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CN102869831A - 用于制造凝胶基复合材料的方法 - Google Patents

用于制造凝胶基复合材料的方法 Download PDF

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CN102869831A
CN102869831A CN2011800209492A CN201180020949A CN102869831A CN 102869831 A CN102869831 A CN 102869831A CN 2011800209492 A CN2011800209492 A CN 2011800209492A CN 201180020949 A CN201180020949 A CN 201180020949A CN 102869831 A CN102869831 A CN 102869831A
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CN102869831B (zh
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P·A·C·甘恩
M·申克尔
R·萨伯拉玛尼安
J·舍尔科普夫
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Abstract

一种通过以下步骤制造包含纳米原纤纤维素凝胶之复合材料的方法:提供纤维素纤维及至少一种填料和/或颜料;将所述纤维素纤维与该至少一种填料和/或颜料组合;在存在该至少一种填料和/或颜料的情况下使所述纤维素纤维原纤化,直至形成凝胶;随后提供至少一种其它填料和/或颜料;及将该凝胶与该至少一种其它填料和/或颜料组合。

Description

用于制造凝胶基复合材料的方法
本发明涉及用于制造凝胶基复合材料的方法、通过此方法所获得的材料以及其在若干应用中的用途。
复合材料基本上为各自保持其自身不同性质的两种或更多种材料之组合。所得材料具有并非组份之单独特性的特性。最普遍地,复合材料具有体相,其为连续的,被称作基质;且具有分散的、非连续的相,被称作增强体。基本复合物的一些其他实例包括混凝土(与砂及骨料混合的水泥)、增强的混凝土(混凝土中有钢筋)及玻璃纤维(树脂基质中有玻璃丝束)。
以下各原因是某些应用选择复合物的原因中的一些原因:
-高强度/重量比(低密度高拉伸强度)
-高抗蠕变力
-高温下的高拉伸强度
-高韧度
典型地,增强材料为坚固的,而基质通常为延性或韧性之材料。若复合物被正确地设计并制造,则其会将增强体的强度与基质之韧度组合以达成在任何单一常规材料中不可得到之合乎需要之性质的组合。举例而言:聚合物/陶瓷复合物具有大于聚合物组份之模数,但并不如陶瓷般易碎。
由于增强材料在复合物之强化机制中起到主要作用,因此根据增强体之特性对复合物进行分类为便利的。以下三个类别为常用的:
a)“纤维增强”,其中纤维为主要承受载荷组份。
b)“颗粒增强”,其中载荷由基质及颗粒分摊。
c)“分散体强化”,其中基质为主要承受载荷组份。
d)“结构复合物”,其中性质取决于成分及几何设计。
一般而言,复合物的强度主要取决于树脂中的纤维(或颗粒)增强体的量、配置及类型。另外,复合物常常用改变加工或性能参数之填料及添加剂来调配。
先进复合物利用树脂与纤维通常为碳/石墨、凯夫拉尔之组合,或纤维玻璃与环氧树脂之组合。纤维提供高劲度,而周围聚合树脂基质将结构固持于一起。复合物之基本设计概念为体相接受大表面积上之载荷,且将其转移至增强材料,增强材料可承载更大之载荷。这些材料起初是为了用在航天工业中而开发的,因为对于某一应用而言,其具有比金属高之劲度/重量比或强度/重量比。这意味着金属零件可被由先进复合物所制造的重量更轻之零件替换。
因此,在先前技术中,在复合物中使用聚合物及其类似者为所熟知的,然而,此相对昂贵且不环保。此外,如所提及之填料之添加一般需要表面处理,此暗示着高的加工成本。
因此,仍需要提供有成本效益且环保之复合材料。
为了寻找此目标之解决方案,研究了若干材料,尤其是纤维素及碳酸钙。
纤维素为绿色植物之主细胞壁的结构组份且为地球上最常见的有机化合物。其在许多应用及工业中具有高的重要性。
作为原材料的纤维素浆由木材或植物(诸如,大麻、亚麻及马尼拉麻)之茎加工而成。浆纤维主要由纤维素及其他有机组份(半纤维素及木质素)构成。纤维素巨分子(由1-4糖苷连接的β-D-葡萄糖分子构成)通过氢键联接在一起以形成所谓之初级原纤维(微胞),其具有晶型和无定形域。若干初级原纤维(约55个)形成所谓之微原纤维。约250个这些微原纤维形成一个原纤维。
所述原纤维以不同层排列(其可含有木质素和/或半纤维素)以形成纤维。个别纤维亦通过木质素结合在一起。
当纤维在所施加能量下被细化时,随着细胞壁破裂且被撕成经附着条带,其被原纤化,亦即,撕成原纤维。若此破裂继续以将原纤维与纤维本体分离,则其释放原纤维。纤维破裂成微原纤维被称作“微原纤化”。此过程可继续,直至不留下纤维且仅保留纳米尺寸(厚度)之原纤维为止。
若过程继续进行且将这些原纤维分裂成愈来愈小之原纤维,则所述原纤维最终变成纤维素片段或纳米原纤维凝胶。取决于此最后步骤进行的程度,一些纳米原纤维可能保留在纳米原纤维凝胶当中。分裂成初级原纤维可被称作“纳米原纤化”,其中可存在该两个状态之间的平滑过渡。初级原纤维在水相环境中形成凝胶(初级原纤维之亚稳网络),该凝胶可被称作“纳米原纤维凝胶”。可认为由纳米原纤维所形成的凝胶含有纳米纤维素。
纳米原纤维凝胶为合乎需要的,这是因为其通常含有极细之原纤维,被认为部分由纳米纤维素构成,向其自身或所存在之任何其他材料展示出比并不如此细或不展现纳米纤维素结构之原纤维更强的结合势。
自未出版之欧洲专利申请案第09 156 703.2号,得知纳米原纤纤维素凝胶。然而,不存在关于复合材料之形成的教示。
现已发现,这些纤维素凝胶可形成为复合材料,所述复合材料可通过向这些凝胶添加填料和/或颜料而更容易/更快地制造,且产生改良之性能(runnability),且其与许多其他复合材料相比为更环保。
因此,上述问题通过用于制造复合材料的方法来解决,所述复合材料包含纳米原纤纤维素凝胶,该方法之特征在于以下步骤:
a)提供纤维素纤维;
b)提供至少一种填料和/或颜料;
c)将步骤a)之纤维素纤维与步骤b)之至少一种填料和/或颜料组合;
d)在存在至少一种填料和/或颜料的情况下使纤维素纤维原纤化,直至形成凝胶;
e)提供至少一种其它填料和/或颜料;
f)将步骤d)之凝胶与步骤e)之至少一种其它填料和/或颜料组合。
本发明之上下文中的纳米原纤纤维素意味着纤维,其至少部分分裂成初级原纤维。若这些初级原纤维处在水相环境中,则形成凝胶(细度极限被视为基本上为纳米纤维素的初级原纤维之亚稳网络),其被命名为“纳米原纤维凝胶”,其中纳米纤维与纳米原纤维凝胶之间存在平滑过渡,包括含有变化程度的纳米原纤维的纳米原纤维凝胶,其皆由根据本发明的术语“纳米原纤纤维素凝胶”所包括。
就此而言,本发明的上下文中的原纤化意味着主要沿着纤维及原纤维之长轴来分裂纤维及原纤维从而分别导致纤维及原纤维之直径减小的任何过程。
根据本发明的方法,纤维素纤维在至少一种填料和/或颜料存在的情况下的原纤化提供纳米原纤纤维素凝胶。执行原纤化,直至形成凝胶,其中凝胶的形成通过监视依赖于剪切速率的粘度来加以验证。在剪切速率逐步增加后,即获得反映出粘度减小之某一曲线。若随后剪切速率逐步减小,则粘度再次增加,但在剪切速率范围之至少一部分内的相应值随着剪切逼近零而低于在增加剪切速率时的相应值,在对照剪切速率标绘粘度时通过滞后显示来用图形表达。一观测到此行为,就形成根据本发明之纳米原纤纤维素凝胶。关于纳米原纤纤维素凝胶之制造的其他细节可自未出版的欧洲专利申请案第09 156 703号得到。
可用在本发明的方法中的纤维素纤维可为天然浆、化学浆、机械浆、化学机械浆、热机械浆中所含有的纤维素纤维。尤其有用的浆是选自包含以下各者的集合的浆:桉木浆、云杉木浆、松木浆、山毛榉木浆、麻浆、棉浆、竹浆、蔗渣及其混合物。在一个实施方案中,此纤维素纤维之全部或部分可自回收包含纤维素纤维之材料的步骤流出。因此,浆亦可为经回收和/或经脱墨之浆。
纤维素纤维之大小原则上并非关键的。本发明中有用之纤维一般为市售的且在用于其原纤化的装置中可加工的任何纤维。取决于其来源,纤维素纤维可具有50mm至0.1μm之长度。这些纤维以及具有优选20mm至0.5μm、更优选10mm至1mm且典型地2mm至5mm之长度的这些纤维可有利地用在本发明中,其中更长及更短之纤维亦可为有用的。
在本发明的使用中有利的是,纤维素纤维以悬浮液、尤其以水悬浮液之形式提供。优选地,这些悬浮液具有0.2至35wt%、更优选0.25至10wt%、甚至更优选0.5至5wt%、尤其1至4wt%、最优选1.3至3wt%(例如,1.5wt%)之固体含量。
步骤b)及e)之至少一种填料和/或颜料独立地选自包含以下各者的集合:沉淀碳酸钙(PCC);天然研磨碳酸钙(GCC);表面改性碳酸钙;白云石;滑石;膨润土;粘土;菱镁矿;缎光白;海泡石、碳酸钙镁石、硅藻土;硅酸盐;及其混合物。
尤其优选沉淀碳酸钙(其可具有球文石、石灰质或文石质结晶结构)和/或天然研磨碳酸钙(其可选自大理石、石灰石和/或白垩)。
在具体实施方案中,使用超细离散棱柱形、偏三角面或菱形沉淀碳酸钙是有利的。
该填料和/或颜料可以粉末形式提供,但其优选以悬浮液(诸如,水悬浮液)之形式添加。在此情况下,悬浮液之固体含量并非关键的,只要其为可泵送液体便可。
在优选实施方案中,步骤b)的填料和/或颜料颗粒具有0.01至15μm、优选0.1至10μm、更优选0.3至5μm、尤其0.5至4m且最优选0.7至3.2μm(例如,2μm)之中值粒径。
对于具有大于0.5μm之d50的颗粒,为了测定重量中值粒径d50,使用来自Micromeritics公司(USA)之Sedigraph 5100装置。测量在0.1wt% Na4P2O7之水溶液中执行。样品使用高速搅拌器及超音波来分散。对于d50≤500nm之颗粒,为了测定体积中值粒径,使用来自Malvern公司(UK)的Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS。测量在0.1wt%Na4P2O7之水溶液中执行。样品使用高速搅拌器及超音波来分散。
若在步骤e)中所添加之填料和/或颜料在粒径方面为相当细之产品,且尤其优选包含具有在纳米范围中的中值直径d50(与凝胶形成中所使用的相当粗的颜料和/或填料相反)的颗粒之至少一部分,则变成尤其有利的。
因此,进一步优选的是,步骤e)的填料和/或颜料颗粒具有0.01至5μm、优选0.05至1.5μm、更优选0.1至0.8μm且最优选0.2至0.5μm(例如,0.3μm)的中值粒径,其中粒径如上文所提及进行测定。
填料和/或颜料可与诸如选自包含以下各者的集合之分散剂的分散剂相伴:聚羧酸之均聚物或共聚物和/或其盐或衍生物,诸如基于例如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、衣康酸的酯;例如丙烯酰胺或丙烯酸酯诸如甲基丙烯酸甲酯,或其混合物;碱性聚磷酸盐、膦酸、柠檬酸及酒石酸及其盐或酯;或其混合物。
纤维与步骤b)和/或e)的至少一种填料和/或颜料的组合可通过在一个或若干步骤中将填料和/或颜料添加至纤维来执行。同样,可在一个或若干步骤中将纤维添加至填料和/或颜料。在原纤化步骤之前或期间,步骤b)的填料和/或颜料以及纤维可完全或部分地添加。然而,在原纤化之前添加为优选的。
在原纤化过程期间,填料和/或颜料之大小以及纤维之大小可改变。
优选地,在干重基础上的纤维对步骤b)的填料和/或颜料的重量比为1:33至10:1、更优选1:10至7:1、甚至更优选1:5至5:1、典型地1:3至3:1、尤其为1:2至2:1,且最优选1:1.5至1.5:1(例如,1:1)。
步骤b)中的填料和/或颜料之剂量可为关键的。若存在过多之填料和/或颜料,则此可能会影响凝胶之形成。因此,若在特定组合中观测不到凝胶形成,则可能有必要减少填料和/或颜料的量。
此外,在一个实施方案中,该组合在原纤化之前要储存2至12小时、优选3至10小时、更优选4至8小时(例如,6小时),因为这理想地造成促进原纤化的纤维膨胀。
纤维膨胀可通过在增加之pH下储存来促进,以及通过添加纤维素溶剂例如铜(II)乙二胺、铁-钠-酒石酸盐或锂-氯/二甲基乙酰胺来促进,或通过本领域中已知的任何其他方法来促进。
原纤化通过可用于此之任何装置来执行。优选地,该装置为均化机。其亦可为超细摩擦磨机,诸如来自Masuko Sangyo Co.Ltd(日本)之超微粒胶体化机或如US 6,214,163或US 6,183,596中所描述之超细摩擦磨机。
适合用于本发明中的均化机为任何市售均化机,尤其高压均化机,其中悬浮液在高压下经由受限开口而加压,该开口可包含一阀,且所述悬浮液在高压下对着在受限开口正前方之硬冲击表面自受限开口排出。压力可通过泵(诸如,活塞泵)产生,且冲击表面可包含在环形阀开口周围延伸之冲击环。可用于本发明中的均化机的实例为GEANiro Soavi之Ariete NS2006L。然而,其中,亦可使用诸如APV Gaulin系列、HST HL系列或Alfa Laval SHL系列之均化机。
此外,诸如超细摩擦磨机之装置(例如,超微粒融碎机)可有利地用在本发明中。
此外优选地,以干重为基础的纤维对步骤e)的填料和/或颜料的重量比为1:9至99:1、优选1:3至9:1、更优选1:2至3:1(例如,2:1)。
关于填料和/或颜料之总含量,尤其优选的是,基于复合材料之干重,步骤b)及e)的填料和/或颜料以10wt%至95wt%、优选15wt%至90wt%、更优选20至75wt%、甚至更优选25wt%至67wt%、尤其33至50wt%的量存在。
步骤d)之凝胶与步骤e)之至少一种其它填料和/或颜料的组合可仅通过混合该组合(例如,通过抹刀)来执行。此外,通过安装有溶解器圆盘之搅拌器混合所述组份可为有利的。
随后,可使所得组合脱水。就此而言,一般而言,可使用本领域技术人员已知的任何常用脱水方法,诸如加热干燥、压力干燥、真空干燥、冷冻干燥,或在超临界条件下干燥。脱水步骤可在熟知装置中执行,诸如在压滤机中执行,例如如实施例中所描述。一般而言,可应用水体系之模制领域中所熟知的其他方法以获得本发明之复合物。
将上文所定义的纳米原纤纤维素凝胶用于生产压实复合材料是本发明之另一方面,其中凝胶与至少一种其它填料和/或颜料组合,且所得组合经脱水,如上文详细描述。
本发明之另一方面为通过根据本发明的方法或通过将纳米原纤纤维素凝胶用于制造如所提及之复合材料所获得的复合材料。
该复合材料可宜用在诸多应用中,诸如塑料、油漆、橡胶、混凝土、陶瓷、面板、外壳、箔片、薄膜、涂层、挤压型材、粘着剂、食物或用在伤口愈合应用中,且可容易地替换用作例如构造材料、包装等的诸如塑料之某些材料。
实施例
材料
OC-GCC:可购自Omya AG之Omyacarb
Figure BDA00002309674500081
10-AV;由高纯度、白色大理石所制造的细碳酸钙粉末;重量中值粒径d50为通过MalvernMastersizer X所测量之10μm。
HO-ME:可购自Omya AG之HydrocarbHO-ME;选定的、天然研磨碳酸钙(大理石),为呈预先分散之浆料形式的高细度之微晶质、菱形颗粒形状(固体含量62wt%);重量中值粒径d50为通过Sedigraph5100所测量之0.8μm。
纳米-GCC:天然研磨碳酸钙(来自Vermont之大理石);分散的浆料(固体含量50wt%);体积中值粒径为通过Malvern Zetasizer NanoZS所测量之246nm的d50
浆:具有25°SR之桉木浆。
凝胶形成
将呈干式纸型原纸(dry mat)形式之120g桉木浆撕成片且与5880g自来水混合,且添加各种量之OC-GCC(见表1)。使用Pendraulik(溶解器圆盘)以4000rpm来搅拌所得混合物至少15分钟。调配物之原纤维含量为3wt%。
随后,在超细摩擦磨机(来自Masuko Sangyo Co.Ltd(日本)之超微粒胶体化机(型号MKCA 6-2))中在单程中于约50μm之“间隙”(动态0点)下按以下设置来原纤化所得混合物:
在2500rpm下5程,
在2000rpm下2程,
在1500rpm下2程,
在1000rpm下2程,
在750rpm下2程,
在500rpm下2程。
磨石为具有46之磨粒等级(磨粒大小297至420μm)的碳化硅。
表1:用于致密调配物的凝胶之组成及特性
调配物之制造
为了获得并测试纳米纤维素凝胶之致密物,根据表2来制造用于标本制造之以下调配物。
表2:致密调配物之组成
Figure BDA00002309674500092
将样品1之凝胶与如表2中所提及的相应量之额外GCC混合且用抹刀人工掺合。
随后,将调配物放入至小型压滤机中(Whatman Schleicher &Schuell的滤纸,589/2,白色丝带;压滤机:fann压滤机,系列3000,Fann仪器公司,Houston Texas,USA),其放入量使得达成约3mm之最终标本厚度(经由密度计算)。PMMA圆盘(厚度:10mm,直径:78mm(配合压滤机之内径)置放于调配物之顶部上,该调配物再次由相同调配物之额外材料覆盖(约已存在之调配物的量的10至20wt%)。
接着关闭压滤机且施加以下压力轮廓:
1巴下15分钟,
4巴下120分钟,
6巴下45分钟。
随后,将“半干”圆盘(固体含量:约50wt%)取出压滤机且切成五个相同之矩形(40mm×10mm)。将这些矩形置放于两张滤纸与用钢球加重之两块铝板(约3000g)之间,且在烘箱中在约80℃下干燥整夜。

Claims (17)

1.一种用于制造复合材料的方法,该复合材料包含纳米原纤纤维素凝胶,该方法之特征在于以下步骤:
a)提供纤维素纤维;
b)提供至少一种填料和/或颜料;
c)将步骤a)之纤维素纤维与步骤b)之至少一种填料和/或颜料组合;
d)在存在该至少一种填料和/或颜料的情况下使所述纤维素纤维原纤化,直至形成凝胶;
e)提供至少一种其它填料和/或颜料;
f)将步骤d)之凝胶与步骤e)之至少一种其它填料和/或颜料组合。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,
其特征在于,将步骤f)之该组合在脱水步骤g)中脱水。
3.根据权利要求1或2中任一项的方法,
其特征在于所述纤维素纤维为选自包含以下各者的集合的浆中所含有的纤维素纤维:桉木浆、云杉木浆、松木浆、山毛榉木浆、麻浆、棉浆、竹浆、蔗渣,以及经回收和/或经脱墨之浆,和其混合物。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,所述纤维素纤维以悬浮液形式提供,优选地,该悬浮液具有0.2至35wt%、更优选0.25至10wt%、甚至更优选0.5至5wt%、尤其1至4wt%、最优选1.3至3wt%(例如,1.5wt%)的固体含量。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,步骤b)及e)的填料和/或颜料独立地选自包含以下各者的集合:沉淀碳酸钙(PCC);表面改性碳酸钙;天然研磨碳酸钙(PCC);白云石;滑石;膨润土;粘土;菱镁矿;缎光白;海泡石、碳酸钙镁石、硅藻土;硅酸盐;及其混合物;且优选选自以下各者的集合:具有球文石、石灰质或文石质结晶结构的沉淀碳酸钙,尤其超细离散棱柱形、偏三角面或菱形沉淀碳酸钙;选自大理石、石灰石和/或白垩的天然研磨碳酸钙;及其混合物。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,步骤b)的填料和/或颜料颗粒具有0.01至15μm、优选0.1至10μm、更优选0.3至5μm、尤其0.5至4μm且最优选0.7至3.2μm、例如2μm的中值粒径。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,步骤e)的填料和/或颜料颗粒具有0.01至5μm、优选0.05至1.5μm、更优选0.1至0.8μm且最优选0.2至0.5μm、例如0.3μm的中值粒径。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,步骤b)和/或e)的填料和/或颜料与选自包含以下各者的集合的分散剂相伴:聚羧酸之均聚物或共聚物和/或其盐或衍生物,诸如基于例如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、衣康酸的酯;例如丙烯酰胺或丙烯酸酯诸如甲基丙烯酸甲酯,或其混合物;碱性聚磷酸盐、膦酸、柠檬酸及酒石酸及其盐或酯;或其混合物。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,纤维与步骤b)和/或e)的至少一种填料和/或颜料的组合通过在一个或若干步骤中将该填料和/或颜料添加至所述纤维或将所述纤维添加至该填料和/或颜料来执行。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,在该原纤化步骤(d)之前或期间,优选在该原纤化步骤(d)之前,完全或部分地添加步骤b)的填料和/或颜料和/或所述纤维。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,在干重基础上的纤维对步骤b)的填料和/或颜料的重量比为1:33至10:1、更优选1:10至7:1、甚至更优选1:5至5:1、典型地1:3至3:1、尤其为1:2至2:1,且最优选1:1.5至1.5:1,例如,1:1。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,该原纤化通过均化机或超细摩擦磨机来执行。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,以干重为基础的纤维对步骤e)的填料和/或颜料的重量比为1:9至99:1、优选1:3至9:1、更优选1:2至3:1,例如,2:1。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,
其特征在于,基于该复合材料之干重,步骤b)及e)的填料和/或颜料的总含量为10wt%至95wt%、优选15wt%至90wt%、更优选20至75wt%、甚至更优选25wt%至67wt%、尤其33至50wt%。
15.一种根据权利要求1至14中任一项中所定义的纳米原纤纤维素凝胶用于制造复合材料的用途,该复合材料通过将该凝胶与至少一种其它填料和/或颜料组合并对此组合物脱水来进行制造。
16.一种通过根据权利要求1至14中任一项的方法或根据权利要求15的用途所获得的复合材料。
17.一种根据权利要求16的复合材料在诸如例如作为构造或包装材料的塑料、油漆、橡胶、混凝土、陶瓷、面板、外壳、箔片、薄膜、涂层、挤压型材、粘着剂、食物或伤口愈合应用的诸多应用中的用途。
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