 偽信号
36 補助電極
38 酵素
40 細胞破壊ドメイン
42 細胞不浸透性ドメイン
44 抵抗ドメイン
46 酵素ドメイン
48 妨害ドメイン
50 電解質ドメイン
52 流体源
54a 従来の膜システム
54b 好ましい実施形態における前記膜システム
56 酸素利用源
Claims (21)
- 流体中の分析物の存在または濃度を決定するための電気化学センサーであって、前記センサーは、
流体中の分析物が酵素ドメインを通過する際に前記流体中の分析物と反応するよう構成された酵素を備えた酵素ドメインを具備した膜システムと;
導電性材料を含む作用電極であって、前記作用電極は前記酵素と前記分析物との反応生成物を測定するよう構成されるところの前記作用電極と、を備えた電気化学センサーであって、
前記膜システムは5Barrer以上1,000Barrer以下の酸素透過性を有するポリマー材料を含む、電気化学センサー。 - 前記膜システムが水性媒体の酸素溶解性と比較して高い酸素溶解性を有するポリマー材料を含む、請求項1に記載の電気化学センサー。
- 前記ポリマー材料がシリコーンと、フルオロカーボンと、パーフルオロカーボンとからなるグループから選択される、請求項1に記載の電気化学センサー。
- 前記膜システムが抵抗ドメインを更に備え、前記抵抗ドメインはその内部を通過する前記分析物の流れを制限するよう構成され、前記作用電極からの距離が前記酵素ドメインよりも遠い位置に配置され、且つ水性媒体の酸素溶解性と比較して高い酸素溶解性を有するポリマー材料を含む、請求項1に記載の電気化学センサー。
- 前記抵抗ドメインがシリコーンと、フルオロカーボンと、パーフルオロカーボンとからなるグループから選択されるポリマー材料を含む、請求項4に記載の電気化学センサー。
- 前記膜システムが細胞不浸透性ドメインを更に備え、前記細胞不浸透性ドメインは実質的に細胞に対して不浸透性であり、前記作用電極からの距離が前記酵素ドメインよりも遠い位置に配置され、且つ水性媒体の酸素溶解性と比較して高い酸素溶解性を有するポリマー材料を含む、請求項1に記載の電気化学センサー。
- 前記細胞不浸透性ドメインがシリコーンと、フルオロカーボンと、パーフルオロカーボンとからなるグループから選択されるポリマー材料を含む、請求項6に記載の電気化学センサー。
- 前記膜システムが細胞破壊ドメインを更に備え、前記細胞破壊ドメインは実質的に多孔質構造を具備し、作用電極からの距離が前記酵素ドメインよりも遠い位置に配置され、且つ水性媒体の酸素溶解性と比較して高い酸素溶解性を有するポリマー材料を含む、請求項1に記載の電気化学センサー。
- 前記細胞破壊ドメインがシリコーンと、フルオロカーボンと、パーフルオロカーボンとからなるグループから選択されるポリマー材料を含む、請求項8に記載の電気化学センサー。
- 前記膜システムが妨害ドメインを更に備え、前記妨害ドメインは妨害種を制限または遮断するよう構成され、前期作用電極からの距離が前記酵素ドメインよりも隣接した位置に配置され、且つ水性媒体の酸素溶解性と比較して高い酸素溶解性を有するポリマー材料を含む、請求項1に記載の電気化学センサー。
- 前記妨害ドメインがシリコーンと、フルオロカーボンと、パーフルオロカーボンとからなるグループから選択されるポリマー材料を含む、請求項10に記載の電気化学センサー。
- 前記膜システムが電解質ドメインを更に備え、前記電解質ドメインは前記作用電極に親水性を与えるように構成され、前記作用電極からの距離が前記酵素ドメインよりも隣接する位置に配置され、且つ水性媒体の酸素溶解性と比較して高い酸素溶解性を有するポリマー材料を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の電気化学センサー。
- 前記電解質ドメインがシリコーンと、フルオロカーボンと、及びパーフルオロカーボンとからなるグループから選択されるポリマー材料を含む、請求項12に記載の電気化学センサー。
- ホストの組織内部に埋設するために構成された分析物検出装置であって、前記装置は:
酸素利用源と;
以下の機能、
生物学的環境からの装置の保護と;
分析物の拡散抵抗と;
酵素反応を可能にする触媒と;
妨害種の制限と;
からなるグループから選択される少なくとも一つの機能を与えるように構成された膜システムと、を備える前記分析物検出装置であって、
前記膜システムは5Barrer以上1,000Barrer以下の酸素透過性を有するポリマー材料を含み、且つ酸素利用源に近接している分析物検出装置。 - 前記酸素利用源が酵素を含む、請求項14に記載の分析物検出装置。
- 前記ポリマー材料が前記酵素と前記組織との間に実質的に連続に位置している、請求項15に記載の分析物検出装置。
- 前記酸素利用源が電気活性表面を備えた、請求項14に記載の分析物検出装置。
- 前記ポリマー材料が前記電気活性表面と前記組織との間に実質的に連続に位置している、請求項17に記載の分析物検出装置。
- 前記酸素利用源が電池を備えた、請求項14に記載の分析物検出装置。
- 前記ポリマー材料が前記電池と前記組織との間に実質的に連続に位置している、請求項19に記載の分析物検出装置。
- 前記ポリマー材料がシリコーンと、フルオロカーボンと、パーフルオロカーボンとからなるグループから選択される、請求項14に記載の電気化学センサー。
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PCT/US2004/023454 WO2005011520A2 (en) | 2003-07-25 | 2004-07-21 | Oxygen enhancing membrane systems for implantable devices |
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US20200187834A1 (en) | 2020-06-18 |
US8909314B2 (en) | 2014-12-09 |
JP2007511737A (ja) | 2007-05-10 |
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