WO2013054922A1 - ゲル状の固体電解質を備えた金属-空気電池 - Google Patents
ゲル状の固体電解質を備えた金属-空気電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013054922A1 WO2013054922A1 PCT/JP2012/076527 JP2012076527W WO2013054922A1 WO 2013054922 A1 WO2013054922 A1 WO 2013054922A1 JP 2012076527 W JP2012076527 W JP 2012076527W WO 2013054922 A1 WO2013054922 A1 WO 2013054922A1
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- Prior art keywords
- group
- lithium
- secondary battery
- solid electrolyte
- gly
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- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001879 gelation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- LHJOPRPDWDXEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium lithium Chemical compound [Li].[In] LHJOPRPDWDXEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002669 linoleoyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C([H])=C([H])\C([H])([H])/C([H])=C([H])\C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitride Chemical compound [Li]N([Li])[Li] IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIDWHMKSOZZDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium tin Chemical compound [Li].[Sn] UIDWHMKSOZZDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- LLHKCFNBLRBOGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene glycol methyl ether acetate Chemical compound COCC(C)OC(C)=O LLHKCFNBLRBOGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003586 protic polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000004474 valine Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M12/00—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M12/08—Hybrid cells; Manufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/9083—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0085—Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a metal-air battery equipped with a gel-like solid electrolyte, in particular, a lithium-air battery, and in particular, lithium air equipped with an ion-conductive gel-like solid electrolyte using a low molecular weight lipid peptide gelling agent.
- the present invention relates to a secondary battery.
- Lithium-air batteries use oxygen in the air that can be supplied from the outside of the battery as the positive electrode active material, so there is no need to store the positive electrode active material in the battery, and therefore there is a large amount of negative electrode active material in the battery. It is expected that lithium metal can be filled, a very large discharge capacity can be obtained, and driving for a long time is possible.
- Patent Document 1 an electrolyte is prepared using 1 mol / L of bistrifluoromethanesulfonic acid imidolithium (LiTFSI) as a solute and a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (ethylene carbonate) and diethyl carbonate as an organic solvent,
- LiTFSI bistrifluoromethanesulfonic acid imidolithium
- Patent Document 2 1 mol / L lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) is used as the electrolyte as the electrolyte, and a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (ethylene carbonate) and diethyl carbonate (diethyl carbonate) is used as the organic solvent.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- a lithium-air battery is fabricated and used for evaluation.
- the produced lithium air battery has a very large discharge capacity as compared with a general lithium ion battery.
- Patent Document 3 proposes a lithium-air battery using a lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte without using an electrolytic solution.
- this lithium-air battery can only be operated at a relatively high temperature of 95 ° C.
- Patent Document 4 uses an organic solvent electrolyte on the negative electrode side and an aqueous electrolyte solution on the air electrode side, and uses a total of two types of electrolytes.
- Lithium-air batteries have been proposed.
- the organic solvent electrolyte on the negative electrode side and the aqueous electrolyte solution on the air electrode side are partitioned by a solid electrolyte (separator) that conducts only lithium ions, from the air electrode side to the negative electrode side. The moisture permeation is suppressed and the safety is excellent.
- the negative electrode side (organic solvent type) and the air electrode side (aqueous solution type) electrolyte must be prepared separately, and each must be partitioned with a lithium ion solid electrolyte.
- the aqueous solution becomes the electrode active material of the air electrode, so that the capacity is limited.
- the organic solvent used as one component of the electrolyte has some volatility and miscibility with water and oxygen.
- an improvement method has been proposed for this problem, satisfactory results have not been obtained such as limited operating conditions and battery capacity, and new studies have been required.
- the present invention has been made based on the above circumstances, and the problem to be solved is to reduce the volatilization amount of the organic solvent, which has been a problem in the conventional liquid electrolyte, and to suppress the mixing of moisture and the like.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a new lithium-air battery.
- a lipid peptide gelling agent comprising a low molecular lipid peptide or a pharmaceutically usable salt thereof as a solid electrolyte of a lithium-air battery
- a gel-like solid electrolyte containing a solid electrolyte salt and a solvent By adopting a gel-like solid electrolyte containing a solid electrolyte salt and a solvent, it suppresses volatilization of organic solvents and mixing of moisture, which are problems in conventional electrolytes, and has good ionic conductivity.
- the inventors have found that charge / discharge characteristics similar to those of a battery using a conventional liquid electrolyte can be obtained, and the present invention has been completed.
- the present invention is a lithium-air secondary battery comprising an air electrode, a negative electrode containing metallic lithium or a lithium-containing substance, and a gelled solid electrolyte
- the gel-like solid electrolyte includes a solid electrolyte salt, a solvent, and the following formulas (1) to (3): (Wherein R 1 represents an aliphatic group having 9 to 23 carbon atoms, R 2 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a branched chain having 1 or 2 carbon atoms) R 3 represents a — (CH 2 ) n —X group, n represents a number of 1 to 4, X represents an amino group, a guanidino group, a —CONH 2 group, or 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms.
- R 4 represents an aliphatic group having 9 to 23 carbon atoms
- R 5 to R 7 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, or a carbon atom number that can have a branched chain having 1 or 2 carbon atoms.
- R 8 represents an aliphatic group having 9 to 23 carbon atoms
- R 9 to R 12 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, or the number of carbon atoms that may have a branched chain having 1 or 2 carbon atoms.
- a lipid peptide type gelling agent comprising: The present invention relates to a lithium-air secondary battery.
- the solvent contained in the gel-like solid electrolyte contains a chain carbonate and any one of a cyclic carbonate or an ether compound.
- the lithium air according to the first aspect relates to a secondary battery.
- the present invention relates to the lithium air secondary battery according to the second aspect, wherein the chain carbonates are selected from the group consisting of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate.
- the present invention relates to the lithium air secondary battery according to the second aspect, in which the cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate.
- the present invention relates to the lithium air secondary battery according to the second aspect, wherein the ether compound is 1,2-dimethoxyethane.
- the solvent contained in the gel solid electrolyte includes a chain carbonate ester, a cyclic carbonate ester, and a cyclic carboxylic acid ester.
- the present invention relates to the lithium air secondary battery according to the sixth aspect, wherein the cyclic carboxylic acid ester is ⁇ -butyrolactone.
- the air electrode is a noble metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium, palladium, silver and ruthenium, and perovskite oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide.
- a noble metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium, palladium, silver and ruthenium, and perovskite oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide.
- Any one of the first to seventh aspects characterized by comprising porous carbon or refined carbon supporting at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of as a catalyst
- the present invention relates to the lithium air secondary battery according to the eighth aspect, characterized in that the air electrode is configured to include porous carbon supporting manganese oxide.
- the present invention relates to the lithium air secondary battery according to any one of the first aspect to the ninth aspect, wherein the negative electrode is metallic lithium.
- any one of the first to tenth aspects is characterized in that the solid electrolyte salt contained in the gelled solid electrolyte is composed of a solid electrolyte salt that can be used in a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the present invention relates to the lithium air secondary battery according to one item.
- the solid electrolyte salt includes LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , and these
- the lithium-air secondary battery according to the eleventh aspect selected from the group consisting of:
- the lithium-air secondary battery using the gel-like solid electrolyte of the present invention has a high discharge capacity and excellent charge / discharge characteristics comparable to those of a lithium-air secondary battery using a liquid electrolyte proposed in the past. Moreover, since the lithium air secondary battery of this invention uses the gel-like solid electrolyte as electrolyte, it can suppress the liquid leakage to the exterior of an electrolyte solution, volatilization, and corrosion of an electrode substance (negative electrode). Moreover, the gel-like solid electrolyte used as the electrolyte has a lipid peptide as a gelling agent forming a strong network in the system, thereby suppressing the mixing of moisture from the air electrode.
- the lipid peptide type gelling agent since the lipid peptide type gelling agent has an amino group or carboxyl group which is a polar group in its skeleton, it can interact with lithium ions, thereby dissociating lithium ions in the electrolyte, and lithium ions Since ion conduction can be promoted, sufficient lithium ion conductivity can be exhibited even in a gelled state (a state in which fluidity is completely lost).
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a lithium-air secondary battery manufactured in an example.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the results of a constant current charge / discharge test of the lithium air secondary battery (1).
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the results of a constant current charge / discharge test of the lithium air secondary battery (2).
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the results of a constant current charge / discharge test of a cell using a lithium air secondary battery (2) and a liquid electrolyte (electrolytic solution).
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the results of a constant current charge / discharge test of the lithium-air secondary battery (3).
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the results of a constant current charge / discharge test of the lithium air secondary battery (4).
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a lithium-air secondary battery manufactured in an example.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the results of a constant current charge / discharge test of the lithium air secondary battery (1).
- FIG. 3 is a
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the conductivity of the gel-like solid electrolyte obtained from the AC impedance measurement of the lithium-air secondary battery (4).
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the impedance characteristics of the gel used in the examples.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the results (Arrhenius plot) of AC impedance measurement using the gel solid electrolyte and liquid electrolyte (electrolysis) used in the examples.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the results of alternating current impedance measurement of the gel-like solid electrolyte used in the examples over time.
- FIG. 11 is a figure which shows the result of the constant current charging / discharging test in 0 degreeC of a lithium air secondary battery (4).
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the results of a charge / discharge cycle characteristic test at 0 ° C. of the lithium-air secondary battery (4).
- FIG. 13 is a figure which shows the result of the constant current charging / discharging test of a lithium air secondary battery (5).
- the present invention relates to a lithium-air secondary battery including at least an air electrode as a positive electrode, a negative electrode containing metallic lithium or a lithium-containing substance, and a gel-like solid electrolyte (hereinafter also simply referred to as a gel electrolyte).
- the gel electrolyte includes a solid electrolyte salt, a solvent, a lipid peptide-type agent comprising at least one of the compounds represented by the formulas (1) to (3) or a pharmaceutically usable salt thereof. It is a gel-like solid electrolyte containing.
- the present invention is characterized in that a gel-like solid electrolyte containing a lipid peptide-type gelling agent is used as an electrolyte of a lithium air secondary battery.
- each component will be described.
- Air electrode (positive electrode) As an air electrode used in the lithium air secondary battery of the present invention, an air electrode conventionally proposed as a positive electrode of a lithium air secondary battery can be used.
- a cathode material supported on a carbon material is used. It can be used.
- the positive electrode catalyst is a noble metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, rhodium, palladium, silver and ruthenium, and a group consisting of perovskite oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide and copper oxide. Mention may be made of the metal oxides selected.
- carbon material carbon blacks such as ketjen black (registered trademark) and acetylene black, porous carbon or refined carbon such as activated carbon, graphite, and carbon fiber can be used.
- porous carbon or refined carbon carrying manganese oxide as the positive electrode catalyst.
- the air electrode is formed by pressing a positive electrode material obtained by adding an organic binder to the above-described positive electrode catalyst and a carbon material to a current collector.
- organic binder polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, carbon fiber, or the like can be used.
- current collector stainless mesh, nickel mesh, gold mesh, or the like can be used.
- lithium-containing materials such as metallic lithium or lithium carbon, lithium silicon, lithium aluminum, lithium indium, lithium tin, and lithium nitride can be used. Among these, it is preferable to use metallic lithium as the negative electrode.
- the negative electrode is formed by pressing metal lithium or a lithium-containing substance on a current collector such as a stainless mesh, or by forming the metal lithium or lithium-containing substance into a desired shape such as a plate. Also good.
- the lipid peptide-type gelling agent used for the gel solid electrolyte is a compound (lipid peptide) represented by the following formulas (1) to (3) or a pharmaceutically usable salt thereof (hydrophobic).
- a low molecular weight compound having a lipid part which is a sex part and a peptide part which is a hydrophilic part).
- R 1 represents an aliphatic group having 9 to 23 carbon atoms, and preferably R 1 is a straight chain having 11 to 23 carbon atoms which may have 0 to 2 unsaturated bonds.
- An aliphatic group is desirable.
- Specific examples of the lipid moiety (acyl group) composed of R 1 and an adjacent carbonyl group include lauroyl group, dodecylcarbonyl group, myristoyl group, tetradecylcarbonyl group, palmitoyl group, margaroyl group, oleoyl group, and eridoyl.
- R 2 contained in the peptide part represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a branched chain having 1 or 2 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms that may have a branched chain having 1 or 2 carbon atoms is a branched chain having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the main chain and 1 or 2 carbon atoms.
- Means an alkyl group which may have, and specific examples thereof include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, i-propyl group, n-butyl group, i-butyl group, sec-butyl group or tert-butyl group Etc.
- R 2 is preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which may have a branched chain having 1 carbon atom, and more preferably a hydrogen atom.
- the alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which can have a branched chain having 1 carbon atom is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the main chain and having a branched chain having 1 carbon atom.
- a methyl group an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an i-propyl group, an i-butyl group, or a sec-butyl group, preferably a methyl group, an i-propyl group, An i-butyl group or a sec-butyl group.
- R 3 represents a — (CH 2 ) n—X group.
- n represents a number of 1 to 4
- X is an amino group, a guanidino group, a —CONH 2 group, or a 5-membered cyclic group having 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms.
- X is preferably an amino group, guanidino group, carbamoyl group (—CONH 2 group), pyrrole group, imidazole group, pyrazole group or indole group, and more Preferably it is an imidazole group.
- n is preferably 1 or 2, and more preferably 1.
- the — (CH 2 ) n- group is preferably an aminomethyl group, 2-aminoethyl group, 3-aminopropyl group, 4-aminobutyl group, carbamoylmethyl group, 2-carbamoylethyl group, 3-carbamoyl group.
- a lipid peptide particularly suitable as a lipid peptide-type gelling agent is a compound formed from the following lipid part and peptide part (amino acid assembly part).
- amino acids alanine (Ala), asparagine (Asn), glutamine (Gln), glycine (Gly), histidine (His), isorosine (Ile), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), tryptophan (Trp) ), Valine (Val).
- lauroyl-Gly-His lauroyl-Ala-His-myristoyl-Gly-His, myristoyl-Ala-His; palmitoyl-Gly-His, palmitoyl-Ala-His; stearoyl-Gly-His, stearoyl-Ala -His.
- R 4 represents an aliphatic group having 9 to 23 carbon atoms, and preferred specific examples include the same groups as defined for R 1 above.
- R 5 to R 7 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a branched chain having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, or — ( CH 2 ) nX group, and at least one of R 5 to R 7 represents a — (CH 2 ) nX group.
- n a number of 1 to 4
- X represents an amino group, a guanidino group, a —CONH 2 group, or a 5-membered cyclic group or a 6-membered cyclic group which may have 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, or a 5-membered ring And a condensed heterocyclic group composed of a 6-membered ring.
- R 5 to R 7 include the same groups as defined for R 2 and R 3 above.
- a preferable lipid peptide is a compound formed from the following lipid part and peptide part (amino acid assembly part).
- Myristoyl-Gly-Gly-His Myristoyl-Gly-Gly-Gln, Myristoyl-Gly-Gly-Asn, Myristoyl-Gly-Gly-Trp, Myristoyl-Gly-Gly-Lys, Myristoyl-Gly-Ala-His, Myristoyl-His Gly-Ala-Gln, Myristoyl-Gly-Ala-Asn, Myristoyl-Gly-Ala-Trp, Myristoyl-Gly-Ala-Lys, Myristoyl-Ala-Gly-His, Myristoyl-Ala-Gly-Gln, Myristoyl-Ala- Gly-Asn, Myristoyl-Ala-Gly-Trp, Myristoyl-Ala-Gly-
- lauroyl-Gly-Gly-His myristoyl-Gly-Gly-His, palmitoyl-Gly-Gly-His, palmitoyl-Gly-His-Gly, palmitoyl-His-Gly-Gly, stearoyl -Gly-Gly-His.
- R 8 represents an aliphatic group having 9 to 23 carbon atoms, and preferred specific examples include the same groups as defined for R 1 above.
- R 9 to R 12 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a branched chain having 1 or 2 carbon atoms, or — ( CH 2 ) nX group, and at least one of R 9 to R 12 represents a — (CH 2 ) nX group.
- n a number of 1 to 4
- X represents an amino group, a guanidino group, a —CONH 2 group, or a 5-membered cyclic group or a 6-membered cyclic group which may have 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, or a 5-membered ring And a condensed heterocyclic group composed of a 6-membered ring.
- R 9 to R 12 include the same groups as defined for R 2 and R 3 above.
- particularly preferred lipid peptides include lauroyl-Gly-Gly-Gly-His, myristoyl-Gly-Gly-Gly-His. Palmitoyl-Gly-Gly-Gly-His, Palmitoyl-Gly-Gly-His-Gly, Palmitoyl-Gly-His-Gly-Gly, Palmitoyl-His-Gly-Gly, Palmitoyl-His-Gly-Gly-Gly, Stearoyl-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly Etc.
- the lipid peptide gelling agent used in the present invention comprises at least one of the compounds represented by the above formulas (1) to (3) (lipid peptide) or a pharmaceutically usable salt thereof, and is a gel. These compounds can be used alone or in combination of two or more as the agent.
- the ratio of the lipid peptide type gelling agent is 0.1 to 30% by mass of the total mass of the gel-like solid electrolyte to be obtained, preferably 15 to 20% by mass.
- Solid electrolyte salt used for the gel solid electrolyte in the present invention a solid electrolyte salt that can be used for a lithium ion secondary battery can be used. Specific examples include LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 [alias: LiBETI], LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 [alias: LiTFS], LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ). 2 [Alternative name: LiTFSI] or a mixture thereof.
- the solid electrolyte salt is used in the obtained gel-like solid electrolyte at a concentration of 0.01 to 2 mol / kg, preferably 0.1 to 1 mol / kg.
- the solvent used for the gel-like solid electrolyte is one that dissolves the above-mentioned solid electrolyte salt and also dissolves the above-mentioned lipid peptide type gelling agent and is gelled by the gelling agent. Furthermore, it means a substance that does not react with both the solid electrolyte salt and the gelling agent.
- the ratio of the solvent is 30 to 98% by mass, preferably 60 to 95% by mass, based on the total mass of the gel-like solid electrolyte obtained.
- an organic solvent can be suitably used as the solvent.
- the solvent at least two selected from the group consisting of cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, ether compounds and cyclic carbonates, Specifically, it is a mixed solvent containing a chain carbonate ester and either one of a cyclic carbonate ester or an ether compound, or three kinds including a chain carbonate ester, a cyclic carbonate ester and a cyclic carboxylic acid ester.
- a mixed solvent is preferred.
- Examples of the chain carbonates include dimethyl carbonate (dimethyl carbonate, DMC), diethyl carbonate (diethyl carbonate, DEC), and ethyl methyl carbonate.
- Examples of the cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate (ethylene carbonate), propylene carbonate (propylene carbonate), and vinylene carbonate (vinylene carbonate).
- Examples of the ether compound include 1,2-dimethoxyethane.
- Examples of the cyclic carboxylic acid esters include ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone.
- solvents in addition to the above-mentioned chain and cyclic carbonate ester species, ether compounds and cyclic carboxylic acid esters, other solvents may be included as a third solvent.
- other solvents include N, N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and tetrahydrofuran.
- Protic polar solvent lower aliphatic alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol; ether solvents such as 1,2-diethoxyethane (ethylene glycol diethyl ether); ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methoxybutyl Examples include aliphatic esters or aliphatic ester ether solvents such as acetate, methyl cellosolve acetate, ethyl cellosolve acetate, and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate; and nitrile solvents such as acetonitrile.
- the other solvent is preferably in a proportion of 0 to 50% by mass with respect to the total mass of the solvent.
- solvents specific examples include two mixed solvents of dimethyl carbonate (dimethyl carbonate) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane [a combination of a chain carbonate and an ether compound], diethyl carbonate (diethyl Carbonate) and ethylene carbonate (ethylene carbonate) mixed solvent [combination of chain carbonate ester and cyclic carbonate ester], and ⁇ -butyrolactone, diethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate mixed solvent [cyclic carboxylate ester] And a combination of a chain carbonate ester and a cyclic carbonate ester].
- dimethyl carbonate dimethyl carbonate
- 1,2-dimethoxyethane a combination of a chain carbonate and an ether compound
- diethyl carbonate diethyl Carbonate
- ethylene carbonate ethylene carbonate mixed solvent
- ⁇ -butyrolactone diethyl carbonate
- ethylene carbonate mixed solvent cyclic carboxylate ester
- a suitable example of the combination of the above-mentioned solvent and the above-mentioned solid electrolyte is a combination of a mixed solvent of dimethyl carbonate (dimethyl carbonate) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane and LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ; (Diethyl carbonate) and ethylene carbonate (ethylene carbonate) two mixed solvent and LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 combination; ⁇ -butyrolactone and diethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate three mixed solvent and LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) A combination of 2 is mentioned.
- a preferred blending ratio of the two mixed solvents of dimethyl carbonate (dimethyl carbonate) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane is 10:90 to 90:10 by mass%, more preferably 25:75, most preferably 50:50. Is mentioned.
- a preferable blending ratio of the two mixed solvents of diethyl carbonate (diethyl carbonate) and ethylene carbonate is 10:90 to 90:10 by mass%, more preferably 20:80, and most preferably 25:75.
- Preferred blending ratios of the three mixed solvents of ⁇ -butyrolactone, diethyl carbonate (diethyl carbonate) and ethylene carbonate (ethylene carbonate) are 10% by mass or more of ⁇ -butyrolactone, 10% by mass or more of diethyl carbonate (diethyl carbonate), It is mentioned that the remainder is ethylene carbonate (ethylene carbonate).
- the blending ratio of ⁇ -butyrolactone is preferably limited to 33.3 mass% or less based on the mass of the mixed solvent.
- the preferred blending ratio is 33.3 mass% or less for ⁇ -butyrolactone, 20 mass% or more for diethyl carbonate (diethyl carbonate), and the remainder is ethylene carbonate (ethylene carbonate).
- the most desirable blending ratio is 33.3% for ⁇ -butyrolactone. It is mentioned that 3 mass% or less, diethyl carbonate (diethyl carbonate) is 33.3 mass% or more, and the remainder is ethylene carbonate (ethylene carbonate).
- the gel-like solid electrolyte used in the lithium air secondary battery of the present invention can be obtained by various methods.
- the lipid peptide type gelling agent and the solid electrolyte salt are dissolved by heating in the solvent to obtain a mixture (casting solution).
- the temperature at the time of heat dissolution may be not higher than the boiling point of the solvent used.
- the gel electrolyte can be obtained by, for example, dropping an appropriate amount onto a smooth surface, or pouring the mixture into an appropriate mold, and then cooling the mixture at room temperature or lower and allowing to stand. .
- the solid obtained here was dissolved in a mixed solution of 600 g of water and 750 g of methanol, and 30.5 ml (183.2 mmol) of 6N hydrochloric acid was added thereto for neutralization to precipitate a solid, followed by filtration.
- the obtained solid was dissolved in a mixed solution of 120 g of tetrahydrofuran and 30 g of water at 60 ° C., 150 g of ethyl acetate was added, and the mixture was cooled from 60 ° C. to 30 ° C.
- Example 1 Production and charge / discharge test of lithium air secondary battery (1)
- ⁇ Air electrode: KB / EMD / PTFE 75/15/10 (mass ratio)>
- the air electrode was electrolyzed MnO 2 (EMD) (manufactured by Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd., 1.5 mg), Ketjen Black (registered trademark) (KB) (EC600 JD, Lion Corporation, 7.5 mg), PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene, manufactured by Aldrich, 1.0 mg) was mixed in a mortar, and the resulting pellet (10 mg) was prepared by pressure bonding to a stainless mesh (SUS-3176, manufactured by Nilaco Co., Ltd., ⁇ 28 mm).
- the negative electrode was prepared by pressure-bonding metallic lithium (Honjo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1.0 ⁇ 1.2 cm) to a stainless steel mesh (SUS-3176, manufactured by Niraco Co., Ltd., 1.0 ⁇ 1.2 cm).
- Lithium air secondary battery A lithium-air secondary battery 1 for use in a charge / discharge test to be described later was created using the cell 2 whose one side was opened to the atmosphere (see FIG. 1).
- the negative electrode 3 produced by the above method was installed in the lower part of the cell 2.
- a gel precursor solution was prepared by adding 1.5 g (13%) of (N-palmitoyl-Gly-His), heating to 85 ° C.
- the negative electrode 3 side is used as a counter electrode (CE) and a reference electrode (RE) 7 (the counter electrode also serves as a reference electrode).
- the charge / discharge test was carried out using the air electrode 6 side as a working electrode (WE) (the air electrode also serves as the working electrode).
- the charge / discharge test was performed at a constant current, and the charge / discharge test was performed at 25 ° C. with a charge and discharge current density of 0.1 mA / cm 2 and a voltage range of 2.0 V to 4.0 V.
- the result (4 cycles) of the constant current charging / discharging test of a lithium air secondary battery (1) is shown in FIG.
- the initial charge capacity of the lithium-air secondary battery (1) was 1130 mAh / g, and the capacity value was as high as 750 mAh / g even in the fourth cycle.
- Example 2 Production and charge / discharge test of lithium air secondary battery (2)
- a lithium air secondary battery (2) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composition of the air electrode and the electrolytic solution was changed.
- the air electrode was electrolytic MnO 2 (EMD) (manufactured by Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd., 0.5 mg), Ketjen Black (registered trademark) (KB) (EC600 JD, Lion Corporation, 8.5 mg), PTFE.
- FIG. 3 shows the results (3 cycles) of a constant current charge / discharge test of the lithium-air secondary battery (2).
- the initial discharge capacity of the lithium-air secondary battery (2) and the cell using the electrolyte exceeded 1200 mAh / g, and even in the cell using the gel solid electrolyte
- the results show that a discharge capacity comparable to that of a liquid electrolyte cell can be obtained.
- the flat portion of the potential has a result that the cell using the gel-like solid electrolyte for discharging and charging is slightly lower than the result of the liquid electrolyte cell, This is presumably because the diffusion of lithium ions in the gel is slower than in the liquid.
- FIG. 3 deterioration was recognized regarding the cycle characteristic of the lithium air secondary battery (2) using the gel-like solid electrolyte. This is probably because the contact at the interface between the gel electrolyte, the positive electrode (air electrode) and the negative electrode has decreased, and the increase in resistance on the air electrode side is particularly significant. Improvement of cycle characteristics was expected by improvement of contact with electrolyte.
- Example 3 Production and charge / discharge test of lithium air secondary battery (3)
- a lithium air secondary battery (3) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composition of the air electrode and the electrolytic solution was changed. ⁇ Air electrode> The one used in Example 2 was used.
- FIG. 5 shows the results (3 cycles) of the constant current charge / discharge test of the lithium air secondary battery (3).
- the initial charge / discharge capacity of the lithium-air secondary battery (3) exceeded 1000 mAh / g, and once the capacity decreased in the second cycle, it again exceeded 1000 mAh / g in the third cycle and was high.
- the capacity value is shown.
- a charge / discharge test was further performed, a result that charge / discharge was possible over 10 cycles was obtained. This result shows that by adding ⁇ -butyrolactone to the electrolytic solution used in Example 2, cycle characteristics in which deterioration was observed in Example 2 can be improved.
- Example 4 Production of lithium-air secondary battery (4), charge / discharge test including long-term downtime, and AC impedance measurement
- a lithium air secondary battery (4) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composition of the air electrode and the electrolytic solution was changed.
- Air electrode> The one used in Example 2 was used.
- Electrode> The one used in Example 3 was used.
- FIG. 6 shows the results (3 cycles) of the constant current charge / discharge test of the lithium air secondary battery (4)
- FIG. 7 shows the conductivity of the gel-like solid electrolyte after discharge obtained from the AC impedance measurement.
- Example 5 Impedance characteristics of gel used for gelled solid electrolyte
- impedance characteristics were evaluated for two types of gels used as gel-like solid electrolytes.
- the AC impedance measurement was performed at 25 ° C., and the equipment used was a Solartron electrochemical analyzer Solartron 1280 + 1267. The obtained result is shown in FIG.
- the value of conductivity is improved and used in Example 3 where EC: DEC: GBL was used at a mass ratio of 1: 1: 1.
- the result of excellent charge / discharge cycle characteristics in the lithium-air secondary battery of Example 3 described above suggests that the improvement in gel conductivity due to the addition of GBL or the like contributes. Results were obtained.
- Example 6 Impedance characteristics (temperature dependence) of gel and electrolyte used for gelled solid electrolyte]
- AC impedance measurement was performed.
- the AC impedance measurement was carried out in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the measurement temperature was changed in the temperature range of ⁇ 20 ° C. to 50 ° C. in various ways.
- Example 3 For comparison, the electrolyte solution used in Example 3 is the same as described above except that the lipid peptide type gelling agent is not added in Synthesis Example 1 and gelation is not performed (the electrolyte solution (liquid state) remains).
- the AC impedance measurement was carried out according to the procedure. The obtained results (Arrhenius plot) are shown in FIG.
- the active energy Ea obtained from the Arrhenius plot shown in FIG. 9 was 0.155 (eV) in the gel-like solid electrolyte and 0.149 (eV) in the electrolytic solution.
- the conductivity decreases when gelled, but in the gel obtained using the lipid peptide type gelling agent defined in the present invention, the gel As a result, the conductivity was almost the same as that of the electrolytic solution.
- the conductivity at a low temperature which is a problem with gel electrolytes, is extremely high, and the result that it can be used even at -20 ° C. was obtained.
- Example 7 Impedance characteristics of gel used for gelled solid electrolyte (change with time)]
- the gel-like solid electrolyte used in Example 6 was measured except that AC impedance was measured over time from the preparation of the gel-like solid electrolyte (1st day) to the end of 30 days, and the measurement temperature was 25 ° C. AC impedance measurement was performed under the conditions. The obtained results are shown in FIG. 10 as the elapsed time (days) on the horizontal axis and the interfacial resistance value between the lithium metal (electrode) and the gel electrolyte obtained from AC impedance measurement on the vertical axis.
- Example 8 Manufacture of lithium-air secondary battery (4), charge / discharge test and AC impedance measurement at 0 ° C
- a lithium air secondary battery (4) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composition of the air electrode and the electrolytic solution was changed.
- Air electrode> The one used in Example 2 was used.
- Electrode> The one used in Example 3 was used.
- the charge / discharge voltage and the decrease in its capacity were less than those at room temperature.
- cooling to 0 ° C. causes a drastic decrease in the electrical conductivity, and the charge / discharge function of the secondary battery is usually lost.
- the electrolyte gel of the present invention has a temperature of 0 ° C.
- the cycle characteristics also functioned equivalently to those at room temperature.
- Example 9 Production and charge / discharge test of lithium-air secondary battery (5)
- a lithium air secondary battery (5) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composition of the air electrode and the electrolytic solution was changed. ⁇ Air electrode> The one used in Example 2 was used.
- FIG. 13 shows the results (3 cycles) of a constant current charge / discharge test of the lithium-air secondary battery (5). As shown in FIG. 13, the result which the charging / discharging capacity
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Abstract
Description
また、特許文献2では、電解液として、溶質に1mol/Lの六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を用い、有機溶媒に炭酸エチレン(エチレンカーボネート)と炭酸ジエチル(ジエチルカーボネート)の混合溶媒を用いてリチウム空気電池を作製し、評価を行っている。
いずれの文献でも、作製されたリチウム空気電池は、一般的なリチウムイオン電池と比較して、非常に大きな放電容量が得られている。
このような問題に対して、特許文献3では電解液を使用せずに、リチウムイオン伝導性固体電解質を用いたリチウム空気電池が提案されている。しかし、このリチウム空気電池は95℃という比較的高い温度でしか作動させることができていない。
しかしながら、この方式では負極側(有機溶媒系)、空気極側(水溶液系)の電解液を別々に調製する必要があることや、各々をリチウムイオン固体電解質で仕切る必要があることから、電池製造の複雑化が懸念されるとともに、水溶液が空気極の電極活物質となるため、容量が制約される。
またこの課題に対して改善方法も提案されているものの、動作条件や電池容量が限定されるなど満足な結果が得られておらず、新たな検討が必要とされていた。
前記ゲル状の固体電解質は、固体電解質塩と、溶媒と、下記式(1)乃至式(3):
(式中、R1は炭素原子数9乃至23の脂肪族基を表し、R2は水素原子、又は炭素原子数1若しくは2の分枝鎖を有し得る炭素原子数1乃至4のアルキル基を表し、R3は-(CH2)n-X基を表し、nは1乃至4の数を表し、Xはアミノ基、グアニジノ基、-CONH2基、又は窒素原子を1乃至3個有し得る5員環若しくは6員環又は5員環と6員環から構成される縮合複素環を表す。)
(式中、R8は炭素原子数9乃至23の脂肪族基を表し、R9乃至R12はそれぞれ独立して水素原子、炭素原子数1若しくは2の分枝鎖を有し得る炭素原子数1乃至4のアルキル基、又は-(CH2)n-X基を表し、nは1乃至4の数を表し、Xはアミノ基、グアニジノ基、-CONH2基、又は窒素原子を1乃至3個有し得る5員環若しくは6員環又は5員環と6員環から構成される縮合複素環を表す。)で表される化合物又はその薬学的に使用可能な塩のうちの少なくとも一種からなる脂質ペプチド型ゲル化剤とを含むことを特徴とする、
リチウム空気二次電池に関する。
第2観点として、前記ゲル状の固体電解質に含まれる溶媒が、鎖状炭酸エステルと、環状炭酸エステル類又はエーテル化合物の何れか一方を含むことを特徴とする、第1観点に記載のリチウム空気二次電池に関する。
第3観点として、前記鎖状炭酸エステル類が、炭酸ジメチル、炭酸ジエチル及び炭酸エチルメチルからなる群から選択される、第2観点に記載のリチウム空気二次電池に関する。
第4観点として、前記環状炭酸エステル類が、エチレンカーボネート又はプロピレンカーボネートである、第2観点に記載のリチウム空気二次電池に関する。
第5観点として、前記エーテル化合物が、1,2-ジメトキシエタンである、第2観点に記載のリチウム空気二次電池に関する。
第6観点として、前記ゲル状の固体電解質に含まれる溶媒が、鎖状炭酸エステル類、環状炭酸エステル類及び環状カルボン酸エステル類を含むことを特徴とする、第1観点に記載のリチウム空気二次電池に関する。
第7観点として、前記環状カルボン酸エステル類が、γ-ブチロラクトンである、第6観点に記載のリチウム空気二次電池に関する。
第8観点として、前記空気極が、白金、ロジウム、パラジウム、銀及びルテニウムからなる群から選択される貴金属、並びに、ペロブスカイト酸化物、マンガン酸化物、コバルト酸化物、酸化ニッケル、酸化鉄及び酸化銅からなる群から選択される金属酸化物のうちの少なくとも一種を触媒として担持させた多孔質カーボン或いは微細化カーボンを備えて構成されることを特徴とする、第1観点乃至第7観点のうち何れか一項に記載のリチウム空気二次電池に関する。
第9観点として、前記空気極が、マンガン酸化物を担持させた多孔質カーボンを備えて構成されることを特徴とする、第8観点に記載のリチウム空気二次電池に関する。
第10観点として、前記負極が、金属リチウムであることを特徴とする、第1観点乃至第9観点のうち何れか一項に記載のリチウム空気二次電池に関する。
第11観点として、前記ゲル状の固体電解質に含まれる固体電解質塩は、リチウムイオン二次電池に使用可能な固体電解質塩からなることを特徴とする、第1観点乃至第10観点のうち何れか一項に記載のリチウム空気二次電池に関する。
第12観点として、前記固体電解質塩は、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3、LiN(SO2CF3)2、及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される、第11観点に記載のリチウム空気二次電池に関する。
また本発明のリチウム空気二次電池は、電解質としてゲル状の固体電解質を用いていることから、電解液の外部への液漏れや揮発、電極物質(負極)の腐食を抑制できる。また電解質として用いたゲル状の固体電解質は、ゲル化剤である脂質ペプチドが系内で強固なネットワークを形成しており、これにより、空気極からの水分の混入を抑制できる。
そして前記脂質ペプチド型ゲル化剤はその骨格内に極性基であるアミノ基やカルボキシル基を有しているため、リチウムイオンと相互作用でき、それにより、電解質中でのリチウムイオンの解離、及びリチウムイオンの伝導を助長することができるため、ゲル化した状態(流動性が全く失われた状態)であっても、十分なリチウムイオン伝導能が発現できる。
特に本発明は、リチウム空気二次電池の電解質として、脂質ペプチド型ゲル化剤を含むゲル状の固体電解質を用いていることを大きな特徴とする。
以下、各構成成分について説明する。
本発明のリチウム空気二次電池において用いる空気極としては、従来よりリチウム空気二次電池の正極として提案された空気極を使用可能であり、例えば、正極用触媒をカーボン材料に担持させたものを使用可能である。
前記正極用触媒としては、白金、ロジウム、パラジウム、銀及びルテニウムからなる群から選択される貴金属並びに、ペロブスカイト酸化物、マンガン酸化物、コバルト酸化物、酸化ニッケル、酸化鉄及び酸化銅からなる群から選択される金属酸化物を挙げることができる。
また、カーボン材料としては、ケッチェンブラック(登録商標)、アセチレンブラックなどのカーボンブラック類、活性炭、グラファイト、カーボン繊維などの、多孔質カーボン又は微細化カーボンを用いることができる。
ここで用いる有機バインダとしては、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、及び炭素繊維等を使用可能であり、集電体としては、ステンレスメッシュ、ニッケルメッシュ、金メッシュ等を用いることができる。
本発明のリチウム空気二次電池において用いる負極としては、金属リチウム、又は、リチウムカーボン、リチウムシリコン、リチウムアルミニウム、リチウムインジウム、リチウム錫、窒化リチウム等のリチウム含有物質を用いることが出来る。
中でも、負極として金属リチウムを用いることが好ましい。
<脂質ペプチド型ゲル化剤>
本発明においてゲル状の固体電解質に用いられる脂質ペプチド型ゲル化剤としては、下記式(1)乃至式(3)で表される化合物(脂質ペプチド)又はその薬学的に使用可能な塩(疎水性部位である脂質部と親水性部位であるペプチド部とを有する低分子化合物)を用いることができる。
R1は及び隣接するカルボニル基で構成される脂質部(アシル基)の具体例としては、ラウロイル基、ドデシルカルボニル基、ミリストイル基、テトラデシルカルボニル基、パルミトイル基、マルガロイル基、オレオイル基、エライドイル基、リノレオイル基、ステアロイル基、バクセノイル基、オクタデシルカルボニル基、アラキドイル基、エイコシルカルボニル基、ベヘノイル基、エルカノイル基、ドコシルカルボニル基、リグノセイル基、ネルボノイル基等を挙げることができ、特に好ましいものとして、ラウロイル基、ミリストイル基、パルミトイル基、マルガロイル基、ステアロイル基、オレオイル基、エライドイル基及びベヘノイル基が挙げられる。
上記炭素原子数1若しくは2の分岐鎖を有し得る炭素原子数1乃至4のアルキル基とは、主鎖の炭素原子数が1乃至4であり、かつ炭素原子数1若しくは2の分岐鎖を有し得るアルキル基を意味し、その具体例としては、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、i-プロピル基、n-ブチル基、i-ブチル基、sec-ブチル基又はtert-ブチル基などが挙げられる。
炭素原子数1の分岐鎖を有し得る炭素原子数1乃至3のアルキル基とは、主鎖の炭素原子数が1乃至3であり、かつ炭素原子数1の分岐鎖を有し得るアルキル基を意味し、その具体例としては、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、i-プロピル基、i-ブチル基又はsec-ブチル基などが挙げられ、好ましくはメチル基、i-プロピル基、i-ブチル基又はsec-ブチル基である。
上記R3を表す-(CH2)n-X基において、Xは好ましくはアミノ基、グアニジノ基、カルバモイル基(-CONH2基)、ピロール基、イミダゾール基、ピラゾール基又はインドール基であり、より好ましくはイミダゾール基である。また、上記-(CH2)n-X基において、nは好ましくは1又は2であり、より好ましくは1である。
従って、上記-(CH2)n-基は、好ましくはアミノメチル基、2-アミノエチル基、3-アミノプロピル基、4-アミノブチル基、カルバモイルメチル基、2-カルバモイルエチル基、3-カルバモイルブチル基、2-グアニジノエチル基、3-グアニジノブチル基、ピロールメチル基、4-イミダゾールメチル基、ピラゾールメチル基、又は3-インドールメチル基を表し、より好ましくは4-アミノブチル基、カルバモイルメチル基、2-カルバモイルエチル基、3-グアニジノブチル基、4-イミダゾールメチル基又は3-インドールメチル基を表し、さらに好ましくは4-イミダゾールメチル基である。
上記式(2)において、R4は炭素原子数9乃至23の脂肪族基を表し、好ましい具体例としては、前出のR1で定義したものと同じ基が挙げられる。
上記式(2)において、R5乃至R7は、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、又は炭素原子数1若しくは2の分枝鎖を有し得る炭素原子数1乃至4のアルキル基、又は-(CH2)n-X基を表し、且つR5乃至R7のうち少なくとも一つ以上が-(CH2)n-X基を表す。nは1乃至4の数を表し、Xはアミノ基、グアニジノ基、-CONH2基、又は窒素原子を1乃至3個有し得る5員環式基若しくは6員環式基、又は5員環と6員環から構成される縮合複素環式基を表す。ここでR5乃至R7の好ましい具体例としては、前出のR2及びR3で定義したものと同じ基が挙げられる。
上記式(3)において、R9乃至R12は、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、又は炭素原子数1若しくは2の分枝鎖を有し得る炭素原子数1乃至4のアルキル基、又は-(CH2)n-X基を表し、且つR9乃至R12のうち少なくとも一つ以上が-(CH2)n-X基を表す。nは1乃至4の数を表し、Xはアミノ基、グアニジノ基、-CONH2基、又は窒素原子を1乃至3個有し得る5員環式基若しくは6員環式基、又は5員環と6員環から構成される縮合複素環式基を表す。ここでR9乃至R12の好ましい具体例としては、前出のR2及びR3で定義したものと同じ基が挙げられる。
したがって上記式(3)で表される化合物において、好適な脂質ペプチド型ゲル化剤として、特に好適な脂質ペプチドとしては、ラウロイル-Gly-Gly-Gly-His、ミリストイル-Gly-Gly-Gly-His、パルミトイル-Gly-Gly-Gly-His、パルミトイル-Gly-Gly-His-Gly、パルミトイル-Gly-His-Gly-Gly、パルミトイル-His-Gly-Gly-Gly、ステアロイル-Gly-Gly-Gly-His等が挙げられる。
本発明においてゲル状の固体電解質に用いられる固体電解質塩としては、リチウムイオン二次電池に使用可能な固体電解質塩が使用できる。具体例としては、LiN(SO2C2F5)2[別名:LiBETI]、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3[別名:LiTFS]、LiN(SO2CF3)2[別名:LiTFSI]等やこれらの混合物が挙げられる。
本発明におけるゲル状の固体電解質において、固体電解質塩は、得られるゲル状の固体電解質に0.01乃至2mol/kg、好ましくは、0.1乃至1mol/kgの濃度で用いられる。
本発明においてゲル状の固体電解質に用いられる溶媒とは、前述の固体電解質塩を溶解すると共に前述の脂質ペプチド型ゲル化剤をも溶解し、且つ、該ゲル化剤によってゲル化されるものであり、更に該固体電解質塩とゲル化剤の両者と反応することがないものを意味する。
本発明におけるゲル状の固体電解質において、溶媒の割合は、得られるゲル状の固体電解質の総質量の30乃至98質量%、好ましくは、60乃至95質量%である。
前記環状炭酸エステル類としては、例えば炭酸エチレン(エチレンカーボネート)、炭酸プロピレン(プロピレンカーボネート)、炭酸ビニレン(ビニレンカーボネート)等が挙げられる
前記エーテル化合物としては、1,2-ジメトキシエタン等が挙げられる。
また前記環状カルボン酸エステル類としては、例えばγ-ブチロラクトン、γ-バレロラクトン等が挙げられる。
このようなその他の溶媒としては、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、1,3-ジメチル-2-イミダゾリジノン、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン、テトラヒドロフラン等の非プロトン性極性溶媒;メタノール、エタノール、n-プロパノール、イソプロパノール等の低級脂肪族アルコール系溶媒;1,2-ジエトキシエタン(エチレングリコールジエチルエーテル)等のエーテル系溶媒;酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル、メトキシブチルアセテート、メチルセロソルブアセテート、エチルセロソルブアセテート、プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテルアセテート等の脂肪族エステル又は脂肪族エステルエーテル系溶媒;そして、アセトニトリル等のニトリル系溶媒が挙げられる。
その他溶媒は、溶媒全体の質量に対して0~50質量%の割合であることが好ましい。
また、該混合溶媒にあっては、サイクル特性を考慮して、γ-ブチロラクトンの配合割合は該混合溶媒の質量に基づいて33.3質量%以下に制限することが好ましい。
好ましい配合割合は、γ-ブチロラクトンが33.3質量%以下、炭酸ジエチル(ジエチルカーボネート)が20質量%以上、残りが炭酸エチレン(エチレンカーボネート)であり、最も好ましい配合割合はγ-ブチロラクトンが33.3質量%以下、炭酸ジエチル(ジエチルカーボネート)が33.3質量%以上、残りが炭酸エチレン(エチレンカーボネート)であることが挙げられる。
本発明のリチウム空気二次電池で用いるゲル状の固体電解質は、種々の方法によって得ることができる。たとえば、前記脂質ペプチド型ゲル化剤と前記固体電解質塩を前記溶媒に加熱溶解し、混合物(キャスティング液)を得る。加熱溶解時の温度は、使用する溶媒の沸点以下であればよい。
次のこの混合物を、必要に応じて、例えば平滑な面に適当量を滴下、或いは、適当な型に注入した後、室温以下で冷却し、静置することにより、ゲル電解質を得ることができる。
本実施例において、ゲル化剤として用いた脂質ペプチドは、以下に示す方法で合成した。
500mLの4つ口フラスコに、ヒスチジン14.2g(91.6mmol)、N-パルミトイル-Gly-メチル30.0g(91.6mmol)、トルエン300gを投入し、塩基であるナトリウムメトキサイド 28%メタノール溶液35.3g(183.2mmol)を加え、油浴で60℃に加熱し1時間攪拌を続けた。その後、油浴を外し、25℃まで放冷し、この溶液をアセトン600gで再沈殿させ、濾取した。ここで得られた固体を、水600gとメタノール750gの混合溶液に溶解し、ここに6規定塩酸30.5ml(183.2mmol)を加えて中和し固体を析出させ、ろ過した。次に、得られた固体をテトラヒドロフラン120gと水30gの混合液に60℃で溶解させ、酢酸エチル150gを加え、60℃から30℃まで冷却した。その後、析出した固体をろ過した。さらに得られた固体を、テトラヒドロフラン120gとアセトニトリル60g溶剤中に溶解し、60℃に加熱し、1時間攪拌した後に冷却し、ろ過した。ここで得られた固体を水120gで洗浄し、ろ過後に減圧乾燥を行いN-パルミトイル-Gly-Hisフリー体(以下、単にN-パルミトイル-Gly-Hisとも称する)の白色の結晶、26.9g(収率65%)を得た。
<空気極:KB/EMD/PTFE=75/15/10(質量比)>
空気極を、電解MnO2(EMD)(株式会社高純度化学研究所製、1.5mg)、ケッチェンブラック(登録商標)(KB)(EC600 JD、ライオン株式会社製、7.5mg)、PTFE(ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、アルドリッチ社製、1.0mg)を乳鉢で混合後、得られたペレット(10mg)をステンレスメッシュ(SUS-3176、株式会社ニラコ製、φ28mm)に圧着することによって作製した。
<負極>
負極を、金属リチウム(本荘ケミカル株式会社、1.0×1.2cm)をステンレスメッシュ(SUS-3176、株式会社ニラコ製、1.0×1.2cm)に圧着することによって作製した。
<電解液>
ジメチルカーボネート(DMC、キシダ化学株式会社、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用有機溶媒、5.0g)と1,2-ジメトキシエタン(DME、キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用有機溶媒、5.0g)を混合した後、この混合溶媒にLiN(SO2CF3)2(キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用電解質、2.9g)溶解させることにより、電解液(1M LiN(SO2CF3)2 DMC:DME=50:50(wt%)溶液)を調製した。
片側が大気開放されたセル2を用いて、後述する充放電試験に供するリチウム空気二次電池1を作成した(図1参照)。
まず、上記の方法で作製した負極3をセル2の下部に設置した。
次に、上記方法で調製した電解液(1M LiN(SO2CF3)2 DMC:DME=50:50(wt%)溶液)10.0gに、合成例1で調製した脂質ペプチド型ゲル化剤(N-パルミトイル-Gly-His)1.5g(13%)を添加し、85℃に加熱、溶解することでゲル前駆体溶液を作製し、このゲル前躯体溶液を負極3が設置されたセル2内に添加した。このゲル前躯体溶液は、室温に冷却することでゲル化し、ゲル状の固体電解質4となった。
このゲル状の固体電解質3の上部に、上記電解液に1晩浸したセパレータ5(ガラスフィルター、アドバンテックGA-100)を2枚設置し、その上部に上記の方法で作製した空気極6を設置した。
設置した空気極6の上部に空気を取り込むための穴が開いたステンレス製の穴あき蓋8を設置し、リチウム空気二次電池(1)とした。
図1に示すように、作製したリチウム空気二次電池(1)において、負極3側を対極(CE:counter electrode)及び参照極(RE:reference electrode)7(対極は参照極を兼ねる)として、空気極6側を作用極(WE:working electrode)(空気極は作用極を兼ねる)として、充放電試験を実施した。
充放電試験を定電流で実施し、充電および放電電流密度0.1mA/cm2、電圧範囲2.0V~4.0Vとして25℃で充放電試験を行った。
図2にリチウム空気二次電池(1)の定電流充放電試験の結果(4サイクル)を示す。
空気極及び電解液の組成を変更した以外は実施例1と同様の方法でリチウム空気二次電池(2)を作製した。
<空気極:KB/EMD/PTFE=85/5/10(質量比)>
空気極を、電解MnO2(EMD)(株式会社高純度化学研究所製、0.5mg)、ケッチェンブラック(登録商標)(KB)(EC600 JD、ライオン株式会社製、8.5mg)、PTFE(ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、アルドリッチ社製、1.0mg)を乳鉢で混合後、得られたペレット(10mg)をステンレスメッシュ(SUS-3176、株式会社ニラコ製、φ28mm)に圧着することによって作製した。
<電解液>
ジエチルカーボネート(DEC、キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用有機溶媒、2.5g)とエチレンカーボネート(EC、キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用有機溶媒、7.5g)を混合した後、この混合溶媒にLiN(SO2CF3)2(キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用電解質、2.3g)を溶解させることにより、電解液(1M LiN(SO2CF3)2 DEC:EC=25:75(wt%))を調製した。
充放電試験を定電流で実施し、充電および放電電流0.1mA/cm2、電圧範囲2.0V~4.5Vとして充放電試験を行った。
図3にリチウム空気二次電池(2)の定電流充放電試験の結果(3サイクル)を示す。
また図4には、ゲル状の固体電解質の代わりに上記電解液(1M LiN(SO2CF3)2 DEC:EC=25:75(wt%))をそのまま(ゲル化させずに)使用したリチウム空気二次電池を作製し、充電および放電電流密度0.2mA/cm2として行った初回の充放電試験結果を併せて示す。
なお図4に示すように、電位の平坦部は、放電及び充電ともにゲル状の固体電解質を用いたセルが、液状電解質のセルの結果と比べ、わずかに低くなるとする結果となっているが、これはゲル内では液体内に比べてのリチウムイオンの拡散が遅いためと推定される。
但し、図3に示すように、ゲル状の固体電解質を用いたリチウム空気二次電池(2)のサイクル特性に関しては劣化が認められた。この要因として、ゲル電解質と正極(空気極)及び負極との界面における接触が低下し、特に空気極側での抵抗の増加が顕著であったことに起因するものとみられ、空気極側のゲル電解質との接触の改良によってサイクル特性の向上が期待される結果となった。
空気極及び電解液の組成を変更した以外は実施例1と同様の方法でリチウム空気二次電池(3)を作製した。
<空気極>
実施例2で使用したものを用いた。
<電解液>
γ-ブチロラクトン(GBL、キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用有機溶媒、3.3g)とDEC(キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用有機溶媒、3.3g)、EC(キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用有機溶媒、3.3g)を混合した後、この混合溶媒にLiN(SO2CF3)2(キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用電解質、2.9g)溶解させることにより、電解液(1M LiN(SO2CF3)2 GBL:DEC:EC=1:1:1(質量比))を調製した。
充放電試験は定電流で実施し、充電および放電電流密度0.1mA/cm2、電圧範囲2.0V~4.5Vとして充放電試験を行った。
図5にリチウム空気二次電池(3)の定電流充放電試験の結果(3サイクル)を示す。
本結果は、実施例2で用いた電解液にγ-ブチロラクトンを添加することにより、実施例2では劣化が認められたサイクル特性を改善できる点を示すものであった。
空気極及び電解液の組成を変更した以外は実施例1と同様の方法でリチウム空気二次電池(4)を作製した。
<空気極>
実施例2で使用したものを用いた。
<電解液>
実施例3で使用したものを用いた。
充放電試験は定電流で実施し、充電および放電電流密度0.1mA/cm2、電圧範囲2.0V~4.5Vとした。
但し、充放電後にそれぞれ長期休止時間を設け、すなわち放電終了後に2.5Vで24時間静止、充電終了後に4.3Vで24時間静止させた。
また、放電終了後に交流インピーダンス測定(測定機器 Solartron社製 電気化学アナライザー Solartron 1280+1267)を実施した。
図6にリチウム空気二次電池(4)の定電流充放電試験の結果(3サイクル)を、図7に交流インピーダンス測定から得られた放電後のゲル状の固体電解質の伝導度を示す。
また、図7に示すように、3サイクルの放電後のゲル電解質の伝導度の変化が少なく数値が安定しており、充放電後の長期休止時間を設けることによりゲル電解質の安定性向上し、これがリチウム空気電池のサイクル特性の向上に繋がることが示唆される結果となった。
実施例2及び実施例3で製造したリチウム空気二次電池(2)乃至(3)において、ゲル状の固体電解質として用いた2種のゲルについて、インピーダンス特性を評価した。
また、実施例3で使用したゲル状の固体電解質において、使用した電解液に変えて、ECの添加量を変化させた電解液(1M LiN(SO2CF3)2 GBL:DEC:EC=1:1:3(質量比))を用いたゲルを作成し、上述のゲルと併せてインピーダンス特性を実施した。交流インピーダンス測定は25℃で実施し、使用機器はSolartron社製 電気化学アナライザー Solartron 1280+1267を用いた。
得られた結果を図8に示す。
一方、電解液にGBLを添加し、さらにDECの割合を増加させることにより、伝導度の値は向上し、EC:DEC:GBLを質量比で1:1:1で使用した実施例3で用いたゲルにおいては、室温の伝導度はlog(σ/Scm-1)=-1.7程度と良好な伝導度を示した。すなわち、前述に示した実施例3のリチウム空気二次電池における充放電のサイクル特性に優れるという結果は、GBLの添加等によるゲルの伝導度の向上が一因となっていることが示唆される結果が得られた。
実施例3で製造したゲル状の固体電解質(電解液(1M LiN(SO2CF3)2 GBL:DEC:EC=1:1:1(質量比))を用いて、交流インピーダンス測定を実施した。交流インピーダンス測定については、測定温度を-20℃~50℃の温度範囲で種々に変化させて実施した以外は実施例5と同様の方法で実施した。
また比較として、実施例3で用いた電解液において合成例1で脂質ペプチド型ゲル化剤を添加せず、ゲル化を行わない(電解液(液状)のままとする)以外は、上記と同様の手順で交流インピーダンス測定を実施した。
得られた結果(アレニウスプロット)をそれぞれ図9に示す。
すなわち、通常、従来提案されているゲル化剤を用いたゲル電解質では、ゲル化すると伝導度は低下するとされるものの、本発明で規定する脂質ペプチド型ゲル化剤を用いて得たゲルではゲル化しても電解液と同程度の伝導度を示すとする結果となった。また、ゲル電解質で課題とされる低温での伝導度も極めて高く、-20℃でも使用することができるとする結果が得られた。
ゲル状の固体電解質作製後(1日目)から30日経過後まで経時的に交流インピーダンス測定を実施し、測定温度を25℃とした以外は、実施例6で用いたゲル状の固体電解質、測定条件にて交流インピーダンス測定を実施した。
得られた結果を、横軸に経過時間(日数)、縦軸に交流インピーダンス測定より得られた金属リチウム(電極)とゲル電解質の界面抵抗値として図10に示す。
空気極及び電解液の組成を変更した以外は実施例1と同様の方法でリチウム空気二次電池(4)を作製した。
<空気極>
実施例2で使用したものを用いた。
<電解液>
実施例3で使用したものを用いた。
充放電試験は定電流で実施し、充電および放電電流密度0.1mA/cm2、電圧範囲2.0V~4.5Vとした。その時、リチウム空気二次電池を0℃に、冷却して行った。
但し、充放電後にそれぞれ長期休止時間を設け、すなわち放電終了後に2.5Vで24時間静止、充電終了後に4.3Vで24時間静止させた。
また、放電終了後に交流インピーダンス測定(測定機器 Solartron社製 電気化学アナライザー Solartron 1280+1267)を実施した。
図11にリチウム空気二次電池(4)の定電流充放電試験の結果(3サイクル)を、図12に充放電のサイクル特性試験結果を示す。
また、図12に示すように、そのサイクル特性も室温時と同等に機能する結果となった。
空気極及び電解液の組成を変更した以外は実施例1と同様の方法でリチウム空気二次電池(5)を作製した。
<空気極>
実施例2で使用したものを用いた。
<電解液>
γ-ブチロラクトン(GBL、キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用有機溶媒、3.3g)とDEC(キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用有機溶媒、4.4g)、EC(キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用有機溶媒、2.2g)を混合した後、この混合溶媒にLiN(SO2CF3)2(キシダ化学株式会社製、リチウム一次・二次・ポリマー電池&リチウムイオンキャパシタ用電解質、2.9g)溶解させることにより、電解液(1M LiN(SO2CF3)2 GBL:DEC:EC=1.5:2:1(質量比))を調製した。
充放電試験は定電流で実施し、充電および放電電流密度0.1mA/cm2、電圧範囲2.0V~4.5Vとして充放電試験を行った。
図13にリチウム空気二次電池(5)の定電流充放電試験の結果(3サイクル)を示す。
図13に示すように、リチウム空気二次電池(5)の充放電容量が向上する結果が得られた。
2・・・セル
3・・・負極
4・・・ゲル状の固体電解質
5・・・セパレータ
6・・・空気極(作用極を兼ねる)
7・・・対極(参照極を兼ねる)
8・・・穴あき蓋
Claims (12)
- 空気極と、金属リチウム又はリチウム含有物質を含む負極と、ゲル状の固体電解質とを備えるリチウム空気二次電池であって、
前記ゲル状の固体電解質は、固体電解質塩と、溶媒と、下記式(1)乃至式(3):
リチウム空気二次電池。 - 前記ゲル状の固体電解質に含まれる溶媒が、鎖状炭酸エステルと、環状炭酸エステル類又はエーテル化合物の何れか一方を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のリチウム空気二次電池。
- 前記鎖状炭酸エステル類が、炭酸ジメチル、炭酸ジエチル及び炭酸エチルメチルからなる群から選択される、請求項2に記載のリチウム空気二次電池。
- 前記環状炭酸エステル類が、エチレンカーボネート又はプロピレンカーボネートである、請求項2に記載のリチウム空気二次電池。
- 前記エーテル化合物が、1,2-ジメトキシエタンである、請求項2に記載のリチウム空気二次電池。
- 前記ゲル状の固体電解質に含まれる溶媒が、鎖状炭酸エステル類、環状炭酸エステル類及び環状カルボン酸エステル類を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のリチウム空気二次電池。
- 前記環状カルボン酸エステル類が、γ-ブチロラクトンである、請求項6に記載のリチウム空気二次電池。
- 前記空気極が、白金、ロジウム、パラジウム、銀及びルテニウムからなる群から選択される貴金属、並びに、ペロブスカイト酸化物、マンガン酸化物、コバルト酸化物、酸化ニッケル、酸化鉄及び酸化銅からなる群から選択される金属酸化物のうちの少なくとも一種を触媒として担持させた多孔質カーボン或いは微細化カーボンを備えて構成されることを特徴とする、請求項1乃至請求項7のうち何れか一項に記載のリチウム空気二次電池。
- 前記空気極が、マンガン酸化物を担持させた多孔質カーボンを備えて構成されることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載のリチウム空気二次電池。
- 前記負極が、金属リチウムであることを特徴とする、請求項1乃至請求項9のうち何れか一項に記載のリチウム空気二次電池。
- 前記ゲル状の固体電解質に含まれる固体電解質塩は、リチウムイオン二次電池に使用可能な固体電解質塩からなることを特徴とする、請求項1乃至請求項10のうち何れか一項に記載のリチウム空気二次電池。
- 前記固体電解質塩は、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3、LiN(SO2CF3)2、及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される、請求項11に記載のリチウム空気二次電池。
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CN103515676A (zh) * | 2013-09-29 | 2014-01-15 | 吉林大学 | 全固态可分离式铝空气电池 |
CN104659375A (zh) * | 2015-02-09 | 2015-05-27 | 华中科技大学 | 一种导电凝胶颗粒构成的空气正极及其锂空气电池 |
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KR101720105B1 (ko) | 2015-05-08 | 2017-03-28 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 질화처리된 고체 전해질, 그 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 하이브리드 리튬 전지 |
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CN106601979A (zh) * | 2016-12-08 | 2017-04-26 | 德阳九鼎智远知识产权运营有限公司 | 一种二次电池负极 |
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US9431689B2 (en) | 2016-08-30 |
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