WO2009123269A1 - 高分子化合物、該高分子化合物を架橋させてなる網目状高分子化合物、有機電界発光素子用組成物、有機電界発光素子、有機elディスプレイ及び有機el照明 - Google Patents
高分子化合物、該高分子化合物を架橋させてなる網目状高分子化合物、有機電界発光素子用組成物、有機電界発光素子、有機elディスプレイ及び有機el照明 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009123269A1 WO2009123269A1 PCT/JP2009/056829 JP2009056829W WO2009123269A1 WO 2009123269 A1 WO2009123269 A1 WO 2009123269A1 JP 2009056829 W JP2009056829 W JP 2009056829W WO 2009123269 A1 WO2009123269 A1 WO 2009123269A1
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- 125000006615 aromatic heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 63
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000005401 electroluminescence Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- UMIVXZPTRXBADB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzocyclobutene Chemical group C1=CC=C2CCC2=C1 UMIVXZPTRXBADB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 5
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Natural products CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 245
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- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 77
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- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
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- HQJQYILBCQPYBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromo-4-(4-bromophenyl)benzene Chemical group C1=CC(Br)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(Br)C=C1 HQJQYILBCQPYBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
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- LNAMMBFJMYMQTO-FNEBRGMMSA-N chloroform;(1e,4e)-1,5-diphenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one;palladium Chemical compound [Pd].[Pd].ClC(Cl)Cl.C=1C=CC=CC=1\C=C\C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1\C=C\C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1\C=C\C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 LNAMMBFJMYMQTO-FNEBRGMMSA-N 0.000 description 13
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- MTZQAGJQAFMTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl benzoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MTZQAGJQAFMTAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 11
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- MFRIHAYPQRLWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium tert-butoxide Chemical compound [Na+].CC(C)(C)[O-] MFRIHAYPQRLWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
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- XSIFPSYPOVKYCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl benzoate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XSIFPSYPOVKYCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- WJKHJLXJJJATHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic anhydride Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F WJKHJLXJJJATHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- OXFFIMLCSVJMHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dihexylfluorene Chemical compound C1=C(Br)C=C2C(CCCCCC)(CCCCCC)C3=CC(Br)=CC=C3C2=C1 OXFFIMLCSVJMHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- STTGYIUESPWXOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C=12C=CC3=C(C=4C=CC=CC=4)C=C(C)N=C3C2=NC(C)=CC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 STTGYIUESPWXOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DHDHJYNTEFLIHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=NC2=C1C=CC1=C(C=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CN=C21 DHDHJYNTEFLIHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GMHHTGYHERDNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-bromobicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1(6),2,4-triene Chemical compound BrC1=CC=C2CCC2=C1 GMHHTGYHERDNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
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- 229940125904 compound 1 Drugs 0.000 description 3
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- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 3
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- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004770 highest occupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000004768 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229940095102 methyl benzoate Drugs 0.000 description 3
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- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000003566 oxetanyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- DLRJIFUOBPOJNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenetole Chemical compound CCOC1=CC=CC=C1 DLRJIFUOBPOJNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001226 reprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 3
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical class O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
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- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 3
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/31—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating aromatic structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/316—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating aromatic structural elements in the main chain bridged by heteroatoms, e.g. N, P, Si or B
- C08G2261/3162—Arylamines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/50—Physical properties
- C08G2261/51—Charge transport
- C08G2261/512—Hole transport
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/70—Post-treatment
- C08G2261/76—Post-treatment crosslinking
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
- Y02B20/30—Semiconductor lamps, e.g. solid state lamps [SSL] light emitting diodes [LED] or organic LED [OLED]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a polymer compound having a crosslinkable group that can be formed by a wet film formation method, a network polymer compound obtained by crosslinking reaction of the polymer compound, and an organic material containing the polymer compound.
- An organic electroluminescent element having a composition containing an electroluminescent element and a layer containing a network polymer compound, having high current efficiency and excellent driving stability, and an organic EL display and an organic EL illumination having the element Exist.
- an electroluminescent element using an organic thin film
- Examples of the method for forming the organic thin film in the organic electroluminescence device include a vacuum deposition method and a wet film formation method. Since the vacuum deposition method is easy to stack, it has an advantage that the charge injection from the anode and / or the cathode is improved, and the exciton light-emitting layer is easily contained.
- the wet film formation method does not require a vacuum process, is easy to increase in area, and has an advantage that it is easy to mix a plurality of materials having various functions into one layer (coating liquid). .
- Patent Document 1 proposes a polymer compound having a crosslinkable group containing the following repeating units (III-1) and (III-2), A layering method is disclosed in which a group reacts to make it insoluble in an organic solvent.
- Patent Document 1 since the polymer compound described in Patent Document 1 has a crosslinkable group at the 9-position of the fluorene ring, it has poor electrochemical stability, particularly resistance to reduction (electrons). It is considered that the driving stability of the organic electroluminescence device using the polymer compound described in 1 is insufficient. Further, Patent Documents 2 and 3 disclose polymer compounds each having a repeating unit represented by the following formula, but a flat film cannot be obtained when an element is produced using these compounds. In addition, there is a problem that the drive life of the obtained element is short.
- the present inventors have found that a polymer compound containing the following specific repeating unit is laminated with high electrochemical stability and high hole transportability.
- the present inventors have found that it is a compound suitable for an easy wet film-forming method, and reached the present invention. That is, the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- the present invention resides in a polymer compound (hereinafter referred to as “polymer compound (i) of the present invention”) comprising a repeating unit represented by the following formula (I).
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent or a substituent. And R 1 and R 2 may be bonded to each other to form a ring, n represents an integer of 0 to 3, Ar 1 and Ar 2 each independently represent a direct bond, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent, Ar 3 to Ar 5 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- T represents a group containing a crosslinkable group.
- the polymer compound (i) preferably further contains a repeating unit represented by the following formula (I ′).
- R 11 and R 12 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent or a substituent.
- R 11 and R 12 may be bonded to each other to form a ring
- m represents an integer of 0 to 3
- Ar 11 and Ar 12 each independently represent a direct bond, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent
- Ar 13 to Ar 15 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- R 11 and R 12 , and Ar 11 to Ar 15 do not have a crosslinkable group as a substituent.
- the crosslinkable group is preferably selected from the following crosslinkable group group T ′. ⁇ Crosslinkable group T '>
- R 21 to R 25 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.
- Ar 41 optionally has an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a substituent. Represents an aromatic heterocyclic group.
- the benzocyclobutene ring may have a substituent.
- the substituents may form a ring.
- the present invention also resides in a polymer compound (hereinafter referred to as “polymer compound (ii) of the present invention”) characterized by comprising a repeating unit represented by the following formula (II).
- Ar 21 and Ar 22 each independently represent a direct bond, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent
- Ar 23 to Ar 25 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent
- T 2 represents a group containing a group represented by the following formula (IV).
- Ar 21 nor Ar 22 is a direct bond.
- Ar 21 , Ar 22 , and Ar 24 are fluorene rings, they do not have a group containing a crosslinkable group as a substituent.
- the benzocyclobutene ring in formula (IV) may have a substituent.
- the substituents may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the polymer compound (ii) preferably further contains a repeating unit represented by the following formula (II ′).
- q represents an integer of 0 to 3
- Ar 31 and Ar 32 each independently represent a direct bond, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent
- Ar 33 to Ar 35 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- neither Ar 31 nor Ar 32 is a direct bond.
- Ar 31 to Ar 35 do not have a group containing a group represented by the formula (IV) as a substituent.
- Ar 31 , Ar 32 , and Ar 34 are fluorene rings, they do not have a group containing a crosslinkable group as a substituent.
- the present invention also resides in a polymer compound having at least one repeating unit selected from the following repeating unit group A and at least one repeating unit selected from the following repeating unit group B. ⁇ Repeating unit group A>
- this invention exists in the network polymer compound shown below, the composition for organic electroluminescent elements, an organic electroluminescent element, an organic EL display, and organic EL illumination.
- a composition for an organic electroluminescence device comprising the polymer compound of the present invention.
- the organic layer has a layer containing the network polymer compound of the present invention.
- An organic electroluminescent device The organic electroluminescence device according to claim 1, wherein the layer containing the network polymer compound is a hole injection layer or a hole transport layer.
- the organic layer has a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, and a light emitting layer, and the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, and the light emitting layer are all formed by a wet film formation method.
- An organic electroluminescent element An organic EL display comprising the organic electroluminescent element of the present invention.
- An organic EL illumination comprising the organic electroluminescence device of the present invention.
- polymer compound of the present invention refers to both “polymer compound (i) of the present invention” and “polymer compound (ii) of the present invention”.
- the polymer compound of the present invention has a high hole transport ability, has sufficient solubility in a solvent, and improves the surface flatness during film formation. Therefore, an organic electroluminescent device having a layer containing a network polymer compound obtained by crosslinking the polymer compound of the present invention (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “crosslinked layer”) can be driven at a low voltage. It has high luminous efficiency, high heat resistance, and long driving life. Furthermore, the polymer compound of the present invention has a hole injecting material and a hole transporting material in accordance with the layer structure of the device because of excellent electrochemical stability, film forming property, charge transporting property, light emitting property, and heat resistance. It can also be applied as a light emitting material, a host material, an electron injection material, an electron transport material, or the like.
- the polymer compound (i) of the present invention is a polymer compound characterized by containing a repeating unit represented by the following formula (I).
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent or a substituent. And R 1 and R 2 may be bonded to each other to form a ring, n represents an integer of 0 to 3, Ar 1 and Ar 2 each independently represent a direct bond, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent, Ar 3 to Ar 5 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- T represents a group containing a crosslinkable group. However, when Ar 1 , Ar 2 , and Ar 4 are fluorene rings, they do not have a group containing a crosslinkable group as a substituent.
- the polymer compound (i) of the present invention has a group containing at least one crosslinkable group in one molecule as a substituent, the film formed by the wet film forming method is insoluble in an organic solvent under mild conditions. It is possible.
- the fluorene ring in the main chain is strongly involved in charge transport by spreading HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital).
- the polymer compound (i) of the present invention does not have a group containing a crosslinkable group in the fluorene ring in the main chain, it is excellent in electrochemical stability, particularly in reduction resistance stability.
- it since it has a crosslinkable group from an arylamine part through at least one single bond, it is excellent also in oxidation resistance.
- Ar 1 and Ar 2 are each independently a direct bond, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic heterocycle which may have a substituent.
- Ar 3 to Ar 5 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group that may have a substituent.
- Ar 1 to Ar 4 are divalent groups, and Ar 5 is a monovalent group.
- a group derived from a 6-membered monocyclic ring or a 2-5 condensed ring such as a ring, a fluoranthene ring, and a fluorene ring.
- Examples of the aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent include a furan ring, a benzofuran ring, a thiophene ring, a benzothiophene ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyrazole ring, an imidazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, an indole ring, and a carbazole ring.
- Ar 1 to Ar 5 are each independently a benzene ring, a naphthalene ring, an anthracene ring, a phenanthrene ring, a triphenylene ring, a pyrene ring, a thiophene ring, a pyridine ring, or a fluorene ring from the viewpoints of solubility in organic solvents and heat resistance.
- a ring-derived group selected from the group consisting of Ar 1 to Ar 5 are also preferably a divalent group in which one or two or more rings selected from the above group are directly bonded or connected by a —CH ⁇ CH— group, and are a biphenylene group or a terphenylene group. Is more preferable.
- the substituent that the aromatic hydrocarbon group and the aromatic heterocyclic group in Ar 1 to Ar 5 may have in addition to the crosslinkable group described later is not particularly limited.
- [Substituent group Z] An alkyl group having preferably 1 to 24 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as a methyl group or an ethyl group; An alkenyl group having preferably 2 to 24 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms, such as a vinyl group; An alkynyl group having preferably 2 to 24 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms, such as an ethynyl group; An alkoxy group having preferably 1 to 24 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as a methoxy group or an ethoxy group; An aryloxy group having preferably 4 to 36 carbon atoms, more preferably 5 to 24 carbon atoms, such as a phenoxy group, a naphthoxy group, and a pyridyloxy group; An alkoxycarbonyl group having preferably 2 to 24 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 12 carbon
- An aromatic heterocyclic group having preferably 3 to 36 carbon atoms, more preferably 4 to 24 carbon atoms such as thienyl group, pyridyl group and the like.
- Each of the above substituents may further have a substituent.
- the group illustrated to the said substituent group Z is mentioned.
- the molecular weight of the substituent that the aromatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic heterocyclic group in Ar 1 to Ar 5 may have in addition to the crosslinkable group described below is preferably 500 or less, including the substituted group, The following is more preferable.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon group and aromatic heterocyclic group in Ar 1 to Ar 5 may each independently have 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups and alkoxy groups having 1 to 12 carbon atoms are preferred.
- the repeating unit represented by the formula (I) has two or more Ar 4 and Ar 5 .
- Ar 4 and Ar 5 may be the same or different from each other.
- Ar 4 and Ar 5 may be bonded to each other directly or via a linking group to form a cyclic structure.
- Crosslinkable group T in the formula (I) is a group containing a crosslinkable group. That is, the polymer compound (i) of the present invention has a group containing at least one crosslinkable group in one molecule as a substituent.
- the crosslinkable group refers to a group that reacts with the same or different groups of other molecules located nearby by irradiation with heat and / or active energy rays to form a new chemical bond.
- the crosslinkable group is selected from the following ⁇ crosslinkable group group T ′> from the viewpoint of easy crosslinking. ⁇ Crosslinkable group T '>
- R 21 to R 25 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.
- Ar 41 optionally has an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a substituent. Represents an aromatic heterocyclic group.
- the benzocyclobutene ring may have a substituent.
- the substituents may form a ring.
- a cyclic ether group such as an epoxy group and an oxetane group
- a cationically polymerizable group such as a vinyl ether group
- an oxetane group is particularly preferable from the viewpoint that the rate of cationic polymerization can be easily controlled
- a vinyl ether group is preferable from the viewpoint that a hydroxyl group that may cause deterioration of the device during the cationic polymerization is hardly generated.
- the crosslinkable group a group that undergoes a cycloaddition reaction such as an arylvinylcarbonyl group such as a cinnamoyl group or a group derived from a benzocyclobutene ring is preferable from the viewpoint of further improving electrochemical stability.
- the crosslinkable group may be directly bonded to the aromatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic heterocyclic group in the molecule, but the —O— group, —C ( ⁇ O) — group (having a substituent). It may be bonded to an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group via a divalent group formed by linking 1 to 30 groups selected from —CH 2 — groups in any order. It is preferable.
- crosslinkable group via these divalent groups that is, a group containing a crosslinkable group
- a group containing a crosslinkable group are as shown in the following ⁇ Group T ′′ containing crosslinkable group>, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Is not to be done.
- the polymer compound (i) of the present invention has a group T containing a crosslinkable group as a substituent at Ar 3 .
- the polymer compound (i) of the present invention may be in a repeating unit or in a portion other than the repeating unit.
- R 1 and R 2 described later do not have a crosslinkable group.
- the group containing a crosslinkable group is other than Ar 3 , it is preferably in any one of Ar 1 , Ar 2 , Ar 4 , and Ar 5 in that reductive degradation of the crosslinkable group hardly occurs.
- Ar 1 , Ar 2 , and Ar 4 are fluorene rings, they do not have a group containing a crosslinkable group as a substituent. This is because, when a crosslinkable group is included at the position, reduction degradation is less likely than in the case of being in a fluorene ring. Moreover, it is preferable that a crosslinkable group is contained only in T at the point which reduces the number of unreacted crosslinkable groups.
- the average value of the number of crosslinkable groups possessed by the polymer compound (i) of the present invention is preferably 1 or more per molecule, more preferably 2 or more, and preferably 200 or less, more preferably 100 or less.
- the number of crosslinkable groups possessed by the polymer compound (i) of the present invention can be represented by the number per 1000 molecular weight.
- the number of crosslinkable groups possessed by the polymer compound (i) of the present invention is usually 3.0 or less, preferably 2.0 or less, more preferably 1000 per 1000 molecular weight. It is 1.0 or less, usually 0.01 or more, preferably 0.05 or more.
- the number of crosslinkable groups per molecular weight of 1000 is calculated from the molar ratio of the charged monomer at the time of synthesis and the structural formula, excluding the terminal group from the polymer compound. To do. For example, the case of the target polymer 3 synthesized in Synthesis Example 35 described later will be described.
- the average molecular weight of the repeating unit excluding the terminal group is 468.9, and the average number of crosslinkable groups is 0.2 per repeating unit.
- the number of crosslinkable groups per 1000 molecular weight is calculated to be 0.426.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently an aromatic hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent other than a hydrogen atom or a crosslinkable group, or an aromatic that may have a substituent other than a crosslinkable group. It represents an alkyl group which may have a substituent other than a heterocyclic group or a crosslinkable group, and R 1 and R 2 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the alkyl group which may have a substituent is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl.
- S-1, S-2, S-5 and S-9 are preferable from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability, S-5 is more preferable from the viewpoint of heat resistance, and solubility in an organic solvent before crosslinking is high. S-1 and S-2 are particularly preferred because of their high points.
- N in the formula (I) represents an integer of 0 to 3.
- n is preferably 0 in that the solubility of the polymer compound in an organic solvent and the film-forming property are improved.
- n is preferably 1 to 3 in view of improving the hole transport ability of the polymer compound.
- Mw weight average molecular weight of the polymer compound (i) of the present invention is usually 3,000,000 or less, preferably 1,000,000 or less, more preferably 500,000 or less, and usually 1,000. Above, preferably 2,500 or more, more preferably 5,000 or more.
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymer compound (i) of the present invention is usually 3000 or more, preferably 6000 or more, and usually 1000000 or less, preferably 500000 or less. If the weight average molecular weight or number average molecular weight is below the lower limit of this range, the insolubility of the crosslinked layer in the organic solvent may be reduced, and lamination may not be possible, and the glass transition temperature may be reduced and heat resistance may be impaired. There is sex. If the upper limit of this range is exceeded, there is a possibility that a flat film cannot be obtained without dissolving in the organic solvent even before crosslinking.
- the dispersity (Mw / Mn) in the polymer compound (i) of the present invention is usually 3.5 or less, preferably 2.5 or less, more preferably 2.0 or less. If the degree of dispersion of the polymer compound (i) exceeds the upper limit of this range, purification may be difficult, solubility in an organic solvent may be reduced, and charge transport ability may be reduced.
- the dispersity is ideally 1.0.
- this weight average molecular weight is determined by SEC (size exclusion chromatography) measurement.
- SEC size exclusion chromatography
- the elution time is shorter for higher molecular weight components and the elution time is longer for lower molecular weight components, but using the calibration curve calculated from the elution time of polystyrene (standard sample) with a known molecular weight, the elution time of the sample is changed to the molecular weight.
- the weight average molecular weight is calculated by conversion. [1-9.
- Further repeating units The polymer compound (i) of the present invention can reduce the number of unreacted crosslinkable groups by adjusting the number of crosslinkable groups, thereby improving the driving life of the resulting device. It is preferable that the repeating unit represented by ') is included.
- R 11 and R 12 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent or a substituent.
- R 11 and R 12 may be bonded to each other to form a ring
- m represents an integer of 0 to 3
- Ar 11 and Ar 12 each independently represent a direct bond, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent
- Ar 13 to Ar 15 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- R 11 and R 12 , and Ar 11 to Ar 15 do not have a group containing a crosslinkable group as a substituent.
- Ar 11 and Ar 12 each independently represent a direct bond, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent
- Ar 13 to Ar 15 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- Ar 11 , Ar 12 , and Ar 14 are divalent groups
- Ar 13 and Ar 15 are monovalent groups.
- Specific examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent in Ar 11 to Ar 15 and the aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent are the above-mentioned [1-2. The same as described in the section of Ar 1 to Ar 5 ].
- a preferable example is also the same.
- Ar 11 to Ar 15 do not have a group containing a crosslinkable group as a substituent.
- each of R 11 and R 12 independently represents a hydrogen atom, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent or a substituent. It represents an alkyl group that may have.
- R 11 and R 12 may be an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent, and an alkyl group which may have a substituent. Specific examples are described in [1-6. It is the same as that described in the section on R 1 and R 2 . The preferable example is also the same. (About 1-9-3.m) m represents an integer of 0 to 3. The m is [1-7. n is the same as n described in the section. The preferable example is also the same.
- the ratio of the repeating unit represented by the formula (I ′) to the repeating unit represented by the formula (I) ⁇ Repeating unit represented by formula (I ') / Repeating unit represented by formula (I) ⁇ is a charged molar ratio, usually 0.01 times mole or more, preferably 50 mole times or more, more preferably 80 times. It is more than mol times, and usually less than 100 mol times, preferably less than 50 mol times. Within the above range, the polymer compound is preferable in terms of excellent hole transport ability and reduction resistance.
- the drive voltage of the obtained element is low and the drive life is improved.
- the polymer compound (i) of the present invention has a repeating unit other than the repeating unit represented by the formula (I) and the repeating unit represented by the formula (I ′), it is represented by the formula (I).
- the total content of the repeating unit and the repeating unit represented by formula (I ′) is usually 10 mol% or more, preferably 50 mol% or more, more preferably 80 mol% or more.
- the polymer compound is preferable in terms of excellent hole transport ability and reduction resistance. Further, it is preferable in that the drive voltage of the obtained element is low and the drive life is improved.
- the glass transition temperature of the polymer compound (i) of the present invention is usually 50 ° C. or higher, 80 ° C. or higher, more preferably 100 ° C. or higher, and usually 300 ° C. or lower. Within the above range, the polymer compound is excellent in heat resistance, and the drive life of the resulting device is preferably improved.
- the ionization potential of the polymer compound (i) of the present invention is usually 4.5 eV or more, preferably 4.8 eV or more, and usually 6.0 eV or less, preferably 5.7 eV or less. Within the above range, the charge injection and transport ability of the polymer compound is excellent, and the drive voltage of the resulting device is preferably reduced.
- Examples of the repeating unit other than the repeating unit represented by the formula (I) and the repeating unit represented by the formula (I ′) that may be contained in the polymer compound (i) of the present invention include ⁇ 4 described later.
- Ar a and Ar c of the repeating unit represented in the section of Synthesis Example> may be any divalent group that does not include a triarylamine structure.
- the polymer compound (ii) of the present invention is a polymer compound characterized by containing a repeating unit represented by the following formula (II).
- Ar 21 and Ar 22 each independently represent a direct bond, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent
- Ar 23 to Ar 25 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent
- T 2 represents a group containing a group represented by the following formula (IV).
- Ar 21 nor Ar 22 is a direct bond.
- Ar 21 , Ar 22 , and Ar 24 are fluorene rings, they do not have a group containing a crosslinkable group as a substituent.
- the benzocyclobutene ring in formula (IV) may have a substituent.
- the substituents may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the group represented by the formula (IV) has a particularly stable structure after crosslinking. Therefore, the polymer compound (ii) of the present invention can be sufficiently reduced in solubility in an organic solvent by crosslinking.
- the arylamine moiety has a group represented by the formula (IV) through at least one single bond. Therefore, the lone electron in the nitrogen atom of the arylamine is less likely to flow to the group represented by the formula (IV), and this is preferable because the electrical stability of the group represented by the formula (IV) is excellent.
- the polymer compound is less likely to aggregate, it is preferable because the charge transport ability of the polymer compound accompanying aggregation is less likely to occur.
- Ar 21 and Ar 22 each independently represent a direct bond, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent
- Ar 23 to Ar 25 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- Ar 23 and Ar 24 are divalent groups
- Ar 25 is a monovalent group.
- Specific examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent in Ar 21 to Ar 25 and the aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent are as described in [1-2. The same as described in the section of Ar 1 to Ar 5 ]. Moreover, a preferable example is also the same.
- T 2 in the formula (II) is a group containing a group represented by the following formula (IV). That is, the polymer compound (ii) of the present invention has at least one group containing a group represented by the following formula (IV) as a substituent in one molecule.
- the benzocyclobutene ring in formula (IV) may have a substituent.
- the substituents may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- Examples of the substituent that the benzocyclobutene ring in the above formula (IV) may have include those described in the above [Substituent group Z]. Preferred examples are the same, and most preferably unsubstituted.
- the group represented by the formula (IV) is —O— group, —C ( ⁇ O) — group (which may have a substituent) —CH 2 —.
- T 2 Bonding to an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group via a divalent group formed by linking 1 to 30 groups selected from a group in any order, that is, T 2 is represented by the formula (IV It is preferable that it is group containing group represented by this. This is because the redox stability of the benzocyclobutene ring in formula (IV) is excellent.
- Polymer compound (ii) of the invention has a group containing a group represented by the formula (IV) as T 2.
- T 2 which is a group containing formula (IV), is preferable in that it has excellent redox stability of formula (IV) and is less likely to aggregate than when it is bonded to Ar 23 by binding to Ar 23. .
- the group may be in a repeating unit or a part other than the repeating unit. May be.
- Ar 21 , Ar 22 , Ar 24 , and Ar in that when the group containing the group represented by the formula (IV) is other than Ar 23 , the group represented by the formula (IV) hardly undergoes reductive degradation. 25 is preferred.
- Ar 21 , Ar 22 , and Ar 24 are fluorene rings, they do not have a group containing a crosslinkable group as a substituent.
- Ratio containing group represented by formula (IV) The ratio of the group represented by the formula (IV) contained in the polymer compound (ii) of the present invention is as described in [1-5. In the section “Ratio Including Crosslinkable Group]”, the same as the case where the crosslinkable group is a group represented by the formula (IV). The preferable range is also the same.
- q represents an integer of 0 to 3
- Ar 31 and Ar 32 each independently represent an aromatic hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent, an aromatic heterocyclic group that may have a substituent, or a direct bond
- Ar 33 , Ar 34 and Ar 35 each independently represent an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- neither Ar 31 nor Ar 32 is a direct bond.
- Ar 31 to Ar 35 do not have a group represented by the formula (IV) as a substituent.
- Ar 31 , Ar 32 , and Ar 34 are fluorene rings, they do not have a group containing a crosslinkable group as a substituent.
- Ar 31 and Ar 32 each independently represent an aromatic hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent, an aromatic heterocyclic group that may have a substituent, or a direct bond
- Ar 33 to Ar 35 each independently represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- Ar 31 , Ar 32 and Ar 34 are divalent groups
- Ar 33 and Ar 35 are monovalent groups.
- Specific examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent and the aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent in Ar 31 to Ar 35 are as described in [1-2. The same as described in the section of Ar 1 to Ar 5 ]. Moreover, a preferable example is also the same.
- Ar 31 to Ar 35 do not include a group represented by the formula (IV) as a substituent. Further, when Ar 31 , Ar 32 , and Ar 34 are fluorene rings, they do not have a group containing a crosslinkable group as a substituent.
- Q in the formula (II ′) represents an integer of 0 to 3. The q is [1-7. n is the same as n described in the section. The preferable example is also the same.
- the ratio of the repeating unit represented by the formula (II ′) to the repeating unit represented by the formula (II) ⁇ Repeating unit represented by formula (II ′) / Repeating unit represented by formula (II) ⁇ is the same as the above [1-10.
- the polymer compound (ii) of the present invention may contain a repeating unit other than the repeating unit represented by the formula (II) and the repeating unit represented by the formula (II ′).
- the polymer compound of the present invention is particularly preferably a polymer compound having at least one repeating unit selected from the following repeating unit group A and at least one repeating unit selected from the following repeating unit group B.
- the polymer compound of the present invention can be synthesized by selecting a raw material according to the structure of the target compound and using a known method.
- the polymer compound of the present invention includes a halide represented by the general formula (Va) as in the following formula, and a secondary amine compound represented by the general formula (Vb) or a boron compound represented by the general formula (Vc). Is polymerized successively in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate, tert-butoxy sodium, triethylamine and the like. If necessary, a transition metal catalyst such as copper or a palladium complex can also be used.
- the polymer compound of the present invention can be obtained by reacting Formula (Va) with Formula (Vb) to form an N—Ar bond (for example, Buchwald-Hartwig coupling, Ullmann coupling, etc.), and also with formula (Va ) And formula (Vc) are successively polymerized by a reaction (for example, Suzuki coupling) that forms an Ar—Ar bond.
- Formula (Va) with Formula (Vb) to form an N—Ar bond
- formula (Vc) are successively polymerized by a reaction (for example, Suzuki coupling) that forms an Ar—Ar bond.
- X represents a halogen atom or a sulfonate group such as CF 3 SO 2 O— group
- Ar may have an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a substituent which may have a substituent.
- a good aromatic heterocyclic group R ′ represents a hydroxy group or an alkoxy group that may be bonded to each other to form a ring;
- Ar a , Ar b , and Ar c each independently represent a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent or a divalent aromatic heterocyclic group that may have a substituent.
- at least one of Ar a or Ar b and Ar a or Ar c contains a divalent group represented by the following formula (VI). .
- each of R 51 and R 52 independently represents a hydrogen atom, an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent, or a substituent.
- R 51 and R 52 are the same as those described in [1-6.
- R 1 and R 2 ] are the same as R 1 and R 2 in the section.
- the preferred embodiment is also the same.
- Ar a and Ar c each independently represent an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- Ar a and Ar c include the following ⁇ divalent group group A optionally having substituents A> and ⁇ divalent optionally having substituents.
- Ar b is a preferable specific example in the formula (Vb), and specific examples include ⁇ specific example group D> and ⁇ specific example group E> described later.
- the polymer compound of the present invention, as appropriate Ar a make a selection of Ar c and the formula (Vb), it can be synthesized polymer compound of the present invention.
- Ar a is appropriately selected so that the polymer compound contains a group containing a divalent group represented by the formula (VI) and a crosslinkable group. performs a selection of Ar c and the formula (Vb), the polymer compound of the present invention (i) is synthesized.
- At least one of Ar a and Ar c has a divalent group represented by the formula (VI).
- Ar a or Ar c may have a ⁇ substituent that may be described later> Means a group selected from the group A>.
- at least one of Ar a and Ar c has a crosslinkable group, for example, Ar a or Ar c is from the below-described ⁇ divalent group B which may have a substituent>.
- Ar a is a group selected from the ⁇ divalent group A that may have a substituent>
- Ar c may be ⁇ a divalent group that may have a substituent.
- the polymer compound (i) of the present invention can be synthesized.
- Ar a and the formula (Vb) it is the same.
- Ar a , Ar c , and Formula (Vb) are appropriately selected so that the group represented by the formula (IV) is included in the polymer compound. Selection is performed to synthesize the polymer compound (ii) of the present invention.
- At least one of Ar a and Ar c has a group represented by the formula (IV), for example, Ar a or Ar c is a divalent group group that may have a ⁇ substituent> described later.
- Ar a or Ar c is a divalent group group that may have a ⁇ substituent> described later.
- it means a group having a group represented by the formula (IV).
- Ar a and the formula (Vb) it is the same.
- preferred specific examples in which Ar a and Ar c contain a divalent group represented by the formula (VI) and do not contain a crosslinkable group are as follows: ⁇ having a substituent
- the present invention is not limited to these. ⁇ Divalent group A which may have a substituent>
- Ar a and Ar c is not have a divalent group represented by the formula (VI), a preferred example of having a group containing a crosslinking group, the following have the ⁇ substituent
- the present invention is not limited to these.
- Methods for purifying compounds include “Separation and Purification Technology Handbook” (1993, edited by The Chemical Society of Japan), “Advanced Separation of Trace Components and Difficulty Substances by Chemical Conversion Methods” (1988, IP Corporation) Issued by C.), or the methods described in the section “Separation and purification” of “Experimental Chemistry Course (4th edition) 1” (1990, edited by The Chemical Society of Japan) can be used. It is.
- extraction including suspension washing, boiling washing, ultrasonic washing, acid-base washing), adsorption, occlusion, melting, crystallization (including recrystallization from solvent, reprecipitation), distillation (atmospheric pressure) Distillation, vacuum distillation), evaporation, sublimation (atmospheric pressure sublimation, vacuum sublimation), ion exchange, dialysis, filtration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, pressure osmosis, zone lysis, electrophoresis, centrifugation, flotation separation, sedimentation separation, Magnetic separation, various chromatography (shape classification: column, paper, thin layer, capillary, mobile phase classification: gas, liquid, micelle, supercritical fluid. Separation mechanism: adsorption, distribution, ion exchange, molecular sieve, chelate, gel filtration , Exclusion, affinity) and the like.
- Product confirmation and purity analysis methods include gas chromatograph (GC), high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC), high speed amino acid analyzer (polymer compound), capillary electrophoresis measurement (CE), size exclusion chromatograph (SEC). ), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), cross-fractionation chromatography (CFC), mass spectrometry (MS, LC / MS, GC / MS, MS / MS), nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus (NMR (1HNMR, 13CNMR)), Fourier Conversion Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR), Ultraviolet Visible Near Infrared Spectrometer (UV.VIS, NIR), Electron Spin Resonator (ESR), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM-EDX) Electron Beam Microanalyzer (EPMA) , Metal element analysis (ion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma-emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) atoms Light Analysis (AAS), fluorescent X-ray analyzer (XRF)), nonmet
- the polymer compound of the present invention is preferably used as a charge transport material, and particularly preferably used as an organic electroluminescent element material.
- an organic electroluminescent device material it is preferably used as a charge transport material for a hole injection layer and / or a hole transport layer in an organic electroluminescent device.
- the polymer compound of the present invention is preferably used for an organic layer formed by a wet film forming method.
- the polymer compound of the present invention has the following ⁇ 7.
- a crosslinking reaction can be caused by heating and / or irradiation with active energy such as light to form a network polymer compound.
- the layer containing the network polymer compound is preferably a hole injection layer and / or a hole transport layer described in detail below.
- the crosslinking rate of the network polymer compound of the present invention is described in [6-1. It is usually 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, and usually 120% or less, preferably 110% or less, when measured by the method described in the section “Measurement method of crosslinking rate”. Within the above range, the layer containing the network polymer compound and the layer formed on the layer by a wet film formation method are not mixed, which is preferable in that the characteristics of the resulting device are not affected.
- the crosslinking rate in the present invention is a value obtained by measuring the film thicknesses L1 and L2 by the following method and calculating L2 / L1.
- [6-1-1. Film formation method and measurement method of film thickness L1] A glass substrate having a size of 25 mm ⁇ 37.5 mm is washed with ultrapure water, dried with dry nitrogen, and UV / ozone cleaning is performed. A film is formed by spin-coating a measurement sample (usually a solution prepared so that the solid content concentration of the compound to be measured is 1% by weight) on the glass substrate. The spin coating conditions are as follows.
- the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention is a composition comprising at least one polymer compound of the present invention.
- the composition for an organic electroluminescent device of the present invention is usually used as a coating liquid in forming an organic layer by a wet film-forming method in an organic electroluminescent device having an organic layer disposed between an anode and a cathode. It is done. It is preferable that the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention is used for forming a hole transport layer in the organic layer.
- the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention is characterized by containing the polymer compound of the present invention, it usually further contains a solvent.
- the solvent preferably dissolves the polymer compound of the present invention, and usually dissolves the polymer compound at room temperature at 0.05 wt% or more, preferably 0.5 wt% or more, more preferably 1 wt% or more. It is a solvent.
- the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of this invention may contain only 1 type of the high molecular compound of this invention, and may contain 2 or more types.
- composition for an organic electroluminescent device of the present invention contains the polymer compound of the present invention in an amount of usually 0.01 wt% or more, preferably 0.05 wt% or more, more preferably 0.1 wt% or more, and usually 50 It is contained in an amount of not more than wt%, preferably not more than 20 wt%, more preferably not more than 10 wt%.
- the said composition may contain additives, such as various additives.
- additives such as various additives.
- a solvent that dissolves both the polymer compound of the present invention and the additive by 0.05% by weight or more, preferably 0.5% by weight or more, more preferably 1% by weight or more is used as the solvent. Is preferred.
- Examples of the additive that accelerates the crosslinking reaction of the polymer compound of the present invention contained in the composition for organic electroluminescence device of the present invention include alkylphenone compounds, acylphosphine oxide compounds, metallocene compounds, oxime ester compounds, azo compounds, Examples thereof include polymerization initiators such as onium salts and polymerization accelerators, photosensitizers such as condensed polycyclic hydrocarbons, porphyrin compounds, and diaryl ketone compounds. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention is used to form a hole injection layer, it is preferable to further contain an electron-accepting compound from the viewpoint of reducing the resistance value of the formed layer.
- the electron-accepting compound a compound having an oxidizing power and an ability to accept one electron from the above-described hole-transporting compound is preferable. Specifically, a compound with an electron affinity of 4 eV or more is preferable, and a compound with a compound of 5 eV or more is more preferable.
- Examples of the electron-accepting compound include onium salts substituted with an organic group such as 4-isopropyl-4′-methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate, iron (III) chloride (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-251067). Publication), high-valent inorganic compounds such as ammonium peroxodisulfate, cyano compounds such as tetracyanoethylene, aromatic boron compounds such as tris (pentafluorophenyl) borane (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-31365), fullerene derivatives, iodine Etc.
- organic group such as 4-isopropyl-4′-methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate, iron (III) chloride
- high-valent inorganic compounds such as ammonium peroxodisulfate, cyano compounds
- an onium salt substituted with an organic group, a high-valence inorganic compound, and the like are preferable because they have strong oxidizing power.
- an onium salt substituted with an organic group, a cyano compound, an aromatic boron compound, or the like is preferable because it is highly soluble in various solvents and can be applied to form a film by a wet film formation method.
- Specific examples of onium salts substituted with organic groups, cyano compounds, and aromatic boron compounds suitable as electron-accepting compounds include those described in WO 2005/089024, and preferred examples thereof are also the same. is there. Examples thereof include compounds represented by the following structural formulas, but are not limited thereto.
- an electron-accepting compound may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- the solvent contained in the composition for an organic electroluminescent device of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably toluene, xylene, methicylene because it is necessary to dissolve the polymer compound of the present invention.
- Aromatic compounds such as cyclohexylbenzene; halogen-containing solvents such as 1,2-dichloroethane, chlorobenzene and o-dichlorobenzene; ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol-1-monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), etc.
- Aliphatic ether, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, anisole, phenetole, 2-methoxytoluene, 3-methoxytoluene, 4-methoxytoluene, 2,3-dimethylanisole, 2,4-dimethylanisole Ether solvents such as aromatic ethers; aliphatic esters such as ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, ethyl lactate and n-butyl lactate; phenyl acetate, phenyl propionate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, isopropyl benzoate, And organic solvents such as ester solvents such as propyl benzoate and n-butyl benzoate.
- the concentration of the solvent contained in the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention is usually 10% by weight or more, preferably 50% by weight or more, more preferably 80% by weight or more.
- moisture may promote deterioration of the performance of the organic electroluminescent element, particularly brightness reduction during continuous driving, in order to reduce moisture remaining in the coating film as much as possible.
- these solvents those having a water solubility at 25 ° C. of 1% by weight or less are preferred, and solvents having a solubility of 0.1% by weight or less are more preferred.
- Examples of the solvent contained in the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention include a solvent having a surface tension at 20 ° C. of less than 40 dyn / cm, preferably 36 dyn / cm or less, more preferably 33 dyn / cm or less. That is, when the crosslinked layer in the present invention is formed by a wet film forming method, the affinity with the base is important. The uniformity of the film quality greatly affects the uniformity and stability of the light emission of the organic electroluminescence device. Therefore, the coating solution used in the wet film-forming method has a surface that can form a uniform coating film with higher leveling properties. Low tension is required. By using such a solvent, the crosslinked layer in the present invention can be formed uniformly.
- Such a low surface tension solvent include the aforementioned aromatic solvents such as toluene, xylene, methicylene and cyclohexylbenzene, ester solvents such as ethyl benzoate, ether solvents such as anisole, trifluoromethoxy, and the like.
- aromatic solvents such as toluene, xylene, methicylene and cyclohexylbenzene
- ester solvents such as ethyl benzoate
- ether solvents such as anisole, trifluoromethoxy, and the like.
- Anisole, pentafluoromethoxybenzene, 3- (trifluoromethyl) anisole, ethyl (pentafluorobenzoate) and the like can be mentioned.
- concentration of these solvents in the composition is usually 10% by weight or more, preferably 30% by weight or more, more preferably 50% by weight or more.
- Examples of the solvent contained in the composition for organic electroluminescence device of the present invention include a solvent having a vapor pressure at 25 ° C. of 10 mmHg or less, preferably 5 mmHg or less and usually 0.1 mmHg or more.
- a solvent having a vapor pressure at 25 ° C. 10 mmHg or less, preferably 5 mmHg or less and usually 0.1 mmHg or more.
- aromatic solvents such as toluene, xylene, and methicylene, ether solvents, and ester solvents.
- the concentration of these solvents in the composition is usually 10% by weight or more, preferably 30% by weight or more, more preferably 50% by weight or more.
- the vapor pressure at 25 ° C. is 2 mmHg or more, preferably 3 mmHg or more, more preferably 4 mmHg or more (however, the upper limit is preferably 10 mmHg or less).
- a homogeneous layer containing the polymer compound of the present invention and further an electron accepting compound can be formed by a wet film forming method.
- the concentration of the mixed solvent in the composition is usually 10% by weight or more, preferably 30% by weight or more, more preferably 50% by weight or more.
- the organic electroluminescent element is formed by laminating a large number of layers made of organic compounds, it is very important that the film quality is uniform.
- a film forming method such as a coating method such as a spin coating method or a spray method, or a printing method such as an ink jet method or a screen method can be adopted depending on the material and properties of the base.
- the spray method is effective for forming a uniform film on a surface with unevenness, it is preferable when a layer made of an organic compound is provided on a surface where unevenness due to a patterned electrode or a partition between pixels remains.
- the droplets of the application liquid sprayed from the nozzle to the application surface are as small as possible because uniform film quality can be obtained.
- a solvent with high vapor pressure is mixed with the coating liquid, and a part of the solvent is volatilized from the sprayed coating droplet in the coating atmosphere, so that fine droplets are generated immediately before adhering to the substrate. Is preferred.
- a slower drying solvent that is, a vapor A technique in which a solvent having a low pressure is contained to some extent is used.
- the solvent having a vapor pressure of 2 mmHg to 10 mmHg at 25 ° C. include organic solvents such as xylene, anisole, cyclohexanone, and toluene.
- examples of the solvent having a vapor pressure of less than 2 mmHg at 25 ° C. include ethyl benzoate, methyl benzoate, tetralin, and phenetole.
- the ratio of the mixed solvent is such that the solvent whose vapor pressure at 25 ° C. is 2 mmHg or more is 5% by weight or more, preferably 25% by weight or more, but less than 50% by weight, and the vapor pressure at 25 ° C. is 25% by weight.
- the solvent which is less than 2 mmHg is 30% by weight or more, preferably 50% by weight or more, particularly preferably 75% by weight or more, but less than 95% by weight in the total mixed solvent.
- an organic electroluminescent element is formed by laminating layers made of a large number of organic compounds, each layer is required to be a uniform layer.
- moisture may be mixed into the coating solution (composition) for forming the layer, so that moisture may be mixed into the coating film and the uniformity of the film may be impaired.
- the water content is as low as possible.
- the amount of water contained in the organic electroluminescent element composition is preferably 1% by weight or less, more preferably 0.1% by weight or less, and still more preferably 0.05% by weight or less.
- the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention contains, for example, a solvent having a water solubility at 25 ° C. of 1% by weight or less (preferably 0.1% by weight or less) in the composition. It is preferable to contain 10% by weight or more.
- the solvent satisfying the above solubility condition is more preferably 30% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 50% by weight or more.
- the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of this invention may contain various other solvents other than the solvent mentioned above as needed.
- such other solvents include amides such as N, N-dimethylformamide and N, N-dimethylacetamide; dimethyl sulfoxide and the like.
- the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of this invention may contain various additives, such as coating property improving agents, such as a leveling agent and an antifoamer.
- the organic electroluminescent element is formed by laminating a plurality of layers made of organic compounds, it is very important that the film quality is uniform.
- a film forming method such as a coating method such as a spin coating method or a spray method, or a printing method such as an ink jet method or a screen method can be adopted depending on the material and properties of the base.
- the polymer compound of the present invention and other components used as necessary are used as appropriate solvents. Dissolve to prepare the composition for organic electroluminescence device.
- This composition is applied onto a layer corresponding to the lower layer of the layer to be formed by a technique such as spin coating or dip coating, dried, and then crosslinked to form the crosslinked layer in the present invention.
- a technique such as spin coating or dip coating
- heating is usually performed.
- the heating method is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include heat drying.
- the layer formed using the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention is usually heated to 120 ° C. or higher, preferably 400 ° C. or lower.
- the heating time is usually 1 minute or longer, preferably 24 hours or shorter.
- Means such as mounting the laminated body which has the formed layer on a hotplate, or heating in oven, is used.
- conditions such as heating on a hot plate at 120 ° C. or more for 1 minute or more can be used.
- the heating method is not particularly limited, but the conditions for heat drying are usually 100 ° C. or higher, preferably 120 ° C. or higher, more preferably 150 ° C. or higher, and usually 400 ° C. or lower, preferably 350 ° C. or lower, more preferably. Heats the layer formed using the composition for organic electroluminescent elements to 300 ° C. or lower.
- the heating time is usually 1 minute or longer, preferably 24 hours or shorter.
- Means such as mounting the laminated body which has the formed layer on a hotplate, or heating in oven, is used. For example, conditions such as heating on a hot plate at 120 ° C. or more for 1 minute or more can be used.
- a method of irradiating directly using an ultraviolet / visible / infrared light source such as an ultra-high pressure mercury lamp, a high-pressure mercury lamp, a halogen lamp or an infrared lamp, or the above-mentioned light source is incorporated.
- an ultraviolet / visible / infrared light source such as an ultra-high pressure mercury lamp, a high-pressure mercury lamp, a halogen lamp or an infrared lamp, or the above-mentioned light source is incorporated.
- Examples include a mask aligner and a method of irradiation using a conveyor type light irradiation device.
- active energy irradiation other than light for example, there is a method of irradiation using a device that irradiates a microwave generated by a magnetron, a so-called microwave oven.
- irradiation time it is preferable to set conditions necessary for sufficient crosslinking reaction to occur, but irradiation is usually performed for 0.1 seconds or longer, preferably 10 hours or shorter.
- active energy such as heating and light may be performed alone or in combination. When combined, the order of implementation is not particularly limited.
- the irradiation of active energy such as heating and light is preferably performed in an atmosphere containing no moisture such as a nitrogen gas atmosphere in order to reduce the amount of moisture contained in the layer and / or moisture adsorbed on the surface after implementation.
- active energy such as heating and light
- the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention is an organic electroluminescent device having an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode on a substrate. It is an organic electroluminescent element which is a layer (also referred to as a crosslinked layer) containing a molecular compound. Furthermore, in the organic electroluminescent element of the present invention, the cross-linked layer in the present invention is preferably a hole injection layer and / or a hole transport layer.
- the crosslinked layer of the present invention is preferably formed by a wet film forming method using the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of the structure of the organic electroluminescent element of the present invention.
- the organic electroluminescent device shown in FIG. 1 is configured by laminating an anode, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron injection layer, and a cathode in this order on a substrate.
- the hole transport layer usually corresponds to the organic compound-containing layer of the present invention described above.
- Substrate serves as a support for the organic electroluminescence device, and a quartz or glass plate, a metal plate or a metal foil, a plastic film or a sheet is used.
- a glass plate or a transparent synthetic resin plate such as polyester, polymethacrylate, polycarbonate, or polysulfone is preferable.
- a synthetic resin substrate it is necessary to pay attention to gas barrier properties. If the gas barrier property of the substrate is too small, the organic electroluminescent element may be deteriorated by the outside air that has passed through the substrate, which is not preferable. For this reason, a method of securing a gas barrier property by providing a dense silicon oxide film or the like on at least one surface of the synthetic resin substrate is also one of preferable methods.
- Anode plays a role of hole injection into a light emitting layer side layer (hole injection layer or light emitting layer) to be described later.
- This anode is usually a metal such as aluminum, gold, silver, nickel, palladium, or platinum, a metal oxide such as an oxide of indium and / or tin, a metal halide such as copper iodide, carbon black, or poly It is composed of conductive polymers such as (3-methylthiophene), polypyrrole and polyaniline.
- the anode is often formed by a sputtering method, a vacuum deposition method, or the like.
- anode can also be formed by coating.
- a thin film can be directly formed on a substrate by electrolytic polymerization, or an anode can be formed by applying a conductive polymer on a substrate (Applied Physics Letters, 1992, Vol. .60, pp. 2711).
- the anode can be formed by stacking different materials. The thickness of the anode varies depending on the required transparency.
- the visible light transmittance is usually 60% or more, preferably 80% or more.
- the thickness is usually 5 nm or more, preferably 10 nm or more, Usually, it is 1000 nm or less, preferably 500 nm or less.
- the anode may be the same as the substrate. Further, it is possible to laminate different conductive materials on the anode.
- the anode surface is treated with ultraviolet (UV) / ozone, oxygen plasma, or argon plasma for the purpose of removing impurities adhering to the anode and adjusting the ionization potential to improve hole injection. Is preferred.
- the hole injection layer is a layer that transports holes to a layer adjacent to the cathode side of the anode.
- the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention may have a configuration in which the hole injection layer is omitted.
- the hole injection layer preferably contains a hole transporting compound, and more preferably contains a hole transporting compound and an electron accepting compound.
- the hole injection layer preferably contains a cation radical compound, and particularly preferably contains a cation radical compound and a hole transporting compound.
- the hole injection layer may contain a binder resin and a coating property improving agent as necessary.
- the binder resin is preferably one that does not easily act as a charge trap.
- the hole injection layer can be formed by depositing only the electron-accepting compound on the anode by a wet film formation method, and directly applying and laminating the charge transport material composition thereon. In this case, a part of the charge transport material composition interacts with the electron accepting compound, whereby a layer having excellent hole injecting property is formed.
- the hole transporting compound As the hole transporting compound, a compound having an ionization potential of 4.5 eV to 6.0 eV is preferable. However, when used in the wet film forming method, it is preferable that the solubility in the solvent used in the wet film forming method is high.
- the hole transporting compound is preferably the polymer compound of the present invention from the viewpoint of excellent film forming properties and high charge transporting ability. That is, it is preferable to form a layer using the composition for organic electroluminescent elements of the present invention.
- the hole transporting compound examples include aromatic amine compounds, phthalocyanine derivatives, porphyrin derivatives, oligothiophene derivatives, polythiophene derivatives, and the like. . Of these, aromatic amine compounds are preferred from the viewpoints of amorphousness and visible light transmittance.
- the type of the aromatic amine compound is not particularly limited, and may be a low molecular compound or a high molecular compound. From the viewpoint of the surface smoothing effect, a polymer having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 or more and 1,000,000 or less. A compound (polymerizable hydrocarbon compound in which repeating units are continuous) is preferred.
- Preferable examples of the aromatic tertiary amine polymer compound also include a polymer compound having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1).
- Ar b1 and Ar b2 are each independently an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
- .Ar b3 ⁇ Ar represents a b5 are each independently, .Z represents an aromatic optionally substituted hydrocarbon group, or optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group b Represents a linking group selected from the following group of linking groups, and among Ar b1 to Ar b5 , two groups bonded to the same N atom may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- Ar b6 to Ar b16 are each independently an aromatic hydrocarbon ring which may have a substituent, or an aromatic heterocyclic ring which may have a substituent.
- R b5 and R b6 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an arbitrary substituent.
- Ar b1 to Ar b16 any monovalent or divalent group derived from any aromatic hydrocarbon ring or aromatic heterocyclic ring is applicable. These groups may be the same or different from each other. Further, these groups may further have an arbitrary substituent.
- Specific examples of the aromatic tertiary amine polymer compound having a repeating unit represented by the general formula (1) include compounds described in International Publication No. 2005/089024 pamphlet.
- the hole transporting compound used as the material for the hole injection layer may contain any one of these compounds alone, or may contain two or more. In the case of containing two or more kinds of hole transporting compounds, the combination thereof is arbitrary, but one or more aromatic tertiary amine polymer compounds and one or two kinds of other hole transporting compounds are used. It is preferable to use the above together.
- (Electron-accepting compound) As the electron-accepting compound, the above ⁇ 7. This is the same as that described in the section “Composition for organic electroluminescence device>. The same applies to preferred specific examples.
- (Cation radical compound) As the cation radical compound, an ionic compound composed of a cation radical which is a chemical species obtained by removing one electron from a hole transporting compound and a counter anion is preferable. However, when the cation radical is derived from a hole transporting polymer compound, the cation radical has a structure in which one electron is removed from the repeating unit of the polymer compound.
- the cation radical is preferably a chemical species obtained by removing one electron from the compound described above as the hole transporting compound.
- a chemical species obtained by removing one electron from a compound preferable as a hole transporting compound is preferable in terms of amorphousness, visible light transmittance, heat resistance, solubility, and the like.
- the cation radical compound can be generated by mixing the hole transporting compound and the electron accepting compound. That is, by mixing the hole transporting compound and the electron accepting compound, electron transfer occurs from the hole transporting compound to the electron accepting compound, and the cation radical and the counter anion of the hole transporting compound A cation ion compound consisting of
- the oxidative polymerization referred to here is a method in which a monomer is chemically or electrochemically oxidized in an acidic solution using peroxodisulfate or the like.
- a monomer is oxidized to become a polymer, and an anion derived from an acidic solution is used as a counter anion. Generate.
- the hole injection layer can be formed by either a wet film formation method or a dry film formation method such as a vacuum deposition method.
- the film is preferably formed by a wet film forming method from the viewpoint of excellent film forming properties.
- the thickness of the hole injection layer is usually 5 nm or more, preferably 10 nm or more, and usually 1000 nm or less, preferably 500 nm or less.
- the content of the electron-accepting compound in the hole-injecting layer with respect to the hole-transporting compound is usually 0.1 mol% or more, preferably 1 mol% or more. However, it is usually 100 mol% or less, preferably 40 mol% or less.
- the hole injection layer As a material for the hole injection layer, other components may be further contained in addition to the above-described hole transporting compound and electron accepting compound as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired. Examples of other components include various light emitting materials, electron transporting compounds, binder resins, and coating property improving agents. In addition, only 1 type may be used for another component and it may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- solvent At least one of the solvents of the composition for forming a hole injection layer used in the wet film formation method is preferably a compound that can dissolve the constituent material of the hole injection layer. The boiling point of this solvent is usually 110 ° C. or higher, preferably 140 ° C. or higher, particularly 200 ° C.
- the solvent include ether solvents, ester solvents, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, amide solvents, and the like.
- ether solvents include aliphatic ethers such as ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol-1-monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA); 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, anisole , Aromatic ethers such as phenetole, 2-methoxytoluene, 3-methoxytoluene, 4-methoxytoluene, 2,3-dimethylanisole, 2,4-dimethylanisole, and the like.
- aliphatic ethers such as ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol-1-monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA); 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, anisole , Aromatic ethers such as phenetole, 2-methoxytoluene, 3-methoxytoluene, 4-
- ester solvent examples include aromatic esters such as phenyl acetate, phenyl propionate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, propyl benzoate, and n-butyl benzoate.
- aromatic hydrocarbon solvent examples include toluene, xylene, cyclohexylbenzene, 3-isopropylpropylphenyl, 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene, 1,4-diisopropylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, and methylnaphthalene.
- amide solvent examples include N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide and the like. In addition, dimethyl sulfoxide and the like can also be used. These solvent may use only 1 type and may use 2 or more types by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- the composition After preparing the composition for forming a hole injection layer, the composition is applied onto a layer corresponding to the lower layer of the hole injection layer (usually an anode) by wet film formation and dried to form a hole injection layer.
- the temperature in the film forming step is preferably 10 ° C. or higher, and preferably 50 ° C. or lower in order to prevent film loss due to the formation of crystals in the composition.
- the relative humidity in the film forming step is not limited as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 0.01 ppm or more and usually 80% or less.
- the film of the composition for forming a hole injection layer is usually dried by heating or the like.
- a heating step is usually performed.
- the heating means used in the heating step include a clean oven, a hot plate, an infrared ray, a halogen heater, and microwave irradiation.
- a clean oven and a hot plate are preferable in order to uniformly apply heat to the entire film.
- the heating temperature in the heating step is preferably heated at a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point of the solvent used in the composition for forming a hole injection layer as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- a mixed solvent containing two or more types of solvents used in the composition for forming a hole injection layer it is preferable that at least one type is heated at a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point of the solvent.
- the heating step is preferably performed at 120 ° C. or higher, preferably 410 ° C. or lower.
- the heating temperature is preferably equal to or higher than the boiling point of the solvent of the composition for forming a hole injection layer.
- the heating time is not limited as long as the coating film does not sufficiently crosslink, but is preferably 10 seconds or longer and usually 180 minutes or shorter. If the heating time is too long, the components of the other layers tend to diffuse, and if it is too short, the hole injection layer tends to be inhomogeneous. Heating may be performed in two steps.
- ⁇ Formation of hole injection layer by vacuum deposition When forming the hole injection layer by vacuum deposition, one or more of the constituent materials of the hole injection layer (the aforementioned hole transporting compound, electron accepting compound, etc.) are placed in a vacuum vessel. Place in crucibles (in case of using two or more materials, put in each crucible), evacuate the inside of the vacuum vessel to about 10 ⁇ 4 Pa with a suitable vacuum pump, then heat the crucible (two or more types) When using materials, heat each crucible) and evaporate by controlling the amount of evaporation (when using two or more materials, evaporate by independently controlling the amount of evaporation) and place it facing the crucible. A hole injection layer is formed on the anode of the substrate.
- those hole mixture layers can also be formed by putting them in a crucible and heating and evaporating them.
- the degree of vacuum at the time of vapor deposition is not limited as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 0.1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Torr (0.13 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa) or more, usually 9.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Torr. (12.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa) or less.
- the deposition rate is not limited as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 0.1 ⁇ / second or more and usually 5.0 ⁇ / second or less.
- the film forming temperature at the time of vapor deposition is not limited as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is preferably 10 ° C. or higher, preferably 50 ° C. or lower.
- the thickness of the hole injection layer is usually 5 nm or more, preferably 10 nm or more, and usually 1000 nm or less, preferably 500 nm or less.
- the hole transport layer can be formed on the hole injection layer when there is a hole injection layer and on the anode when there is no hole injection layer.
- the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention may have a configuration in which the hole transport layer is omitted.
- the material for forming the hole transport layer is preferably a material having a high hole transport capability and capable of efficiently transporting the injected holes. Therefore, it is preferable that the ionization potential is small, the transparency with respect to visible light is high, the hole mobility is large, the stability is excellent, and trapping impurities are hardly generated at the time of manufacture or use.
- the hole transporting compound the polymer compound of the present invention is particularly preferable from the above points.
- a compound other than the polymer compound of the present invention is used as the hole transporting compound, a material conventionally used as a constituent material of the hole transport layer can be used. Examples of conventionally used materials include those exemplified as the hole transporting compound used in the above-described hole injection layer.
- aromatic amine compounds having a starburst structure such as aromatic diamines (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-234811) and 4,4 ′, 4 ′′ -tris (1-naphthylphenylamino) triphenylamine (J. Lumin. 72-74, 985, 1997), an aromatic amine compound consisting of a tetramer of triphenylamine (Chem.
- a composition for forming a hole transport layer is prepared in the same manner as in the formation of the hole injection layer, and then heated and dried after coating.
- the composition for forming a hole transport layer contains a solvent in addition to the above hole transport compound.
- the solvent used is the same as that used for the composition for forming a hole injection layer.
- the coating conditions, heating and drying conditions, and the like are the same as in the case of forming the hole injection layer.
- the film forming conditions are the same as in the case of forming the hole injection layer.
- the hole transport layer may contain various light emitting materials, electron transport compounds, binder resins, coatability improvers, and the like in addition to the hole transport compound.
- the hole transport layer may also be a layer formed by crosslinking a crosslinkable compound.
- the crosslinkable compound is a compound having a crosslinkable group, and forms a network polymer compound by crosslinking. Examples of such crosslinkable groups include cyclic ether groups such as oxetane groups and epoxy groups; groups containing unsaturated double bonds such as vinyl groups, trifluorovinyl groups, styryl groups, acrylic groups, methacryloyl groups, and cinnamoyl groups.
- the crosslinkable compound may be any of a monomer, an oligomer, and a polymer.
- the crosslinkable compound may have only 1 type, and may have 2 or more types by arbitrary combinations and ratios.
- a hole transporting compound having a crosslinkable group is preferably used as the crosslinkable compound.
- hole transporting compounds include nitrogen-containing aromatic compound derivatives such as pyridine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, triazine derivatives, quinoline derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, carbazole derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, porphyrin derivatives; triphenylamine derivatives Silole derivatives; oligothiophene derivatives, condensed polycyclic aromatic derivatives, metal complexes and the like.
- nitrogen-containing aromatic compound derivatives such as pyridine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, triazine derivatives, quinoline derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, carbazole derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, porphyrin derivatives; triphenylamine derivatives Silole derivatives; oligothiophene derivatives, condensed polycyclic aromatic derivatives, metal complexes and the like.
- nitrogen-containing aromatic derivatives such as pyridine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, triazine derivatives, quinoline derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, carbazole derivatives; triphenylamine derivatives, silole derivatives, condensed polycyclic aromatic derivatives, metal complexes, etc.
- triphenylamine derivatives particularly preferred are triphenylamine derivatives.
- the composition for forming a hole transport layer may contain an additive for promoting a crosslinking reaction in addition to the crosslinking compound.
- additives that accelerate the crosslinking reaction include polymerization initiators and polymerization accelerators such as alkylphenone compounds, acylphosphine oxide compounds, metallocene compounds, oxime ester compounds, azo compounds, onium salts; condensed polycyclic hydrocarbons, And photosensitizers such as porphyrin compounds and diaryl ketone compounds.
- it may contain a coating property improving agent such as a leveling agent, an antifoaming agent, an electron accepting compound, a binder resin, and the like.
- the crosslinkable compound is usually 0.01% by weight or more, preferably 0.05% by weight or more, more preferably 0.1% by weight or more, usually 50% by weight or less, preferably 20%. It is contained in an amount of not more than wt%, more preferably not more than 10 wt%.
- the crosslinkable compound is formed by heating and / or irradiation with active energy such as light. It is crosslinked to form a network polymer compound. Conditions such as temperature and humidity during coating, and heating conditions after coating are described in ⁇ 7.
- the thickness of the hole transport layer is usually 5 nm or more, preferably 10 nm or more, and usually 1000 nm or less, preferably 500 nm or less.
- the light emitting layer is formed on the hole transport layer when the hole transport layer is provided, and on the hole injection layer when the hole transport layer is provided without the hole transport layer. When there is no hole transport layer and hole injection layer, it is formed on the anode.
- the light emitting layer may be a layer independent of the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, and the hole blocking layer, the electron transport layer, etc., which will be described later, but does not form an independent light emitting layer.
- Other organic layers such as a transport layer and an electron transport layer may serve as the light emitting layer.
- the light-emitting layer is formed by directly injecting holes from an anode or through a hole injection layer or a hole transport layer between electrodes to which an electric field is applied, and directly from a cathode, or a cathode buffer layer or an electron transport layer. It is a layer that is excited by recombination with electrons injected through a hole blocking layer or the like and becomes a main light emitting source.
- the light emitting layer can be formed by any method as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the light emitting layer is formed on the anode by a wet film forming method or a vacuum deposition method.
- the wet film forming method is preferable.
- the wet film formation method and the vacuum deposition method can be performed using the same method as the hole injection layer.
- the light emitting layer contains at least a material having a light emitting property (light emitting material), and preferably a material having a hole transporting property (hole transporting material) or a material having an electron transporting property (electron). Transport material). Furthermore, the light emitting layer may contain other components without departing from the spirit of the present invention. As these materials, it is preferable to use low molecular weight materials from the viewpoint of forming a light emitting layer by a wet film forming method as described later. Any known material can be applied as the light emitting material. For example, a fluorescent material or a phosphorescent material may be used, but a phosphorescent material is preferable from the viewpoint of internal quantum efficiency. In order to improve the solubility in a solvent, it is also important to reduce the symmetry and rigidity of the molecules of the luminescent material, or to introduce a lipophilic substituent such as an alkyl group.
- a lipophilic substituent such as an alkyl group.
- a fluorescent dye is not limited to the following illustrations.
- the fluorescent light-emitting material blue fluorescent dye
- examples of the fluorescent light-emitting material (blue fluorescent dye) that emits blue light include naphthalene, chrysene, perylene, pyrene, anthracene, coumarin, p-bis (2-phenylethenyl) benzene, and derivatives thereof.
- fluorescent dyes that give green light emission include quinacridone derivatives, coumarin derivatives, and aluminum complexes such as Al (C 9 H 6 NO) 3 .
- fluorescent light emitting material yellow fluorescent dye
- red fluorescent dyes examples include DCM (4- (dicyanomethyrene) -2-methyl-6- (p-dimethylaminostyryl) -4H-pyran) compounds, benzopyran derivatives, rhodamine derivatives, Examples thereof include benzothioxanthene derivatives and azabenzothioxanthene.
- phosphorescent materials include tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium, tris (2-phenylpyridine) ruthenium, tris (2-phenylpyridine) palladium, bis (2-phenylpyridine) platinum, tris (2- Phenylpyridine) osmium, tris (2-phenylpyridine) rhenium, octaethyl platinum porphyrin, octaphenyl platinum porphyrin, octaethyl palladium porphyrin, octaphenyl palladium porphyrin, and the like.
- Polymeric light-emitting materials include poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl), poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -co- (4,4′- (N- (4-sec-butylphenyl)) diphenylamine)], poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl) -co- (1,4-benzo-2 ⁇ 2,1'-3 ⁇ -Triazole)], and polyphenylene vinylene materials such as poly [2-methoxy-5- (2-hexylhexyloxy) -1,4-phenylene vinylene].
- the polymer compound of the present invention can also be used as a light emitting material.
- the molecular weight of the compound used as the light emitting material is arbitrary as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 10,000 or less, preferably 5000 or less, more preferably 4000 or less, still more preferably 3000 or less, and usually 100 or more, Preferably it is 200 or more, More preferably, it is 300 or more, More preferably, it is the range of 400 or more. If the molecular weight of the luminescent material is too small, the heat resistance will be significantly reduced, gas will be generated, the film quality will deteriorate when the film is formed, or the morphology of the organic electroluminescent element will change due to migration, etc. Sometimes come.
- any 1 type may be used for the luminescent material mentioned above, and 2 or more types may be used together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- the ratio of the light emitting material in the light emitting layer is arbitrary as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is preferably 0.05% by weight or more, and preferably 35% by weight or less. If the amount of the light emitting material is too small, uneven light emission may occur. If the amount is too large, the current efficiency may decrease.
- 2 or more types of luminescent material it is made for the total content of these to be contained in the said range.
- Examples of the low molecular weight hole transport material include various compounds exemplified as the hole transport material of the above-described hole transport layer, and 4,4′-bis [N- (1-naphthyl) -N—.
- Aromatic diamines represented by phenylamino] biphenyl and containing two or more tertiary amines and having two or more condensed aromatic rings substituted with nitrogen atoms Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.
- Aromatic amine compounds having a starburst structure such as 4 " ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ -tris (1-naphthylphenylamino) triphenylamine (Journal of Luminescence, 1997, Vol.72-74, pp.985), tetramer of triphenylamine Aromatic amine compounds (Chemical Communications, 1996, pp.2175), spiro compounds such as 2,2 ′, 7,7′-tetrakis- (diphenylamino) -9, 9′-spirobifluorene (Synthetic Metals, 19 1997, Vol. 91, pp. 209).
- low molecular weight electron transport materials examples include 2,5-bis (1-naphthyl) -1,3,4-oxadiazole (BND) and 2,5-bis (6 ′-(2 ′, 2 "-bipyridyl))-1,1-dimethyl-3,4-diphenylsilole (PyPySPyPy), bathophenanthroline (BPhen), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) , Bathocuproin), 2- (4-biphenylyl) -5- (p-tertiarybutylphenyl) -1,3,4-oxadiazole (tBu-PBD) and 4,4′-bis (9-carbazole) -Biphenyl (CBP), 9,10-di- (2-naphthyl) anthracene (ADN) and the like.
- BND 2,5-bis (1-naphthyl)
- hole transport materials and electron transport materials are preferably used as host materials in the light emitting layer.
- Specific examples of the host material include those described in JP-A-2007-067383, JP-A-2007-88433, and JP-A-2007-110093, and preferred examples thereof are also the same.
- Examples of the method for forming the light emitting layer include a wet film forming method and a vacuum deposition method. As described above, a homogeneous and defect-free thin film can be easily obtained, and the time required for the formation can be shortened. Furthermore, a wet film-forming method is preferable because the effect of crosslinking the hole transport layer by the organic compound of the present invention can be enjoyed.
- a wet film-forming method is preferable because the effect of crosslinking the hole transport layer by the organic compound of the present invention can be enjoyed.
- a wet film-forming method prepare the coating solution by dissolving the above materials in an appropriate solvent, apply it to the hole transport layer after the above-mentioned formation, coat it, and dry it. Then, it is formed by removing the solvent.
- the formation method is the same as the formation method of the hole transport layer.
- the thickness of the light emitting layer is usually 3 nm or more, preferably 5 nm or more, and usually 300 nm or less, preferably 100
- Hole blocking layer A hole blocking layer 6 may be provided between the light emitting layer 5 and an electron injection layer 8 described later.
- the hole blocking layer 6 is a layer laminated on the light emitting layer 5 so as to be in contact with the interface of the light emitting layer 5 on the cathode 9 side.
- the hole blocking layer 6 has a role of blocking holes moving from the anode 2 from reaching the cathode 9 and a role of efficiently transporting electrons injected from the cathode 9 toward the light emitting layer 5.
- Have The physical properties required for the material constituting the hole blocking layer 6 include high electron mobility, low hole mobility, a large energy gap (difference between HOMO and LUMO), and excited triplet level (T1). Is high.
- Examples of the hole blocking layer material satisfying such conditions include bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolato) (phenolato) aluminum, bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolato) (triphenylsilanolato) aluminum, and the like.
- Mixed ligand complexes of, such as metal complexes such as bis (2-methyl-8-quinolato) aluminum- ⁇ -oxo-bis- (2-methyl-8-quinolinato) aluminum binuclear metal complexes, distyryl biphenyl derivatives, etc.
- Triazole derivatives such as styryl compounds (JP-A-11-242996) and 3- (4-biphenylyl) -4-phenyl-5 (4-tert-butylphenyl) -1,2,4-triazole (JP-A-7 -41759), phenanthroline derivatives such as bathocuproine (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-79297), and the like. That. Further, a compound having at least one pyridine ring substituted at the 2,4,6-positions described in WO 2005-022962 is also preferable as a material for the hole blocking layer 6.
- the material of the hole-blocking layer 6 may use only 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio. There is no restriction
- FIG. Therefore, it can be formed by a wet film forming method, a vapor deposition method, or other methods.
- the thickness of the hole blocking layer 6 is arbitrary as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 0.3 nm or more, preferably 0.5 nm or more, and usually 100 nm or less, preferably 50 nm or less.
- Electron Transport Layer The electron transport layer is provided between the light emitting layer and the electron injection layer for the purpose of further improving the current efficiency of the device.
- the electron transport layer is formed of a compound that can efficiently transport electrons injected from the cathode between electrodes to which an electric field is applied in the direction of the light emitting layer.
- the electron transporting compound used in the electron transporting layer is a compound that has high electron injection efficiency from the cathode or the electron injection layer and has high electron mobility and can efficiently transport injected electrons. It is necessary.
- Materials satisfying such conditions include metal complexes such as aluminum complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.
- the electron transport layer is usually 1 nm, preferably about 5 nm, and the upper limit is usually about 300 nm, preferably about 100 nm.
- the electron transport layer is formed by laminating on the hole blocking layer by a wet film formation method or a vacuum deposition method in the same manner as described above. Usually, a vacuum deposition method is used.
- the electron injection layer plays a role of efficiently injecting electrons injected from the cathode into the electron transport layer or the light emitting layer.
- the material for forming the electron injection layer is preferably a metal having a low work function. Examples include alkali metals such as sodium and cesium, and alkaline earth metals such as barium and calcium.
- the film thickness is usually preferably from 0.1 nm to 5 nm.
- organic electron transport materials represented by metal complexes such as nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds such as bathophenanthroline and aluminum complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline described later are doped with alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, cesium, lithium and rubidium.
- the film thickness in this case is usually in the range of 5 nm or more, preferably 10 nm or more, and usually 200 nm or less, preferably 100 nm or less.
- the electron injection layer is formed by laminating on the light emitting layer or the hole blocking layer thereon by a wet film formation method or a vacuum deposition method. Details of the wet film forming method are the same as those of the hole injection layer and the light emitting layer.
- the vapor deposition source is put into a crucible or a metal boat installed in the vacuum vessel, the inside of the vacuum vessel is evacuated to about 10 ⁇ 4 Pa with an appropriate vacuum pump, and then the crucible or metal The boat is heated and evaporated to form an electron injection layer on the light emitting layer, hole blocking layer or electron transport layer on the substrate placed facing the crucible or metal boat.
- the alkali metal as the electron injection layer is deposited using an alkali metal dispenser in which nichrome is filled with an alkali metal chromate and a reducing agent. By heating the dispenser in a vacuum container, the alkali metal chromate is reduced and the alkali metal is evaporated.
- the organic electron transport material When the organic electron transport material and alkali metal are co-evaporated, the organic electron transport material is put in a crucible installed in a vacuum container, and the inside of the vacuum container is exhausted to about 10 ⁇ 4 Pa with a suitable vacuum pump. Each crucible and dispenser is heated simultaneously to evaporate to form an electron injection layer on the substrate placed facing the crucible and dispenser. At this time, co-evaporation is uniformly performed in the film thickness direction of the electron injection layer, but there may be a concentration distribution in the film thickness direction.
- the cathode plays a role of injecting electrons into a layer (such as an electron injection layer or a light emitting layer) on the light emitting layer side.
- a metal having a low work function is preferable, tin, magnesium, indium, calcium, aluminum, A suitable metal such as silver or an alloy thereof is used.
- Specific examples include low work function alloy electrodes such as magnesium-silver alloy, magnesium-indium alloy, and aluminum-lithium alloy.
- the thickness of the cathode is usually the same as that of the anode.
- metals such as aluminum, silver, copper, nickel, chromium, gold, platinum are used.
- the organic electroluminescent device having the layer configuration shown in FIG. 1 has been described as an example, the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention has another configuration without departing from the gist thereof. Also good. For example, as long as the performance is not impaired, an arbitrary layer may be provided between the anode and the cathode in addition to the layers described above, and an arbitrary layer may be omitted.
- the polymer compound of the present invention for the hole transport layer, all of the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, and the light emitting layer can be laminated by a wet film formation method. This makes it possible to manufacture a large area display.
- a cathode, an electron injection layer, a light emitting layer, a hole injection layer, and an anode can be laminated in this order on a substrate, and at least one of them is transparent as described above. It is also possible to provide the organic electroluminescence device of the present invention between two high-height substrates. Furthermore, a structure in which a plurality of layers shown in FIG. 1 are stacked (a structure in which a plurality of light emitting units are stacked) may be employed. In that case, for example, V 2 O 5 or the like is used as the charge generation layer (CGL) instead of the interfacial layer (between the light emitting units) (two layers when the anode is ITO and the cathode is Al).
- CGL charge generation layer
- the present invention can be applied to any of organic electroluminescent elements, a single element, an element having a structure arranged in an array, and a structure in which an anode and a cathode are arranged in an XY matrix.
- Organic EL display and the organic EL illumination of the present invention use the organic electroluminescence element of the present invention as described above.
- organic electroluminescent display of this invention and organic electroluminescent illumination, It can assemble in accordance with a conventional method using the organic electroluminescent element of this invention.
- the organic EL display of the present invention and the organic EL display can be obtained by the method described in “Organic EL display” (Ohm, August 20, 2004, written by Shizushi Tokito, Chiba Adachi, and Hideyuki Murata). EL illumination can be formed.
- dba dibenzylideneacetone
- tBu represents a t-butyl group
- THF tetrahydrofuran
- Me represents a methyl group
- Et represents an ethyl group
- iPr represents an i-propyl group
- Ph represents a phenyl group
- Ac represents an acetyl group
- DMSO represents dimethyl sulfoxide
- TBAB represents tetrabutylammonium bromide
- DME represents dimethoxyethane
- Tf 2 O represents Represents trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride
- DMF represents dimethylformamide
- dppf represents 1,1′-diphenylphosphinoferrocene
- NBS represents N-bro
- the target compound 1 (3.0 g), compound 3 (1.44 g), sodium-tert-butoxide (1.13 g) and toluene (50 ml) were stirred for 30 minutes while heating to 60 ° C. (Dibenzylidene) dipalladium (0) chloroform complex (0.09 g) and tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.07 g) were added, and the mixture was stirred for 3 hours under heating to reflux. After allowing to cool to room temperature, toluene (100 ml) and water (100 ml) were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was stirred and separated.
- Potassium fluoride (23.01 g) was charged into the reaction vessel, and under reduced pressure, heating and drying and nitrogen substitution were repeated to make the system a nitrogen atmosphere.
- 3-Nitrophenylboronic acid (6.68 g), 4-bromo-benzocyclobutene (7.32 g), and dehydrated tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) were charged and stirred.
- tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium chloroform complex (0.21 g)
- the inside of the system was sufficiently purged with nitrogen, and tri-t-butylphosphine (0.47 g) was added at room temperature. Thereafter, the mixture was stirred for 1 hour.
- the target product 5 (8.11 g), 36 ml of tetrahydrofuran, 36 ml of ethanol, and 10% Pd / C (1.15 g) were charged, and the mixture was heated and stirred at 70 ° C. Hydrazine monohydrate (10.81 g) was slowly added dropwise thereto. After reacting for 2 hours, the mixture was allowed to cool, the reaction mixture was filtered through celite, and the filtrate was concentrated. Ethyl acetate was added to the filtrate, washed with water, and the organic layer was concentrated. The obtained crude product was purified by column chromatography (hexane / ethyl acetate) to give the intended product 6 (4.90 g). (Synthesis Example 7)
- reaction mixture was distilled under a reduced pressure of 400 Pa at a bath temperature of 60 ° C., and after removing light boiling components, 50 mL of saturated brine and 5 mL of 1N hydrochloric acid were added, and the mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate (30 mL). The ethyl acetate layer was washed twice with saturated brine (30 mL). When the ethyl acetate layer was concentrated, a crude product (7.7 g) was obtained.
- a solution prepared by dissolving the target product 9 (2.77 g, 1.0 equivalent) in 2 mL of dimethoxyethane was added to this solution, and the mixture was reacted by heating in a 70 ° C. bath (internal temperature 63 ° C.) for 7 hours.
- the resulting reaction mixture was filtered through celite, concentrated with an evaporator, 25 mL of 1N hydrochloric acid was added, and the mixture was extracted 3 times with ethyl acetate (30 mL). The resulting ethyl acetate layer was extracted 3 times with saturated brine (20 mL). Washed.
- the target product 10 (2.31 g), tetrahydrofuran 15 mL, and ethanol 15 mL were added to and dissolved in a 100 mL eggplant flask.
- Raney nickel (1.07 g, manufactured by Nikko Jamaica Co., Ltd., R-200) was added to this solution as a hydrogenation catalyst, and the mixture was replaced with hydrogen three times, followed by reaction at room temperature under hydrogen for 35 hours.
- the reaction solution was filtered through celite and concentrated to obtain 2.8 g of a crude product.
- intermediate 4 (3.88 g), 4-nitrophenylboronic acid (2.72 g), toluene: ethanol (48 ml: 48 ml), and 2M aqueous sodium carbonate solution (24 ml) were charged and heated to 40 ° C. , Deaerated by stirring for 30 minutes. Tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0.53 g) was added and refluxed for 6 hours. After cooling to room temperature, water was added and stirred, and the precipitated crystals were filtered off. Furthermore, the intermediate body 5 (2.35g) was obtained by hang-washing with ethyl acetate.
- the target product 14 (1.82 g), 2-bromo-9,9-dihexylfluorene (3.7 g), tert-butoxy sodium (0.94 g), and toluene (25 ml) were charged, and the system was sufficiently nitrogen-filled. Replace and warm to 50 ° C. (solution A).
- diphenylphosphinoferrocene (0.20 g) was added to a toluene 4 ml solution of tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium chloroform complex (0.09 g) and heated to 50 ° C. (solution B). In a nitrogen stream, solution B was added to solution A and heated to reflux for 5 hours.
- the target product 15 (0.50 g), 3- (3-bromophenyl) benzocyclobutene (0.63 g), tert-butoxy sodium (0.26 g), and toluene (15 ml) were charged, and the system was sufficiently filled with nitrogen. Replace and warm to 50 ° C. (solution A).
- diphenylphosphinoferrocene (0.05 g) was added to a toluene 1 ml solution of tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium chloroform complex (0.02 g) and heated to 50 ° C. (solution B). In a nitrogen stream, solution B was added to solution A and heated to reflux for 6 hours.
- the target compound 17 (1.6 g), acetic acid (30 ml), ethanol (30 ml), hydrochloric acid (1N, 1 ml), water (4 ml) and reduced iron (5.5 g) were refluxed for 2 hours.
- the reaction mixture was filtered at room temperature, ethyl acetate (100 ml) and water (100 ml) were added, and the mixture was stirred and neutralized with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate.
- the aqueous layer was extracted twice with ethyl acetate (50 ml).
- the target product 20 (25.7 g), acetic acid (400 mL), and zinc powder (27.4 g) were charged and heated to reflux. After 8 hours, acetic acid (190 mL) was added, and the mixture was further heated to reflux for about 8 hours. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, water (400 mL) was added, and the mixture was collected by filtration and washed with water. The obtained solid was suspended in methylene chloride (2.5 L), insoluble matters were filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated.
- the target product 22 (17.4 g), acetic acid (242 mL), and zinc powder (18.6 g) were charged and heated to reflux. After 10.5 hours, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, water (250 mL) was added, and the mixture was collected by filtration and washed with water. The obtained solid was suspended in methylene chloride (500 mL), the insoluble material was filtered off, the filtrate was concentrated, and suspended and washed with hexane. The obtained crude product was dissolved in methylene chloride (200 mL) and subjected to silica gel column chromatography (methylene chloride).
- a reaction vessel was charged with 1,3,5-tribromobenzene (22 g), 3-biphenylboronic acid (4.95 g), toluene (110 ml), and ethanol (100 ml) and degassed by nitrogen bubbling for 10 minutes. It was. Sodium carbonate (7.9 g) and water (38 ml) were added to another container and deaerated by nitrogen bubbling while stirring. This aqueous solution was added to the reaction vessel, and tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (866 mg) was immediately added, and the temperature was raised and heated to reflux. After completion of the reaction, water was added to the reaction solution and extracted with toluene.
- the target product 24 (7.0 g), bis (pinacolato) diboron (11.68 g), potassium acetate (9.71 g) and dimethylformamide (100 ml) were added, and stirring was started while nitrogen bubbling was performed. After 15 minutes, the nitrogen bubbling was changed to flow, PdCl 2 (dppf) ⁇ CH 2 Cl 2 (660 mg) was added, and the temperature was raised to 80 ° C. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool, extracted and washed with dichloromethane and water, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The resulting crude product was purified by column chromatography (hexane / ethyl acetate) to give the intended product 25 (10 g). (Synthesis Example 26)
- the target product 25 (5.8 g), 4-bromoiodobenzene (7.5 g), toluene (72 ml), and ethanol (72 ml) were charged into the reaction vessel, and deaerated by performing nitrogen bubbling for 10 minutes.
- This aqueous solution was added to the reaction vessel, and tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (1.0 g) was immediately added, and the temperature was raised and heated to reflux. After completion of the reaction, water was added to the reaction solution and extracted with dichloromethane.
- Diethyl ether (100 ml) was added to the reaction vessel under a nitrogen atmosphere to dissolve 3,3′-dibromo-1,1′-biphenyl (9.00 g) and cooled to ⁇ 78 ° C.
- a 1.6M n-butyllithium hexane solution (40 ml) was added dropwise thereto over 15 minutes, and the mixture was stirred at -78 ° C for 1 hour, then warmed to 0 ° C and further stirred for 2 hours.
- a solution in which trimethyl borate 33 ml was dissolved in diethyl ether (160 ml) and cooled to ⁇ 78 ° C.
- the target product 31 (2.85 g), p-iodobromobenzene (6.68 g), toluene (40 ml), ethanol (20 ml), and 2.6M aqueous sodium carbonate solution (30 ml) were added, and vibrations were applied using an ultrasonic cleaner.
- the system was degassed with vacuum, and the system was replaced with nitrogen. Tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0.41 g) was added thereto, and the mixture was heated and stirred at 75 ° C. for 6 hours.
- a 20% aqueous solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide 50 ml was added to a solution of polymer 1, bromobenzene (0.140 g), and toluene (100 ml), and tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (0. 058 g) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2.5 hours under reflux with heating. Subsequently, phenylboronic acid (0.610 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 6 hours with heating under reflux.
- Tri-t-butylphosphine (0.37 g, 1.8 mmol) was added to a 15 ml toluene solution of tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium chloroform complex (0.23 g, 0.2 mmol) and heated to 50 ° C. ( Solution B). In a nitrogen stream, solution B was added to solution A and heated to reflux for 1 hour. After confirming the disappearance of the raw material, 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl (3.29 g, 10.5 mmol) was additionally added.
- 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl (0.07 g, 0.2 mmol) was further added three times every hour (total 0.21 g). Added further. After the total amount of 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl was added, the mixture was further heated to reflux for 30 minutes, the reaction solution was allowed to cool, and the reaction solution was dropped into an aqueous ethanol solution (ethanol 300 ml + water 50 ml) to crystallize crude polymer 2. It was.
- solution D was added to solution C, and heated to reflux for 2 hours.
- a solution of N, N-diphenylamine (3.80 g, 22.5 mmol) in toluene (2 ml) was added, and the mixture was further heated to reflux for 6 hours.
- the reaction solution was allowed to cool and dropped into an aqueous ethanol solution (ethanol 300 ml + 50 ml) to obtain a crude polymer 2 with a terminal residue capped.
- tri-t-butylphosphine (0.210 g, 0.104 mmol) was added to a 15 ml toluene solution of tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium chloroform complex (0.148 g, 0.0143 mmol) and heated to 50 ° C. (Solution B). In a nitrogen stream, solution B was added to solution A and heated to reflux for 1 hour. After confirming disappearance of the raw material, 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl (1.91 g, 6.1 mmol) was additionally added.
- solution D was added to solution C, and heated to reflux for 2 hours.
- a solution of N, N-diphenylamine (3.82 g, 22.6 mmol) in toluene (2 ml) was added to this reaction solution.
- the reaction solution was allowed to cool and dropped into methanol to obtain an end-capped crude polymer 3.
- This end-capped crude polymer 3 was dissolved in toluene, reprecipitated in acetone, and the precipitated polymer was separated by filtration.
- the obtained polymer was dissolved in toluene, washed with dilute hydrochloric acid, and reprecipitated with ammonia-containing ethanol.
- the polymer collected by filtration was purified by column chromatography to obtain the target polymer 3 (1.01 g). In addition, it was as follows when the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight of the target polymer 3 were measured.
- Weight average molecular weight (Mw) 43300
- Target product 8 obtained in Synthesis Example 8 (7.5 g, 21.5 mmol), Target product 6 obtained in Synthesis Example 6 (0.22 g, 1.1 mmol), 4,4′-dibromostilbene (3. 82 g, 11.3 mmol), sodium tert-butoxy (6.95 g, 72.3 mmol), and toluene (120 ml) were charged, and the system was sufficiently purged with nitrogen and heated to 50 ° C. (solution A).
- tri-t-butylphosphine (0.33 g, 0.45 mmol) was added to a 5 ml toluene solution of tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium chloroform complex (0.06 g, 0.06 mmol) and heated to 50 ° C. (Solution B).
- solution B was added to solution A and heated to reflux for 3 hours. After confirming disappearance of the raw material, 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl (3.31 g, 10.6 mmol) was additionally added. Since it was confirmed that the polymerization started after heating under reflux for 1.5 hours, 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl (0.07 g, 0.2 mmol) was further added three times every 1.5 hours. did. After the total amount of 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl was added, the mixture was further heated to reflux for 1 hour, the reaction solution was allowed to cool, and the reaction solution was dropped into 300 ml of ethanol to crystallize the crude polymer 10.
- the obtained crude polymer 10 was dissolved in 180 ml of toluene, bromobenzene (0.71 g, 4.5 mmol) and tert-butoxy sodium (3.5 g, 36.4 mmol) were charged, and the inside of the system was sufficiently purged with nitrogen. And heated to 50 ° C. (solution C). Meanwhile, tri-t-butylphosphine (0.18 g, 0.9 mmol) was added to a 10 ml toluene solution of tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium chloroform complex (0.12 g, 0.1 mmol) and heated to 50 ° C. (Solution D).
- solution D was added to solution C, and heated to reflux for 2 hours.
- a solution of N, N-diphenylamine (3.82 g, 22.6 mmol) in toluene (2 ml) was added to this reaction solution.
- the reaction solution was allowed to cool and added dropwise to an ethanol / water (250 ml / 50 ml) solution to obtain an end-capped crude polymer 10.
- This end-capped crude polymer 10 was dissolved in toluene, reprecipitated in acetone, and the precipitated polymer was separated by filtration.
- the obtained polymer was dissolved in toluene, washed with dilute hydrochloric acid, and reprecipitated with ammonia-containing ethanol.
- the polymer collected by filtration was purified by column chromatography to obtain the target polymer 10 (0.9 g).
- Weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of the target polymer 10 were measured, it was as follows.
- Weight average molecular weight (Mw) 60000
- a 20% tetraethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution (24 ml) was added to a solution of the obtained crude polymer, bromobenzene (0.20 g), and toluene (100 ml) in a nitrogen stream, and tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) ( 0.451 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred with heating under reflux for 2 hours. Subsequently, phenylboronic acid (1.80 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 6 hours with heating under reflux.
- compound 1 (10.0 g), bis (pinacolato) diborane (10.8 g), potassium acetate (10.13 g) and dimethyl sulfoxide (150 ml) were charged, heated to 60 ° C., and stirred for 30 minutes.
- (Bisdiphenylphosphinoferrocene) dichloropalladium complex (0.74 g) was added and reacted at 80 ° C. for 6 hours. After the reaction, the mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature. Toluene (100 ml) and water (120 ml) are added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture is stirred and separated.
- the aqueous layer is extracted with toluene, the organic layers are combined, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated. did.
- the obtained crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane / ethyl acetate) to give the intended product 33 (7.9 g).
- the target compound 33 (7.9 g), 3-bromoaniline (3.47 g), toluene: ethanol (60 ml: 30 ml), 2M aqueous sodium carbonate solution (20 ml) were charged and heated to 60 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- the system was deaerated by stirring, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0.7 g) was added, and the mixture was refluxed for 6 hours. After allowing to cool to room temperature, toluene (100 ml) and water (120 ml) were added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was stirred and separated.
- Tri-t-butylphosphine (0.189 g, 0.94 mmol) was added to a 10 ml toluene solution of tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium chloroform complex (0.12 g, 0.12 mmol) and heated to 50 ° C. ( Solution B). In a nitrogen stream, solution B was added to solution A and heated to reflux for 1 hour. After confirming the disappearance of the raw material, 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl (1.72 g, 5.51 mmol) was additionally added.
- the obtained comparative crude polymer 2 was dissolved in 110 ml of toluene and charged with bromobenzene (0.39 g, 2.48 mmol) and sodium tert-butoxy (3.8 g, 39.74 mmol), and the system was sufficiently purged with nitrogen. And heated to 50 ° C. (solution C).
- Tri-t-butylphosphine (0.2 g, 0.99 mmol) was added to a 10 ml toluene solution of tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium chloroform complex (0.13 g, 0.12 mmol) and heated to 50 ° C. ( Solution D). In a nitrogen stream, solution D was added to solution C, and heated to reflux for 2 hours.
- Tri-t-butylphosphine (0.24 g) was added to a 10 ml toluene solution of tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium chloroform complex (0.16 g) and heated to 60 ° C. (solution D). In a nitrogen stream, solution D was added to solution C, and heated to reflux for 2 hours. To this reaction solution, a toluene (10 ml) solution of N, N-diphenylamine (5.08 g) was added, and the mixture was further heated under reflux for 4 hours. The reaction solution was allowed to cool and dropped into ethanol to obtain Comparative Crude Polymer 3 with the terminal residue capped.
- Example 1 The organic electroluminescent element shown in FIG. 1 was produced.
- An indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductive film deposited on a glass substrate 1 with a thickness of 120 nm (manufactured by Sanyo Vacuum Co., Ltd., sputtered film) is obtained using ordinary photolithography technology and hydrochloric acid etching.
- the anode 2 was formed by patterning into a stripe having a width of 2 mm.
- the patterned ITO substrate is cleaned in the order of ultrasonic cleaning with an aqueous surfactant solution, water cleaning with ultrapure water, ultrasonic cleaning with ultrapure water, and water cleaning with ultrapure water, followed by drying with compressed air, and finally UV irradiation. Ozone cleaning was performed.
- a hole transporting polymer material (weight average molecular weight: 26500, number average molecular weight: 12000) represented by the following structural formula (P1), 4-isopropyl-4′- represented by the following structural formula (A1)
- a coating solution for forming a hole injection layer containing methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate and ethyl benzoate was prepared. This coating solution was formed on the anode 2 by spin coating under the following conditions to obtain a hole injection layer 3 having a thickness of 30 nm.
- ⁇ Coating liquid for hole transport layer formation Solvent Toluene Solid concentration 0.4% by weight
- ⁇ Film formation conditions for hole transport layer 4> Spinner speed 1500rpm Spinner rotation time 30 seconds Spin coating atmosphere In nitrogen Heating conditions In nitrogen, 230 ° C, 1 hour
- the degree of vacuum in the apparatus was 1.3 ⁇ .
- the compound represented by the following structural formula (E4) and the iridium complex (D2) shown below were formed by vacuum deposition, and the light emitting layer 5 Got.
- the light emitting layer 5 having a film thickness of 32 nm was formed by controlling the deposition rate of (E4) to 0.5 ⁇ / sec and the deposition rate of the iridium complex (D2) to 0.03 ⁇ / sec.
- a hole blocking layer 6 was obtained by laminating a compound (E3) represented by the following structural formula by a vacuum deposition method.
- the deposition rate was controlled in the range of 0.7 to 1.2 liters / second, and the hole blocking layer 6 having a film thickness of 10 nm was formed by being laminated on the light emitting layer 5.
- tris (8-hydroxyquinolinate) aluminum was heated and evaporated to form an electron transport layer 7.
- the deposition rate was controlled in the range of 0.7 to 1.3 liters / second, and a 30 nm-thick film was laminated on the hole blocking layer 6 to form the electron transport layer 7.
- the element that has been deposited up to the electron transport layer 7 is once taken out from the vacuum deposition apparatus into the atmosphere, and a 2 mm wide striped shadow mask is used as a cathode deposition mask.
- the device was placed in close contact with each other so as to be orthogonal to each other, and installed in another vacuum vapor deposition apparatus, and evacuated until the degree of vacuum in the apparatus was 1.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa or less in the same manner as the organic layer.
- the electron injection layer 8 first, lithium fluoride (LiF) is controlled using a molybdenum boat at a deposition rate of 0.08 to 0.13 liter / second, and the electron transport layer 7 has a thickness of 0.5 nm. A film was formed on top.
- a sealing process was performed by the method described below.
- a photocurable resin 30Y-437 manufactured by ThreeBond Co., Ltd.
- a getter sheet manufactured by Dynic
- Table 1 shows the light emission characteristics and the drive life of this device.
- the driving life shows an initial luminance of 2500 cd / m 2 and a luminance half time at room temperature driving.
- the organic electroluminescent element formed using the polymer compound of the present invention has a low driving voltage, high current efficiency, and a long driving life.
- Comparative Example 1 In forming the hole transport layer 4 in Example 1, the polymer compound (i) of the present invention represented by the structural formula (H1) was replaced with the polymer compound represented by the following structural formula (H2) (comparison).
- the organic electroluminescent element shown in FIG. 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polymer was changed to the comparative polymer 1) synthesized in Synthesis Example 1 and formed.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer was 20 nm.
- an organic electroluminescent element having a light emitting area portion having a size of 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm was obtained.
- the light emission characteristics of this element are as follows. Luminance / current: 18.5 [cd / A] @ 100 cd / m 2 Voltage: 6.1 [V] @ 100 cd / m 2 Current efficiency: 9.5 [lm / W] @ 100 cd / m 2
- the maximum wavelength of the emission spectrum of the device was 516 nm, and it was identified as from the iridium complex (D2).
- the initial luminance of the obtained organic electroluminescent element is 2500 cd / m 2 , and the luminance half time when driven at room temperature is shown.
- Example 2 In forming the hole transport layer 4 in Example 1, the polymer compound (i) of the present invention represented by the structural formula (H1) is converted into the polymer of the present invention represented by the following structural formula (H3).
- the organic electroluminescent element shown in FIG. 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the compound (the target polymer 32 synthesized in Synthesis Example 64) was used instead of the compound.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer was 20 nm.
- the light emitting characteristics of the obtained device are as follows. Luminance / current: 13.4 [cd / A] @ 100 cd / m 2 Voltage: 5.3 [V] @ 100 cd / m 2 Current efficiency: 7.9 [lm / W] @ 100 cd / m 2 (Comparative Example 2)
- the polymer compound (i) of the present invention represented by the structural formula (H1) was replaced with the polymer compound represented by the following structural formula (H4) (Comparison
- the organic electroluminescent element shown in FIG. 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the polymer was changed to the comparative polymer 9) synthesized in Synthesis Example 9 and formed.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer was 20 nm.
- the light emitting characteristics of the obtained device are as follows. Luminance / current: 17.1 [cd / A] @ 100 cd / m 2 Voltage: 5.5 [V] @ 100 cd / m 2 Current efficiency: 9.7 [lm / W] @ 100 cd / m 2
- Example 3 an organic electroluminescent element was formed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the light emitting layer 5 was formed as follows.
- a composition for an organic electroluminescence device containing a compound represented by the following structural formula (E5) and a compound represented by the following structural formula (D3) was prepared, and film formation was performed by spin coating under the following conditions: The light emitting layer 5 with a film thickness of 40 nm was formed by heating.
- the light emitting characteristics of the obtained device are as follows. Luminance / current: 4.3 [cd / A] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 Voltage: 8.1 [V] @ 1,000 cd / m 2
- Example 4 In forming the hole transport layer 4 in Example 3, the polymer compound of the present invention represented by the structural formula (H3) was converted into the polymer compound of the present invention represented by the following structural formula (H5) (synthesis).
- An organic electroluminescent device shown in FIG. 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the target polymer 2) synthesized in Example 34 was used instead of the polymer.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer was 20 nm.
- the light emitting characteristics of the obtained device are as follows. Luminance / current: 2.7 [cd / A] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 Voltage: 6.6 [V] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 (Example 5)
- the polymer compound of the present invention represented by the structural formula (H3) is converted into the polymer compound (ii) of the present invention represented by the following structural formula (H6).
- the organic electroluminescent device shown in FIG. 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the target polymer 12 synthesized in Synthesis Example 44 was used.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer was 20 nm.
- the light emitting characteristics of the obtained device are as follows. Luminance / current: 3.9 [cd / A] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 Voltage: 6.9 [V] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 (Example 6)
- the polymer compound of the present invention represented by the structural formula (H3) is converted into the polymer compound (ii) of the present invention represented by the following structural formula (H7).
- the organic electroluminescent device shown in FIG. 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the target polymer 24 synthesized in Synthesis Example 56 was used.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer was 20 nm.
- the light emitting characteristics of the obtained device are as follows. Luminance / current: 4.0 [cd / A] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 Voltage: 7.7 [V] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 (Example 7)
- the polymer compound of the present invention represented by the structural formula (H3) was converted into the polymer compound (ii) of the present invention represented by the following structural formula (H8).
- the organic electroluminescent element shown in FIG. 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the target polymer 31 synthesized in Synthesis Example 63 was used.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer was 20 nm.
- the light emitting characteristics of the obtained device are as follows. Luminance / current: 3.7 [cd / A] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 Voltage: 8.1 [V] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 (Example 8)
- the polymer compound of the present invention represented by the structural formula (H3) is converted into the polymer compound (ii) of the present invention represented by the following structural formula (H9).
- the organic electroluminescence device shown in FIG. 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the target polymer 8 synthesized in Synthesis Example 40 was used.
- the film thickness of the hole transport layer was 20 nm.
- the light emitting characteristics of the obtained device are as follows. Luminance / current: 3.8 [cd / A] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 Voltage: 7.2 [V] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 (Comparative Example 3)
- the polymer compound of the present invention represented by the structural formula (H3) was converted into a polymer compound represented by the following structural formula (H10) (Comparative Synthesis Example 3).
- the organic electroluminescent element shown in Fig. 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the polymer was changed to the comparative polymer 3 synthesized in Step 1.
- the hole transport layer had a thickness of 20 nm. .
- the light emitting characteristics of the obtained device are as follows. Luminance / current: 2.9 [cd / A] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 Voltage: 8.5 [V] @ 1,000 cd / m 2 Comparative examples of the organic electroluminescence elements obtained in Examples 3 to 8 and Comparative Example 3 at a voltage of 1,000 cd / m 2 , current efficiency, and driving life when the initial luminance is 1,000 cd / m 2 Table 8 shows those normalized by the value of 3.
- Example 9 An organic electroluminescent element was formed in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the hole transport layer 4 and the light emitting layer 5 were formed as follows. (Formation of hole transport layer 4) In forming the hole transport layer 4 in Example 3, the polymer compound of the present invention represented by the structural formula (H3) is converted into the polymer compound (ii) of the present invention represented by the following structural formula (H11). ) A hole transport layer having a thickness of 20 nm was formed in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the target polymer 29 synthesized in Synthesis Example 61 was used.
- the light emission characteristics of the organic electroluminescent element having a light emitting area portion of 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm obtained are as follows.
- the maximum wavelength of the emission spectrum of the device was 464 nm, which was identified as that from the compound (D1).
- Table 9 shows current efficiency at 100 cd / m 2 of the organic electroluminescent elements obtained in Example 9 and Comparative Example 4.
- the polymer compound of the present invention can be used in various fields where organic EL optical elements are used, for example, light sources (for example, copying) utilizing characteristics of flat panel displays (for example, for OA computers and wall-mounted televisions) and surface light emitters. It can be suitably used in the fields of machine light sources, backlight sources for liquid crystal displays and instruments), display panels, and indicator lights. Moreover, since the polymer compound of the present invention has excellent redox stability, it is useful not only for organic electroluminescent elements but also for organic devices such as electrophotographic photoreceptors and organic solar cells.
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Abstract
Description
真空蒸着法は積層化が容易であるため、陽極及び/又は陰極からの電荷注入の改善、励起子の発光層封じ込めが容易であるという利点を有する。湿式成膜法は真空プロセスが要らず、大面積化が容易で、1つの層(塗布液)に様々な機能をもった複数の材料を混合して入れることが容易である等の利点がある。
しかしながら、湿式成膜法は積層化が困難であるため、真空蒸着法による素子に比べて駆動安定性に劣り、一部を除いて実用レベルに至っていないのが現状である。特に、湿式成膜法での積層化は、有機溶剤と水系溶剤を使用するなどして二層の積層は可能であるが、三層以上の積層化は困難であった。
このような積層化における問題点を解決するために、特許文献1では、下記の繰り返し単位(III-1)及び(III-2)を含む架橋性基を有する高分子化合物が提案され、架橋性基が反応することによって有機溶剤に不溶にする積層化方法が開示されている。
また、特許文献2及び3では、各々下記式で表される繰り返し単位を有する高分子化合物が開示されているが、これらの化合物を用いて素子を作製した場合は、平坦な膜が得られなかったり、また得られる素子の駆動寿命が短いといった課題があった。
本発明はまた、電流効率が高く、駆動電圧が低く、更に駆動寿命が長い有機電界発光素子を提供することを課題とする。
即ち、本発明は以下を要旨とする。
本発明は、下記式(I)で表される繰り返し単位を含むことを特徴とする、高分子化合物(以下、「本発明の高分子化合物(i)」と称する)に存する。
nは0~3の整数を表し、
Ar1及びAr2は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar3~Ar5は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。
Tは架橋性基を含む基を表す。
但し、Ar1、Ar2、及びAr4が、フルオレン環である場合は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。)
上記高分子化合物(i)は、さらに、下記式(I’)で表される繰り返し単位を含むことが好ましい。
mは0~3の整数を表し、
Ar11及びAr12は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar13~Ar15は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。
但し、R11及びR12、並びにAr11~Ar15は置換基として、架橋性基を有さない。)
上記高分子化合物(i)において、架橋性基が、下記架橋性基群T’の中から選ばれることが好ましい。
<架橋性基群T’>
尚、ベンゾシクロブテン環は、置換基を有していてもよい。
置換基同士が環を形成してもよい。)
本発明はまた、下記式(II)で表される繰り返し単位を含むことを特徴とする、高分子化合物(以下、「本発明の高分子化合物(ii)」と称する)に存する。
Ar21及びAr22は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar23~Ar25は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
T2は下記式(IV)で表される基を含む基を表す。
但し、Ar21及びAr22のいずれもが、直接結合であることはない。
更に、Ar21、Ar22、及びAr24が、フルオレン環である場合は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。)
高分子化合物(ii)は、さらに、下記式(II’)で表される繰り返し単位を含むことが好ましい。
Ar31及びAr32は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar33~Ar35は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。
但し、Ar31及びAr32のいずれもが、直接結合であることはない。
また、Ar31~Ar35は、置換基として、式(IV)で表される基を含む基を有さない。
更に、Ar31、Ar32、及びAr34が、フルオレン環である場合は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。)
本発明は、また、下記の繰り返し単位群Aより選ばれる少なくとも一つの繰り返し単位、及び下記の繰り返し単位群Bより選ばれる少なくとも一つの繰り返し単位を有することを特徴とする、高分子化合物に存する。
<繰り返し単位群A>
本発明の高分子化合物を架橋させて得られることを特徴とする、網目状高分子化合物。
本発明の高分子化合物を含有することを特徴とする、有機電界発光素子用組成物。
基板上に、陽極、陰極、及び該陽極と該陰極の間に有機層を有する有機電界発光素子において、該有機層が、本発明の網目状高分子化合物を含有する層を有することを特徴とする、有機電界発光素子。
前記網目状高分子化合物を含有する層が、正孔注入層又は正孔輸送層であることを特徴とする、有機電界発光素子。
前記有機層が、正孔注入層、正孔輸送層及び発光層を有し、該正孔注入層、該正孔輸送層及び該発光層の全てが湿式成膜法により形成されることを特徴とする、有機電界発光素子。
本発明の有機電界発光素子を備えたことを特徴とする、有機ELディスプレイ。
本発明の有機電界発光素子を備えたことを特徴とする、有機EL照明。
以下、「本発明の高分子化合物」とした場合は、「本発明の高分子化合物(i)」及び「本発明の高分子化合物(ii)」の両方を指すものとする。
さらに、本発明の高分子化合物は、優れた電気化学的安定性、成膜性、電荷輸送性、発光特性、耐熱性から、素子の層構成に合わせて、正孔注入材料、正孔輸送材料、発光材料、ホスト材料、電子注入材料、又は電子輸送材料などとしても適用可能である。
<1.高分子化合物(i)>
本発明の高分子化合物(i)は、下記式(I)で表される繰り返し単位を含むことを特徴とする、高分子化合物である。
nは0~3の整数を表し、
Ar1及びAr2は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar3~Ar5は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。
Tは架橋性基を含む基を表す。
但し、Ar1、Ar2、及びAr4が、フルオレン環である場合は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。)
本発明の高分子化合物(i)は、置換基として1分子中に少なくとも一つの架橋性基を含む基を有するため、湿式成膜法により形成した膜を穏和な条件で有機溶剤に不溶とすることが可能である。
ここで、主鎖にあるフルオレン環は、HOMO(highest occupied molecular orbital)及びLUMO(lowest unoccupied molecular orbital)が広がって電荷輸送に強く関与する。
ここで、本発明の高分子化合物(i)は、主鎖にあるフルオレン環に架橋性基を含む基を有していないため、電気化学的安定性、特に耐還元安定性に優れる。また、アリールアミン部位から、少なくとも一つの単結合を介して架橋性基を有するため耐酸化性にも優れる。
式(I)中、Ar1及びAr2は、各々独立して、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、Ar3~Ar5は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。なお、Ar1~Ar4は、2価の基であり、Ar5は1価の基である。
置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基としては、例えば、ベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、アントラセン環、フェナントレン環、ペリレン環、テトラセン環、ピレン環、ベンズピレン環、クリセン環、トリフェニレン環、アセナフテン環、フルオランテン環、フルオレン環などの、6員環の単環又は2~5縮合環由来の基が挙げられる。
また、Ar1~Ar5としては、前記群から選ばれる1種又は2種以上の環を直接結合、又は―CH=CH―基により連結した2価の基も好ましく、ビフェニレン基及びターフェニレン基、がさらに好ましい。
Ar1~Ar5における芳香族炭化水素基及び芳香族複素環基が後述の架橋性基以外に有していてもよい置換基としては、特に制限はないが、例えば、下記[置換基群Z]から選ばれる1種又は2種以上が挙げられる。
メチル基、エチル基等の好ましくは炭素数1~24、更に好ましくは炭素数1~12のアルキル基;
ビニル基等の好ましくは炭素数2~24、更に好ましくは炭素数2~12のアルケニル基;
エチニル基等の好ましくは炭素数2~24、更に好ましくは炭素数2~12のアルキニル基;
メトキシ基、エトキシ基等の好ましくは炭素数1~24、更に好ましくは炭素数1~12のアルコキシ基;
フェノキシ基、ナフトキシ基、ピリジルオキシ基等の好ましくは炭素数4~36、更に好ましくは炭素数5~24のアリールオキシ基;
メトキシカルボニル基、エトキシカルボニル基等の好ましくは炭素数2~24、更に好ましくは炭素数2~12のアルコキシカルボニル基;
ジメチルアミノ基、ジエチルアミノ基等の好ましくは炭素数2~24、更に好ましくは炭素数2~12のジアルキルアミノ基;
ジフェニルアミノ基、ジトリルアミノ基、N-カルバゾリル基等の好ましくは炭素数10~36、更に好ましくは炭素数12~24のジアリールアミノ基;
フェニルメチルアミノ基等の好ましくは炭素数6~36、更に好ましくは炭素数7~24のアリールアルキルアミノ基;
アセチル基、ベンゾイル基等の好ましくは炭素数2~24、好ましくは炭素数2~12のアシル基;
フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子;
トリフルオロメチル基等の好ましくは炭素数1~12、更に好ましくは炭素数1~6のハロアルキル基;
メチルチオ基、エチルチオ基等の好ましくは炭素数1~24、更に好ましくは炭素数1~12のアルキルチオ基;
フェニルチオ基、ナフチルチオ基、ピリジルチオ基等の好ましくは炭素数4~36、更に好ましくは炭素数5~24のアリールチオ基;
トリメチルシロキシ基、トリフェニルシロキシ基等の好ましくは炭素数2~36、更に好ましくは炭素数3~24のシロキシ基;
シアノ基;
フェニル基、ナフチル基等の好ましくは炭素数6~36、更に好ましくは炭素数6~24の芳香族炭化水素基;
チエニル基、ピリジル基等の好ましくは炭素数3~36、更に好ましくは炭素数4~24の芳香族複素環基
上記各置換基は、さらに置換基を有していてもよく、その例としては前記置換基群Zに例示した基が挙げられる。
Ar1~Ar5における芳香族炭化水素基及び芳香族複素環基が後述の架橋性基以外に有してもよい置換基の分子量としては、さらに置換した基を含めて500以下が好ましく、250以下がさらに好ましい。
なお、nが2以上である場合、前記式(I)で表される繰り返し単位は、2個以上のAr4及びAr5を有することになる。その場合、Ar4同士及びAr5同士は、各々、同じでもよく、異なっていてもよい。さらに、Ar4同士、Ar5同士は、各々互いに直接又は連結基を介して結合して環状構造を形成していてもよい。
式(I)中のTは、架橋性基を含む基である。つまり、本発明の高分子化合物(i)は、置換基として1分子中に少なくとも1つの架橋性基を含む基を有する。ここで、架橋性基とは、熱及び/又は活性エネルギー線の照射により近傍に位置するほかの分子の同一又は異なる基と反応して、新規な化学結合を生成する基のことをいう。
中でも、架橋性基としては、架橋しやすいという点から、下記<架橋性基群T’>から選ばれる。
<架橋性基群T’>
尚、ベンゾシクロブテン環は、置換基を有していてもよい。
置換基同士が環を形成してもよい。)
架橋性基としては、シンナモイル基などアリールビニルカルボニル基、ベンゾシクロブテン環由来の基などの環化付加反応する基が、電気化学的安定性をさらに向上させる点で好ましい。
分子内において、架橋性基は分子内の芳香族炭化水素基又は芳香族複素環基に直接結合してもよいが、-O-基、-C(=O)-基又は(置換基を有していてもよい)-CH2-基から選ばれる基を任意の順番で1~30個連結してなる2価の基を介して、芳香族炭化水素基又は芳香族複素環基に結合することが好ましい。これら2価の基を介する架橋性基、すなわち、架橋性基を含む基の具体例は以下の<架橋性基を含む基群T’’>に示す通りであるが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
<架橋性基を含む基群T’’>
本発明の高分子化合物(i)は、Ar3に、置換基として架橋性基を含む基Tを有する。
本発明の高分子化合物(i)が、Tの他に架橋性基を有する場合、繰り返し単位にあってもよく、また繰り返し単位以外の部分にあってもよい。但し、後述するR1及びR2は架橋性基を有さない。
架橋性基を含む基がAr3以外にある場合、架橋性基の還元劣化が起こりにくい点で、Ar1、Ar2、Ar4、及びAr5のいずれかにあるのが好ましい。但し、Ar1、Ar2、及びAr4がフルオレン環である場合は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。前記位置に、架橋性基を含む場合、フルオレン環にある場合より、還元劣化しにくくなるからである。
また、未反応架橋性基数を低減させる点で、架橋性基はTのみに含まれるのが好ましい。
本発明の高分子化合物(i)が有する架橋性基の数の平均値は、好ましくは1分子中1以上、より好ましくは2以上、また好ましくは200以下、より好ましくは100以下である。
また、本発明の高分子化合物(i)が有する架橋性基の数は、分子量1000あたりの数で表すことができる。
本発明の高分子化合物(i)が有する架橋性基の数を、分子量1000あたりの数で表した場合、分子量1000あたり、通常3.0個以下、好ましくは2.0個以下、さらに好ましくは1.0以下、また通常0.01以上、好ましくは0.05以上である。
この上限値を上回ると、クラックによって平坦な膜が得られなかったり、また、架橋密度が大きくなりすぎたりして、架橋層中に未反応の架橋性基が増えて、得られる素子の寿命に影響を及ぼすおそれがある。一方、この下限値を下回ると、有機溶剤に対する不溶性が不十分となり、湿式成膜法で多層積層構造が形成できないおそれがある。
ここで、本発明の高分子化合物(i)における、分子量1000あたりの架橋性基の数は、該高分子化合物から末端基を除いて、合成時の仕込みモノマーのモル比と、構造式から算出する。
例えば、後述の合成例35で合成した目的ポリマー3の場合で説明する。
R1及びR2は、各々独立に、水素原子、架橋性基以外の置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、架橋性基以外の置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基又は架橋性基以外の置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基を表し、R1及びR2は互いに結合して環を形成してもよい。
置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基としては、好ましくは炭素数1から8の直鎖又は分岐のアルキル基であり、例えばメチル、エチル、n-プロピル、2-プロピル、n-ブチル、イソブチル基、tert-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、n-ヘキシル基、n-オクチル基、2-エチルヘキシル基、n-デシル基、n-ドデシル基などが挙げられる。
置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、及び置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基としては、前記[1-2.Ar1~Ar5]の項に記載のものが挙げられる。好ましい例も同様である。
また、R1及びR2が、芳香族炭化水素基、芳香族複素環基、又はアルキル基である場合、有していてもよい置換としては、前記[置換基群Z]の項に記載のものが挙げられる。好ましい例も同様である。
また、R1及びR2が、互いに結合して環を形成している場合の、フルオレン環を含む好ましい具体例を、以下<具体例>に示すが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
<具体例>
式(I)におけるnは、0~3の整数を表す。
nは0であることが、高分子化合物の有機溶剤に対する溶解性及び成膜性が高められる点で好ましい。nは1~3であることが、高分子化合物の正孔輸送能が向上する点で好ましい。
[1-8.分子量]
本発明の高分子化合物(i)の重量平均分子量(Mw)は、通常3,000,000以下、好ましくは1,000,000以下、より好ましくは500,000以下であり、また通常1,000以上、好ましくは2,500以上、より好ましくは5,000以上である。
また、本発明の高分子化合物(i)の数平均分子量(Mn)は、通常3000以上、好ましくは6000以上であり、通常1000000以下、好ましくは500000以下である。重量平均分子量又は数平均分子量がこの範囲の下限値を下回ると、架橋層の有機溶剤に対する不溶性が低減して、積層できなくなる可能性があり、ガラス転移温度が低下して耐熱性が損なわれる可能性がある。また、この範囲の上限値を上回ると架橋前においても有機溶剤に溶解せずに、平坦な膜が得られない可能性がある。
さらに、本発明の高分子化合物(i)における分散度(Mw/Mn)は、通常3.5以下、好ましくは2.5以下、より好ましくは2.0以下である。高分子化合物(i)の分散度がこの範囲の上限値を上回ると精製が困難となったり、有機溶剤に対する溶解性が低下したり、電荷輸送能が低下したりする可能性がある。なお、分散度は、理想的には1.0である。
[1-9.更に有される繰り返し単位 ]
本発明の高分子化合物(i)は、架橋性基の数を調整することで、未反応架橋性基の数を低減して、得られる素子の駆動寿命を向上できる点で、下記式(I’)で表される繰り返し単位を含むことを好ましい。
mは0~3の整数を表し、
Ar11及びAr12は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar13~及びAr15は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。
但し、R11及びR12、並びにAr11~Ar15は、置換基として、架橋性基を含む基は有さない。)
Ar11及びAr12は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar13~Ar15は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。なお、Ar11、Ar12、及びAr14は2価の基であり、Ar13及びAr15は1価の基である。
Ar11~Ar15における置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、及び置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基の具体例は、前記[1-2.Ar1~Ar5]の項で記載のものと同様である。また、好ましい例も同様である。但し、Ar11~Ar15は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。
式中、R11及びR12は、各々独立に、水素原子、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基又は置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基を表す。
R11及びR12の、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基、及び置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基の具体例は、前記[1-6.R1及びR2について]の項に記載したものと同様である。好ましい例も同様である。
(1-9-3.mについて)
mは0~3の整数を表す。
上記mは、[1-7.nについて] の項に記載のnと同様である。好ましい例も同様である。
本発明の高分子化合物(i)が、式(I’)で表される繰り返し単位を有する場合、式(I)で表される繰り返し単位に対する式(I’)で表される繰り返し単位の割合{式(I’)で表される繰り返し単位/式(I)で表される繰り返し単位}は、仕込みモル比で、通常0.01倍モル以上、好ましくは50モル倍以上、さらに好ましくは80モル倍以上、また通常100モル倍以下、好ましくは50モル倍以下である。
上記範囲内であると、高分子化合物の正孔輸送能及び還元耐性に優れる点で好ましい。また、得られる素子の駆動電圧が低く、また駆動寿命が向上する点で好ましい。
さらに、本発明の高分子化合物(i)が、式(I)で表される繰り返し単位及び式(I’)で表される繰り返し単位以外の、繰り返し単位を有する場合、式(I)で表される繰り返し単位及び式(I’)で表される繰り返し単位の含有量は、合計で通常10モル%以上、好ましくは50モル%以上、更に好ましくは80モル%以上である。
上記範囲内であると、高分子化合物の正孔輸送能及び還元耐性に優れる点で好ましい。また、得られる素子の駆動電圧が低く、また駆動寿命が向上する点で好ましい。
本発明の高分子化合物(i)のガラス転移温度は、通常50℃以上、80℃以上、より好ましくは100℃以上、また 、通常300℃以下である。
上記範囲内であると、高分子化合物の耐熱性が優れ、得られる素子の駆動寿命が向上する点で好ましい。
また、本発明の高分子化合物(i)のイオン化ポテンシャルは、通常4.5eV以上、好ましくは4.8eV以上、また、通常6.0eV以下、好ましくは5.7eV以下である。
上記範囲内であると、高分子化合物の電荷注入輸送能が優れ、得られる素子の駆動電圧が低下するため好ましい。
式(I)で表される繰り返し単位の好ましい具体例を、以下<式(I)で表される繰り返し単位群C>に示すが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
<式(I)で表される繰り返し単位群C>
<式(I’)で表される繰り返し単位群D>
<その他の繰り返し単位群E>
本発明の高分子化合物(ii)は、下記式(II)で表される繰り返し単位を含むことを特徴とする、高分子化合物である。
Ar21及びAr22は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar23~Ar25は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
T2は下記式(IV)で表される基を含む基を表す。
但し、Ar21及びAr22のいずれもが、直接結合であることはない。
更に、Ar21、Ar22、及びAr24が、フルオレン環である場合は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。)
[2-1.構造上の特徴]
式(IV)で表される基は、架橋後の構造が特に安定である。その為、本発明の高分子化合物(ii)は架橋することで、有機溶剤に対する溶解性を十分に低下させることが可能である。
さらに、アリールアミン部位から、少なくとも一つの単結合を介して、式(IV)で表される基を有する。そのため、アリールアミンの窒素原子にある孤立電子が式(IV)で表される基に流れにくくなり、式(IV)で表される基の電気的安定性に優れるため好ましい。また、高分子化合物が凝集しにくくなるため、凝集に伴う高分子化合物の電荷輸送能の低下が起こりにくいため好ましい。
Ar21及びAr22は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar23~Ar25は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。なお、Ar23、Ar24は2価の基であり、Ar25は1価の基である。
Ar21~Ar25における置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、及び置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基の具体例は、前記[1-2.Ar1~Ar5]の項で記載のものと同様である。また、好ましい例も同様である。
式(II)中のT2は、下記式(IV)で表される基を含む基である。つまり、本発明の高分子化合物(ii)は、1分子中に少なくとも一つの下記式(IV)で表される基を含む基を置換基として有する。
上記式(IV)中のベンゾシクロブテン環が有していてもよい置換基としては、前記[置換基群Z]の項に記載のものが挙げられる。好ましい例も同様であり、最も好ましくは無置換である。
本発明の高分子化合物(ii)は、式(IV)で表される基が-O-基、-C(=O)-基又は(置換基を有していてもよい)-CH2-基から選ばれる基を任意の順番で1~30個連結してなる2価の基を介して、芳香族炭化水素基又は芳香族複素環基に結合すること、つまり、T2が式(IV)で表される基を含む基であることが好ましい。これは、式(IV)中のベンゾシクロブテン環の酸化還元安定性が優れるためである。
本発明の高分子化合物(ii)は、T2として式(IV)で表される基を含む基を有する。
式(IV)を含む基であるT2が、Ar23に結合することで、他の位置に結合した場合よりも、式(IV)の酸化還元安定性に優れ、また凝集しにくい点で好ましい。
本発明の高分子化合物(ii)が、T2の他に式(IV)で表される基を含む基を有する場合、該基は、繰り返し単位にあってもよく、また繰り返し単位以外の部分にあってもよい。
式(IV)で表される基を含む基が、Ar23以外にある場合、式(IV)で表される基の還元劣化が起こりにくい点で、Ar21、Ar22、Ar24、及びAr25のいずれかにあるのが好ましい。但し、Ar21、Ar22、及びAr24がフルオレン環である場合は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。
本発明の高分子化合物(ii)が有する、式(IV)で表される基の割合は、前記[1-5.架橋性基を含む割合]の項において、架橋性基を、式(IV)で表される基とした場合と同様である。また、好ましい範囲も同様である。
前記式(II)におけるpは、0~3の整数を表す。
上記pは、[1-7.nについて] の項に記載のnと同様である。好ましい例も同様である。
[2-7.さらに含まれる繰り返し単位]
本発明の高分子化合物(ii)は、さらに、下記式(II’)で表される繰り返し単位を含むことが好ましい。
Ar31及びAr32は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基又は直接結合を表し、
Ar33、Ar34及びAr35は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。
但し、Ar31及びAr32のいずれもが、直接結合であることはない。
また、Ar31~Ar35は、置換基として、式(IV)で表される基を有さない。
更に、Ar31、Ar32、及びAr34が、フルオレン環である場合は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。)
Ar31及びAr32は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基又は直接結合を表し、
Ar33~Ar35は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。なお、Ar31、Ar32及びAr34は2価の基であり、Ar33及びAr35は1価の基である。
Ar31~Ar35における置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、及び置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基の具体例は、前記[1-2.Ar1~Ar5]の項で記載のものと同様である。また、好ましい例も同様である。
但し、Ar31~Ar35は、置換基として式(IV)で表される基を含まない。
更に、Ar31、Ar32、及びAr34が、フルオレン環である場合は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。
(2-5-2.qについて)
式(II’)におけるqは0~3の整数を表す。
上記qは、[1-7.nについて] の項に記載のnと同様である。好ましい例も同様である。
本発明の高分子化合物(ii)が、式(II’)で表される繰り返し単位を有する場合、式(II)で表される繰り返し単位に対する式(II’)で表される繰り返し単位の割合{式(II’)で表される繰り返し単位/式(II)で表される繰り返し単位}は、前記[1-10.繰り返し単位の割合]の項で記載のものと同様である。つまり、式(I)で表される繰り返し単位を、式(II)で表される繰り返し単位に、式(I’)で表される繰り返し単位を、式(II’)で表される繰り返し単位に置き換えた場合と同様である。また、好ましい態様も同様である。本発明の高分子化合物(ii)は、式(II)で表される繰り返し単位及び式(II’)で表される繰り返し単位以外の、繰り返し単位を含んでいてもよい。
本発明の高分子化合物(ii)の物性は、前記[1-10.物性など]の項に記載のものと同様である。また、好ましい態様も同様である。
[2-8.具体例]
式(II)で表される繰り返し単位の好ましい具体例を、以下<式(II)で表される繰り返し単位群F>に示すが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
<式(II)で表される繰り返し単位群F>
式(II’)で表される繰り返し単位の好ましい具体例を、以下<式(II’)で表される繰り返し単位群G>に示すが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
<式(II’)で表される繰り返し単位群G>
本発明の高分子化合物(ii)に含まれてもよい、式(II)で表される繰り返し単位及び式(II’)で表される繰り返し単位以外の、繰り返し単位としては、後述の<4.合成法>の項で記載の、以下に表される繰り返し単位の、Ara及びArcが、トリアリールアミン構造を含まない2価の基であればよい。
<その他の繰り返し単位群H>
本発明の高分子化合物は、下記の繰り返し単位群Aより選ばれる少なくとも一つの繰り返し単位、及び下記の繰り返し単位群Bより選ばれる少なくとも一つの繰り返し単位を有する高分子化合物であることが特に好ましい。
<繰り返し単位A>
本発明の高分子化合物は、目的とする化合物の構造に応じて原料を選択し、公知の手法を用いて合成することができる。
本発明の高分子化合物は、下記式のように一般式(Va)で表されるハロゲン化物と、一般式(Vb)で表される二級アミン化合物又は一般式(Vc)であらわされるホウ素化合物とを、炭酸カリウム、tert-ブトキシナトリウム、トリエチルアミン等の塩基存在下、逐次重合することで得られる。必要に応じて、銅やパラジウム錯体等の遷移金属触媒を用いることも出来る。
つまり、本発明の高分子化合物は、式(Va)と式(Vb)とをN-Ar結合を形成する反応(例えば、Buchwald-Hartwigカップリング、Ullmannカップリングなど)により、また、式(Va)と式(Vc)とをAr-Ar結合を形成する反応(例えば、Suzukiカップリングなど)によって、それぞれ逐次重合させることによって得られる。
R’はヒドロキシ基又は互いに結合して環を形成してもよいアルコキシ基を示し、
Ara、Arb、及びArcは各々独立に置換基を有してもよい2価の芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有してもよい2価の芳香族複素環基を示す。)
但し、本発明の高分子化合物(i)を合成する場合は、Ara又はArb、並びにAra又はArc、の少なくとも1つは下記式(VI)で表される2価の基を含む。
R51及びR52は、前記[1-6.R1及びR2について]の項におけるR1及びR2と同様である。好ましい態様も同様である。
Ara及びArcは、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。上記合成方法の場合、Ara及びArcの好ましい具体例としては、後述の<置換基を有していてもよい2価の基群A>、<置換基を有していてもよい2価の基群B>、及び<置換基を有していてもよい2価の基群C>が挙げられる。
また、Arbは、式(Vb)で好ましい具体例を挙げており、具体的には後述の<具体例群D>及び<具体例群E>が挙げられる。
本発明の高分子化合物は、適宜Ara、Arc及び式(Vb)の選択を行って、本発明の高分子化合物を合成することができる。
例えば、本発明の高分子化合物(i)を合成する場合は、高分子化合物中に、式(VI)で表される2価の基及び架橋性基を含む基が含まれる様に適宜Ara、Arc及び式(Vb)の選択を行って、本発明の高分子化合物(i)を合成する。
同様に、Ara及びArcの少なくとも一つは、架橋性基を有するとは、例えば、Ara又はArcが後述の<置換基を有していてもよい2価の基群B>から選ばれる基であることを意味する。
これより、例えば、Araが<置換基を有していてもよい2価の基群A>から選ばれる基であり、Arcが<置換基を有していてもよい2価の基群B>から選ばれる基であることにより、本発明の高分子化合物(i)を合成できる。
Araと式(Vb)の場合も同様である。
また、本発明の高分子化合物(ii)を合成する場合は、高分子化合物中に、式(IV)で表される基が含まれる様に適宜Ara、Arc、及び式(Vb)の選択を行って、本発明の高分子化合物(ii)を合成する。
Araと式(Vb)の場合も同様である。
以下に、Ara、及びArcが、前記式(VI)で表される2価の基を含み、架橋性基を含む基有さない場合の好ましい具体例を以下<置換基を有していてもよい2価の基群A>に示すが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
<置換基を有していてもよい2価の基群A>
<置換基を有していてもよい2価の基群B>
<置換基を有していてもよい2価の基群C>
<具体例群D>
<具体例群E>
本発明の高分子化合物は、電荷輸送材料として用いられることが好ましく、特に有機電界発光素子材料として用いられることが好ましい。有機電界発光素子材料として用いられる場合は、有機電界発素子における正孔注入層及び/又は正孔輸送層の電荷輸送材料として用いることが好ましい。
また、有機電界発光素子を簡便に製造できることから、本発明の高分子化合物は、湿式成膜法で形成される有機層に用いることが好ましい。
本発明の高分子化合物は、下記<7.有機電界発光素子用組成物>[成膜方法]の項で記載のように、加熱及び/又は光などの活性エネルギー照射により、架橋反応を起こし、網目状高分子化合物を形成することができる。網目状高分子化合物を含む層は、下記詳述の正孔注入層及び/又は正孔輸送層であることが好ましい。
本発明の網目状高分子化合物の架橋率は、下記[6-1.架橋率の測定方法]の項で記載の方法で測定した場合で、通常70%以上、好ましくは80%以上、また通常120%以下、好ましくは110%以下である。上記範囲内であると、網目状高分子化合物を含有する層と、該層上に湿式成膜法で形成された層とが混合せず、得られる素子の特性に影響しない点で好ましい。
本発明における架橋率は、以下の方法にて膜厚L1及びL2を各々測定し、L2/L1を算出した値である。
[6-1-1.成膜方法、及び膜厚L1の測定方法]
25mm×37.5mmサイズのガラス基板を超純水で洗浄し、乾燥窒素で乾燥して、UV/オゾン洗浄を行う。
測定サンプル(通常、測定する化合物の固形分濃度が1重量%となるように調製された溶液)を前記ガラス基板にスピンコートして膜を形成する。
スピンコート条件は、下記の通りである。
[スピンコート条件]
気温:23℃
相対湿度: 60%
スピナ回転数: 1500rpm
スピナ回転時間:30秒とした。
塗布後、80℃、1分加熱乾燥を行い、次いで、230℃にて、60分間加熱乾燥する。得られた膜を約1mm幅で掻き取り、膜厚計(テンコールP-15、ケーエルエーテンコール社製)で膜厚L1(nm)を測定する。
膜厚L1測定後の基板をスピナにセットし、測定サンプルに用いた溶剤と同様の溶剤を膜厚測定した箇所に垂らし、10秒後に、上記の<スピンコート条件>と同様にスピンコートを行う。続いて再び同じ箇所の膜厚L2(nm)を測定し、架橋率L2/L1を算出する。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、本発明の高分子化合物を少なくとも1種含む組成物である。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、陽極と陰極の間に配置された有機層を有する有機電界発光素子において、通常、該有機層を湿式成膜法により形成する際の塗布液として用いられる。本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、該有機層のうち、正孔輸送層を形成するために用いられることが好ましい。
なお、ここでは、有機電界発光素子における陽極-発光層間の層が1つの場合には、これを「正孔輸送層」と称し、2つ以上の場合は、陽極に接している層を「正孔注入層」、それ以外の層を総称して「正孔輸送層」と称す。また、陽極-発光層間に設けられた層を総称して「正孔注入・輸送層」と称する場合がある。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、本発明の高分子化合物を含有することを特徴とするが、通常、さらに溶剤を含有する。
該溶剤は、本発明の高分子化合物を溶解するものが好ましく、通常、高分子化合物を常温で0.05重量%以上、好ましくは0.5重量%以上、さらに好ましくは1重量%以上溶解する溶剤である。
なお、本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、本発明の高分子化合物の1種のみを含むものであってもよく、2種以上を含むものであってもよい。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、本発明の高分子化合物を通常0.01重量%以上、好ましくは0.05重量%以上、さらに好ましくは0.1重量%以上、また、通常50重量%以下、好ましくは20重量%以下、さらに好ましくは10重量%以下含有する。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物に含まれる、本発明の高分子化合物の架橋反応を促進する添加物としては、アルキルフェノン化合物、アシルホスフィンオキサイド化合物、メタロセン化合物、オキシムエステル化合物、アゾ化合物、オニウム塩などの重合開始剤や重合促進剤、縮合多環炭化水素、ポルフィリン化合物、ジアリールケトン化合物などの光増感剤等が挙げられる。これらは1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、正孔注入層を形成するために用いる場合、形成した層の抵抗値を低下する点で、さらに電子受容性化合物を含有することが好ましい。
電子受容性化合物としては、酸化力を有し、上述の正孔輸送性化合物から一電子受容する能力を有する化合物が好ましい。具体的には、電子親和力が4eV以上である化合物が好ましく、5eV以上の化合物である化合物がさらに好ましい。
上記の化合物のうち、強い酸化力を有する点で、有機基の置換したオニウム塩、高原子価の無機化合物等が好ましい。また、種々の溶剤に対する溶解性が高く湿式成膜法で膜を形成するのに適用可能である点で、有機基の置換したオニウム塩、シアノ化合物、芳香族ホウ素化合物等が好ましい。
電子受容性化合物として好適な有機基の置換したオニウム塩、シアノ化合物、芳香族ホウ素化合物の具体例としては、国際公開第2005/089024号パンフレットに記載のものが挙げられ、その好ましい例も同様である。例えば、下記構造式で表わされる化合物が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物に含有される溶剤としては、特に制限されるものではないが、本発明の高分子化合物を溶解させる必要があることから、好ましくは、トルエン、キシレン、メチシレン、シクロヘキシルベンゼン等の芳香族化合物;1,2-ジクロロエタン、クロロベンゼン、o-ジクロロベンゼン等の含ハロゲン溶剤;エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、エチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、プロピレングリコール-1-モノメチルエーテルアセタート(PGMEA)等の脂肪族エーテル、1,2-ジメトキシベンゼン、1,3-ジメトキシベンゼン、アニソール、フェネトール、2-メトキシトルエン、3-メトキシトルエン、4-メトキシトルエン、2,3-ジメチルアニソール、2,4-ジメチルアニソール等の芳香族エーテル等のエーテル系溶剤;酢酸エチル、酢酸n-ブチル、乳酸エチル、乳酸n-ブチル等の脂肪族エステル;酢酸フェニル、プロピオン酸フェニル、安息香酸メチル、安息香酸エチル、安息香酸イソプロピル、安息香酸プロピル、安息香酸n-ブチル等のエステル系溶剤等の有機溶剤が挙げられる。これらは1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物に含有される溶剤の組成物中の濃度は、通常10重量%以上、好ましくは50重量%以上、より好ましくは80重量%以上である。
なお、水分は有機電界発光素子の性能劣化、中でも特に連続駆動時の輝度低下を促進する可能性があることが広く知られており、塗膜中に残留する水分をできる限り低減するために、これらの溶剤の中でも、25℃における水の溶解度が1重量%以下であるものが好ましく、0.1重量%以下である溶剤がより好ましい。
即ち、本発明における架橋層を湿式成膜法により形成する場合、下地との親和性が重要である。膜質の均一性は有機電界発光素子の発光の均一性、安定性に大きく影響するため、湿式成膜法に用いる塗布液には、よりレベリング性が高く均一な塗膜を形成しうるように表面張力が低いことが求められる。このような溶剤を使用することにより、本発明における架橋層を均一に形成することができる。
このような低表面張力の溶剤の具体例としては、前述したトルエン、キシレン、メチシレン、シクロヘキシルベンゼン等の芳香族系溶剤、安息香酸エチル等のエステル系溶剤、アニソール等のエーテル系溶剤、トリフルオロメトキシアニソール、ペンタフルオロメトキシベンゼン、3-(トリフルオロメチル)アニソール、エチル(ペンタフルオロベンゾエート)等が挙げられる。
これらの溶剤の組成物中の濃度は、通常10重量%以上、好ましくは30重量%以上、より好ましくは50重量%以上である。
本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物に含有される溶剤として、25℃における蒸気圧が2mmHg以上、好ましくは3mmHg以上、より好ましくは4mmHg以上(但し、上限は好ましくは10mmHg以下である。)である溶剤と、25℃における蒸気圧が2mmHg未満、好ましくは1mmHg以下、より好ましくは0.5mmHg以下である溶剤との混合溶剤が挙げられる。このような混合溶剤を使用することにより、湿式成膜法により本発明の高分子化合物、更には電子受容性化合物を含む均質な層を形成することができる。このような混合溶剤の組成物中の濃度は、通常10重量%以上、好ましくは30重量%以上、より好ましくは50重量%以上である。
混合溶剤の比率は、25℃における蒸気圧が2mmHg以上である溶剤が、混合溶剤総量中、5重量%以上、好ましくは25重量%以上、但し50重量%未満であり、25℃における蒸気圧が2mmHg未満である溶剤が、混合溶剤総量中、30重量%以上、好ましくは50重量%以上、特に好ましくは75重量%以上、但し、95重量%未満である。
この様な観点からは、本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、例えば25℃における水の溶解度が1重量%以下(好ましくは0.1重量%以下)である溶剤を、該組成物中10重量%以上含有することが好ましい。なお、上記溶解度条件を満たす溶剤が30重量%以上であればより好ましく、50重量%以上であれば特に好ましい。
また、本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物は、レベリング剤や消泡剤等の塗布性改良剤などの各種添加剤を含んでいてもよい。
前述の如く、有機電界発光素子は、多数の有機化合物からなる層を積層して形成するため、膜質が均一であることが非常に重要である。湿式成膜法で層形成する場合、その材料や、下地の性質によって、スピンコート法、スプレー法などの塗布法や、インクジェット法、スクリーン法などの印刷法等の成膜方法が採用できる。
湿式成膜法を用いる場合、本発明の高分子化合物及び必要に応じて用いられるその他の成分(電子受容性化合物、架橋反応を促進する添加物や塗布性改良剤等)を、適切な溶剤に溶解させ、上記有機電界発光素子用組成物を調製する。この組成物を、スピンコート法やディップコート法等の手法により、形成する層の下層に該当する層上に塗布し、乾燥した後、架橋することにより、本発明における架橋層を形成する。
本発明の高分子化合物を架橋反応させ、網目状高分子化合物とする場合に、通常加熱を行う。
加熱の手法は特に限定されないが、例としては加熱乾燥等が挙げられる。加熱乾燥の場合の条件としては、通常120℃以上、好ましくは400℃以下に本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物を用いて形成された層を加熱する。
加熱時間としては、通常1分以上、好ましくは24時間以下である。加熱手段としては特に限定されないが、形成された層を有する積層体をホットプレート上に載せたり、オーブン内で加熱するなどの手段が用いられる。例えば、ホットプレート上で120℃以上、1分間以上加熱する等の条件を用いることができる。
光などの活性エネルギー照射による場合には、超高圧水銀ランプ、高圧水銀ランプ、ハロゲンランプ、赤外ランプ等の紫外・可視・赤外光源を直接用いて照射する方法、あるいは前述の光源を内蔵するマスクアライナ、コンベア型光照射装置を用いて照射する方法などが挙げられる。光以外の活性エネルギー照射では、例えばマグネトロンにより発生させたマイクロ波を照射する装置、いわゆる電子レンジを用いて照射する方法が挙げられる。
照射時間としては、架橋反応が充分に起こるために必要な条件を設定することが好ましいが、通常、0.1秒以上、好ましくは10時間以下照射される。
加熱及び光などの活性エネルギー照射は、それぞれ単独、あるいは組み合わせて行ってもよい。組み合わせる場合、実施する順序は特に限定されない。
本発明の有機電界発光素子は、基板上に、陽極、陰極、及び該陽極と該陰極の間に配置された有機層を有する有機電界発光素子において、該有機層が、本発明の網目状高分子化合物を含有する層(架橋層ともいう)である有機電界発光素子である。
さらに、本発明の有機電界発光素子は、本発明における架橋層が、正孔注入層及び/又は正孔輸送層であることが好ましい。
本発明の架橋層は、本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物を用いて湿式成膜法にて形成されることが好ましい。
また、該正孔輸送層の陰極側には、湿式成膜法で形成される発光層を有することが好ましく、さらに、該正孔輸送層の陽極側には、湿式成膜法で形成される正孔注入層を有することが好ましい。すなわち、本発明の有機電界発光素子は、正孔注入層、正孔輸送層及び発光層の全てが湿式成膜法で形成されることが好ましい。特にこの湿式成膜法で形成される発光層は低分子材料からなる層であることが好ましい。
図1は、本発明の有機電界発光素子の構造の一例を模式的に示す断面図である。図1に示す有機電界発光素子は、基板の上に、陽極、正孔注入層、正孔輸送層、発光層、正孔阻止層,電子注入層及び陰極を、この順に積層して構成される。この構成の場合、通常は正孔輸送層が上述の本発明の有機化合物含有層に該当することになる。
基板は有機電界発光素子の支持体となるものであり、石英やガラスの板、金属板や金属箔、プラスチックフィルムやシートなどが用いられる。特にガラス板や、ポリエステル、ポリメタクリレート、ポリカーボネート、ポリスルホンなどの透明な合成樹脂の板が好ましい。合成樹脂基板を使用する場合にはガスバリア性に留意する必要がある。基板のガスバリア性が小さすぎると、基板を通過した外気により有機電界発光素子が劣化することがあるので好ましくない。このため、合成樹脂基板の少なくとも片面に緻密なシリコン酸化膜等を設けてガスバリア性を確保する方法も好ましい方法の一つである。
陽極は、後述する発光層側の層(正孔注入層又は発光層など)への正孔注入の役割を果たすものである。この陽極は、通常、アルミニウム、金、銀、ニッケル、パラジウム、白金等の金属、インジウム及び/又はスズの酸化物などの金属酸化物、ヨウ化銅などのハロゲン化金属、カーボンブラック、或いは、ポリ(3-メチルチオフェン)、ポリピロール、ポリアニリン等の導電性高分子などにより構成される。陽極の形成は通常、スパッタリング法、真空蒸着法などにより行われることが多い。また、銀などの金属微粒子、ヨウ化銅などの微粒子、カーボンブラック、導電性の金属酸化物微粒子、導電性高分子微粉末などの場合には、適当なバインダー樹脂溶液に分散し、基板上に塗布することにより陽極を形成することもできる。更に、導電性高分子の場合は、電解重合により直接基板上に薄膜を形成したり、基板上に導電性高分子を塗布して陽極を形成することもできる(Applied Physics Letters,1992年,Vol.60,pp.2711参照)。陽極は異なる物質で積層して形成することも可能である。
陽極の厚みは、必要とする透明性により異なる。透明性が必要とされる場合は、可視光の透過率を、通常60%以上、好ましくは80%以上とすることが望ましく、この場合、厚みは、通常5nm以上、好ましくは10nm以上、また、通常1000nm以下、好ましくは500nm以下の範囲である。不透明でよい場合、陽極は基板と同一でもよい。また、更には上記の陽極の上に異なる導電材料を積層することも可能である。
なお、陽極に付着した不純物を除去し、イオン化ポテンシャルを調整して正孔注入性を向上させることを目的として、陽極表面を紫外線(UV)/オゾン処理したり、酸素プラズマ、アルゴンプラズマ処理することが好ましい。
陽極の上には、正孔注入層が形成される。
正孔注入層は、陽極の陰極側に隣接する層へ正孔を輸送する層である。
なお、本発明の有機電界発光素子は、正孔注入層を省いた構成であってもよい。
正孔注入層は、正孔輸送性化合物を含むことが好ましく、正孔輸送性化合物と電子受容性化合物とを含むことがより好ましい。更には、正孔注入層中にカチオンラジカル化合物を含むことが好ましく、カチオンラジカル化合物と正孔輸送性化合物とを含むことが特に好ましい。
正孔注入層は、必要に応じて、バインダー樹脂や塗布性改良剤を含んでもよい。なお、バインダー樹脂は、電荷のトラップとして作用し難いものが好ましい。
また、正孔注入層は、電子受容性化合物のみを湿式成膜法によって陽極上に成膜し、その上から直接、電荷輸送材料組成物を塗布、積層することも可能である。この場合、電荷輸送材料組成物の一部が電子受容性化合物と相互作用することによって、正孔注入性に優れた層が形成される。
上記の正孔輸送性化合物としては、4.5eV~6.0eVのイオン化ポテンシャルを有する化合物が好ましい。ただし、湿式成膜法に用いる場合には、湿式成膜法に用いる溶剤への溶解性が高い方が好ましい。
正孔輸送性化合物としては、成膜性に優れ、高い電荷輸送能を有する点から、本発明の高分子化合物であることが好ましい。つまり、本発明の有機電界発光素子用組成物を用いて層を形成することが好ましい。
本発明の高分子化合物以外の化合物を正孔輸送性化合物として用いる場合、正孔輸送性化合物の例としては、芳香族アミン化合物、フタロシアニン誘導体、ポルフィリン誘導体、オリゴチオフェン誘導体、ポリチオフェン誘導体等が挙げられる。中でも非晶質性、可視光の透過率の点から、芳香族アミン化合物が好ましい。
芳香族三級アミン高分子化合物の好ましい例としては、下記式(1)で表わされる繰り返し単位を有する高分子化合物も挙げることができる。
Arb1~Arb16としては、任意の芳香族炭化水素環又は芳香族複素環由来の1価又は2価の基が適用可能である。これらの基は各々同一であっても、互いに異なって いてもよい。また、これらの基は、更に任意の置換基を有していてもよい。
一般式(1)で表される繰り返し単位を有する芳香族三級アミン高分子化合物の具体例としては、国際公開第2005/089024号パンフレットに記載の化合物が挙げられる。
正孔注入層の材料として用いられる正孔輸送性化合物は、このような化合物のうち何れか1種を単独で含有していてもよく、2種以上を含有していてもよい。
2種以上の正孔輸送性化合物を含有する場合、その組み合わせは任意であるが、芳香族三級アミン高分子化合物1種又は2種以上と、その他の正孔輸送性化合物1種又は2種以上とを併用するのが好ましい。
電子受容性化合物としては、前記<7.有機電界発光素子用組成物>の項に記載のものと同様である。また、好ましい具体例も同様である。
(カチオンラジカル化合物)
カチオンラジカル化合物としては、正孔輸送性化合物から一電子取り除いた化学種であるカチオンラジカルと、対アニオンとからなるイオン化合物が好ましい。但し、カチオンラジカルが正孔輸送性の高分子化合物由来である場合、カチオンラジカルは高分子化合物の繰り返し単位から一電子取り除いた構造となる。
カチオンラジカルとしては、正孔輸送性化合物として前述した化合物から一電子取り除いた化学種であることが好ましい。正孔輸送性化合物として好ましい化合物から一電子取り除いた化学種であることが、非晶質性、可視光の透過率、耐熱性、及び溶解性などの点から好適である。
ここで、カチオンラジカル化合物は、前述の正孔輸送性化合物と電子受容性化合物を混合することにより生成させることができる。即ち、前述の正孔輸送性化合物と電子受容性化合物とを混合することにより、正孔輸送性化合物から電子受容性化合物へと電子移動が起こり、正孔輸送性化合物のカチオンラジカルと対アニオンとからなるカチオンイオン化合物が生成する。
ここでいう酸化重合は、モノマーを酸性溶液中で、ペルオキソ二硫酸塩等を用いて化学的に、又は、電気化学的に酸化するものである。この酸化重合(脱水素重合)の場合、モノマーが酸化されることにより高分子化されるとともに、酸性溶液由来のアニオンを対アニオンとする、高分子の繰り返し単位から一電子取り除かれたカチオンラジカルが生成する。
正孔注入層は、湿式成膜法でも、真空蒸着法などの乾式成膜法でも形成することができる。成膜性が優れる点で、湿式成膜法で形成されるのが好ましい。
正孔注入層の膜厚は、通常5nm以上、好ましくは10nm以上、また、通常1000nm以下、好ましくは500nm以下の範囲である。
なお、正孔注入層における電子受容性化合物の正孔輸送性化合物に対する含有量は、通常0.1モル%以上、好ましくは1モル%以上である。但し、通常100モル%以下、好ましくは40モル%以下である。
正孔注入層の材料としては、本発明の効果を著しく損なわない限り、上述の正孔輸送性化合物や電子受容性化合物に加えて、さらに、その他の成分を含有させてもよい。その他の成分の例としては、各種の発光材料、電子輸送性化合物、バインダー樹脂、塗布性改良剤などが挙げられる。なお、その他の成分は、1種のみを用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
(溶剤)
湿式成膜法に用いる正孔注入層形成用組成物の溶剤のうち少なくとも1種は、上述の正孔注入層の構成材料を溶解しうる化合物であることが好ましい。また、この溶剤の沸点は通常110℃以上、好ましくは140℃以上、中でも200℃以上、通常400℃以下、中でも300℃以下であることが好ましい。溶剤の沸点が低すぎると、乾燥速度が速すぎ、膜質が悪化する可能性がある。また、溶剤の沸点が高すぎると乾燥工程の温度を高くする必要があり、他の層や基板に悪影響を与える可能性がある。
溶剤として例えば、エーテル系溶剤、エステル系溶剤、芳香族炭化水素系溶剤、アミド系溶剤などが挙げられる。
エステル系溶剤としては、例えば、酢酸フェニル、プロピオン酸フェニル、安息香酸メチル、安息香酸エチル、安息香酸プロピル、安息香酸n-ブチル等の芳香族エステル、等が挙げられる。
芳香族炭化水素系溶剤としては、例えば、トルエン、キシレン、シクロヘキシルベンゼン、3-イロプロピルビフェニル、1,2,3,4-テトラメチルベンゼン、1,4-ジイソプロピルベンゼン、シクロヘキシルベンゼン、メチルナフタレン等が挙げられる。
アミド系溶剤としては、例えば、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、等が挙げられる。
その他、ジメチルスルホキシド、等も用いることができる。
これらの溶剤は1種のみを用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で用いてもよい。
正孔注入層形成用組成物を調製後、この組成物を湿式成膜により、正孔注入層の下層に該当する層(通常は、陽極)上に塗布し、乾燥することにより正孔注入層を形成する。
成膜工程における温度は、組成物中に結晶が生じることによる膜の欠損を防ぐため、10℃以上が好ましく、50℃以下が好ましい。
成膜工程における相対湿度は、本発明の効果を著しく損なわない限り限定されないが、通常0.01ppm以上、通常80%以下である。
塗布後、通常加熱等により正孔注入層形成用組成物の膜を乾燥させる。乾燥させる方法としては、通常、加熱工程が行なわれる。加熱工程において使用する加熱手段の例を挙げると、クリーンオーブン、ホットプレート、赤外線、ハロゲンヒーター、マイクロ波照射などが挙げられる。中でも、膜全体に均等に熱を与えるためには、クリーンオーブン及びホットプレートが好ましい。
加熱工程において、加熱温度が正孔注入層形成用組成物の溶剤の沸点以上が好ましい。また、加熱時間は、塗布膜の十分な架橋が起こらなければ限定されないが、好ましくは10秒以上、通常180分以下である。加熱時間が長すぎると他の層の成分が拡散する傾向があり、短すぎると正孔注入層が不均質になる傾向がある。加熱は2回にわけて行ってもよい。
真空蒸着により正孔注入層を形成する場合には、正孔注入層の構成材料(前述の正孔輸送性化合物、電子受容性化合物等)の1種又は2種以上を真空容器内に設置されたるつぼに入れ(2種以上の材料を用いる場合は各々のるつぼに入れ)、真空容器内を適当な真空ポンプで10-4Pa程度まで排気した後、るつぼを加熱して(2種以上の材料を用いる場合は各々のるつぼを加熱して)、蒸発量を制御して蒸発させ(2種以上の材料を用いる場合は各々独立に蒸発量を制御して蒸発させ)、るつぼと向き合って置かれた基板の陽極上に正孔注入層を形成させる。なお、2種以上の材料を用いる場合は、それらの混合物をるつぼに入れ、加熱、蒸発させて正孔注入層を形成することもできる。
蒸着時の真空度は、本発明の効果を著しく損なわない限り限定されないが、通常0.1×10-6Torr(0.13×10-4Pa)以上、通常9.0×10-6Torr(12.0×10-4Pa)以下である。蒸着速度は、本発明の効果を著しく損なわない限り限定されないが、通常0.1Å/秒以上、通常5.0Å/秒以下である。蒸着時の成膜温度は、本発明の効果を著しく損なわない限り限定されないが、好ましくは10℃以上で、好ましくは50℃以下で行われる。
正孔注入層の膜厚は、通常5nm以上、好ましくは10nm以上、また、通常1000nm以下、好ましくは500nm以下の範囲である。
正孔輸送層は、正孔注入層がある場合には正孔注入層の上に、正孔注入層が無い場合には陽極の上に形成することができる。また、本発明の有機電界発光素子は、正孔輸送層を省いた構成であってもよい。
正孔輸送層を形成する材料としては、正孔輸送能が高く、かつ、注入された正孔を効率よく輸送することができる材料であることが好ましい。そのために、イオン化ポテンシャルが小さく、可視光の光に対して透明性が高く、正孔移動度が大きく、安定性に優れ、トラップとなる不純物が製造時や使用時に発生しにくいことが好ましい。また、多くの場合、発光層に接するため、発光層からの発光を消光したり、発光層との間でエキサイプレックスを形成して効率を低下させたりしないことが好ましい。
正孔輸送性化合物としては、上記の点から、特に、本発明の高分子化合物であることが好ましい。本発明の高分子化合物以外の化合物を正孔輸送性化合物として用いる場合、従来、正孔輸送層の構成材料として用いられている材料を用いることができる。従来用いられている材料としては、例えば、前述の正孔注入層に使用される正孔輸送性化合物として例示したものが挙げられる。また、4,4'-ビス[N-(1-ナフチル)-N-フェニルアミノ]ビフェニルで代表わされる2個以上の3級アミンを含み2個以上の縮合芳香族環が窒素原子に置換した芳香族ジアミン(特開平5-234681号公報)、4,4’,4’’-トリス(1-ナフチルフェニルアミノ)トリフェニルアミン等のスターバースト構造を有する芳香族アミン化合物(J.Lumin.,72-74巻、985頁、1997年)、トリフェニルアミンの四量体から成る芳香族アミン化合物(Chem.Commun.,2175頁、1996年)、2,2',7,7'-テトラキス-(ジフェニルアミノ)-9,9'-スピロビフルオレン等のスピロ化合物(Synth.Metals,91巻、209頁、1997年)、4,4'-N,N'-ジカルバゾールビフェニルなどのカルバゾール誘導体などが挙げられる。また、例えばポリビニルカルバゾール、ポリビニルトリフェニルアミン(特開平7-53953号公報)、テトラフェニルベンジジンを含有するポリアリーレンエーテルサルホン(Polym.Adv.Tech.,7巻、33頁、1996年)等が挙げられる。
正孔輸送層形成用組成物には、上述の正孔輸送性化合物の他、溶剤を含有する。用いる溶剤は上記正孔注入層形成用組成物に用いたものと同様である。また、塗布条件、加熱乾燥条件等も正孔注入層の形成の場合と同様である。
真空蒸着により正孔輸送層を形成する場合もまた、その成膜条件等は上記正孔注入層の形成の場合と同様である。
正孔輸送層は、上記正孔輸送性化合物の他、各種の発光材料、電子輸送性化合物、バインダー樹脂、塗布性改良剤などを含有していてもよい。
正孔輸送層はまた、架橋性化合物を架橋して形成される層であってもよい。架橋性化合物は、架橋性基を有する化合物であって、架橋することにより網目状高分子化合物を形成する。
この架橋性基の例を挙げると、オキセタン基、エポキシ基などの環状エーテル基;ビニル基、トリフルオロビニル基、スチリル基、アクリル基、メタクリロイル基、シンナモイル基等の不飽和二重結合を含む基;ベンゾシクロブテン環由来の基などが挙げられる。
架橋性化合物としては、架橋性基を有する正孔輸送性化合物を用いることが好ましい。正孔輸送性化合物の例を挙げると、ピリジン誘導体、ピラジン誘導体、ピリミジン誘導体、トリアジン誘導体、キノリン誘導体、フェナントロリン誘導体、カルバゾール誘導体、フタロシアニン誘導体、ポルフィリン誘導体等の含窒素芳香族化合物誘導体;トリフェニルアミン誘導体;シロール誘導体;オリゴチオフェン誘導体、縮合多環芳香族誘導体、金属錯体などが挙げられる。その中でも、ピリジン誘導体、ピラジン誘導体、ピリミジン誘導体、トリアジン誘導体、キノリン誘導体、フェナントロリン誘導体、カルバゾール誘導体等の含窒素芳香族誘導体;トリフェニルアミン誘導体、シロール誘導体、縮合多環芳香族誘導体、金属錯体などが好ましく、特に、トリフェニルアミン誘導体がより好ましい。
架橋性化合物を架橋して正孔輸送層を形成するには、通常、架橋性化合物を溶剤に溶解又は分散した正孔輸送層形成用組成物を調製して、湿式成膜により塗布して架橋させる。
また、さらに、レベリング剤、消泡剤等の塗布性改良剤;電子受容性化合物;バインダー樹脂;などを含有していてもよい。
正孔輸送層形成用組成物は、架橋性化合物を通常0.01重量%以上、好ましくは0.05重量%以上、さらに好ましくは0.1重量%以上、通常50重量%以下、好ましくは20重量%以下、さらに好ましくは10重量%以下含有する。
このような濃度で架橋性化合物を含む正孔輸送層形成用組成物を下層(通常は正孔注入層)上に成膜後、加熱及び/又は光などの活性エネルギー照射により、架橋性化合物を架橋させて網目状高分子化合物にする。
塗布時の温度、湿度などの条件、並びに塗布後の加熱条件は、前記<7.有機電界発光素子>[成膜方法]の項に記載の方法と同様である。また、好ましい態様も同様である。
正孔輸送層の膜厚は、通常5nm以上、好ましくは10nm以上、また、通常1000nm以下、好ましくは500nm以下の範囲である。
発光層は、正孔輸送層が有る場合には正孔輸送層の上に、正孔輸送層が無くて正孔注入層が有る場合には正孔注入層の上に、正孔輸送層と正孔注入層が無い場合には陽極の上に形成される。
発光層は前述の正孔注入層や正孔輸送層、及び後述する正孔阻止層や電子輸送層等とは独立した層であってもよいが、独立した発光層を形成せず、正孔輸送層や電子輸送層など他の有機層が発光層の役割を担ってもよい。
発光層は、電界を与えられた電極間において、陽極から直接に、又は正孔注入層や正孔輸送層等を通じて注入された正孔と、陰極から直接に、又は陰極バッファ層や電子輸送層や正孔阻止層等を通じて注入された電子との再結合により励起されて、主たる発光源となる層である。
発光層は、本発明の効果を著しく損なわない限り、任意の方法で形成することができるが、例えば、湿式成膜法又は真空蒸着法により陽極上に形成される。ただし、大面積の発光素子を製造する場合には、湿式成膜法の方が好ましい。湿式成膜法、及び真空蒸着法の方法は、正孔注入層と同様の方法を用いて行なうことができる。
発光材料としては、任意の公知の材料を適用可能である。例えば、蛍光発光材料であってもよく、燐光発光材料であってもよいが、内部量子効率の観点から、好ましくは燐光発光材料である。
なお、溶剤への溶解性を向上させる目的で、発光材料の分子の対称性や剛性を低下させたり、或いはアルキル基などの親油性置換基を導入したりすることも、重要である。
青色発光を与える蛍光発光材料(青色蛍光色素)としては、例えば、ナフタレン、クリセン、ペリレン、ピレン、アントラセン、クマリン、p-ビス(2-フェニルエテニル)ベンゼン及びそれらの誘導体等が挙げられる。
緑色発光を与える蛍光色素(緑色蛍光色素)としては、例えば、キナクリドン誘導体、クマリン誘導体、Al(C9H6NO)3などのアルミニウム錯体等が挙げられる。
黄色発光を与える蛍光発光材料(黄色蛍光色素)としては、例えば、ルブレン、ペリミドン誘導体等が挙げられる。
赤色発光を与える蛍光発光材料(赤色蛍光色素)としては、例えば、DCM(4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran)系化合物、ベンゾピラン誘導体、ローダミン誘導体、ベンゾチオキサンテン誘導体、アザベンゾチオキサンテン等が挙げられる。
高分子系の発光材料としては、ポリ(9,9-ジオクチルフルオレン-2,7-ジイル)、ポリ[(9,9-ジオクチルフルオレン-2,7-ジイル)-co-(4,4’-(N-(4-sec-ブチルフェニル))ジフェニルアミン)]、ポリ[(9,9-ジオクチルフルオレン-2,7-ジイル)-co-(1,4-ベンゾ-2{2,1’-3}-トリアゾール)]などのポリフルオレン系材料、ポリ[2-メトキシ-5-(2-ヘチルヘキシルオキシ)-1,4-フェニレンビニレン]などのポリフェニレンビニレン系材料が挙げられる。
また、本発明の高分子化合物を発光材料として用いることもできる。
なお、上述した発光材料は、いずれか1種のみを用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
発光層における発光材料の割合は、本発明の効果を著しく損なわない限り任意であるが、好ましくは0.05重量%以上、好ましくは35重量%以下である。発光材料が少なすぎると発光ムラを生じる可能性があり、多すぎると電流効率が低下する可能性がある。なお、2種以上の発光材料を併用する場合には、これらの合計の含有量が上記範囲に含まれるようにする。
これら正孔輸送材料や電子輸送材料は発光層においてホスト材料として使用されることが好ましい。ホスト材料の具体例としては、特開2007-067383号公報、特開2007-88433号公報、特開2007-110093号公報に記載のものが挙げられ、その好適例も同様である。
発光層の膜厚は、通常3nm以上、好ましくは5nm以上、また、通常300nm以下、好ましくは100nm以下の範囲である。
発光層5と後述の電子注入層8との間に、正孔阻止層6を設けてもよい。正孔阻止層6は、発光層5の上に、発光層5の陰極9側の界面に接するように積層される層である。
この正孔阻止層6は、陽極2から移動してくる正孔を陰極9に到達するのを阻止する役割と、陰極9から注入された電子を効率よく発光層5の方向に輸送する役割とを有する。
正孔阻止層6を構成する材料に求められる物性としては、電子移動度が高く正孔移動度が低いこと、エネルギーギャップ(HOMO、LUMOの差)が大きいこと、励起三重項準位(T1)が高いことが挙げられる。このような条件を満たす正孔阻止層の材料としては、例えば、ビス(2-メチル-8-キノリノラト)(フェノラト)アルミニウム、ビス(2-メチル-8-キノリノラト)(トリフェニルシラノラト)アルミニウム等の混合配位子錯体、ビス(2-メチル-8-キノラト)アルミニウム-μ-オキソ-ビス-(2-メチル-8-キノリラト)アルミニウム二核金属錯体等の金属錯体、ジスチリルビフェニル誘導体等のスチリル化合物(特開平11-242996号公報)、3-(4-ビフェニルイル)-4-フェニル-5(4-tert-ブチルフェニル)-1,2,4-トリアゾール等のトリアゾール誘導体(特開平7-41759号公報)、バソクプロイン等のフェナントロリン誘導体(特開平10-79297号公報)などが挙げられる。更に、国際公開第2005-022962号パンフレットに記載の2,4,6位が置換されたピリジン環を少なくとも1個有する化合物も、正孔阻止層6の材料として好ましい。
正孔阻止層6の形成方法に制限はない。従って、湿式成膜法、蒸着法や、その他の方法で形成できる。
正孔阻止層6の膜厚は、本発明の効果を著しく損なわない限り任意であるが、通常0.3nm以上、好ましくは0.5nm以上、また、通常100nm以下、好ましくは50nm以下である。
電子輸送層は素子の電流効率をさらに向上させることを目的として、発光層と電子注入層との間に設けられる。
電子輸送層は、電界を与えられた電極間において陰極から注入された電子を効率よく発光層の方向に輸送することができる化合物より形成される。電子輸送層に用いられる電子輸送性化合物としては、陰極又は電子注入層からの電子注入効率が高く、かつ、高い電子移動度を有し注入された電子を効率よく輸送することができる化合物であることが必要である。
このような条件を満たす材料としては、8-ヒドロキシキノリンのアルミニウム錯体などの金属錯体(特開昭59-194393号公報)、10-ヒドロキシベンゾ[h]キノリンの金属錯体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、ジスチリルビフェニル誘導体、シロール誘導体、3-又は5-ヒドロキシフラボン金属錯体、ベンズオキサゾール金属錯体、ベンゾチアゾール金属錯体、トリスベンズイミダゾリルベンゼン(米国特許第5,645,948号明細書)、キノキサリン化合物(特開平6-207169号公報)、フェナントロリン誘導体(特開平5-331459号公報)、2-t-ブチル-9,10-N,N’-ジシアノアントラキノンジイミン、n型水素化非晶質炭化シリコン、n型硫化亜鉛、n型セレン化亜鉛などが挙げられる。
電子輸送層の膜厚は、通常下限は1nm、好ましくは5nm程度であり、上限は通常300nm、好ましくは100nm程度である。
電子輸送層は、前記と同様にして湿式成膜法、或いは真空蒸着法により正孔阻止層上に積層することにより形成される。通常は、真空蒸着法が用いられる。
電子注入層は、陰極から注入された電子を効率よく、電子輸送層又は発光層へ注入する役割を果たす。
電子注入を効率よく行うには、電子注入層を形成する材料は、仕事関数の低い金属が好ましい。例としては、ナトリウムやセシウム等のアルカリ金属、バリウムやカルシウムなどのアルカリ土類金属等が用いられる。その膜厚は通常0.1nm以上、5nm以下が好ましい。
更に、後述するバソフェナントロリン等の含窒素複素環化合物や8-ヒドロキシキノリンのアルミニウム錯体などの金属錯体に代表される有機電子輸送材料に、ナトリウム、カリウム、セシウム、リチウム、ルビジウム等のアルカリ金属をドープする(特開平10-270171号公報、特開2002-100478号公報、特開2002-100482号公報などに記載)ことにより、電子注入・輸送性が向上し優れた膜質を両立させることが可能となるため好ましい。この場合の膜厚は通常、5nm以上、好ましくは10nm以上、また、通常200nm以下、好ましくは100nm以下の範囲である。
電子注入層は、湿式成膜法或いは真空蒸着法により、発光層又はその上の正孔阻止層上に積層することにより形成される。
湿式成膜法の場合の詳細は、正孔注入層及び発光層の場合と同様である。
一方、真空蒸着法の場合には、真空容器内に設置されたるつぼ又は金属ボートに蒸着源を入れ、真空容器内を適当な真空ポンプで10-4Pa程度にまで排気した後、るつぼ又は金属ボートを加熱して蒸発させ、るつぼ又は金属ボートと向き合って置かれた基板上の発光層、正孔阻止層又は電子輸送層上に電子注入層を形成する。
電子注入層としてのアルカリ金属の蒸着は、クロム酸アルカリ金属と還元剤をニクロムに充填したアルカリ金属ディスペンサーを用いて行う。このディスペンサーを真空容器内で加熱することにより、クロム酸アルカリ金属が還元されてアルカリ金属が蒸発される。有機電子輸送材料とアルカリ金属とを共蒸着する場合は、有機電子輸送材料を真空容器内に設置されたるつぼに入れ、真空容器内を適当な真空ポンプで10-4Pa程度にまで排気した後、各々のるつぼ及びディスペンサーを同時に加熱して蒸発させ、るつぼ及びディスペンサーと向き合って置かれた基板上に電子注入層を形成する。
このとき、電子注入層の膜厚方向において均一に共蒸着されるが、膜厚方向において濃度分布があっても構わない。
陰極は、発光層側の層(電子注入層又は発光層など)に電子を注入する役割を果たす。陰極の材料としては、前記の陽極に使用される材料を用いることが可能であるが、効率よく電子注入を行うには、仕事関数の低い金属が好ましく、スズ、マグネシウム、インジウム、カルシウム、アルミニウム、銀等の適当な金属又はそれらの合金が用いられる。具体例としては、マグネシウム-銀合金、マグネシウム-インジウム合金、アルミニウム-リチウム合金等の低仕事関数合金電極が挙げられる。
陰極の膜厚は通常、陽極と同様である。
低仕事関数金属から成る陰極を保護する目的で、この上に更に、仕事関数が高く大気に対して安定な金属層を積層すると、素子の安定性が増すので好ましい。この目的のために、アルミニウム、銀、銅、ニッケル、クロム、金、白金等の金属が使われる。
以上、図1に示す層構成の有機電界発光素子を例に説明してきたが、本発明の有機電界発光素子は、その趣旨を逸脱しない範囲において、別の構成を有していてもよい。例えば、その性能を損なわない限り、陽極と陰極との間に、上記説明にある層の他に任意の層を有していてもよく、また、任意の層が省略されていてもよい。
なお、本発明においては、正孔輸送層に本発明の高分子化合物を使用することにより、正孔注入層、正孔輸送層及び発光層を全て湿式成膜法により積層形成することができる。これにより、大面積のディスプレイを製造することが可能となる。
なお、図1とは逆の構造、即ち、基板上に陰極、電子注入層、発光層、正孔注入層、陽極の順に積層することも可能であり、既述したように少なくとも一方が透明性の高い2枚の基板の間に本発明の有機電界発光素子を設けることも可能である。
さらには、図1に示す層構成を複数段重ねた構造(発光ユニットを複数積層させた構造)とすることも可能である。その際には段間(発光ユニット間)の界面層(陽極がITO、陰極がAlの場合はその2層)の代わりに、例えばV2O5等を電荷発生層(CGL)として用いると段間の障壁が少なくなり、電流効率・駆動電圧の観点からより好ましい。
本発明は、有機電界発光素子が、単一の素子、アレイ状に配置された構造からなる素子、陽極と陰極がX-Yマトリックス状に配置された構造のいずれにおいても適用することができる。
本発明の有機ELディスプレイ及び有機EL照明は、上述のような本発明の有機電界発光素子を用いたものである。本発明の有機ELディスプレイ及び有機EL照明の型式や構造については特に制限はなく、本発明の有機電界発光素子を用いて常法に従って組み立てることができる。
例えば、「有機ELディスプレイ」(オーム社、平成16年8月20日発行、時任静士、安達千波矢、村田英幸著)に記載されているような方法で、本発明の有機ELディスプレイ及び有機EL照明を形成することができる。
以下に、本発明の高分子化合物の合成例を示す。
[モノマーの合成]
(合成例1)
(合成例2)
(合成例3)
(合成例4)
1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz)
1,8-ジブロモピレン
δ8.53(s,2H)、8.28(d,2H, J=8.40)、8.05(d,2H,J=8.00)、8.04(s,2H)
1,6-ジブロモピレン
δ8.47(d,2H,J=9.60)、8.27(d,2H,J=8.40)、8.13(d,2H,J=9.20)、8.06(d,2H,J=8.40)
(合成例5)
(合成例6)
(合成例7)
(合成例8)
(合成例9)
(合成例10)
(合成例11)
(合成例12)
(合成例13)
(合成例14)
中間体2(7.41g)を塩化メチレン(110ml)に溶解させ、氷冷下、三臭化ホウ素(1M塩化メチレン溶液:65ml)を加えて、3時間攪拌した。反応液に水を加えて酢酸エチルで抽出し、有機層を水洗、硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥後、濃縮した。析出した結晶を塩化メチレン/酢酸エチル(5/1)溶液にて懸洗し、中間体3(6.58g)を得た。
窒素気流中、中間体4(3.88g)、4-ニトロフェニルボロン酸(2.72g)、トルエン:エタノール(48ml:48ml)、及び2M炭酸ナトリウム水溶液(24ml)を仕込み、40℃に加熱下、30分間撹拌して脱気した。テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0.53g)を加え、6時間還流した。室温まで放冷した後、水を加え攪拌後、析出している結晶を濾別した。さらに酢酸エチルで懸洗することにより、中間体5(2.35g)を得た。
中間体5(2.35g)をN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(195ml)に溶解させ、5%Pd/C(1.06g)を仕込み、水素で系内を置換後、水素下、70℃で4時間反応させた。反応液を窒素置換後、セライト濾過し、濾液を約30mlまで濃縮し、メタノールに添加した。さらに水を添加して晶出した結晶を濾別することにより、目的物14(1.03g)を得た。
(合成例15)
一方、トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.09g)のトルエン4ml溶液に、ジフェニルホスフィノフェロセン(0.20g)を加え、50℃まで加温した(溶液B)。
窒素気流中、溶液Aに溶液Bを添加し、5時間、加熱還流反応した。原料が消失したことを確認し、テトラヒドロフランを加えてセライト濾過し、濾液を濃縮し、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(n-ヘキサン/酢酸エチル)にて精製し、得られた粗結晶をn-ヘキサン、メタノールにて懸洗して、目的物15(1.34g)を得た。
(合成例16)
一方、トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.02g)のトルエン1ml溶液に、ジフェニルホスフィノフェロセン(0.05g)を加え、50℃まで加温した(溶液B)。
窒素気流中、溶液Aに溶液Bを添加し、6時間、加熱還流反応した。原料が消失したことを確認し、テトラヒドロフランを加えてセライト濾過し、濾液を濃縮し、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(n-ヘキサン/酢酸エチル)にて精製することにより、目的物16(0.12g)を得た。
(合成例17)
(合成例18)
(合成例19)
(合成例20)
(合成例21)
(合成例22)
(合成例23)
(合成例24)
(合成例25)
(合成例26)
(合成例27)
反応終了後、反応液に水を加えトルエンで抽出した。得られた有機層を2回水洗し、硫酸ナトリウムを加え脱水乾燥し、濃縮した。粗生成物をシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー(ヘキサン/トルエン)にて精製し、目的物27(3.54g)を得た。
(合成例28)
(合成例29)
(合成例30)
(合成例31)
(合成例32)
[高分子化合物の合成]
(合成例33)
重量平均分子量(Mw)=26,000
数平均分子量(Mn)=13,000
分散度(Mw/Mn)=2.0
(合成例34)
重量平均分子量(Mw)=67850
数平均分子量(Mn)=35400
分散度(Mw/Mn)=1.92
(合成例35)
一方、トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.148g、0.0143mmol)のトルエン15ml溶液に、トリ-t-ブチルホスフィン(0.210g、0.104mmol)を加え、50℃まで加温した(溶液B)。
窒素気流中、溶液Aに溶液Bを添加し、1時間、加熱還流反応した。原料が消失したことを確認し、4,4’-ジブロモビフェニル(1.91g、6.1mmol)を追添加した。1時間加熱還流した後、重合が始まったことが確認できたので、さらに、4,4’-ジブロモビフェニル(0.041g、0.13mmol)を追添加し、さらに1時間加熱還流反応させた。反応液を放冷して、反応液をメタノール200ml中に滴下し、粗ポリマー3を晶出させた。
一方、トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.108g、10.4 mmol)のトルエン10ml溶液に、トリ-t-ブチルホスフィン(0.026g、13mmol)を加え、50℃まで加温した(溶液D)。
このエンドキャップした粗ポリマー3をトルエンに溶解し、アセトンに再沈殿し、析出したポリマーを濾別した。得られたポリマーをトルエンに溶解させ、希塩酸にて洗浄し、アンモニア含有エタノールにて再沈殿した。濾取したポリマーをカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製し、目的ポリマー3を得た(1.01g)。なお、目的ポリマー3の重量平均分子量及び数平均分子量を測定したところ、以下の通りであった。
重量平均分子量(Mw)=43300
数平均分子量(Mn)=26400
分散度(Mw/Mn)=1.64
合成例35の合成法に従い、モノマー体(即ち、目的物6、目的物8及び4,4’-ジブロモビフェニル)を下記表1の化合物に変え、目的ポリマー4~9を得た。得られた目的ポリマーについても表1にまとめた。
一方、トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.06g、0.06mmol)のトルエン5ml溶液に、トリ-t-ブチルホスフィン(0.33g、0.45mmol)を加え、50℃まで加温した(溶液B)。
得られた粗ポリマー10をトルエン180mlに溶解させ、ブロモベンゼン(0.71g、4.5mmol)、tert-ブトキシナトリウム(3.5g、36.4mmol)を仕込み、系内を十分に窒素置換して、50℃まで加温した(溶液C)。
一方、トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.12g、0.1mmol)のトルエン10ml溶液に、トリ-t-ブチルホスフィン(0.18g、0.9mmol)を加え、50℃まで加温した(溶液D)。
このエンドキャップした粗ポリマー10をトルエンに溶解し、アセトンに再沈殿し、析出したポリマーを濾別した。得られたポリマーをトルエンに溶解させ、希塩酸にて洗浄し、アンモニア含有エタノールにて再沈殿した。濾取したポリマーをカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製し、目的ポリマー10を得た(0.9g)。なお、目的ポリマー10の重量平均分子量及び数平均分子量を測定したところ、以下の通りであった。
重量平均分子量(Mw)=60000
数平均分子量(Mn)=27000
分散度(Mw/Mn)=2.2
合成例42の合成法に従い、モノマー体を下記表-2の化合物に変え、アリールアミンポリマーとして目的ポリマー11~15を得た。得られた目的ポリマーについても表2にまとめた。
合成例35、42の合成法と同様に、下記反応式のような各種モノマー体を、下記反応式及び表3に従い、各種アリールアミンポリマー目的物16~26を得た。得られたポリマーについて表3にまとめた。
合成例35、42の合成法と同様に、下記反応式のような各種モノマー体を、下記反応式及び表4に従い、各種アリールアミンポリマー目的物27を得た。得られたポリマーについて表4にまとめた。
合成例35、42の合成法と同様に、下記反応式のような各種モノマー体を、下記反応式及び表5に従い、目的ポリマー28~32を得た。得られたポリマーについて表5にまとめた。
(比較合成例1)
重量平均分子量(Mw)=22,000
数平均分子量(Mn)=14,000
(比較合成例2)
重量平均分子量(Mw)=51600
数平均分子量(Mn)=26500
分散度(Mw/Mn)=1.95
(比較合成例3)
得られた比較粗ポリマー3をトルエン290mlに溶解させ、ブロモベンゼン(0.94g)、tert-ブトキシナトリウム(4.32g)を仕込み、系内を十分に窒素置換して、60℃まで加温した(溶液C)。トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムクロロホルム錯体(0.16g)のトルエン10ml溶液に、トリ-t-ブチルホスフィン(0.24g)を加え、60℃まで加温した(溶液D)。窒素気流中、溶液Cに溶液Dを添加し、2時間、加熱還流反応した。この反応液に、N,N-ジフェニルアミン(5.08g)のトルエン(10ml)溶液を添加し、さらに、4時間、加熱還流反応した。反応液を放冷し、エタノール中に滴下し、末端残基をキャップした比較粗ポリマー3を得た。
この末端残基をキャップした比較粗ポリマー3をトルエンに溶解し、アセトンに再沈殿し、析出したポリマーを濾別した。得られたポリマーをトルエンに溶解させ、希塩酸にて洗浄し、アンモニア含有エタノールにて再沈殿した。濾取したポリマーをカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製し、比較ポリマー3を得た(11.27g)。
重量平均分子量(Mw)=47500
数平均分子量(Mn)=23700
分散度(Mw/Mn)=2.00
(比較合成例4)
重量平均分子量(Mw)=41400
数平均分子量(Mn)=22600
分散度(Mw/Mn)=1.83
(実施例1)
図1に示す有機電界発光素子を作製した。
ガラス基板1上にインジウム・スズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜を120nmの厚さに堆積したもの(三容真空社製、スパッタ成膜品)を、通常のフォトリソグラフィー技術と塩酸エッチングを用いて2mm幅のストライプにパターニングして陽極2を形成した。パターン形成したITO基板を、界面活性剤水溶液による超音波洗浄、超純水による水洗、超純水による超音波洗浄、超純水による水洗の順で洗浄後、圧縮空気で乾燥させ、最後に紫外線オゾン洗浄を行った。
まず、下記構造式(P1)で表される正孔輸送能高分子材料(重量平均分子量:26500,数平均分子量:12000)、下記構造式(A1)で表される4-イソプロピル-4’-メチルジフェニルヨードニウムテトラキス(ペンタフルオロフェニル)ボラート及び安息香酸エチルを含有する正孔注入層形成用塗布液を調製した。この塗布液を下記条件で陽極2上にスピンコートにより成膜して、膜厚30nmの正孔注入層3を得た。
溶剤 安息香酸エチル
塗布液濃度 P1:2.0重量%
A1:0.8重量%
<正孔注入層3の成膜条件>
スピナ回転数 1500rpm
スピナ回転時間 30秒
スピンコート雰囲気 大気中
加熱条件 大気中 230℃ 3時間
引き続き、下記構造式(H1)で表される本発明の高分子化合物(i)(合成例33で得られた目的ポリマー1)を含有する有機電界発光素子用組成物を調製し、下記の条件でスピンコートにより塗布して、加熱により架橋させることにより膜厚22nmの正孔輸送層4を形成した。
溶剤 トルエン
固形分濃度 0.4重量%
<正孔輸送層4の成膜条件>
スピナ回転数 1500rpm
スピナ回転時間 30秒
スピンコート雰囲気 窒素中
加熱条件 窒素中、230℃、1時間
ここで、電子輸送層7までの蒸着を行った素子を一度前記真空蒸着装置内より大気中に取り出して、陰極蒸着用のマスクとして2mm幅のストライプ状シャドーマスクを、陽極2のITOストライプとは直交するように素子に密着させて、別の真空蒸着装置内に設置して有機層と同様にして装置内の真空度が1.3×10-4Pa以下になるまで排気した。
電子注入層8として、先ずフッ化リチウム(LiF)を、モリブデンボートを用いて、蒸着速度0.08~0.13Å/秒の範囲で制御し、0.5nmの膜厚で電子輸送層7の上に成膜した。次に、陰極9としてアルミニウムを同様にモリブデンボートにより加熱して、蒸着速度0.5~6.0Å/秒の範囲で制御して膜厚80nmのアルミニウム層を形成した。以上の2層の蒸着時の基板温度は室温に保持した。
真空蒸着装置に連結された窒素グローブボックス中で、23mm×23mmサイズのガラス板の外周部に、約1mmの幅で光硬化性樹脂30Y-437(スリーボンド社製)を塗布し、中央部に水分ゲッターシート(ダイニック社製)を設置した。この上に、陰極形成を終了した基板を、蒸着された面が乾燥剤シートと対向するように貼り合わせた。その後、光硬化性樹脂が塗布された領域のみに紫外光を照射し、樹脂を硬化させた。
以上の様にして、2mm×2mmのサイズの発光面積部分を有する有機電界発光素子が得られた。この素子の発光特性は以下の通りである。
輝度/電流:17.2[cd/A]@100cd/m2
電圧:5.5[V]@100cd/m2
電流効率:9.7[lm/W]@100cd/m2
素子の発光スペクトルの極大波長は516nmであり、イリジウム錯体(D2)からのものと同定された。色度はCIE(x,y)=(0.311,0.622)であった。
この素子の発光特性及び駆動寿命を表1に表す。駆動寿命は初期輝度2500cd/m2、室温駆動での輝度半減時間を示す。
(比較例1)
実施例1において正孔輸送層4を形成するにあたり、前記構造式(H1)で表される本発明の高分子化合物(i)を、下記構造式(H2)で表される高分子化合物(比較合成例1で合成された比較ポリマー1)に変更して形成した他は、実施例1と同様にして図1に示す有機電界発光素子を作製した。尚、正孔輸送層の膜厚は、20nmであった。
輝度/電流:18.5[cd/A]@100cd/m2
電圧:6.1[V]@100cd/m2
電流効率:9.5[lm/W]@100cd/m2
素子の発光スペクトルの極大波長は516nmであり、イリジウム錯体(D2)からのものと同定された。色度はCIE(x,y)=(0.311,0.622)であった。
得られた有機電界発光素子の初期輝度を2500cd/m2、室温駆動での輝度半減時間を示す。
実施例1において正孔輸送層4を形成するにあたり、前記構造式(H1)で表される本発明の高分子化合物(i)を、下記構造式(H3)で表される本発明の高分子化合物(合成例64で合成された目的ポリマー32)に変更して形成した他は、実施例1と同様にして図1に示す有機電界発光素子を作製した。尚、正孔輸送層の膜厚は、20nmであった。
輝度/電流:13.4[cd/A]@100cd/m2
電圧:5.3[V]@100cd/m2
電流効率:7.9[lm/W]@100cd/m2
(比較例2)
実施例1において正孔輸送層4を形成するにあたり、前記構造式(H1)で表される本発明の高分子化合物(i)を、下記構造式(H4)で表される高分子化合物(比較合成例9で合成された比較ポリマー9)に変更して形成した他は、実施例1と同様にして図1に示す有機電界発光素子を作製した。尚、正孔輸送層の膜厚は、20nmであった。
輝度/電流:17.1[cd/A]@100cd/m2
電圧:5.5[V]@100cd/m2
電流効率:9.7[lm/W]@100cd/m2
(実施例3)
実施例2において、発光層5を下記のようにして形成したほかは、実施例2と同様にして有機電界発光素子を形成した。
下記構造式(E5)で表される化合物、及び下記構造式(D3)で表される化合物を含有する有機電界発光素子用組成物を調製し、下記の条件でスピンコートにより成膜を行い、加熱することで膜厚40nmの発光層5を形成した。
溶剤 トルエン
塗布液濃度 (E5)0.80重量%
(D3)0.08重量%
<発光層の成膜条件>
スピナ回転数 1500rpm
スピナ回転時間 30秒
スピンコート雰囲気 窒素中
加熱条件 130℃、1時間、減圧下(0.1MPa)
得られた素子の発光特性は以下の通りである。
輝度/電流:4.3[cd/A]@1,000cd/m2
電圧:8.1[V]@1,000cd/m2
実施例3において正孔輸送層4を形成するにあたり、前記構造式(H3)で表される本発明の高分子化合物を、下記構造式(H5)で表される本発明の高分子化合物(合成例34で合成された目的ポリマー2)に変更して形成した他は、実施例3と同様にして図1に示す有機電界発光素子を作製した。尚、正孔輸送層の膜厚は、20nmであった。
輝度/電流:2.7[cd/A]@1,000cd/m2
電圧:6.6[V]@1,000cd/m2
(実施例5)
実施例3において正孔輸送層4を形成するにあたり、前記構造式(H3)で表される本発明の高分子化合物を、下記構造式(H6)で表される本発明の高分子化合物(ii)(合成例44で合成された目的ポリマー12)に変更して形成した他は、実施例3と同様にして図1に示す有機電界発光素子を作製した。尚、正孔輸送層の膜厚は、20nmであった。
輝度/電流:3.9[cd/A]@1,000cd/m2
電圧:6.9[V]@1,000cd/m2
(実施例6)
実施例3において正孔輸送層4を形成するにあたり、前記構造式(H3)で表される本発明の高分子化合物を、下記構造式(H7)で表される本発明の高分子化合物(ii)(合成例56で合成された目的ポリマー24)に変更して形成した他は、実施例3と同様にして図1に示す有機電界発光素子を作製した。尚、正孔輸送層の膜厚は、20nmであった。
輝度/電流:4.0[cd/A]@1,000cd/m2
電圧:7.7[V]@1,000cd/m2
(実施例7)
実施例3において正孔輸送層4を形成するにあたり、前記構造式(H3)で表される本発明の高分子化合物を、下記構造式(H8)で表される本発明の高分子化合物(ii)(合成例63で合成された目的ポリマー31)に変更して形成した他は、実施例3と同様にして図1に示す有機電界発光素子を作製した。尚、正孔輸送層の膜厚は、20nmであった。
輝度/電流:3.7[cd/A]@1,000cd/m2
電圧:8.1[V]@1,000cd/m2
(実施例8)
実施例3において正孔輸送層4を形成するにあたり、前記構造式(H3)で表される本発明の高分子化合物を、下記構造式(H9)で表される本発明の高分子化合物(ii)(合成例40で合成された目的ポリマー8)に変更して形成した他は、実施例3と同様にして図1に示す有機電界発光素子を作製した。尚、正孔輸送層の膜厚は、20nmであった。
輝度/電流:3.8[cd/A]@1,000cd/m2
電圧:7.2[V]@1,000cd/m2
(比較例3)
実施例3において正孔輸送層4を形成するにあたり、前記構造式(H3)で表される本発明の高分子化合物を、下記構造式(H10)で表される高分子化合物(比較合成例3で合成された比較ポリマー3に変更して形成した他は、実施例3と同様にして図1に示す有機電界発光素子を作製した。尚、正孔輸送層の膜厚は、20nmであった。
輝度/電流:2.9[cd/A]@1,000cd/m2
電圧:8.5[V]@1,000cd/m2
実施例3~8、及び比較例3において得られた有機電界発光素子の1,000cd/m2における電圧、電流効率、及び初期輝度を1,000cd/m2とした時の駆動寿命を比較例3の値で規格化したものを表8に示す。
(実施例9)
正孔輸送層4、発光層5を、下記の様にして形成したほかは、実施例3と同様にして有機電界発光素子を形成した。
(正孔輸送層4の形成)
実施例3において正孔輸送層4を形成するにあたり、前記構造式(H3)で表される本発明の高分子化合物を、下記構造式(H11)で表される本発明の高分子化合物(ii)(合成例61で合成された目的ポリマー29)に変更して形成した他は、実施例3と同様にして膜厚20nmの正孔輸送層を形成した。
実施例3において発光層5を形成するにあたり、前記式(E5)で表される化合物を、下記構造式(E6)で表される化合物に、また、発光層形成様塗布液の組成を以下に変更した他は、実施例3と同様に形成して膜厚47nmで発光層5を得た。
溶剤 シクロヘキシルベンゼン
塗布液濃度 E6:2.30重量%
D3:0.23重量%
以上の様にして、2mm×2mmのサイズの発光面積部分を有する有機電界発光素子が得られた。この素子の発光特性は以下の通りである。
輝度/電流:2.5[cd/A]@100cd/m2
素子の発光スペクトルの極大波長は464nmであり、化合物(D1)からのものと同定された。色度はCIE(x,y)=(0.142,0.161)であった。
(比較例4)
実施例9において正孔輸送層4を形成するにあたり、前記構造式(H11)で表される本発明の高分子化合物(ii)を、下記構造式(H12)で表される高分子化合物(比較合成例2で合成された比較ポリマー2)に変更して形成した他は、実施例9と同様にして図1に示す有機電界発光素子を作製した。尚、正孔輸送層の膜厚は、20nmであった。
輝度/電流:2.1[cd/A]@100cd/m2
素子の発光スペクトルの極大波長は464nmであり、化合物(D1)からのものと同定された。色度はCIE(x,y)=(0.143,0.173)であった。
実施例9、及び比較例4において得られた有機電界発光素子の100cd/m2における電流効率を表9に示す。
本発明を詳細にまた特定の実施態様を参照して説明したが、本発明の精神と範囲を逸脱することなく様々な変更や修正を加えることができることは当業者にとって明らかである。
また、本発明の高分子化合物は、本質的に優れた耐酸化還元安定性を有することから、有機電界発光素子に限らず、電子写真感光体や有機太陽電池など有機デバイス全般に有用である。
2 陽極
3 正孔注入層
4 正孔輸送層
5 発光層
6 正孔阻止層
7 電子輸送層
8 電子注入層
9 陰極
Claims (13)
- 下記式(I)で表される繰り返し単位を含むことを特徴とする、高分子化合物。
nは0~3の整数を表し、
Ar1及びAr2は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar3~Ar5は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。
Tは架橋性基を含む基を表す。
但し、Ar1、Ar2、及びAr4が、フルオレン環である場合は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。) - さらに、下記式(I’)で表される繰り返し単位を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の高分子化合物。
mは0~3の整数を表し、
Ar11及びAr12は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar13~Ar15は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。
但し、R11及びR12、並びにAr11~Ar15は置換基として、架橋性基を有さない。) - 下記式(II)で表される繰り返し単位を含むことを特徴とする、高分子化合物。
Ar21及びAr22は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar23~Ar25は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
T2は下記式(IV)で表される基を含む基を表す。
但し、Ar21及びAr22のいずれもが、直接結合であることはない。
更に、Ar21、Ar22、及びAr24が、フルオレン環である場合は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。)
- さらに、下記式(II’)で表される繰り返し単位を含むことを特徴とする、請求項4に記載の高分子化合物。
Ar31及びAr32は、各々独立に、直接結合、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基、又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表し、
Ar33~Ar35は、各々独立に、置換基を有していてもよい芳香族炭化水素基又は置換基を有していてもよい芳香族複素環基を表す。
但し、Ar31及びAr32のいずれもが、直接結合であることはない。
また、Ar31~Ar35は、置換基として、式(IV)で表される基を含む基を有さない。
更に、Ar31、Ar32、及びAr34が、フルオレン環である場合は、置換基として架橋性基を含む基を有さない。) - 請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の高分子化合物を架橋させて得られることを特徴とする、網目状高分子化合物。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の高分子化合物を含有することを特徴とする、有機電界発光素子用組成物。
- 基板上に、陽極、陰極、及び該陽極と該陰極の間に有機層を有する有機電界発光素子において、
該有機層が、請求項6に記載の網目状高分子化合物を含有する層を有することを特徴とする、有機電界発光素子。 - 前記網目状高分子化合物を含有する層が、正孔注入層又は正孔輸送層であることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の有機電界発光素子。
- 前記有機層が、正孔注入層、正孔輸送層及び発光層を有し、
該正孔注入層、該正孔輸送層及び該発光層の全てが湿式成膜法により形成されることを特徴とする、
請求項8又は9に記載の有機電界発光素子。 - 請求項8~10のいずれか一項に記載の有機電界発光素子を備えたことを特徴とする、有機ELディスプレイ。
- 請求項8~10のいずれか一項に記載の有機電界発光素子を備えたことを特徴とする、有機EL照明。
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WO2011071169A1 (ja) * | 2009-12-11 | 2011-06-16 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 有機電界発光素子、有機el表示装置及び有機el照明 |
JP2012028727A (ja) * | 2009-10-22 | 2012-02-09 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
JP2012153742A (ja) * | 2011-01-21 | 2012-08-16 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | 重合体、有機電界発光素子材料、有機電界発光素子用組成物、有機電界発光素子、有機el表示装置及び有機el照明 |
EP2492988A1 (en) * | 2009-10-22 | 2012-08-29 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Organic electroluminescent element |
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US20110108814A1 (en) | 2011-05-12 |
JP2011052229A (ja) | 2011-03-17 |
US8692234B2 (en) | 2014-04-08 |
US8581241B2 (en) | 2013-11-12 |
US20130020562A1 (en) | 2013-01-24 |
EP2272894A4 (en) | 2011-06-22 |
EP2272894A1 (en) | 2011-01-12 |
KR20110008021A (ko) | 2011-01-25 |
CN101981086A (zh) | 2011-02-23 |
TW201006865A (en) | 2010-02-16 |
TWI485180B (zh) | 2015-05-21 |
JP2009263665A (ja) | 2009-11-12 |
KR101415444B1 (ko) | 2014-07-04 |
JP4761006B2 (ja) | 2011-08-31 |
JP5707672B2 (ja) | 2015-04-30 |
EP2272894B1 (en) | 2016-07-06 |
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