WO2016136178A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用負極及び非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- SiO x silicon oxide represented by SiO x
- SiO x has a smaller volume change due to occlusion of lithium ions than Si
- application to a negative electrode such as a lithium ion battery is being studied.
- SiO x has lower conductivity than graphite.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a negative electrode material in which graphite and SiO x particles on which a carbon film is formed are mixed in order to improve cycle characteristics.
- An object of the present disclosure is to provide a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that is a high-capacity negative electrode using SiO x and capable of improving the cycle characteristics of the battery.
- a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is an embodiment of the present disclosure, is a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer formed on the current collector.
- the negative electrode mixture layer has SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5) particles having a carbon coating formed on the particle surface, carbon-based active material particles, and at least one of a carboxyl group and a hydroxy group. And an average number of etherifying agents contained per unit molecule is 0.8 or less, and the carbon coating comprises a first coating formed on the surface of the SiO x particles, and the first coating. And a second film formed on the first film, which is made of carbon having higher crystallinity than the carbon to be formed.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be provided.
- the negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present disclosure has a first negative electrode active material that is SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5) particles having a carbon coating formed on the particle surface.
- the negative electrode according to the present disclosure consider the first carbon film mainly composed of low crystallinity carbon, by providing the surface of the SiO x particulate, a good SEI film is easily formed on the surface of the SiO x particulate It is done. And by providing the 2nd carbon film comprised from carbon with high crystallinity on a 1st carbon film, the electroconductivity of a 1st negative electrode active material improves, for example, lithium precipitation at the time of charge is suppressed.
- the aggregation of the binder is suppressed.
- the adhesion between the materials constituting the composite material layer and the adhesiveness between the composite material layer and the current collector are improved.
- the capacity decrease accompanying the charge / discharge cycle is suppressed by these synergistic effects, and good cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is an example of the embodiment includes the negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a nonaqueous solvent.
- a separator is preferably provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- As an example of the structure of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery there is a structure in which an electrode body in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound via a separator, and a nonaqueous electrolyte are housed in an exterior body.
- other types of electrode bodies such as a stacked electrode body in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are stacked via a separator may be applied.
- battery cases that contain electrode bodies and non-aqueous electrolytes include metal cases such as cylindrical, square, coin, and button shapes, and resin cases (laminated batteries) formed by laminating resin sheets. it can.
- a positive electrode is comprised by the positive electrode electrical power collector which consists of metal foil etc., for example, and the positive electrode compound-material layer formed on the said electrical power collector.
- the positive electrode current collector a metal foil that is stable in the potential range of the positive electrode such as aluminum, a film in which the metal is disposed on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer preferably includes a conductive material and a binder in addition to the positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, a binder, and the like is applied onto a positive electrode current collector, the coating film is dried, and then rolled to collect a positive electrode mixture layer. It can be produced by forming on both sides of the body.
- the metal element M is, for example, a transition metal element such as Co, Ni, or Mn, and the positive electrode active material is preferably a lithium-containing transition metal oxide.
- the lithium-containing transition metal oxide may contain a metal element M other than the transition metal.
- the metal element M include Mg, Sc, Y, Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Pb, Sb, and B in addition to Co, Ni, and Mn.
- An example of a suitable lithium-containing transition metal oxide is a Ni—Co—Mn based, Ni—Mn—Al based, or Ni—Co—Al based composite oxide.
- the particle surface of the positive electrode active material may be covered with fine particles of an oxide such as aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), an inorganic compound such as a phosphoric acid compound, or a boric acid compound.
- an oxide such as aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 )
- an inorganic compound such as a phosphoric acid compound, or a boric acid compound.
- the conductive material is used to increase the electrical conductivity of the positive electrode mixture layer.
- Examples of the conductive material include carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, and graphite. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the binder is used to maintain a good contact state between the positive electrode active material and the conductive material and to enhance the binding property of the positive electrode active material or the like to the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the binder include fluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide resin, acrylic resin, and polyolefin resin.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- polyimide resin acrylic resin
- polyolefin resin polyolefin resin.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a negative electrode 10 that is an example of the embodiment.
- the negative electrode 10 includes a negative electrode current collector 11 and a negative electrode mixture layer 12 formed on the current collector.
- a metal foil that is stable in the potential range of the negative electrode 10 such as copper, a film in which the metal is disposed on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 12 includes a negative electrode active material and a compound having at least one of a carboxyl group and a hydroxy group as a binder, and an average number of etherifying agents contained per unit molecule of 0.8 or less. Including.
- the compound functions as a binder.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 12 has SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5) on the surface of which a carbon film 22 that is a first negative electrode active material 20 (see FIG. 2 described later) is formed as a negative electrode active material.
- the particles 21 and carbon-based active material particles that are the second negative electrode active material are included.
- the negative electrode 10 is formed by, for example, applying a negative electrode mixture slurry containing a negative electrode active material and a binder on the negative electrode current collector 11, drying the coating film, and rolling the negative electrode mixture layer to collect the negative electrode mixture layer. It can produce by forming on both surfaces.
- the carbon-based active material particles graphite, hard carbon and the like conventionally used as negative electrode active materials can be used.
- graphite include natural graphite such as flaky graphite, massive graphite, and earthy graphite, and artificial graphite such as massive artificial graphite (MAG) and graphitized mesophase carbon microbeads (MCMB).
- MAG massive artificial graphite
- MCMB graphitized mesophase carbon microbeads
- the mass ratio of the first negative electrode active material 20 and the second negative electrode active material (graphite) is preferably 1:99 to 20:80. When the mass ratio of the first negative electrode active material 20 and graphite is within the above range, it is easy to achieve both high capacity and improved cycle characteristics.
- the first negative electrode active material 20 is SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5) particles 21 having a carbon coating 22 formed on the surface. That is, the first negative electrode active material 20 is composed of the SiO x particles 21 and the carbon coating 22. The carbon coating 22 is formed, for example, covering the entire surface of the SiO x particles 21.
- the first negative electrode active material 20 is shown in a true spherical shape, but the shape is not particularly limited. Actually, many of them are angular, and have various shapes such as a lump shape, a flat shape, an elongated rod shape, and a needle shape.
- the particle diameter of the first negative electrode active material 20 is substantially equal to the particle diameter of the SiO x particles 21 because the carbon coating 22 is thin.
- the SiO x particles 21 are particles mainly composed of silicon oxide represented by SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5).
- SiO x has a structure in which Si is dispersed in an amorphous SiO 2 matrix. When observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the presence of dispersed Si can be confirmed.
- SiO x can occlude more lithium ions than carbon materials such as graphite, and has a high capacity per unit volume, which contributes to an increase in battery capacity.
- the SiO x particles 21 may contain lithium silicate (for example, lithium silicate represented by Li 2z SiO (2 + z) (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2)), and Si is contained in the lithium silicate phase. It may have a dispersed structure.
- SiO x particles 21 preferably has a BET specific surface area is less than 5m 2 / g, 3m 2 / g or less is more preferable. If the specific surface area is 5 m 2 / g or less, it is easy to form the first coating 23 homogeneous over the entire surface of the SiO x particulate 21, for example, good SEI film on the entire surface of the SiO x particles 21 are formed, the cycle characteristics Is further improved.
- the BET specific surface area can be measured using HM-1201 manufactured by Mountaintech.
- the average particle diameter of the SiO x particles 21 is preferably 1 to 15 ⁇ m, and more preferably 4 to 10 ⁇ m, from the viewpoint of increasing capacity and improving cycle characteristics.
- the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material particles 20 is the particle diameter of primary particles, and the volume integrated value is 50 in the particle size distribution measured by a laser diffraction scattering method (for example, using LA-750 manufactured by HORIBA). % Volume average particle diameter (Dv50).
- the carbon coating 22 is composed of a first coating 23 formed on the surface of the SiO x particles 21 and carbon having higher crystallinity than carbon constituting the first coating 23, and the carbon coating 22 is formed on the first coating 23. 2 coatings 24.
- the first coating 23 is made of carbon having a lower crystallinity than the carbon constituting the second coating 24.
- the first film 23 mainly composed of carbon with low crystallinity promotes the formation of a high-quality SEI film
- the second film 24 mainly composed of carbon with high crystallinity is the conductivity of the first negative electrode active material 20. Improve sexiness.
- the carbon coating 22 may contain components other than carbon, for example, oxygen, hydrogen, and the like as long as the conductivity and the like are not impaired.
- the negative electrode active material is formed with an SEI film that protects the surface of the active material at the time of initial charge, and suppresses side reactions with the electrolyte during subsequent charge and discharge.
- the first negative electrode active material 20 since the crystallinity of carbon constituting the first coating 23 is low, the electrolytic solution easily permeates, and the SEI coating is uniformly formed on the surface of the SiO x particles 21, thereby causing side reactions with the electrolytic solution. Is considered to be suppressed.
- the first coating 23 having low crystallinity easily follows expansion / contraction of the SiO x particles 21 due to charge / discharge, and the first coating 23 is not easily cracked, the SiO x particles 21 and the electrolyte are directly connected. It is considered that touching is suppressed and deterioration of the active material can be reduced.
- the second coating 24 having high crystallinity increases the conductivity between the active material particles, and the charge / discharge efficiency is improved.
- the carbon coating 22 has a two-layer structure in which the carbon coating with low crystallinity is disposed inside the first negative electrode active material 20 and the carbon coating with high crystallinity is disposed outside the first negative electrode active material 20 as described above.
- the crystallinity of the first film 23 and the second film 24 can be confirmed by a Raman spectrum obtained by Raman spectroscopic measurement. Specifically, to calculate the intensity of a peak around 1590 cm -1 and the peak intensity at around 1360 cm -1 of the Raman spectrum obtained (I D) by Raman spectroscopy (I G), the peak intensity ratio I D / I Compare G. It can be said that the smaller the peak intensity ratio I D / I G , the higher the crystallinity of the carbon film. That is, the intensity ratio I D / I G measured for the second coating 24 is smaller than the intensity ratio I D / I G measured for the first coating 23.
- the carbon coating 22 is preferably formed at 0.5 to 10% by mass with respect to the mass of the SiO x particles 21, more preferably at 1 to 7% by mass, and at 2 to 5% by mass. It is particularly preferred that The first coating 23 is preferably formed on the entire surface of the SiO x particles 21, and is 1 to the mass of the SiO x particles 21 from the viewpoint of suppressing increase in resistance, reducing the reactivity with the electrolytic solution, and the like. Preferably, it is formed at ⁇ 3 mass%.
- the second coating 24 does not need to cover the entire surface of the SiO x particles 21 and may be partially formed within a range that does not impair the conductivity in order to promote the penetration of the electrolytic solution.
- the second coating 24 is preferably formed at 1 to 3% by mass with respect to the mass of the SiO x particles 21 on which the first coating 23 is formed.
- the thicknesses of the first film 23 and the second film 24 are, for example, 10 to 200 nm, respectively.
- Examples of the method for forming the carbon coating 22 include a method in which coal tar or the like is mixed with the SiO x particles 21 and heat-treated, a chemical vapor deposition method (CVD method) using a hydrocarbon gas, or the like.
- the carbon coating 22 may be formed by fixing carbon black, ketjen black or the like to the surface of the SiO x particles 21 using a binder.
- the first coating 23 is preferably formed by mixing coal tar or the like with the SiO x particles 21 and performing a heat treatment.
- the carbon source of the first coating 23 is preferably one in which amorphous carbon is generated on the surface of the SiO x particles 21, and examples thereof include tar pitch, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrolen and the like in addition to coal tar. Coal tar and petroleum tar are preferable.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 800 ° C. to 1100 ° C. in order to form a high-quality first coating 23 while preventing the SiO x particles 21 from being altered due to oxidation or nitridation.
- the second coating 24 is preferably formed by chemical vapor deposition.
- the carbon source of the second coating 24 is preferably one in which carbon having higher crystallinity and higher conductivity than the carbon constituting the first coating 23 is generated on the surface of the SiO x particles 21, methane, ethane, ethylene, A hydrocarbon gas such as acetylene can be exemplified.
- carbon having high crystallinity can be formed at a relatively low temperature of about 1000 ° C.
- the second coating 24 may be formed by being fixed to the surface of 21.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 12 has a compound having at least one of a carboxyl group and a hydroxy group as a binder and an average number of etherifying agents contained per unit molecule of 0.8 or less (hereinafter referred to as “Compound C”). ”).
- An etherifying agent is a compound having a substituent capable of an ether bond with a carboxyl group or a hydroxy group, for example, a carboxylic acid such as ethanoic acid or propanoic acid, an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol, or an alkylene such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. Examples thereof include oxides and salts thereof.
- the first negative electrode active material 20 has a large number of hydroxy groups in the first film 23 having low crystallinity, a compound such as CMC in which the average number of etherifying agents contained per unit molecule is 0.8 or less. There is a tendency to adsorb easily.
- the compound C having an average number of etherifying agents of 0.8 or less the dispersibility of the constituent material of the negative electrode composite material layer 12 is increased, and the adhesion between the materials constituting the composite material layer, the composite material layer As a result, the adhesion between the electrode plate and the current collector is improved, and it is easy to suppress the destruction of the electrode plate structure due to charge / discharge.
- Compound C is at least selected from, for example, carboxyalkyl cellulose such as CMC, hydroxyalkyl cellulose such as hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), alkoxy cellulose such as methyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid (PAA), salts thereof, and modified products thereof. 1 type, and the average number of etherifying agents contained per unit molecule is 0.8 or less.
- carboxyalkyl cellulose and its salt are preferable, carboxyalkyl cellulose and its salt are more preferable, and CMC and its salt (especially Na salt) are especially preferable.
- the average number of etherifying agents contained per unit molecule can be expressed as the degree of etherification in the case of cellulose.
- the degree of etherification is the average number of hydroxy groups substituted with an etherifying agent among the three hydroxy groups contained in the glucose unit of cellulose. For example, when one of three hydroxy groups contained in the glucose unit of cellulose is substituted with a carboxyl group or the like, the degree of etherification is 1. That is, in the cellulose added to the negative electrode mixture layer 12, an average of 0.8 or less hydroxy groups per glucose unit is substituted with carboxyl groups or the like.
- the binder in addition to compound C, for example, the same fluorine resin, PAN, polyimide resin, acrylic resin, polyolefin resin, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), etc. as in the case of the positive electrode should be used. Can do.
- the content of the compound C in the negative electrode mixture layer 12 is preferably larger than the content of other binders from the viewpoint of improving cycle characteristics.
- the mass ratio of the compound C and the other binder is preferably 98: 2 to 50:50, more preferably 80:20 to 60:40.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte is not limited to a liquid electrolyte (nonaqueous electrolyte solution), and may be a solid electrolyte using a gel polymer or the like.
- the non-aqueous solvent for example, esters, ethers, nitriles such as acetonitrile, amides such as dimethylformamide, and a mixed solvent of two or more of these can be used.
- the non-aqueous solvent may contain a halogen-substituted product in which at least a part of hydrogen in these solvents is substituted with a halogen atom such as fluorine.
- esters examples include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and methyl propyl carbonate.
- cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and methyl propyl carbonate.
- Chain carbonates such as ethyl propyl carbonate and methyl isopropyl carbonate, cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) and ⁇ -valerolactone (GVL), methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate (MP ), Chain carboxylic acid esters such as ethyl propionate and ⁇ -butyrolactone.
- GBL ⁇ -butyrolactone
- VTL ⁇ -valerolactone
- MP methyl propionate
- Chain carboxylic acid esters such as ethyl propionate and ⁇ -butyrolactone.
- ethers examples include 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4 -Cyclic ethers such as dioxane, 1,3,5-trioxane, furan, 2-methylfuran, 1,8-cineol, crown ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether , Dihexyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, methyl phenyl ether, ethyl phenyl ether, butyl phenyl ether, pentyl phenyl ether, methoxy toluene, benzyl ethyl ether, diphenyl ether, diphen
- a fluorinated cyclic carbonate such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), a fluorinated chain carbonate, a fluorinated chain carboxylate such as methyl fluoropropionate (FMP), or the like.
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- FMP fluorinated chain carboxylate
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- FMP fluorinated chain carboxylate
- the electrolyte salt is preferably a lithium salt.
- the lithium salt LiBF 4, LiClO 4, LiPF 6, LiAsF 6, LiSbF 6, LiAlCl 4, LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiCF 3 CO 2, Li (P (C 2 O 4) F 4), LiPF 6-x (C n F 2n + 1 ) x (1 ⁇ x ⁇ 6, n is 1 or 2), LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiCl, LiBr, LiI, chloroborane lithium, lower aliphatic lithium carboxylate, Li Borates such as 2 B 4 O 7 and Li (B (C 2 O 4 ) F 2 ), LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (C 1 F 2l + 1 SO 2 ) (C m F 2m + 1 SO 2 ) and imide salts such as ⁇ 1, m is an integer of 1 or more ⁇ .
- lithium salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- LiPF 6 is preferably used from the viewpoint of ion conductivity, electrochemical stability, and the like.
- concentration of the lithium salt is preferably 0.8 to 1.8 mol per liter of the nonaqueous solvent.
- separator a porous sheet having ion permeability and insulating properties is used. Specific examples of the porous sheet include a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, and a nonwoven fabric.
- olefin resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, cellulose and the like are suitable.
- the separator may be a laminate having a cellulose fiber layer and a thermoplastic resin fiber layer such as an olefin resin.
- Example 1 [Production of positive electrode] Lithium cobaltate, acetylene black (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., HS100) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) are mixed at a mass ratio of 95: 2.5: 2.5, and N-methyl- 2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) was added. The mixture to which NMP was added was stirred using a mixer (manufactured by Primics, TK Hibismix) to prepare a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- NMP N-methyl- 2-Pyrrolidone
- the slurry is applied to both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector made of aluminum foil, the coating film is dried, and then the coating film is rolled by a rolling roller to form a positive electrode mixture layer on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
- a positive electrode was produced.
- the density of the positive electrode mixture layer was 3.60 g / ml.
- a coal-based coal tar was used as a carbon source to form a first carbon film having a mass of 2% by mass with respect to the mass of the SiO x particles.
- the coal-based coal tar was supplied as a tetrahydrofuran solution (mass ratio 25:75), and the coal-based coal tar solution and SiO x particles were mixed at a mass ratio of 4:25.
- the mixture was dried at 50 ° C. and then heat-treated at 900 ° C. in an inert atmosphere.
- For SiO x particles forming the first carbon coating was measured Raman spectrum with a microscope laser Raman spectrometer Lab RAM ARAMIS made of HORIBA. The peak intensity ratio I D / I G calculated from the Raman spectrum was 1.5.
- a 2% by mass second carbon film with respect to the mass of the particles was formed by chemical vapor deposition.
- Heat treatment was performed at 900 ° C. in a vacuum using a gas in which ethylene and argon were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 1 as a carbon source.
- a first negative electrode active material A1 in which a carbon film having a two-layer structure including a first carbon film with low crystallinity and a second carbon film with high crystallinity was formed on the particle surface was produced.
- the slurry is applied to both sides of a negative electrode current collector made of copper foil, the coating film is dried, and then the coating film is rolled by a rolling roller to form a negative electrode mixture layer on both sides of the negative electrode current collector.
- a negative electrode was prepared.
- the density of the negative electrode mixture layer was 1.60 g / ml.
- Lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF 6
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- a tab was attached to each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and each electrode was spirally wound through a separator so that the tab was positioned on the outermost peripheral portion, thereby producing a wound electrode body.
- the electrode body is inserted into an exterior body made of an aluminum laminate sheet, vacuum-dried at 105 ° C. for 2 hours, then injected with the non-aqueous electrolyte, and the opening of the exterior body is sealed to produce a battery. did.
- the design capacity of the battery is 800 mAh.
- Capacity maintenance ratio (discharge capacity at 500th cycle / discharge capacity at the first cycle) ⁇ 100 Charging / discharging conditions: After performing constant current charging at a current of 1.0 It (800 mA) until the battery voltage reaches 4.2 V, a constant voltage at a voltage of 4.2 V until the current value becomes 0.05 It (40 mA) Charged. After resting for 10 minutes, constant current discharge was performed at a current of 1.0 It (800 mA) until the battery voltage reached 2.75V.
- Example 2 A negative electrode, a three-electrode test cell, and a battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that CMC-Na having a degree of etherification of 0.7 was used.
- Example 3 A negative electrode, a triode test cell, and a battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the conditions for grinding and classifying the SiO x lump were changed to set the BET specific surface area of the SiO x particles to 2.3 m 2 / g. Produced.
- Example 4 A negative electrode, a triode test cell, and a battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the conditions for grinding and classifying the SiO x lump were changed to set the BET specific surface area of the SiO x particles to 5.9 m 2 / g. Produced.
- Example 1 A negative electrode, a tripolar test cell, and a battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the formation order of the carbon coating formed on the surface of the SiO x particles was reversed.
- Example 3 A negative electrode, a tripolar test cell, and a battery were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that CMC-Na having a degree of etherification of 1.2 was used.
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Abstract
Description
実施形態の説明で参照する図面は、模式的に記載されたものであり、図面に描画された構成要素の寸法比率などは、現物と異なる場合がある。具体的な寸法比率等は、以下の説明を参酌して判断されるべきである。
正極は、例えば金属箔等からなる正極集電体と、当該集電体上に形成された正極合材層とで構成される。正極集電体には、アルミニウムなどの正極の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。正極合材層は、正極活物質の他に、導電材及び結着材を含むことが好適である。正極は、例えば正極集電体上に正極活物質、導電材、及び結着材等を含む正極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して正極合材層を集電体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
図1に、実施形態の一例である負極10の断面図を示す。
負極10は、負極集電体11と、当該集電体上に形成された負極合材層12とを備える。負極集電体11には、銅などの負極10の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。負極合材層12は、負極活物質と、結着材としてカルボキシル基及びヒドロキシ基の少なくとも一方を有し、単位分子当りに含まれるエーテル化剤の平均個数が0.8以下である化合物とを含む。当該化合物は、結着材として機能する。負極合材層12には、負極活物質として、第1負極活物質20(後述の図2参照)である炭素被膜22が表面に形成されたSiOx(0.5≦x≦1.5)粒子21と、第2負極活物質である炭素系活物質粒子とが含まれる。負極10は、例えば負極集電体11上に負極活物質、及び結着材等を含む負極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた後、圧延して負極合材層を集電体の両面に形成することにより作製できる。
第1負極活物質20は、炭素被膜22が表面に形成されたSiOx(0.5≦x≦1.5)粒子21である。即ち、第1負極活物質20は、SiOx粒子21と、炭素被膜22とで構成される。炭素被膜22は、例えばSiOx粒子21の表面全体を覆って形成される。図2では第1負極活物質20を真球状で示しているが、その形状は特に限定されない。実際には、角張ったものが多く、例えば塊状、扁平状、細長い棒状、針状など種々の形状を有する。第1負極活物質20の粒径は、炭素被膜22の厚みが薄いことから、SiOx粒子21の粒径と略同等である。
非水電解質は、非水溶媒と、非水溶媒に溶解した電解質塩とを含む。非水電解質は、液体電解質(非水電解液)に限定されず、ゲル状ポリマー等を用いた固体電解質であってもよい。非水溶媒には、例えばエステル類、エーテル類、アセトニトリル等のニトリル類、ジメチルホルムアミド等のアミド類、及びこれらの2種以上の混合溶媒等を用いることができる。非水溶媒は、これら溶媒の水素の少なくとも一部をフッ素等のハロゲン原子で置換したハロゲン置換体を含有していてもよい。
セパレータには、イオン透過性及び絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートの具体例としては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータの材質としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のオレフィン樹脂、セルロースなどが好適である。セパレータは、セルロース繊維層及びオレフィン樹脂等の熱可塑性樹脂繊維層を有する積層体であってもよい。
[正極の作製]
コバルト酸リチウムと、アセチレンブラック(電気化学工業社製、HS100)と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを、95:2.5:2.5の質量比で混合し、分散媒としてN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を添加した。NMPを添加した混合物を混合機(プライミクス社製、T.K.ハイビスミックス)を用いて攪拌し、正極合材スラリーを調製した。次に、当該スラリーをアルミニウム箔からなる正極集電体の両面に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥した後、圧延ローラにより塗膜を圧延して、正極集電体の両面に正極合材層が形成された正極を作製した。正極合材層の密度は3.60g/mlとした。
(第1負極活物質の作製)
SiとSiO2を1:1のモル比で混合し、減圧下で800℃に加熱した。加熱して生じたSiOxのガスは冷却し析出させて多結晶SiOx塊を作製した。この多結晶SiOx塊を粉砕分級することで、BET比表面積が4.9m2/gのSiOx粒子を作製した。比表面積は、Mountech製のHM-1201を用いて測定した。
黒鉛粉末(体積平均粒径20μm)と、第1負極活物質A1とを95:5の質量比で混合したものを負極活物質として用いた。当該負極活物質と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(CMC-Na、エーテル化度0.8)と、スチレン‐ブタジエンラバー(SBR)とを、98:1.5:0.5の質量比で、適量の水と共にミキサーで混合し、負極合材スラリーを調製した。次に、当該スラリーを銅箔からなる負極集電体の両面に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥した後、圧延ローラにより塗膜を圧延して、負極集電体の両面に負極合材層が形成された負極を作製した。負極合材層の密度は1.60g/mlとした。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とを、3:7の体積比で混合した混合溶媒に、1.0モル/リットルの濃度となるように六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を添加して非水電解液を調製した。
105℃で2時間真空乾燥した上記負極、及びリチウム金属板にタブをそれぞれ取り付け、セパレータを介してこれらを重ね合わせ、2枚のガラス板で挟みクリップでとめて電極体を作製した。上記電極体と参照極をガラスセルに入れ上記電解液を注入した後、ガラスセルを密閉して三極式試験セルを作製した。参照極には、リチウム金属板を用いた。
上記三極式試験セルを用いて以下の条件で充放電試験を行い、初期サイクルの容量を放電容量として測定した。
充放電条件:0.1It(1.5mA)の電流で0.0Vまで定電流充電を行い、10分間休止させた後、0.1It(1.5mA)の電流で1.0Vまで定電流放電を行った。
上記正極及び上記負極にタブをそれぞれ取り付け、タブが最外周部に位置するようにセパレータを介して各電極を渦巻き状に巻回して巻回型の電極体を作製した。当該電極体をアルミニウムラミネートシートで構成される外装体に挿入して、105℃で2時間真空乾燥した後、上記非水電解液を注入し、外装体の開口部を封止して電池を作製した。電池の設計容量は800mAhである。
上記電池を用いて以下の条件で充放電試験を行い、下記の式から500サイクル目の容量維持率を算出した。
容量維持率
=(500サイクル目の放電容量/1サイクル目の放電容量)×100
充放電条件:1.0It(800mA)の電流で電池電圧が4.2Vとなるまで定電流充電を行った後、4.2Vの電圧で電流値が0.05It(40mA)となるまで定電圧充電を行った。10分間休止した後、1.0It(800mA)の電流で電池電圧が2.75Vとなるまで定電流放電を行った。
エーテル化度が0.7であるCMC-Naを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極、三極式試験セル、及び電池を作製した。
SiOx塊の粉砕分級の条件を変更してSiOx粒子のBET比表面積を2.3m2/gとしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極、三極式試験セル、及び電池を作製した。
SiOx塊の粉砕分級の条件を変更してSiOx粒子のBET比表面積を5.9m2/gとしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極、三極式試験セル、及び電池を作製した。
上記SiOx粒子表面に形成する炭素被膜の形成順序を逆にしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極、三極式試験セル、及び電池を作製した。
第2炭素被膜を形成する代わりに、石炭系コールタールを用いて第1炭素被膜と同じ被膜を再度形成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極、三極式試験セル、及び電池を作製した。
エーテル化度が1.2であるCMC-Naを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして負極、三極式試験セル、及び電池を作製した。
Claims (4)
- 負極集電体と、当該集電体上に形成された負極合材層とを備えた非水電解質二次電池用負極であって、
前記負極合材層は、炭素被膜が粒子表面に形成されたSiOx(0.5≦x≦1.5)粒子と、炭素系活物質粒子と、カルボキシル基及びヒドロキシ基の少なくとも一方を有し、単位分子当りに含まれるエーテル化剤の平均個数が0.8以下である化合物とを含み、
前記炭素被膜は、前記SiOx粒子の表面に形成された第1被膜と、当該第1被膜を構成する炭素よりも結晶性の高い炭素から構成され、前記第1被膜上に形成された第2被膜とを有する、非水電解質二次電池用負極。 - 前記化合物は、カルボキシアルキルセルロース、ヒドロキシアルキルセルロース、及びアルコキシセルロース、これらの塩、及びこれらの変性体から選択される少なくとも1種であり、そのエーテル化度が0.8以下である、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記SiOx粒子は、BET比表面積が5m2/g以下である、請求項1又は2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極と、
正極と、
非水電解質と、
を備えた非水電解質二次電池。
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CN107112499A (zh) | 2017-08-29 |
JP2020174057A (ja) | 2020-10-22 |
US10490812B2 (en) | 2019-11-26 |
JPWO2016136178A1 (ja) | 2017-11-30 |
CN107112499B (zh) | 2021-02-26 |
JP6947886B2 (ja) | 2021-10-13 |
US20180040886A1 (en) | 2018-02-08 |
JP6744291B2 (ja) | 2020-08-19 |
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