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CN109478643B - 电化学电池中的水分和二氧化碳管理系统 - Google Patents

电化学电池中的水分和二氧化碳管理系统 Download PDF

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CN109478643B
CN109478643B CN201780045371.3A CN201780045371A CN109478643B CN 109478643 B CN109478643 B CN 109478643B CN 201780045371 A CN201780045371 A CN 201780045371A CN 109478643 B CN109478643 B CN 109478643B
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R·克里施南
J·海耶斯
S·芬克
S·克鲁格
P·萨缪尔森
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Fuen Energy Co
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Abstract

电化学电池利用通过电池从洗涤器吸入空气的空气流动设备，洗涤器可以在系统在操作时被移除。由空气流动设备生成的负压允许周围空气在洗涤器被移除时进入电池外壳，从而在无洗涤器的情况下实现继续操作。水分管理系统通过湿度交换模块传递来自电池的流出空气，湿度交换模块将水分传送到气流，从而增加气流的湿度。包括阀的再循环特征允许控制器将至少部分流出空气再循环回流入空气中。系统可以包括流入旁通导管和流入旁通阀，流入旁通阀允许经过加湿的流入空气通入电池进口，不通过洗涤器。洗涤器包含可逆或者不可逆洗涤器介质。

Description

电化学电池中的水分和二氧化碳管理系统
相关申请的交叉引用
本专利申请要求2016年7月22日提交的临时专利申请第62/365,866号的优先权，其以引用的方式全部并入本文。
技术领域
本公开涉及用于电化学电池的水分和二氧化碳管理系统，并且更加具体地，涉及包括空气呼吸阴极并且利用液体离子传导介质的电化学电池。
背景技术
许多类型的电化学电池利用液体离子传导介质来支持在电池内的电化学反应。电化学电池可以利用被耦合至燃料电极(包括任何合适的燃料)的空气呼吸电极。例如，金属-空气电化学电池系统可以包括多个电池，各个电池具有用作阳极的燃料电极和空气呼吸氧化剂还原电极，金属燃料在阳极处被氧化，来自周围空气的氧气在空气呼吸氧化剂还原电极处被还原。在这种电池中的液体离子传导介质可以在电极之间传送氧化的/还原的离子。
在各种离子传导介质中，蒸发、电解(例如，在充电时或者在自放电期间的水解离)、或者从离子传导介质的其他水分损失对电化学电池都可能是有害的，尤其是对于需要水来操作的电池。例如，离子传导介质由于水损失所引起的盐化可能会阻塞电化学电池的氧化剂电极，降低其性能或者，在极端情况下，引起电池完全故障。这种盐化或者其他故障可能会发生在，例如，氧化剂电极的空气侧或者其一部分过分干燥处。另外，离子传导介质中水含量降低可能会降低介质的溶剂化能力，即，其溶解溶质的能力，或者可能会增加介质中的溶质的百分比浓度，影响离子传导介质的功能性。
金属-空气电化学电池用在各种环境条件下，包括非常热和干燥的环境。由于从液体离子传导介质的水分损失，这些电池可能会具有有效的有效性和/或寿命。
已经开发出了电化学电池水保存和管理系统，诸如流体有限公司(Fluidic Inc.)于2014年2月10日提交的美国专利申请系列号14/176,888，其提供了一种电池组水管理系统的示例，其全部内容以引用的方式全部并入本文
发明内容
本公开涉及一种电化学电池，诸如可以有效地在各种环境条件(包括非常干旱的环境)中操作的金属-空气电化学电池。许多电化学反应获益于富氧空气供应或者具有减小二氧化碳的气流。另外，在包括碱性电解质的碱性燃料电池或者可再充电电池组系统中，二氧化碳可以与电解质反应形成碳酸钾，这通过降低氢氧化物浓度并且降低金属物种(诸如锌)的溶解度而降低了电解质的传导性。另外，碳酸盐在空气电极的孔内的沉淀能够损坏电极，扩大孔结构并且引起泄漏。要理解，本文描述的水分(即，水)和二氧化碳管理系统的一些实施例可以用在各种电化学电池中，包括燃料电池并且具体地，碱性燃料电池和聚合物电解质膜(PEM)燃料电池。在使用与周围环境中的空气敞开式连通的空气呼吸电极的碱性电化学电池中，诸如金属-空气电池组，二氧化碳通过空气呼吸电极从空气被吸收到电解质中，并且水分(水)通过空气呼吸电极通过蒸发而从电解质损失到空气(周围环境)。例如，根据一个实施例，本公开利用多种(例如，四种)机构和/或方法来降低从空气吸收的二氧化碳的量以及损失到空气中的水分的量：二氧化碳洗涤器，用于在空气进入空气呼吸电极腔室之前从空气去除二氧化碳；湿度交换膜(HEM)，其将通过蒸发损失到离开空气呼吸电极腔室的空气流中的水分传送回到进入空气呼吸电极腔室的空气流中；空气再循环机构，其将离开空气呼吸电极腔室的贫二氧化碳、充满水分的空气的一部分引导回到进入空气呼吸电极腔室的空气流中；以及通风过滤器，其捕获并且返回由于在正常电池电化学反应期间生成的气体而作为雾离开电池的电解质液滴，并且将该液体返回到电池中。这些机构可以独立地或者依赖地操作以减少被吸收到电解质中的二氧化碳的量并且减少从电池损失的水分的量。
本公开的发明内容是作为本公开的其中一些实施例的概述而提供的，不旨在是限制性的。本文提供了另外的示例实施例，包括本公开的变型和替代配置。
附图说明
包括附图以为了提供对本公开的进一步理解并且被并入本说明书中构成本说明书的一部分，图示了本公开的实施例，并与本描述一起用于阐释本公开的原理。
图1描绘了具有浸入式氧化剂还原电极的电化学电池的示意图。
图2描绘了具有限定出电化学电池的边界壁的氧化剂还原电极的电化学电池的示意图。
图3示出了具有从电池外壳拆卸下来的洗涤器模块的示例性电化学电池的侧视透视图。
图4示出了具有被去除的洗涤器模块和从流入端口被配置到流出端口的旁通适配器的示例性电化学电池的侧视图。
图5示出了具有附接至电池外壳的洗涤器模块的示例性电化学电池的侧视图。
图6示出了具有包括再循环阀和洗涤器的水分管理系统的示例性电化学电池的俯视图。
图7示出了具有水分管理系统的示例性电化学电池的俯视透视图。
图8示出了具有控制系统的示例性电化学电池的俯视透视图。
图9示出了在电化学电池的歧管部分内的示例性流出旁通导管。
图10示出了具有加热元件的示例性洗涤器的分解图。
图11示出了具有水分和二氧化碳管理系统的示例性电化学电池的横截面示意图。
图12示出了水管理系统的框图。
具体实施方式
贯穿这些图中的多张视图，对应的附图标记表示对应的部分。这些图表示对本公开的其中一些实施例的图示，不应该被视为是以任何方式限制本公开的范围。进一步地，这些图并不一定是按比例绘制，一些特征可能会被夸大以示出特定组件的细节。因此，本文公开的具体结构和功能细节不应该被理解为是限制性的，仅仅是作为用于教导本领域的技术人员按照各种方式采用本发明的代表性基础。
如本文使用的，术语“包括(comprises)”及其变形、“包含”及其变形、“具有”及其变形或者其任何其他变型旨在涵盖非排他性的包括。例如，包括元件列表的过程、方法、制品或者装置并不一定局限于仅这些元件，相反，可以包括未明确列举的或者这种过程、方法、制品或者装置所固有的其他元件。同样，“一”或者“一个”的使用是用于描述本文描述的元件和组件。这样做仅仅是出于方便并且给出本公开的范围的一般意义。本描述应该被解读为包括一个或者至少一个并且单数也包括复数，除非很明显地另有他意。
本公开的某些示例性实施例在本文中进行了描述并且在附图中进行了图示。所描述的实施例仅仅是为了图示本公开，并且不应该解释为限制本公开的范围。本领域的技术人员会想到本公开的其他实施例、以及所描述的实施例的某些修改、组合和改进，并且所有这些替代实施例、组合、修改、改进都在本公开的范围内。
根据本公开的实施例的示例性水分和二氧化碳系统可以包括再循环机构，其中，使离开电化学电池的空气的至少一部分再循环回到流入电池的空气中。许多电化学电池产生热量和湿度很高的排气流，因此，通过再循环保存该水分可以有效地保存系统中的水分。
根据本公开的实施例的示例性水分和二氧化碳管理系统包括湿度交换膜(HEM)，用于将水分从来自包含电化学电池的空气呼吸电极的腔室的流出空气传送到上述腔室的流入空气。例如，HEM包括水分交换材料，诸如包括单体的膜，诸如全氟磺酸聚合物。HEM将流入电池的流入空气与(诸如从氧化剂还原电极空气腔室)离开电化学电池的空气隔开，由此，由于跨膜存在相对湿度(RH)差(流出空气处于高RH，流入空气处于低RH)，所以通过湿度交换膜将来自离开电池的空气的水分传送到流入空气。离开氧化剂还原电极空气腔室的空气或者空气腔室流出空气是温暖且湿润的，因此，能够携带较大量的水分，这使HEM能够有效地工作。随着其流经电池，这种离开的空气从液体离子传导介质带走水分，并且由于来自化学反应的热量增加而被加热。空气腔室流出空气可能更热并且可能含有较高的水分含量。例如，空气腔室流出空气可以比流入空气高10℃、20℃、30℃或者40℃。电池内的电化学反应对空气腔室进行加热并且还对空气腔室的空气加湿。例如，空气腔室流出空气可以具有大于约70％、大于约80％、大于约90％、大于约95％、以及基本完全饱和的相对湿度，这取决于流速、系统的大小和环境条件。作为示例，流入空气可以非常干燥，在30℃下的相对湿度仅为20％，并且可以经过HEM模块，在HEM的相对侧上的空气腔室流出空气在50℃下的相对湿度为90％，以在流入空气进入电池之前将流入空气的湿度增加到约70％。HEM可以配置成包括HEM的多个层、皱褶、褶裥或者起皱的模块，以增加空气流必须流经的表面积的量，从而增加被传送的水分的量。根据实施例，可以使用市售的或者制造的HEM或者HEM模块。例如，示例性的HEM或者HEM模块可从加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚温哥华的DPoint Technologies公司获得，并且可以用在所公开的系统中。然而，本示例不旨在是限制性的。
根据本公开的实施例的示例性水分和二氧化碳管理系统包括再循环特征，诸如阀或者其他机构，该再循环特征可以被配置为将空气腔室流出空气中的一些直接重新引回到流入空气中，从而增加流入空气的水分水平。当电化学电池位于非常干旱的环境中时，将流出空气再循环到流入空气中可以有效地保存系统中的水分。再循环特征可以被配置在上游，在到达HEM的流入空气之前，或者可以被配置在HEM的下游。在一个实施例中，可能优选的是将再循环特征定位在HEM的上游，由此，流出空气会流过HEM，从而在再循环之前将HEM维持在温暖湿润状态。如本文描述的，在一些实施例中，当被维持在温暖湿润的条件下时，HEM可以更有效地工作。再循环特征可以是通过控制系统操作的阀或者可以是通过压力自动控制的挡板。控制系统可以监测在系统内以及在系统外部的水分水平，诸如，流入空气、流出空气的相对湿度RH、环境RH、液体电解质水平等，以确定需要对流入空气进行的时间和次数。离开氧化剂还原电极空气腔室的空气或者空气腔室流出空气是温暖且湿润的，并且可以将这种空气的一部分或者一定量再循环到流入空气中。在一个实施例中，打开和关闭阀来控制何时使空气腔室流出空气再循环以及再循环哪个部分或者多少量。例如，在非常干旱的环境中，可以再循环大比例的空气腔室流出空气，诸如约40％或者更高、约50％或者更高、约70％或者更高、约90％或者更高、或者所有空气腔室流出空气、或者在所提供的百分比之间(包括所提供的百分比)的任何部分。可以使余下的空气腔室流出空气流过空气流动设备，并且流出电池。
例如，在一个实施例中，示例性电化学电池可以利用再循环特征，该再循环特征从流出电池的流出空气提供约50％的进入电池的空气。周围空气或者进入空气可以包括约400ppm的二氧化碳(50％RH)和21.2％氧气。从电池流出的空气可以具有减小的二氧化碳浓度、诸如约0％(归因于在电池内的洗涤器和/或反应)，100％RH、和减小的约12％的氧气浓度。当通过再循环特征将周围空气与从电池流出的空气混合时，流入电池的空气会具有200ppm的二氧化碳浓度(约75％RH)和18％氧气。电化学电池可以被配置为运行对氧气的三次或者四次化学计量，因此，略微减小的氧气浓度不会造成发电潜力的失去。另外，湿度水平增加和二氧化碳水平减小会带来很大的益处，这会使电化学电池的寿命得到延长。
根据本发明的实施例的示例性水分和二氧化碳管理系统包括除雾系统，该除雾系统可以被包含以控制液体离子传导介质(诸如电解质)的损失。除雾系统可以包括挡板或者阀、过滤器、氢重组催化剂、中和剂和疏水过滤器。示例性除雾系统使氢气发生反应以形成可以被排回到电化学电池中的水。在正常电池操作期间产生的气体，诸如对于金属-空气电池在自放电或者电池充电期间产生的气体，作为气泡上升到电解质的表面，这些气泡在电解质表面破裂。气泡破裂这种动作生成电解质薄雾，该电解质薄雾会与排放的气体流一起离开电池。示例性除雾过滤器被放置在该气体流中以再次捕获该电解质雾并且将其返回到液体电解质。
例如，除了周围空气和电池的温度之外，操作相对湿度范围或者空气腔室内的湿度范围还可以取决于特定的离子传导介质。应当理解，水盐电解质(例如，氢氧化钾)的特征可以是具有吸湿性。例如，对于包括液态KOH电解质的电池，相对湿度小于钙50％可以通过氧化剂还原电极或者空气电极引起水损失。大于80％(或者大于钙80％)的周围相对湿度可能会导致水通过氧化剂还原电极或者空气电极被吸入电池中。在50摄氏度到80摄氏度的空气温度范围中，通过空气电极进行的水释放可能会发生在比钙50％更大的相对湿度下。从50％(包括50％)到80％(包括80％)或者在中间范围内的相对湿度的特征可以是中性的。例如，在电池中的相对湿度为70％时，在50摄氏度下，可能会损失250ml的水，而在25摄氏度下，只会损失15ml(在具有8升总体积的电池中，这可以忽略不计)。应该理解，另外和/或可替代地，这些范围可以改变，取决于离子传导介质及其吸湿/疏水特点。
在本文中描述了多种水管理技术并且这些水管理技术可以与所公开的系统一起使用。Fluidic有限公司于2016年3月22日申请的标题为“Water Management System InElectrochemical Cells with Vapor Return Comprising Air Electrodes”(包括空气电极的具有气体回流的电化学电池水管理系统)的美国专利申请第15/077,341号描述了一些其他水管里系统和技术，其全部内容以引用的方式并入本文。
根据本公开的实施例的示例性水分和二氧化碳管理系统包括用于从流入电池的空气去除二氧化碳(CO2)的洗涤器模块。一些示例性洗涤器介质(诸如，碱石灰)需要一些水分来与二氧化碳反应。洗涤器介质可以从流入的空气吸收一些水分。该吸收的水分可以通过对洗涤器加热而被重新引导到电池。加热可以是被动加热，其中，从电池生产的热量被用于加热洗涤器，或者可以使用专用的电阻式加热器元件来加热洗涤器。
当向洗涤器传入的空气被加湿时，示例性洗涤器系统更有效地操作，因此，接收在经过HEM之后流入洗涤器的空气可以改进总体的系统效率。洗涤器可以从流经洗涤器的空气流吸收一些水分，并且该吸收的水分可以通过对洗涤器加热而被重新引导到电池。加热可以是被动加热，其中，从电池生产的热量被用于加热洗涤器，或者可以使用由控制器控制的专用的电阻式加热器元件来加热洗涤器。在被动加热的情况下，可以将来自电化学电池的热量传导到洗涤器模块，并且具体地，引到洗涤器介质。可以配置传导元件来增加被传导到洗涤器介质的加热量。在主动加热的情况下，电阻式加热元件被配置为对洗涤器和/或洗涤器介质加热。可以使电化学电池生成的电流连续地通过电阻式加热元件或者可以通过由控制系统启动的开关来接通和关断电流。再次，控制系统可以接收来自被用于启动洗涤器加热器的加热的一个或者多个传感器的输入值。在示例性实施例中，电化学电池可以被配置为：即使电化学电池未在操作以生产电力，也会运行空气流动设备，并且由此从环境吸收水分到洗涤器介质中，水分随后可以被解吸、或者被驱动离开洗涤器介质并且进入电化学电池。例如，控制系统随后可以对洗涤器介质加热以驱使被吸收的水分离开洗涤器介质。
示例性的洗涤器包括可逆的或者不可逆的洗涤器介质。例如，可以通过加热来再活化可逆的洗涤器介质，其中，被吸收的二氧化碳被解吸并且被驱动离开洗涤器介质。可以通过加热到约70℃或者更高、或者约90℃或者更高，来再活化可逆的洗涤材料。因此，当包括可逆的洗涤器介质时，配置为被加热以驱动被吸收的水分离开的洗涤器模块也可以被再活化。当不可逆的洗涤器介质与二氧化碳反应时，其在化学地改变并且被消耗。可以周期性地清除洗涤器介质(不可逆的或者可逆的)以调节湿度水平并且在可逆介质的情况下，驱动被吸收的二氧化碳离开。在对可逆的洗涤器介质加热的同时，可以运行清除周期以更加有效地从系统清除解吸的二氧化碳。在洗涤器清除周期期间，可以使通过洗涤器的空气流动反向，其中，使空气流动设备(诸如风扇)反向并且因此推动空气流过电池进入洗涤器并且从空气进口流出。另外，可以提高空气流经洗涤器的速率，其中，该流速比标准操作流速高，诸如，高至少两倍、三倍、五倍、十倍或者更高。例如，这可以通过提高风扇速度来实现。在又一实施例中，阀使空气能够流经洗涤器并且然后直接从系统的出口流出，而不通过电池外壳、和/或在其离开洗涤器之后不经过HEM。
洗涤器介质可以包括选自由以下组成的组的介质或者(多种)材料：碱石灰、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾和氢氧化锂、过氧化锂、氧化钙、蛇纹岩、硅酸镁、氢氧化镁、橄榄石、分子筛、胺类、和单乙醇胺、和/或上述的衍生物和/或组合。胺洗涤器介质是可逆的，而碱石灰是不可逆的。
Fluidic有限公司于2016年3月22日提交的并且当前未决的标题为“WaterManagement System In Electrochemical Cells with Vapor Return Comprising AirElectrodes”(包括空气电极的具有气体回流的电化学电池水管理系统)的美国专利申请第15/077,341号描述了一种被配置为从流入金属-空气电化学电池的空气去除二氧化碳的洗涤器，其全部内容以引用的方式并入本文。
电化学电池100的各个部分可以是任何合适的结构或者组成，包括但不限于由塑料、金属、树脂或者上述的组合形成。因此，可以按照任何方式来组装电池100，包括：由多个元件形成、一体成型等等。在各种实施例中，电池100和/或外壳110可以包括来自美国专利第8,168,337、8,309,259、8,491,763、8,492,052、8,659,268、8,877,391、8,895,197、8,906,563、8,911,910、9,269,996、9,269,998号和美国专利申请公开第20100316935、20110070506、20110250512、20120015264、20120068667、20120202127、20120321969、20130095393、20130115523和20130115525号中的一个或者多个的元件或者布置，这些案中的每一个都以引用的方式全部并入本文。
图1图示了电化学电池100的示意性横截面图。如图所示，电化学电池100的组件可以被至少部分地包含在相关联的外壳110中。电池100利用液体离子传导介质124，诸如电解质126，液体离子传导介质124被包含在外壳110内并且被配置为在外壳110中循环以传导在电池100内的离子。虽然有时离子传导介质在外壳110中通常可以是静止的，诸如在停滞区中，但可以理解的是，电池100可以被配置为产生离子传导介质的对流流动。在一些实施例中，离子传导介质的流动可以是由电池100中的逸出气体的气泡生成的对流流动，诸如在美国专利申请系列号13/532,374中描述的，其以引用的方式全部并入本文。
虽然在图1的所示实施例中电池外壳被配置为使得：用氧化剂还原电极模块160将氧化剂还原电极150浸入到电池腔室120中，但可以理解的是，在各种实施例中，电池100的其他配置或者布置也是可能的。例如，在图2中，提出了电池100(具体地，电池100*)的另一实施例，由此，氧化剂还原电极150*限定出电池腔室120的边界壁，并且被密封到外壳110*的一部分以便防止或者基本上防止离子传导介质在它们之间的渗漏。然而，在一些情况下，这种配置通常不是优选的，这是由于担心氧化剂还原电极150*的故障会引起离子传导介质从电池100*泄漏出来。不管怎样，但在一些这种实施例中，离子传导介质在电池腔室120中的对流流动(如下面更详细描述的)可以跨过燃料电极130的顶部在朝上并且远离氧化剂还原电极150*的方向上。
如图3所示，示例性电化学电池100具有可拆卸地附接至电池外壳110的洗涤器模块60。在电化学电池正在运行时，可以将洗涤器模块60从电化学电池拆除。由于通过空气流动设备将空气吸入电池中，所以移除洗涤器模块仍然使空气能够进入流入端口65。这使得能够移除洗涤器模块进行维修或者更换，而不会干扰到电化学电池的操作。在附接洗涤器的正常操作中，空气通过空气进入口40被吸入洗涤器中，经过流出端口61，并且进入洗涤器60的进口端口62。空气然后通过洗涤器60的出口端口64离开洗涤器并且通过流入端口65又进入电池外壳。空气从空气流入端口65通过，进入氧化剂还原电极(未示出)的空气腔室。盖体111被配置在电化学电池外壳110的顶部之上、或者被配置在电池歧管总成114之上。盖体和歧管总成有助于保护电池组件不接触元件，并且挡住灰尘、雨水和其他环境元件。排风口45被配置为供气体从电池的内部腔室出来的出口。
如图4所示，洗涤器模块60被从电化学电池100拆除并且旁通适配器77从流出端口61延伸到流入端口65。传入的空气流通过流出端口61，进入旁通适配器的流出端口端79，经过旁通适配器77，流出旁通适配器的电池流入端78，并且进入流入端口65。当利用HEM时，在洗涤器被移除时，旁通适配器使湿润的空气能够流入电池中。旁通适配器使电池能够在没有洗涤器的情况下操作，而不会导致任何过多的水分损失。所图示的旁通适配器是具有用于将流入的空气传递到流入端口中的辅助导管的物理连接器。要理解的是，这种旁通流动可以通过进口旁通导管来实现，该进口旁通导管被配置作为电池的一部分，与阀一起以打开达到进口旁通导管的流动，如图12所示。
如图5所示，洗涤器模块60被附接至歧管总成114的流出端口61和流入端口65。电池44的端子被示出为从歧管总成114延伸出来。
现在参照图6至图8，示例性电化学电池100具有水分管理系统59，该水分管理系统59包括湿度交换膜模块50、再循环特征70(诸如阀或者挡板)、和洗涤器60。周围空气通过空气进入口40进入电池并且被沿着HEM的流入侧传递，在该流入侧处，周围空气从沿着HEM的流出侧52流动的空气带走水分。空气然后流经流出端口61并且通过洗涤器的进口端口流入洗涤器模块60。空气然后流经洗涤器介质，其中，二氧化碳被从空气流中去除。空气然后流回到电池外壳110中并且流入阴极进口41，并且随后进入氧化剂还原电极空气腔室。空气流经空气腔室并且从空气腔室出口42或者阴极出口流出，该阴极出口是电池外壳的与阴极进口相对的一端。空气然后流经沿着歧管总成114的底部延伸的流出旁通导管。空气流入旁通进口47、通过流出旁通导管(未示出)、并且流出旁通出口49。空气流然后在HEM的流出侧52之上流动。一些空气流可以通过再循环阀70被转移回到流入空气中。剩余的空气通过空气流动设备56被吸入并且从电池外壳流出。电池端子44被示出为从电池外壳110的顶部延伸出来。多个传感器引线46被示出为从电化学电池100的顶部延伸出来。如本文描述的，传感器引线可以测量电解质的水平、和/或空气腔室的湿度水平。控制系统102，如图8所示，可以接收来自传感器引线的输入，并且通过再循环特征或者阀打开、关闭或者调节空气流的量。控制系统可以改变被吸入系统中的空气流的量并且，甚至当电池未在操作以生产电力时，也可以通过系统吸入空气。在通过洗涤器吸入的空气中的水分可以被洗涤器介质吸收并且保持以供后续使用，其中，通过系统对洗涤器进行被动或者主动地加热。图8所示的示例性控制系统包括控制电路104和微处理器106。控制系统被配置在歧管总成114的顶部并且盖体111在控制系统102之上延伸(如图5所示)。
如图9所示，流出旁通导管48在歧管总成114下面延伸。离开空气腔室的空气被转移到旁通进口47并且通过导管流至旁通出口49。空气然后流入HEM 50或者部分空气通过再循环特征被转移到流入空气中。空气腔室跨电池外壳的长度的一部分延伸。
如图10所示，洗涤器模块60可以包括加热元件69，该加热元件69被配置为与控制系统耦合以加热洗涤器介质66。如图所示的洗涤器介质是可逆的洗涤器介质67，即吸收可以通过提高可逆洗涤器介质的温度而被驱动离开的二氧化碳的洗涤器介质。加热元件69在洗涤器模块外壳68内延伸以提供对洗涤器介质的有效加热，但是可以被配置在外壳的外表面上。加热器连接器使得：当将洗涤器模块附接至电池外壳时，能够将加热元件容易地与控制系统耦合。控制系统可以接通加热元件并且控制在电化学电池内的阀，以在洗涤器被加热时控制经过洗涤器的流动，以有效地从洗涤器介质去除二氧化碳。
如图11所示，空气流入电化学电池100的歧管总成114，流经洗涤器60，然后进入空气腔室170。如图所示，空气进入被配置在电池外壳110的内部腔室122内的空气腔室170。空气流过空气腔室并且离开内部腔室，在内部腔室处，空气进入流出旁通导管48。泄压阀94被配置为当压力超过阈值限制时放掉电池腔室120内的压力。图11中还示出了除雾系统80，该除雾系统80被配置为减少和/或消除从电解质表面逸出的雾(由于对该表面的气体鼓泡造成)，并且防止或者基本上防止在颠覆的情况下出现电解质126的泄漏。除雾器系统包括安全通风口82，该安全通风口82与电池外壳110的内部腔室122连通并且因此暴露于离子传导介质124和/或其上方的气体空间。示例性安全通风口提供了弯曲的导管路径，该路径会减慢任何液体电解质向除雾器系统的下游部分的传送。另一示例性安全通风口包括球阀，该球阀在竖直时使空气能够由于压力差而在球周围流动，当颠倒时，当离子传导介质液体迫使球抵靠着底座时，密封以防止或者基本上防止液体损失。过滤器84被配置在安全通风口的下游并且可以是内凹的过滤器，该内凹的过滤器会将吸收的离子传导介质排回到阳极腔室中，如图美国专利第9,269,998号所描述的，其以引用的方式并入本文。
示例性除雾系统80包括氢重组部86，该氢重组部86包括与任何氢反应以形成水的氢重组催化剂。催化剂可以被配置在诸如颗粒等支撑材料上或者配置在除雾系统的暴露于从阳极空间离开电池外壳的气体的表面上。空气可以通过疏水过滤器98进入除雾系统，以为氢重组反应提供必要的氧气。疏水过滤器可以防止或者基本上防止水进入电化学电池中。
示例性的除雾系统包括中和剂部90，该中和剂部90包括中和剂介质91，诸如酸，被配置为总和离子传导介质。例如，离子传导介质可以包括具有腐蚀性的氰化钾溶液，并且中和剂可以是固体酸或者碳酸或者一些其他支撑材料。中和剂被配置为还原可以从阳极腔室或者含有离子传导介质的腔室排出的任何活性气体。
图12示出了示意性水分(水)管理系统59和二氧化碳管理系统13的框图。这两个系统可以协同工作以保留水分并且向电化学电池提供贫二氧化碳的流入空气流。当电池在操作时，水分管理系统通过从电池的流出排气(通常是温暖且湿润的)中吸入水分来增加流入空气的湿度。HEM模块50具有被HEM 54隔开的流入侧51和流出侧52。可以通过再循环特征70(诸如，阀或者挡板)使流出的至少一部分空气再循环，来进一步调节流入空气的水分水平和二氧化碳水平。如图所示，在流入空气到达HEM之前，再循环特征在上游。在绝大多数情况下，相较于周围空气，再循环后的流出空气会具有较高的水平含量和较低的二氧化碳浓度。水分管理系统还包含有洗涤器60，其中，洗涤器介质从流入空气吸收水分。洗涤器介质在被恰当地水化之后会更加有效地工作。另外，洗涤器介质中被吸收的水分可以被周期性地解吸并且被传送到电化学腔室120中，并且随后流经水分管理系统的剩余部分。水分管理系统还包括流入旁通导管75和阀76。包括微处理器106的控制系统102可以打开和关闭阀(包括流入旁通阀和/或再循环阀72)以高效地操作系统和保留水分。例如，洗涤器可以被拆除并且控制器可以通过旁通导管将流入空气转移到电池腔室120的流入端口65。
对本领域的技术人员而言显而易见的是在不脱离本公开的精神或者范围的情况下在本公开中可以进行各种修改、组合和变更。本文描述的具体实施例、特征和元件可以按照任何合适的方式修改和/或组合。因此，本公开旨在涵盖本公开的修改、组合和变更，只要它们落入随附权利要求书及其等同物的范围内即可。

Claims (30)

1.一种电化学电池，包括：
电池外壳，包括：
i)空气腔室；
ii)空气腔室入口；
iii)空气腔室出口；
iv)电解质腔室，离子传导液体电解质在所述电解质腔室中；
氧化剂还原电极，用于在所述空气腔室与所述电解质腔室之间还原气态氧化剂；和
燃料电极；
空气进入口，用于将周围空气吸入所述电池外壳；
空气流出端口，与所述空气进入口连通；
空气流入端口，与所述空气腔室入口连通；
空气流动设备，被配置成将入口空气流通过所述空气进入口吸入所述电池外壳；
洗涤器模块，被配置成连接至所述流入端口和所述流出端口，用于从所述入口空气流中去除二氧化碳，所述洗涤器模块包括封壳，所述封壳包括：
i)洗涤器介质；
ii)洗洗涤器进口端口，被配置为与所述空气流出端口耦合；以及
iii)洗涤器出口端口，被配置为与所述空气流入端口耦合；
其中所述洗涤器模块被可拆卸地附接至所述电池外壳，并且由此，所述电化学电池在所述洗涤器模块被移除时操作，并且
其中所述空气流动设备在所述洗涤器模块被移除时能够操作并且被配置成通过所述空气流入端口将所述入口空气流吸入到所述电池外壳。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池，其中所述燃料电极包括金属燃料并且被配置为至少部分地在所述电解质内，其中所述燃料电极被定位成与所述氧化剂还原电极隔开，从而限定出间隙，并且其中所述离子传导液体电解质在所述间隙中。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池，其中所述洗涤器介质是不可逆洗涤器介质。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电化学电池，其中所述不可逆洗涤器介质选择自由以下组成的组：碱石灰、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、和氢氧化锂、过氧化锂、氧化钙、碳酸钙、蛇纹岩、硅酸镁、氢氧化镁、橄榄石、分子筛、和单乙醇胺、和/或其衍生物和/或其组合。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池，其中所述洗涤器介质包括可逆洗涤器介质。
6.根据权利要求5所述的电化学电池，其中所述可逆洗涤器介质包括胺基。
7.根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池，其中所述洗涤器模块还包括加热元件。
8.根据权利要求7所述的电化学电池，其中所述加热元件是将来自所述电化学电池的热量引导到所述洗涤器介质的被动加热元件。
9.根据权利要求7所述的电化学电池，其中所述加热元件包括电加热元件，所述电加热元件由包括微处理器的控制系统控制。
10.根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池，其中所述电池外壳包括湿度交换模块，所述湿度交换模块包括：
a)湿度交换膜，所述湿度交换膜被配置在所述空气进入口与从所述空气腔室出口接收到的排气流之间；
其中所述湿度交换膜包括暴露于通过所述空气流出端口上游的所述空气进入口吸入的所述入口空气流的流入侧和暴露于所述排气流的流出侧；并且
其中所述排气流包括水分，并且其中所述水分通过所述湿度交换膜被传送。
11.根据权利要求10所述的电化学电池，其中所述湿度交换膜包括离子传导聚合物。
12.根据权利要求10所述的电化学电池，其中所述湿度交换膜包括全氟磺酸聚合物。
13.根据权利要求10所述的电化学电池，其中所述入口空气流在通过所述湿度交换模块之后流入所述洗涤器模块中。
14.根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池，还包括将来自所述空气腔室出口的部分排气流传送到通过所述空气进入口吸入的所述入口空气流的再循环特征。
15.根据权利要求10所述的电化学电池，还包括将来自所述空气腔室出口的部分排气流传送到通过所述空气进入口吸入的所述入口空气流的再循环特征。
16.根据权利要求15所述的电化学电池，其中所述再循环特征是阀，并且其中所述阀由控制系统控制。
17.根据权利要求15所述的电化学电池，其中所述再循环特征是挡板，并且其中所述挡板由在所述排气流与所述入口空气流之间的压力差被动地控制。
18.根据权利要求15所述的电化学电池，其中再循环特征被配置在所述湿度交换膜模块的上游，其中部分所述排气流在通过所述湿度交换模块之后被再循环到所述入口空气流中。
19.根据权利要求10所述的电化学电池，其中所述空气流动设备被配置为通过所述湿度交换膜模块的所述流入侧、通过所述洗涤器模块、通过所述空气腔室、以及通过所述湿度交换膜所述流出侧，而将所述入口空气流吸入所述电池外壳中。
20.根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池，其中所述空气流动设备被配置成：当所述洗涤器模块被从所述电化学电池拆除时，通过将周围气流流通过所述空气流入端口吸入而在所述电池外壳内创建减小的压力。
21.根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池，还包括流入旁通阀和流入旁通导管，其中所述流入旁通导管将入口空气流转移到所述空气腔室而不经过所述洗涤器模块。
22.根据权利要求21所述的电化学电池，其中所述流入旁通阀由控制系统控制。
23.根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池，还包括旁通适配器，所述旁通适配器包括将所述流出端口耦合至所述流入端口的导管，其中所述旁通适配器通过所述旁通适配器将入口空气流转移并且到所述空气腔室，而不经过所述洗涤器模块。
24.根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池，还包括：
a)湿度交换模块和再循环特征，
所述湿度交换模块包括：
湿度交换膜，被配置在去往所述电池外壳的所述入口空气流与从所述空气腔室出口接收到的排气流之间；
其中所述湿度交换膜包括暴露于通过所述空气流出端口上游的所述空气进入口吸入的所述入口空气流的流入侧和暴露于所述排气流的流出侧；以及
其中所述排气流包括水分，并且其中所述水分通过所述湿度交换膜被传送到所述入口空气流；
所述再循环特征被配置成将部分排气流传送到所述入口空气流的再循环特征，
由此，来自所述空气腔室出口的至少部分排气流通过所述再循环特征而被传送到所述入口空气流中。
25.根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池，还包括歧管总成，
其中所述空气进入口、所述空气流入端口和所述空气流出端口是所述歧管组成的部件；并且其中所述空气流动设备被设置在所述歧管总成中。
26.一种保存电化学电池内的水分的方法，包括以下步骤：
a)提供电化学电池，所述电化学电池包括：
电池外壳，包括：
空气腔室；
空气腔室进口；
空气腔室出口；
电解质腔室，离子传导液体电解质在所述电解质腔室中；
氧化剂还原电极，用于还原气态氧化剂，所述氧化剂还原电极被配置在所述空气腔室与所述电解质腔室之间；以及
燃料电极，包括金属燃料并且被至少部分地配置在所述电解质腔室内；
洗涤器模块，用于从通过所述空气腔室入口的入口空气流中去除二氧化碳，所述洗涤器模块包括封壳，所述封壳包括：
洗涤器介质；
洗涤器进口；以及
洗涤器出口；
其中所述洗涤器模块被可拆卸地附接至所述电池外壳，并且由此，所述电化学电池在所述洗涤器模块被移除时操作；
湿度交换模块，包括：
湿度交换膜，被配置在去往所述电池外壳的所述入口空气流与从所述空气腔室接收到的排气流之间；
其中所述湿度交换膜包括暴露于所述入口空气流的流入侧和暴露于所述排气流的流出侧；以及
其中所述排气流包括水分，并且其中所述水分通过所述湿度交换膜被传送到所述入口空气流；以及
空气流动设备，被配置为从所述电池外壳驱除排气流；
b)操作所述空气流动设备在所述电池外壳内产生减小的压力，所述减小的压力通过所述湿度交换膜模块的所述流入侧、通过所述洗涤器模块、通过所述空气腔室、以及通过所述湿度交换膜模块的所述流出侧而将所述入口空气流吸入所述电池外壳中。
27.根据权利要求26所述的保存电化学电池内的水分的方法，其中所述电池还包括再循环特征，所述再循环特征包括设置在所述电池外壳中的再循环阀，其中所述再循环特征被配置为将部分排气流传送到所述入口空气流，由此，来自所述空气腔室的至少部分排气流通过所述再循环特征被传送到所述入口空气流中；并且其中所述方法还包括：
打开所述再循环阀，由此，来自所述空气腔室的至少部分排气流通过所述再循环特征被传送到所述入口空气流中。
28.根据权利要求27所述的保存电化学电池内的水分的方法，其中再循环特征被配置在所述湿度交换膜模块的上游，其中部分所述排气流在通过所述湿度交换模块之后被再循环到所述入口空气流中。
29.根据权利要求26所述的保存电化学电池内的水分的方法，其中所述洗涤器模块包括加热元件，并且其中在所述洗涤器介质上的被吸收的水分通过经过洗涤器模块的所述入口空气流以及所述加热元件对所述洗涤器介质的加热而被驱动到所述电化学电池外壳中。
30.根据权利要求29所述的保存电化学电池内的水分的方法，还包括以下步骤：
当所述电化学电池未主动地发电时，运行所述空气流动设备以吸收在所述洗涤器介质上的来自环境的水分；以及随后，
通过经过洗涤器模块的所述入口空气流以及所述加热元件对所述洗涤器介质的加热，来从所述洗涤器介质驱动所述吸收的水分。
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