WO2014049992A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質及びその負極活物質を用いた非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質及びその負極活物質を用いた非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the negative electrode active material.
- the silicon oxide represented by SiO X has a high specific capacity and a volume expansion coefficient when absorbing lithium during charging is smaller than that of Si, it has been studied to mix with graphite and use it as a negative electrode active material. (See Patent Document 1).
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the silicon oxide represented by SiO X as the negative electrode active material has significantly higher initial charge / discharge efficiency and capacity at the beginning of the cycle than when only graphite is used as the negative electrode active material. There is a problem of lowering.
- composite particles having a structure in which silicon oxide is dispersed in a carbon active material and silicon and a lithium silicate phase are included in the silicon oxide have been proposed (Patent Document 2). reference).
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention includes particles made of SiO X (0.8 ⁇ X ⁇ 1.2) containing a lithium silicate phase inside, and the surface of the particles made of SiO X is 50% or more and 100% in carbon. % Or less is covered.
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency and the cycle characteristics are dramatically improved.
- substantially ** means “substantially equivalent” as an example, and it is intended to include not only exactly the same but also what is recognized as substantially the same.
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention is a particle composed of SiO X (0.8 ⁇ X ⁇ 1.2) containing a lithium silicate phase inside, and the surface of the particle composed of SiO X is 50% or more and 100% of carbon. % Or less is covered.
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency and the cycle characteristics can be improved. The reason is shown below.
- SiO X is a fine mixture of Si and SiO 2, and the initial charge reaction when used as a negative electrode active material can be generally expressed by the following formula (1).
- Li 4 SiO 4 is generated during the initial charge, and this Li 4 SiO 4 is an irreversible reactant. Therefore, not all Si in SiO X reacts reversibly, and the theoretical efficiency is lowered.
- Li 4 SiO 4 is generated as an irreversible reactant as in the above formula (1), four of the 16 lithium ions are irreversible, so the theoretical efficiency is 75%. Become.
- SiO X in which a lithium silicate phase such as Li 4 SiO 4 is formed is used as SiO X at the time of battery fabrication (before the first charge).
- the amount of lithium taken away by the irreversible reactant during the first charge is reduced, so that the first charge / discharge efficiency can be drastically improved.
- the volume of the SiO X particles is increased by forming a lithium silicate phase. Therefore, in the case of using SiO X as a negative electrode active material, SiO X having lithium silicate phase, the expansion during charge and discharge than SiO X having no lithium silicate phase displacement during shrinkage is small.
- the lithium silicate phase may be composed of not only Li 4 SiO 4 but also Li 2 SiO 3 or the like, but in any case, it is electrochemically inactive. Further, the lithium silicate phase is not formed electrochemically, but is formed by a chemical reaction. For example, it can be formed by the following method.
- a lithium compound such as LiOH, Li 2 CO 3 , LiF, or LiCl can be mixed with SiO X and heat-treated at a high temperature.
- the reaction formula when LiOH is used as the lithium compound is shown in the following formula (2).
- SiO 2 existing in SiO X reacts with LiOH to produce Li 4 SiO 4 .
- the lithium silicate phase is a compound of Li, Si, and O.
- there are Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 2 Si 2 O 5 there are Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 2 Si 2 O 5 , and the product depends on the amount of lithium compound added and the processing method. May be different.
- the ratio of the lithium silicate phase to the total amount of SiO X (0.8 ⁇ X ⁇ 1.2) particles is preferably 0.5 mol% or more and 25 mol% or less.
- the proportion of the lithium silicate phase is less than 0.5 mol%, the effect of improving the initial charge / discharge efficiency is small.
- the proportion of the lithium silicate phase exceeds 25 mol%, the amount of Si that undergoes reversible reaction decreases, and the charge / discharge capacity decreases.
- the surface of SiO X used in the present invention is 50% or more and 100% or less, preferably 100%, of carbon.
- SiO X surface covered 50% to 100% carbon when to form a lithium silicate phase in SiO X, it is possible to suppress the lithium compound and SiO X is direct contact, the interior of the SiO X particles This is because it is possible to uniformly react lithium with SiO X.
- the SiO X surface is covered with carbon means that the surface of the SiO X particle is covered with a carbon film having a thickness of at least 1 nm when the particle cross section is observed by SEM. .
- the SiO X surface is 100% coated with carbon.
- the SiO X particle surface is covered with a carbon film having a thickness of at least 1 nm. That's what it means.
- the thickness of the carbon coating is preferably 1 nm or more and 200 nm or less. If it is less than 1 nm, the conductivity is low and it is difficult to coat uniformly. On the other hand, if it exceeds 200 nm, the carbon coating inhibits lithium diffusion, so that lithium does not reach SiO X sufficiently and the capacity is greatly reduced. Further, in the case of carbon coating, the ratio of carbon to SiO X is desirably 10% by mass or less.
- the average primary particle diameter of SiO X used in the present invention is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less.
- the average primary particle diameter of SiO X is less than 1 ⁇ m, the particle surface area becomes too large, the amount of reaction with the electrolytic solution increases, and the capacity may decrease. Further, the amount of expansion and contraction of SiO X is small, and the influence on the negative electrode mixture layer is small. Therefore, even if a lithium silicate phase is not formed in advance in SiO X , separation between the negative electrode mixture layer and the negative electrode current collector hardly occurs and the cycle characteristics do not deteriorate so much.
- the average primary particle diameter of SiO X exceeds 15 ⁇ m, lithium may not diffuse into the inside of SiO X during the formation of the lithium silicate phase, and the lithium silicate phase may be formed only on the SiO X surface. . Since the lithium silicate phase is insulative, when such a structure is used, lithium diffusion is hindered, and lithium cannot be diffused to the vicinity of the center of SiO during charge / discharge, which may result in a decrease in capacity and load characteristics. Therefore, the average primary particle diameter of SiO X is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 4 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less. In addition, the average primary particle diameter (D 50 ) of SiO X is the cumulative 50 volume% diameter in the particle size distribution measured by the laser diffraction scattering method.
- SiO X used in the present invention may be used alone as a negative electrode active material, or may be used by mixing with a carbon-based active material such as graphite or hard carbon. Since the specific capacity of SiO X is higher than that of the carbon-based active material, the capacity can be increased as the addition amount increases. However, SiO X has a larger expansion / contraction rate at the time of charge / discharge than the carbon-based active material, and if the ratio is too large, peeling at the interface between the negative electrode mixture layer and the negative electrode current collector, or the negative electrode active material Since the conductive contact between the particles is reduced, the cycle characteristics may be significantly reduced.
- the ratio of SiO X to the total amount of the negative electrode active material is preferably 20% by mass or less.
- the proportion of SiO X is too small, the merit of increasing the capacity by adding SiO X is reduced, so the proportion of SiO X with respect to the total amount of the negative electrode active material is preferably 1% by mass or more.
- the positive electrode and the non-aqueous electrolyte can be used without any particular limitation as long as they are used for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the positive electrode active material include lithium complex oxide containing lithium cobaltate, nickel or manganese, olivine type lithium phosphate represented by lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ), and the like.
- the lithium composite oxide containing nickel or manganese include lithium composite oxides such as Ni—Co—Mn, Ni—Mn—Al, and Ni—Co—Al. These positive electrode active materials may be used alone or in combination.
- the positive electrode active material contains an oxide containing lithium and a metal element M
- the metal element M contains at least one selected from the group containing cobalt and nickel
- the ratio x / M C to the amount M C of the metal element M contained in the oxides of the above for example, preferably greater than 1.01, more preferably greater than 1.03. If the ratio x / M C is within the above range, so that the proportion of lithium ions supplied to the battery is quite large. That is, it is advantageous in terms of compensation for irreversible capacity.
- the ratio x / M C for example, when the anode active material is a mixture of a SiO X and the carbon-based active material containing lithium silicate phase therein, the proportion of SiO X such with respect to the total amount of the anode active material, fluctuate.
- the ratio x / M C is the amount M C of the metal element M contained in the lithium content x and the positive electrode active material contained in the positive electrode and the negative electrode, were quantified, respectively, dividing the amount of x in an amount M C of the metal element M This can be calculated.
- the amount M C of lithium content x and the metal element M can be quantified as follows. First, the battery is completely discharged and then decomposed to remove the nonaqueous electrolyte, and the inside of the battery is washed with a solvent such as dimethyl carbonate. Next, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are respectively collected by a predetermined mass, and the amount of lithium (molar amount) x is determined by quantifying the amount of lithium contained in the positive electrode and the negative electrode by ICP analysis. Also, as in the case of the amount of lithium in the positive electrode, the amount of metal element M contained in the positive electrode (molar amount) determined by the M C ICP analysis.
- the solvent and solute of the nonaqueous electrolyte solution are not particularly limited as long as they can be used for the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- lithium salt having the oxalato complex as an anion examples include LiBOB [lithium-bisoxalate borate] and a lithium salt having an anion in which C 2 O 4 2 ⁇ is coordinated to the central atom, for example, Li [M (C 2 O 4 ) x R y ] (wherein M is a transition metal, an element selected from groups IIIb, IVb, and Vb of the periodic table, R is selected from a halogen, an alkyl group, and a halogen-substituted alkyl group) Group, x is a positive integer, and y is 0 or a positive integer).
- M is a transition metal, an element selected from groups IIIb, IVb, and Vb of the periodic table
- R is selected from a halogen, an alkyl group, and a halogen-substituted alkyl group
- x is a positive integer
- y is 0 or a positive integer
- Li [B (C 2 O 4 ) F 2 ] Li [P (C 2 O 4 ) F 4 ] Li [P (C 2 O 4 ) 2 F 2 ]
- LiBOB it is most preferable to use LiBOB in order to form a stable film on the surface of the negative electrode even in a high temperature environment.
- the said solute may be used not only independently but in mixture of 2 or more types.
- the concentration of the solute is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.8 to 1.8 mol per liter of the electrolyte.
- the concentration of the solute is desirably 1.0 to 1.6 mol per liter of the electrolyte.
- carbonate solvents such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyl lactone, diethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and a part of hydrogen in these solvents are F.
- Substituted carbonate solvents are preferably used.
- the solvent it is preferable to use a combination of a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate.
- the difference from the invention described in Patent Document 2 is as follows. (1) As described above, also in the present invention, the surface of SiO X is coated with carbon. Accordingly, not only the invention described in Patent Document 2 but also the present invention includes carbon in the SiO X particles. However, in the invention described in Patent Document 2, carbon exists up to the inside of the particle, whereas in the present invention, carbon exists only on the surface of the particle. In relation to this, the proportion of carbon in the particles is about 10% by mass or less and extremely low in the present invention, whereas in the invention described in Patent Document 2, it is about 50% by mass or more. It is extremely numerous.
- the coating was performed using a CVD method, the ratio of carbon to SiO X was 10 mass%, and the carbon coverage on the SiO X surface was 100%.
- 1 mol of SiO X and 0.2 mol of LiOH were mixed in a powder state (the ratio of LiOH to SiO X is 20 mol%), and LiOH was adhered to the surface of SiO X.
- heat treatment was performed in an Ar atmosphere at 800 ° C. for 10 hours to produce SiO X in which a lithium silicate phase was formed.
- the carbon coverage on the SiO X surface was confirmed by the following method. Using an ion milling device (ex. IM4000) manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech, the cross section of the negative electrode active material particles was exposed, and the particle cross section was confirmed by SEM and a backscattered electron image. The interface between the carbon coating layer in the particle cross section and SiO X was specified from the reflected electron image. Then, the ratio of the carbon film having a film thickness of 1 nm or more on the surface of each SiO X particle was calculated from the ratio of the sum of the interface lengths of the carbon film having a film thickness of 1 nm or more and SiO X to the outer peripheral length of SiO X in the particle cross section. . The average value of the ratio of the carbon coating of 30 SiO X particles was defined as the carbon coverage.
- SiO X having the lithium silicate phase formed thereon and PAN (polyacrylonitrile) as a binder are mixed at a mass ratio of 95: 5, and NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a diluent solvent is further mixed. ) was added.
- the negative electrode mixture slurry was applied on one surface of a copper foil such that the mass per lm 2 of the negative electrode mixture layer was 25 g / m 2 . Next, this was dried at 105 ° C. in the atmosphere and rolled to prepare a negative electrode.
- the filling density of the negative electrode mixture layer was 1.50 g / ml.
- an electrode body was produced using the above negative electrode with a Ni tab attached to the outer periphery, a lithium metal foil, and a polyethylene separator disposed between the negative electrode and the lithium metal foil.
- This electrode body was put into a battery casing made of an aluminum laminate, and a non-aqueous electrolyte was injected into the battery casing, and then the battery casing was sealed to produce a battery.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A1.
- Example 2 When mixing and heat-treating the lithium source and SiO X , Li 2 CO 3 was used instead of LiOH as the lithium source (the ratio of Li 2 CO 3 to SiO X was 10 mol%), A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 of the first example. Incidentally, the SiO X after heat treatment, was analyzed by XRD, the peak of the Li 4 SiO 4 and Li 2 SiO 3 is a lithium silicate was confirmed. Moreover, the ratio of the lithium silicate phase in SiO X after the heat treatment was 5 mol%. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A2.
- Example 4 When mixing and heat-treating the lithium source and SiO X , LiCl was used instead of LiOH as the lithium source (the ratio of LiCl to SiO X was 20 mol%).
- a battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. Incidentally, the SiO X after heat treatment, was analyzed by XRD, the peak of the Li 4 SiO 4 and Li 2 SiO 3 is a lithium silicate was confirmed. Moreover, the ratio of the lithium silicate phase in SiO X after the heat treatment was 5 mol%. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A3.
- Example 4 When the heat treatment was performed by mixing the lithium source and SiO X , LiF was used instead of LiOH as the lithium source (the ratio of LiF to SiO X was 20 mol%).
- a battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. Incidentally, the SiO X after heat treatment, was analyzed by XRD, the peak of the Li 4 SiO 4 and Li 2 SiO 3 is a lithium silicate was confirmed. Moreover, the ratio of the lithium silicate phase in SiO X after the heat treatment was 5 mol%. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery A4.
- a battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. When this SiO X was analyzed by XRD, a lithium silicate phase was not confirmed as shown in FIG. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery Z.
- Batteries A1 to A4 using SiO X having a lithium silicate phase inside have improved initial charge / discharge efficiency and cycle characteristics as compared with battery Z using SiO X having no lithium silicate phase inside. I understand. This is because if SiO X before charge / discharge has a lithium silicate phase in advance, the amount of lithium taken away by Li 4 SiO 4 generated at the time of initial charge is small, and the amount of lithium that can be involved in charge / discharge increases. Because it does. In addition, SiO X having a lithium silicate phase inside has a smaller degree of expansion during charging although the charge amount is the same as SiO X having no lithium silicate phase inside.
- the difference in expansion and contraction during charge / discharge is reduced, and peeling at the negative electrode mixture layer is suppressed.
- the lithium compound used in the heat treatment is not limited to LiOH, Li 2 CO 3, LiCl , or LiF to express same effect it was confirmed. Moreover, it can be estimated that even if it is lithium compounds other than these, the same effect is expressed.
- Example 1 When LiOH and SiO X were mixed and heat-treated, a battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 of the first example except that 2 mol% of LiOH was added to SiO X.
- SiO X after the heat treatment was analyzed by XRD, a peak of Li 2 SiO 3 which is a lithium silicate was confirmed.
- the ratio of the lithium silicate phase in SiO X after the heat treatment was 0.5 mol%.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery B1.
- Example 2 When LiOH and SiO X were mixed and heat-treated, a battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 of the first example except that 50 mol% of LiOH was added to SiO X.
- SiO X after the heat treatment was analyzed by XRD, peaks of lithium silicates Li 4 SiO 4 and Li 2 SiO 3 were confirmed.
- the ratio of the lithium silicate phase in SiO X after the heat treatment was 12.5 mol%.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery B2.
- Example 3 When LiOH and SiO X were mixed and heat-treated, a battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 of the first example except that 80 mol% of LiOH was added to SiO X. When SiO X after the heat treatment was analyzed by XRD, peaks of lithium silicates Li 4 SiO 4 and Li 2 SiO 3 were confirmed. Moreover, the ratio of the lithium silicate phase in SiO X after the heat treatment was 20 mol%. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery B3.
- Example 4 When LiOH and SiO X were mixed and heat-treated, a battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 of the first example except that 100 mol% of LiOH was added to SiO X.
- SiO X after the heat treatment was analyzed by XRD, peaks of lithium silicates Li 4 SiO 4 and Li 2 SiO 3 were confirmed.
- the ratio of the lithium silicate phase in SiO X after the heat treatment was 25 mol%.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery B4.
- Batteries A1, B1 ⁇ B4 using a SiO X having an internal lithium silicate phase, than the batteries Z using the SiO X having no internal lithium silicate phase, high initial charge and discharge efficiency, cycle characteristics was also found to be good. Further, when the batteries A1 and B1 to B4 were compared, it was found that the higher the ratio of the lithium silicate phase in SiO X , the higher the initial charge / discharge efficiency and the better the cycle characteristics. Furthermore, in the batteries B2 to B4 in which the ratio of the lithium silicate phase in SiO X is 12.5 mol% or more, the initial charge / discharge efficiency exceeding the theoretical charge / discharge efficiency (75%) when SiO X is used as the negative electrode active material It was confirmed that
- the proportion of the lithium silicate phase in SiO X is 0.5 mol% or more and 25 mol% or less.
- the proportion of the lithium silicate phase in SiO X is less than 0.5 mol%, the effect of forming the lithium silicate phase is reduced, and when the proportion exceeds 25 mol%, the charge / discharge capacity decreases.
- the average primary particle diameter of SiO X is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less.
- the average primary particle diameter of SiO X is less than 1 ⁇ m, the particle surface area is large, so that a side reaction of the electrolytic solution easily occurs.
- the average primary particle diameter of SiO X exceeds 15 ⁇ m, lithium does not diffuse to the inside of the SiO X during the chemical conversion treatment, and many lithium silicate phases are formed on the surface of the SiO X. May cause a drop.
- Example 1 The SiO X after heat treatment, washed with pure water until pH of the filtrate reached 8.0, and filtered, except that removal of the lithium compound unreacted from the surface of the SiO X after the heat treatment, the first A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 of the example.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery D1.
- Example 2 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 of the first example except that the following treatment was performed before the heat treatment.
- a predetermined amount of SiO X and a nonionic surfactant (trade name: SN Wet 980, polyether-based surfactant manufactured by San Nopco) are added to a solution in which LiOH is previously dissolved in water. Agent) was added and dispersed.
- the addition amount of the nonionic surfactant was 1 mass% with respect to the total amount of solid content.
- the dispersion was dried in a thermostatic bath set at a temperature of 110 ° C., water as a solvent was removed, and heat treatment was performed.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery D2.
- Example 3 The SiO X after heat treatment, washed with pure water until pH of the filtrate reached 8.0, and filtered, except that to remove unreacted lithium compound from the surface of the SiO X after the heat treatment, the fourth embodiment A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 2. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery D3.
- the battery D1 subjected to the water washing after the heat treatment has improved the initial charge / discharge efficiency and the cycle characteristics as compared with the battery A1 not subjected to the water washing. Washing with water as in the battery D1 can remove the lithium compound that is an unreacted substance during the heat treatment, so that the surface resistance of the negative electrode active material particles decreases. Therefore, it is considered that a sufficient conductive path is formed between the negative electrode active material particles during discharge.
- the battery D2 that has been wet-treated using a surfactant in advance is more than the battery A1 that simply dry-mixed the SiO X and the lithium compound before the heat treatment. It can be seen that the initial charge / discharge efficiency and the cycle characteristics were improved.
- a surfactant is added and wet-kneaded as in the battery D1, fine LiOH is uniformly deposited on the SiO X surface. For this reason, it is considered that a more uniform lithium silicate phase was formed during the heat treatment.
- the battery D3 that has been subjected to the wet treatment using the surfactant and the water washing treatment after the chemical conversion treatment has improved initial charge / discharge efficiency and cycle characteristics compared to the batteries D1 and D2 that have been subjected to only one treatment. You can see that Therefore, the characteristics can be further improved by combining the two processes. Incidentally, from the above experimental results, it was found that preferable to uniformly arrange the LiOH to SiO X surface, in such a state, not limited to the above wet process, a dry process Can also be achieved.
- Example 1 [Production of positive electrode] Lithium cobaltate as a positive electrode active material, acetylene black (HS100, manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) as a conductive agent, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a binder have a mass ratio of 95.0: 2. Weighed and mixed to a ratio of 5: 2.5, and added N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a dispersion medium. Next, this was stirred using a mixer (Primix Co., Ltd., TK Hibismix) to prepare a positive electrode slurry.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- this positive electrode slurry is applied to both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector made of aluminum foil, dried, and then rolled by a rolling roller to produce a positive electrode in which a positive electrode mixture layer is formed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector. did.
- the filling density in the positive electrode mixture layer was 3.60 g / ml.
- the mixture of SiO X and graphite after heat treatment used in Example 1 of the first example was used as the negative electrode active material.
- the ratio of SiO X after the heat treatment with respect to the total amount of the negative electrode active material was 5% by mass.
- the negative electrode active material carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, manufactured by Daicel Finechem # 1380, degree of etherification: 1.0 to 1.5) as a thickener, and SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) as a binder
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were opposed to each other through a separator made of a polyethylene microporous film.
- the positive electrode tab and the negative electrode tab were attached to the positive electrode and the negative electrode so as to be positioned on the outermost peripheral portion of each electrode, and then the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator were wound in a spiral shape to produce an electrode body.
- the electrode body was placed in a battery outer package made of an aluminum laminate and vacuum-dried at 105 ° C. for 2 hours.
- Example 1 of the first embodiment the same non-aqueous electrolyte as the non-aqueous electrolyte shown in Example 1 of the first embodiment is injected into the battery outer package, and the opening of the battery outer package is sealed to make the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- An electrolyte secondary battery was produced.
- the design capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is 800 mAh.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery E1.
- Example 2 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 of the above fifth example, except that in the production of the negative electrode, the ratio of SiO X after heat treatment to the total amount of the negative electrode active material was 10% by mass.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery E2.
- Example 3 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 of the above fifth example, except that in the production of the negative electrode, the ratio of SiO X after heat treatment to the total amount of the negative electrode active material was 20% by mass. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery E3.
- the batteries E1 to E3 and Y1 to Y3 were charged / discharged under the following conditions, and the initial charge / discharge efficiency and cycle life shown in the above formula (3) were examined. The results are shown in Table 5.
- the cycle life was defined as the cycle number when the discharge capacity reached 80% of the first cycle.
- the cycle life of each battery is expressed as an index when the cycle life of the battery Y1 is 100.
- the improvement rates in the initial charge / discharge efficiency and the cycle life are those when the batteries having the same mixing ratio of SiO X are compared. For example, in the case of the battery E1, the improvement rate with respect to the battery Y1. is there.
- the batteries E1 to E3 have improved initial charge / discharge efficiency and cycle characteristics compared to the batteries Y1 to Y3. Therefore, even in the case of using a negative electrode active material of a mixture of SiO X and graphite, as SiO X, it can be seen that it is preferable to use a SiO X after heat treatment (SiO X having an internal lithium silicate phase) . Moreover, it is recognized that the improvement rate in the initial charge / discharge efficiency and the improvement rate in the cycle characteristics are higher as the ratio of SiO X is higher. However, if the ratio of SiO X becomes too high, the negative electrode mixture layer may be peeled off significantly.
- the proportion of SiO X is preferably 20% by mass or less.
- the ratio of SiO X is at least 1 mass%.
- Example 1 [Production of negative electrode]
- the mixture of SiO X and graphite after heat treatment used in Example 1 of the first example was used as the negative electrode active material.
- the ratio of SiO X after the heat treatment with respect to the total amount of the negative electrode active material was 5% by mass.
- the negative electrode active material carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, manufactured by Daicel Finechem # 1380, degree of etherification: 1.0 to 1.5) as a thickener, and SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) as a binder
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- an electrode body was produced using the above negative electrode with a Ni tab attached to the outer periphery, a lithium metal foil, and a polyethylene separator disposed between the negative electrode and the lithium metal foil.
- This electrode body was put into a battery casing made of an aluminum laminate, and a non-aqueous electrolyte was injected into the battery casing, and then the battery casing was sealed to produce a battery.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery F1.
- the batteries F1 to F3 have improved initial charge capacity and initial charge / discharge efficiency compared to the batteries Z1 to Z3.
- the negative electrode active material used in the batteries Z1 to Z3 has a structure in which SiO is dispersed in carbonaceous material.
- the negative electrode active materials in the batteries F1 to F3 have a structure having a thin carbon coating film on the SiO surface.
- the particle size of SiO is less than 1.0 ⁇ m, it is recognized that the difference in battery characteristics between the structure in which SiO is dispersed in the carbonaceous material and the structure having a thin carbon coating film on the SiO surface is small.
- the structure having a thin carbon coating film on the SiO surface has a larger initial charge capacity and initial charge / discharge efficiency. This is because in the case of the structure in which SiO is dispersed in the carbonaceous material described in Patent Document 2, it is considered that the carbonaceous material covering the SiO serves as a resistance, reducing the utilization rate of SiO during charging and discharging. It is. From the results of Table 6 above, it can be seen that when the structure has a thin carbon coating film on the SiO surface and the particle diameter is 1.0 ⁇ m or more, the SiO utilization rate is increased and the initial efficiency is increased.
- Example 1 2 wt% the proportion of carbon to SiO X, except that the carbon coverage of the SiO X surface and 80%, in the same manner as in Example 2 of the first embodiment, a battery was prepared.
- the battery thus manufactured is hereinafter referred to as battery G1.
- Example 2 1.5 wt% the proportion of carbon to SiO X, carbon coverage of SiO X surface except that was 50%, in the same manner as in Example 2 of the first embodiment, a battery was prepared.
- the battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery G2.
- Example 1 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 2 of the first example except that the SiO X surface was not coated with carbon. The battery thus produced is hereinafter referred to as battery R1.
- Comparative Example 2 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as Comparative Example 1 of the first example except that the SiO X surface was not coated with carbon. The battery thus manufactured is hereinafter referred to as battery R2.
- the batteries A2 and G1 to G2 using SiO X having 50% or more of the surface coated with carbon and having a lithium silicate phase are first charged compared to the batteries R1 to R2 and Z. It can be seen that the discharge efficiency and cycle characteristics are improved.
- the present invention can be applied to a drive power source of a mobile information terminal such as a mobile phone, a notebook personal computer, and a PDA, for example, in an application requiring a high capacity.
- a mobile information terminal such as a mobile phone, a notebook personal computer, and a PDA
- it can be expected to be used in high-power applications that require continuous driving at high temperatures, such as in electric vehicles and power tools where the battery operating environment is severe.
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Abstract
Description
しかしながら、SiOXで表わされるシリコン酸化物を負極活物質として用いた非水電解質二次電池は、黒鉛のみを負極活物質として使用した場合に比べ、初回充放電効率、及びサイクル初期における容量が著しく低下するという課題がある。
初回充放電効率の向上を図るべく、炭素活物質中にシリコン酸化物が分散され、該シリコン酸化物中にシリコンとリチウムシリケート相とを有する構造の複合体粒子が提案されている(特許文献2参照)。
上記構成の負極活物質を用いた電池では、初回充放電効率とサイクル特性とを向上させることができる。この理由を以下に示す。
4SiO(2Si+2SiO2)+16Li++16e-→3Li4Si+Li4SiO4・・・(1)
上記(1)式の如く、初回充電時にLi4SiO4が生成されるが、このLi4SiO4は不可逆反応物である。したがって、SiOX中の全てのSiが可逆反応するものではなく、理論効率が低くなる。具体的には、上記(1)式のように不可逆反応物としてLi4SiO4が生成される場合には、16個のリチウムイオンのうち4個が不可逆となるため、理論効率は75%となる。
の剥離を抑制することができるので、サイクル特性が向上する。加えて、SiOXの回りには炭素マトリクスが存在しないので、リチウム拡散が円滑に行われる。したがって、実際の電池容量が大きくなる。
SiO2+4LiOH→Li4SiO4+2H2O・・・(2)
リチウムシリケート相は、LiとSi、Oとの化合物であり、Li4SiO4以外にも、Li2SiO3やLi2Si2O5があり、リチウム化合物の添加量や処理方法によって生成物が異なる場合がある。
なお、SiOXの平均一次粒子径(D50)とは、レーザー回折散乱法で測定された粒度分布における累積50体積%径のことである。
正極活物質としては、例えば、コバルト酸リチウム、ニッケルあるいはマンガンを含むリチウム複合酸化物、リン酸鉄リチウム(LiFePO4)に代表されるオリビン型リン酸リチウム等などが挙げられる。ニッケルあるいはマンガンを含むリチウム複合酸化物としては、Ni-Co-Mn、Ni-Mn-Al、及びNi-Co-Alなどのリチウム複合酸化物などが挙げられる。正極活物質はこれらを単独で用いても良いし、混合して用いてもよい。
比率x/MCが上記範囲である場合、電池内に供給されるリチウムイオンの比率が非常に大きくなることになる。つまり、不可逆容量の補填の点で有利である。
比率x/MCは、正極および負極中に含まれるリチウム量xと正極活物質に含まれる金属元素Mの量MCを、それぞれ定量し、xの量を金属元素Mの量MCで除することにより算出できる。
まず、電池を、完全に放電した後、分解し、非水電解質を除去して、電池内部をジメチルカーボネートなどの溶媒を用いて洗浄する。次いで、正極および負極をそれぞれ所定の質量だけ採取し、ICP分析により、正極および負極に含まれるリチウム量を定量することにより、リチウム量(モル量)xを求める。また、正極中のリチウム量の場合と同様にして、正極に含まれる金属元素Mの量(モル量)MCをICP分析により定量する。
上記非水電解液の溶質としては、LiBF4,LiPF6,LiN(SO2CF3)2,LiN(SO2C2F5)2,LiPF6-x(CnF2n+1)x[但し、1<x<6,n=1または2]、或いは、オキサラト錯体をアニオンとするリチウム塩を用いることもできる。このオキサラト錯体をアニオンとするリチウム塩としては、LiBOB〔リチウム-ビスオキサレートボレート〕の他、中心原子にC2O4 2-が配位したアニオンを有するリチウム塩、例えば、Li[M(C2O4)xRy](式中、Mは遷移金属,周期律表のIIIb族,IVb族,Vb族から選択される元素、Rはハロゲン、アルキル基、ハロゲン置換アルキル基から選択される基、xは正の整数、yは0又は正の整数である。)で表わされるものを用いることができる。具体的には、Li[B(C2O4)F2]、Li[P(C2O4)F4]、Li[P(C2O4)2F2]等がある。但し、高温環境下においても負極の表面に安定な被膜を形成するためには、LiBOBを用いることが最も好ましい。
(1)上記の如く、本発明でもSiOXの表面を炭素で被覆している。したがって、特許文献2に記載の発明のみならず本発明においても、SiOX粒子に炭素が含まれる。しかしながら、特許文献2に記載の発明では、粒子の内部にまで炭素が存在するのに対して、本発明では粒子の表面にしか炭素が存在しない。また、このことに関連して、粒子中の炭素の割合は、本発明では約10質量%以下であって極めて少ないのに対して、特許文献2に記載の発明では約50質量%以上であって極めて多い。
これに対して、本発明の如く、内部にリチウムシリケート相を含むSiOXからなる粒子(SiOXの単独粒子)と黒鉛と混合して用いる場合には、電解液との副反応を抑制するためにSiOXの粒径をある程度大きくする必要があり、しかも、SiOXの周りには、応力を緩和できるマトリクスも存在しない。したがって、負極活物質の膨張、収縮による、負極合剤層に与える影響は極めて大きい。このため、本発明では、負極活物質の膨張、収縮を緩和することによって電池特性を向上させるという作用効果が大いに発揮される。
〈第1実施例〉
〔負極の作製〕
表面を炭素で被覆したSiOX(X=0.93、平均一次粒子径:5.0μm)を準備した。尚、被覆はCVD法を用いて行い、また、SiOXに対する炭素の割合は10質量%、SiOX表面の炭素被覆率を100%とした。上記SiOX1モルとLiOH0.2モルとを粉状態で混合して(SiOXに対するLiOHの割合は20モル%となっている)、SiOXの表面にLiOHを付着させた。次に、Ar雰囲気中、800℃で10時間熱処理することにより、内部にリチウムシリケート相が形成されたSiOXを作製した。この熱処理後のSiOXをXRD(線源はCuKαである)で解析したところ、図1に示すように、リチウムシリケートであるLi4SiO4とLi2SiO3とのピークが確認された。また、SiOXの総モル数に対するリチウムシリケート相のモル数(以下、SiOX中のリチウムシリケート相の割合、と称することがある)は5モル%であった。
上記負極合剤スラリーを、銅箔の片面上に負極合剤層のlm2当りの質量が、25g/m2となるように塗布した。次に、これを大気中105℃で乾燥し、圧延することにより負極を作製した。尚、負極合剤層の充填密度は、1.50g/mlとした。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)とを、体積比が3:7の割合となるように混合した混合溶媒に、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を、1.0モル/リットル添加して非水電解液を調製した。
不活性雰囲気中で、外周にNiタブを取り付けた上記負極と、リチウム金属箔と、負極とリチウム金属箔との間に配置させたポリエチレン製セパレータとを用いて電極体を作製した。この電極体を、アルミニウムラミネートからなる電池外装体内に入れ、更に、非水電解液を電池外装体内に注入し、その後電池外装体を封止して電池を作製した。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A1と称する。
リチウム源とSiOXとを混合して熱処理する際、リチウム源として、LiOHの代わりにLi2CO3を用いた(SiOXに対するLi2CO3の割合は10モル%とした)こと以外は、上記第1実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、熱処理後のSiOXを、XRDで解析したところ、リチウムシリケートであるLi4SiO4とLi2SiO3とのピークが確認された。また、熱処理後のSiOX中のリチウムシリケート相の割合は5モル%であった。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A2と称する。
リチウム源とSiOXとを混合して熱処理する際、リチウム源として、LiOHの代わりにLiClを用いた(SiOXに対するLiClの割合は20モル%とした)こと以外は、上記第1実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、熱処理後のSiOXを、XRDで解析したところ、リチウムシリケートであるLi4SiO4とLi2SiO3とのピークが確認された。また、熱処理後のSiOX中のリチウムシリケート相の割合は5モル%であった。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A3と称する。
リチウム源とSiOXとを混合して熱処理する際、リチウム源として、LiOHの代わりにLiFを用いた(SiOXに対するLiFの割合は20モル%とした)こと以外は、上記第1実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、熱処理後のSiOXを、XRDで解析したところ、リチウムシリケートであるLi4SiO4とLi2SiO3とのピークが確認された。また、熱処理後のSiOX中のリチウムシリケート相の割合は5モル%であった。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池A4と称する。
LiOHとSiOXとを混合せず、且つ、熱処理を行わなかった(即ち、負極活物質としてのSiOXとして、未処理のSiOXを用いた)こと以外は、上記第1実施例の実施例1と同様に電池を作製した。このSiOXをXRDで解析したところ、図1に示すように、リチウムシリケート相は確認されなかった。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池Zと称する。
上記電池A1~A4、Zを、以下の条件で充放電し、下記(3)式で示す初回充放電効率と下記(4)式で示す10サイクル目の容量維持率とを調べたので、その結果を表1に示す。
〔充放電条件〕
0.2It(4mA)の電流で電圧が0Vになるまで定電流充電を行った後、0.05It(1mA)の電流で電圧が0Vになるまで定電流充電を行った。次に、10分間休止した後、0.2It(4mA)の電流で電圧が1.0Vになるまで定電流放電を行った。
初回充放電効率(%)=(1サイクル目の放電容量/1サイクル目の充電容量)×100・・・(3)
〔10サイクル目の容量維持率の算出式〕
10サイクル目の容量維持率(%)=(10サイクル目の放電容量/1サイクル目の放電容量)×100・・・(4)
尚、熱処理時に用いるリチウム化合物としては、LiOHに限らず、Li2CO3、LiCl、又はLiFでも同様の効果を発現することが確認できた。また、これら以外のリチウム化合物であっても、同様の効果を発現すると推測できる。
(実施例1)
LiOHとSiOXとを混合して熱処理する際、SiOXに対してLiOHを2モル%添加したこと以外は、上記第1実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、熱処理後のSiOXをXRDで解析したところ、リチウムシリケートであるLi2SiO3のピークが確認された。また、熱処理後のSiOX中のリチウムシリケート相の割合は0.5モル%であった。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池B1と称する。
LiOHとSiOXとを混合して熱処理する際、SiOXに対してLiOHを50モル%添加したこと以外は、上記第1実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、熱処理後のSiOXをXRDで解析したところ、リチウムシリケートであるLi4SiO4とLi2SiO3とのピークが確認された。また、熱処理後のSiOX中のリチウムシリケート相の割合は12.5モル%であった。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池B2と称する。
LiOHとSiOXとを混合して熱処理する際、SiOXに対してLiOHを80モル%添加したこと以外は、上記第1実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、熱処理後のSiOXをXRDで解析したところ、リチウムシリケートであるLi4SiO4とLi2SiO3とのピークが確認された。また、熱処理後のSiOX中のリチウムシリケート相の割合は20モル%であった。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池B3と称する。
LiOHとSiOXとを混合して熱処理する際、SiOXに対してLiOHを100モル%添加したこと以外は、上記第1実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、熱処理後のSiOXをXRDで解析したところ、リチウムシリケートであるLi4SiO4とLi2SiO3とのピークが確認された。また、熱処理後のSiOX中のリチウムシリケート相の割合は25モル%であった。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池B4と称する。
上記電池B1~B4を、上記第1実施例の実験で示した条件と同様の条件で充放電し、上記(3)式で示した初回充放電効率と、上記(4)式で示した10サイクル目の容量維持率とを調べたので、その結果を表2に示す。尚、表2には電池A1、Zの結果についても記載している。
(実施例1)
原料としてのSiOX(熱処理前のSiOX)として、平均一次粒子径が1.0μmであるSiOX(x=0.93、炭素被覆量10質量%)を用いたこと以外は、上記第1実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、熱処理後のSiOXをXRDで解析したところ、リチウムシリケートであるLi4SiO4とLi2SiO3とのピークが確認された。また、熱処理後のSiOX中のリチウムシリケート相の割合は5モル%であった。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池C1と称する。
原料としてのSiOX(熱処理前のSiOX)として、平均一次粒子径が15.0μmであるSiOX(x=0.93、炭素被覆量10質量%)を用いたこと以外は、上記第1実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、熱処理後のSiOXをXRDで解析したところ、リチウムシリケートであるLi4SiO4とLi2SiO3とのピークが確認された。また、熱処理後のSiOX中のリチウムシリケート相の割合は5モル%であった。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池C2と称する。
上記電池C1、C2を、上記第1実施例の実験で示した条件と同様の条件で充放電し、上記(3)式で示した初回充放電効率と、上記(4)式で示した10サイクル目の容量維持率とを調べたので、その結果を表3に示す。尚、表3には電池A1、Zの結果についても記載している。
(実施例1)
熱処理後のSiOXを、ろ液のpHが8.0になるまで純水で水洗、濾過して、熱処理後のSiOXの表面から未反応のリチウム化合物を除去したこと以外は、上記第1実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池D1と称する。
以下のような処理を、熱処理前に施したこと以外は、上記第1実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。
SiOXとLiOHとを混合する際、LiOHを予め水に溶解させた液に、所定量のSiOXと、非イオン性界面活性剤(商品名:SNウエット980、サンノプコ社製ポリエーテル系界面活性剤)とを添加して、分散させた。尚、非イオン性界面活性剤の添加量は、固形分の総量に対して1質量%とした。次いで、上記分散液を温度110℃に設定した恒温槽で乾燥し、溶媒である水を除去した後、熱処理を行った。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池D2と称する。
熱処理後のSiOXを、ろ液のpHが8.0になるまで純水で水洗、濾過して、熱処理後のSiOXの表面から未反応リチウム化合物を除去したこと以外は、上記第4実施例の実施例2と同様にして電池を作製した。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池D3と称する。
上記電池D1~D3を、上記第1実施例の実験で示した条件と同様の条件で充放電し、上記(3)式で示した初回充放電効率と、上記(4)式で示した10サイクル目の容量維持率とを調べたので、その結果を表4に示す。尚、表4には電池A1の結果についても記載している。
尚、上記実験結果より、SiOX表面にLiOHを均一に配置させるのが好ましいことがわかったが、このような状
態とするには、上記湿式処理に限定するものではなく、乾式処理であっても達成できる。
(実施例1)
[正極の作製]
正極活物質としてのコバルト酸リチウムと、導電剤としてのアセチレンブラック(電気化学工業社製、HS100)と、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを、質量比が95.0:2.5:2.5の割合になるように秤量、混合し、分散媒としてのN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を添加した。次に、これを混合機(プライミクス社製、T.K.ハイビスミックス)を用いて攪拌し、正極スラリーを調製した。次に、この正極スラリーを、アルミニウム箔から成る正極集電体の両面に塗布、乾燥した後、圧延ローラにより圧延して、正極集電体の両面に正極合剤層が形成された正極を作製した。尚、正極合剤層における充填密度は3.60g/mlとした。
上記第1実施例の実施例1で用いた熱処理後のSiOXと黒鉛との混合物を、負極活物質として用いた。尚、負極活物質の総量に対する熱処理後のSiOXの割合は5質量%とした。上記負極活物質と、増粘剤としてのカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC、ダイセルファインケム社製♯1380、エーテル化度:1.0~1.5)と,結着剤としてのSBR(スチレン-ブタジエンゴム)とを、質量比で97.5:1.0:1.5となるように混合し、希釈溶媒としての水を添加した。これを、混合機(プライミクス社製、T.K.ハイビスミックス)を用いて攪拌し、負極スラリーを調製した。次に、上記負極スラリーを、銅箔から成る負極集電体の両面に、負極合剤層の1m2当たりの質量が190gとなるように均一に塗布した。次いで、これを大気中105℃で乾燥させた後、圧延ローラにより圧延して、負極集電体の両面に負極合剤層が形成された負極を作製した。尚、負極合剤層における充填密度は1.60g/mlとした。
上記正極と負極とを、ポリエチレン微多孔膜からなるセパレータを介して対向させた。次に、正極タブと負極タブとを、各電極における最外周部に位置するように正極及び負極に取り付けた後、正極、負極及びセパレータを渦巻き状に巻回して電極体を作製した。次いで、該電極体をアルミニウムラミネートからなる電池外装体内に配置し、105℃で2時間真空乾燥した。その後、上記第1実施例の実施例1で示した非水電解液と同一の非水電解液を上記電池外装体内に注入し、更に、電池外装体の開口部を封止することにより非水電解質二次電池を作製した。当該非水電解質二次電池の設計容量は800mAhである。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池E1と称する。
上記負極の作製において、負極活物質の総量に対する熱処理後のSiOXの割合を10質量%としたこと以外は、上記第5実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池E2と称する。
上記負極の作製において、負極活物質の総量に対する熱処理後のSiOXの割合を20質量%としたこと以外は、上記第5実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池E3と称する。
SiOXとして、未処理のSiOX(熱処理していないSiOX)を用いたこと以外は、それぞれ、上記第5実施例の実施例1~実施例3と同様にして電池を作製した。このようにして作製した電池を、以下それぞれ、電池Y1~Y3と称する。
上記電池E1~E3、Y1~Y3を、以下の条件で充放電し、上記(3)式で示した初回充放電効率とサイクル寿命とを調べたので、それらの結果を表5に示す。尚、1サイクル目の放電容量の80%に達したときのサイクル数をサイクル寿命とした。また、各電池のサイクル寿命は、電池Y1のサイクル寿命を100としたときの指数で表している。
更に、初回充放電効率とサイクル寿命とにおける向上率は、SiOXの混合率が同じである電池同士を比較したときのものであり、例えば、電池E1の場合には、電池Y1に対する向上率である。
〔充放電条件〕
1.0It(800mA)電流で電池電圧が4.2Vとなるまで定電流充電を行った後、4.2Vの電圧で電流値が0.05It(40mA)となるまで定電圧充電を行った。10分間休止した後、1.0It(800mA)電流で電池電圧が2.75Vとなるまで定電流放電を行った。〔正極及び負極中のリチウム量xと正極活物質に含まれる金属元素Mの量MCとの比x/M〕
これらの電池において正極および負極中に含まれるリチウム量xと、正極材料に含まれる金属元素Mの量MCとを、既述のように定量し、x/MC比を算出した結果を、表5に示す。
また、SiOXの割合が高いほど、初回充放電効率における向上率とサイクル特性における向上率とが高くなっていることが認められる。但し、SiOXの割合が高くなり過ぎると、負極合剤層の剥がれが顕著に生じることがある。したがって、SiOXの割合は20質量%以下であることが好ましい。尚、SiOXの割合が少な過ぎると、SiOXの添加効果が十分に発揮されないので、SiOXの割合は1質量%以上であることが望ましい。
(実施例1)
[負極の作製]
上記第1実施例の実施例1で用いた熱処理後のSiOXと黒鉛との混合物を、負極活物質として用いた。尚、負極活物質の総量に対する熱処理後のSiOXの割合は5質量%とした。上記負極活物質と、増粘剤としてのカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC、ダイセルファインケム社製♯1380、エーテル化度:1.0~1.5)と,結着剤としてのSBR(スチレン-ブタジエンゴム)とを、質量比で97.5:1.0:1.5となるように混合し、希釈溶媒としての水を添加した。これを、混合機(プライミクス社製、T.K.ハイビスミックス)を用いて攪拌し、負極スラリーを調製した。次に、上記負極スラリーを、銅箔から成る負極集電体の両面に、負極合剤層の1m2当たりの質量が190gとなるように均一に塗布した。次いで、これを大気中105℃で乾燥させた後、圧延ローラにより圧延して、負極集電体の両面に負極合剤層が形成された負極を作製した。尚、負極合剤層における充填密度は1.60g/mlとした。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)とを、体積比が3:7の割合となるように混合した混合溶媒に、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を、1.0モル/リットル添加して非水電解液を調製した。
不活性雰囲気中で、外周にNiタブを取り付けた上記負極と、リチウム金属箔と、負極とリチウム金属箔との間に配置させたポリエチレン製セパレータとを用いて電極体を作製した。この電極体を、アルミニウムラミネートからなる電池外装体内に入れ、更に、非水電解液を電池外装体内に注入し、その後電池外装体を封止して電池を作製した。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池F1と称する。
原料としてのSiOX(熱処理前のSiOX)として、平均一次粒子径が1.0μmであるSiOX(x=0.93、炭素被覆量10質量%)を用いたこと以外は、上記第6実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、熱処理後のSiOXをXRDで解析したところ、リチウムシリケートであるLi4SiO4とLi2SiO3とのピークが確認された。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池F2と称する。
原料としてのSiOX(熱処理前のSiOX)として、平均一次粒子径が0.5μmであるSiOX(x=0.93、炭素被覆量10質量%)を用いたこと以外は、上記第6実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。尚、熱処理後のSiOXをXRDで解析したところ、リチウムシリケートであるLi4SiO4とLi2SiO3とのピークが確認された。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池F3と称する。
SiOX(x=0.93、平均一次粒子径15.0μm)とLiOH0.2mol(SiOxに対しLiOHを0.2mol%)を、遊星ボールミルを用いて混合し、平均一次粒子径5.0μmのSiOXを作製した。さらに黒鉛を加えて混合した後、ハードカーボンと複合化し、Ar雰囲気中800℃で5時間熱処理し、平均一次粒子径40μmの負極活物質を作製した。
負極活物質と黒鉛とを、質量比で10:90(SiO:黒鉛=5:95)としたこと以外は、上記第6実施例の実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。このようにして作製した電池を、以下、電池Z1と称する。
ボールミル処理後の平均一次粒子径を1.0μmとしたSiOX(x=0.93、炭素被覆量10質量%)を用い、ハードカーボンと複合後の負極活物質の平均一次粒子径を8.0μmとしたこと以外は、上記第6実施例の比較例1と同様にして電池を作製した。このように作製した電池を、以下、電池Z2と称する。
ボールミル処理後の平均一次粒子径を0.5μmとしたSiOX(x=0.93、炭素被覆量10質量%)を用い、ハードカーボンと複合後の負極活物質の平均一次粒子径を4.0μmとしたこと以外は、上記第6実施例の比較例1と同様にして電池を作製した。このように作製した電池を、以下、電池Z3と称する。
尚、上記第6実施例の比較例1~比較例3の電池Z1~Z3に使用された負極活物質は、特許文献2に近い内容である。
(電池性能評価)
上記電池F1~F3、Z1~Z3の初回充電容量及び上記(3)式で示した初回充放電効率を測定したので、それらの結果を表6に示す。尚、充放電条件は、上記第1実施例の実験で示した条件と同様である。
電池Z1~Z3に使用されている負極活物質は、炭素質中にSiOを分散させた構造を持つ。一方、電池F1~F3における負極活物質は、SiO表面に薄く炭素被覆膜を有する構造を持つ。SiOの粒径が1.0μm未満の場合、炭素質中にSiOを分散させた構造とSiO表面に薄く炭素被覆膜を有する構造の違いにおける電池特性の差異は小さいことが認められる。一方、SiOの粒径が1.0μm以上の場合、SiO表面に薄く炭素被覆膜を有する構造の方が、初回充電容量、初回充放電効率共に大きいことが分かる。これは、特許文献2に記載の炭素質中にSiOを分散させた構造の場合、SiOを覆っている炭素質が抵抗となり、充放電時のSiOの利用率を下げていることが考えられるためである。上記表6の結果より、SiO表面に薄く炭素被覆膜を有する構造でかつ、粒径が1.0μm以上の場合に、SiOの利用率を高め、初回効率が上がる効果が認められる。
(実施例1)
SiOXに対する炭素の割合を2質量%、SiOX表面の炭素被覆率を80%としたこと以外は、第1実施例の実施例2と同様にして、電池を作製した。このように作製した電池を、以下、電池G1と称する。
SiOXに対する炭素の割合を1.5質量%、SiOX表面の炭素被覆率を50%としたこと以外は、第1実施例の実施例2と同様にして、電池を作製した。このように作製した電池を、以下、電池G2と称する。
SiOX表面に炭素被覆を行わなかったこと以外は、第1実施例の実施例2と同様にして、電池を作製した。このように作製した電池を、以下、電池R1と称する。
SiOX表面に炭素被覆を行わなかったこと以外は、第1実施例の比較例1と同様にして、電池を作製した。このように作製した電池を、以下、電池R2と称する。
上記電池G1~G2及びR1~R2を、上記第1実施例の実験で示した条件と同様の条件で充放電し、上記(3)式で示した初回充放電効率と、上記(4)式で示した10サイクル目の容量維持率とを調べたので、その結果を表7に示す。尚、表7には電池A2、Zの結果についても記載している。
Claims (7)
- 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質であって、内部にリチウムシリケート相を含むSiOX(0.8≦X≦1.2)からなる粒子を備え、上記SiOXからなる粒子の表面が、炭素で50%以上100%以下被覆されている、負極活物質。
- 上記SiOXからなる粒子の総モル量に対する、上記リチウムシリケート相のモル数の割合が、0.5mol%以上25mol%以下である、請求項1に記載の負極活物質。
- 上記SiOXからなる粒子の表面が、炭素で100%被覆されている、請求項1又は2に記載の負極活物質。
- 上記SiOXからなる粒子の平均一次粒子径は、1μm以上15μm以下である、請求項1~3の何れか1項に記載の負極活物質。
- 黒鉛をさらに備える、請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の負極活物質。
- 請求項1~5の何れか1項に記載の負極活物質を含む負極と、
正極活物質を含む正極と、
上記正極と上記負極との間に配置されたセパレータと、
非水電解質と、
を備える非水電解質二次電池。 - 前記正極活物質が、リチウムと、金属元素Mとを含む酸化物を含み、
前記金属元素Mが、コバルト、ニッケルを含む群より選択される少なくとも一種を含み、
前記正極および前記負極に含まれるリチウム量の総和xと、前記酸化物に含まれる前記金属元素Mの量MCとの比率x/MCが、1.01より大きい、請求項6に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
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EP2772969A1 (en) * | 2011-10-24 | 2014-09-03 | LG Chem, Ltd. | Method for manufacturing cathode active material, cathode active material, and lithium secondary battery including same |
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CN104603993B (zh) | 2017-09-01 |
JPWO2014049992A1 (ja) | 2016-08-22 |
CN104603993A (zh) | 2015-05-06 |
US20150221950A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
JP6092885B2 (ja) | 2017-03-08 |
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