TWI556741B - 異唑啉組成物及其作為抗寄生蟲藥上的應用 - Google Patents
異唑啉組成物及其作為抗寄生蟲藥上的應用 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI556741B TWI556741B TW097129550A TW97129550A TWI556741B TW I556741 B TWI556741 B TW I556741B TW 097129550 A TW097129550 A TW 097129550A TW 97129550 A TW97129550 A TW 97129550A TW I556741 B TWI556741 B TW I556741B
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- oxazoline
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- salt
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- UBCKGWBNUIFUST-YHYXMXQVSA-N tetrachlorvinphos Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)O\C(=C/Cl)C1=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl UBCKGWBNUIFUST-YHYXMXQVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005199 tetramethrin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NWWZPOKUUAIXIW-FLIBITNWSA-N thiamethoxam Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)\N=C/1N(C)COCN\1CC1=CN=C(Cl)S1 NWWZPOKUUAIXIW-FLIBITNWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003451 thiazide diuretic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- RTKIYNMVFMVABJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L thimerosal Chemical compound [Na+].CC[Hg]SC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O RTKIYNMVFMVABJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940033663 thimerosal Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- QSOHVSNIQHGFJU-UHFFFAOYSA-L thiosultap disodium Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)SCC(N(C)C)CSS([O-])(=O)=O QSOHVSNIQHGFJU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- WPALTCMYPARVNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tolfenpyrad Chemical compound CCC1=NN(C)C(C(=O)NCC=2C=CC(OC=3C=CC(C)=CC=3)=CC=2)=C1Cl WPALTCMYPARVNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940041677 topical spray Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002117 triamcinolone acetonide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YNDXUCZADRHECN-JNQJZLCISA-N triamcinolone acetonide Chemical compound C1CC2=CC(=O)C=C[C@]2(C)[C@]2(F)[C@@H]1[C@@H]1C[C@H]3OC(C)(C)O[C@@]3(C(=O)CO)[C@@]1(C)C[C@@H]2O YNDXUCZADRHECN-JNQJZLCISA-N 0.000 description 1
- NKNFWVNSBIXGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triazamate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CSC1=NC(C(C)(C)C)=NN1C(=O)N(C)C NKNFWVNSBIXGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019731 tricalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NFACJZMKEDPNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorfon Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)C(O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl NFACJZMKEDPNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000323 triclabendazole Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000000825 ultraviolet detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019154 vitamin C Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D261/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings
- C07D261/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D261/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,2-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/80—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms five-membered rings with one nitrogen atom and either one oxygen atom or one sulfur atom in positions 1,2
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/10—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof
- A01N47/12—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof containing a —O—CO—N< group, or a thio analogue thereof, neither directly attached to a ring nor the nitrogen atom being a member of a heterocyclic ring
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/10—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof
- A01N47/18—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof containing a —O—CO—N< group, or a thio analogue thereof, directly attached to a heterocyclic or cycloaliphatic ring
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
- A61K31/42—Oxazoles
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
- A61P33/14—Ectoparasiticides, e.g. scabicides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
- A61P7/06—Antianaemics
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
- C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
- C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
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- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
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Description
本申請案請求下列專利申請案之優先權:美國暫時專利申請案號61/080,444(2008年7月14日申請);美國暫時專利申請案號60/956,448(2007年8月17日);歐洲專利申請案號07016152.6(2007年8月17日申請);以及歐洲專利申請案號07150309.8(2007年12月21日)。各此等專利申請案的整個內容併入本申請案作為參考。
本發明關於控制動物及彼等之環境的寄生蟲侵擾的方法,且更特定地係關於使用異唑啉類來控制動物體內或動物身上或彼等之環境內之寄生蟲的方法,還關於動物之寄生蟲病的治療。該異唑啉類包括4-(異唑啉基)-苯甲醯胺(尤指經取代的4-(5-鹵甲基)-5-苯基-異唑啉-3-基)-苯甲醯胺)以及4-(異唑啉基)-苯硫醯胺(尤指經取代的4-(5-鹵甲基)-5-苯基-異唑啉-3-基)-苯硫醯胺)。本發明還關於供用於如是方法之包含異唑啉類的組成物、異唑啉類用於製造供用於如是方法之醫藥的用途、以及供執行如是方法之包含異唑啉類的套組。本發明進一步關於該異唑啉類作為醫藥(尤指可用於前述方法之醫藥)的用途。
已知有多種害蟲及寄生蟲會侵擾溫血動物。此等害蟲及寄生蟲對於動物及其飼主而言,可造成極大的困擾。例如,事實上所有的寵物及家畜都會被外寄生蟲(諸如,蜱、蟎蟲、蝨及跳蚤)所侵擾。外寄生蟲傾向於惹惱動物,且亦會藉由彼等本身或是藉由帶有傳遞病媒之病原體,造成臨床疾病以及不顯性病況。目前已研發出各種治療法來控制溫血動物身上的外寄生蟲。雖然如此,對於生物可利用的、可提供接觸性或全身性活性、效力強、活性作用開始快速、活性的持續期間長、及/或對於動物受體及/或彼等之飼主安全之組成物(以及使用彼等的方法)之需求,係依然存在。本發明滿足了此一需求。
簡而言之,本發明廣泛地係關於異唑啉組成物,尤指4-(異唑啉基)-苯甲醯胺組成物(亦稱作為,例如,”4-(4,5-二氫基異唑-3-基)-苯甲酸醯胺”組成物)以及4-(異唑啉基)-苯硫醯胺組成物(亦稱作為,例如,”4-(4,5-二氫基異唑-3-基)-苯硫醯胺”組成物);以及彼等用於控制溫血動物體內或身上之外寄生蟲的用途。根據本發明,吾人己發現到此等組成物廣泛地呈現出所要的生物可利用性,且可提供接觸性及/或全身性活性。許多此等組成物對於溫血動物受接受者及/或彼等之飼主提供所要的安全特性。此外,吾人已發現到,單一投用如是組成物通常可提供對抗一或多種外寄生蟲的強效活性,同時亦傾向於提供快速的活性作用開始、長的活性持續期間、及/或所要的安全特性。
因此,本發明部分係關於控制動物之外寄生蟲侵擾的方法。該方法包含將異唑啉、該異唑啉的鹽類、或是該異唑啉或鹽類之溶劑化物,投藥給動物。該異唑啉係符合式(I)之結構:
A1
及A2
中有一者係選自:鹵素及鹵甲基。
A1
及A2
中有一者係選自:氫、鹵素及鹵甲基。
A3
係選自:氫、鹵素、及鹵甲基。
R示鹵甲基。
X係選自:氫、鹵素、甲基、鹵甲基、乙基、以及鹵乙基。
在某些體系中,Z1
及Z2
係獨立的取代基。在此等體系中:
Z1
係獨立選自:氫、甲基、鹵乙基、鹵丙基、鹵丁基、甲氧基甲基、鹵甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、鹵乙氧基甲基、丙氧基甲基、乙基胺基羰基甲基、乙基胺基羰基乙基、二甲氧基乙基、丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、鹵乙基胺基羰基甲基、鹵乙基胺基羰基乙基、四氫呋喃基、甲基胺基羰基甲基、(N,N-二甲胺基)-羰基甲基、丙胺基羰基甲基、環丙基胺基羰基甲基、丙烯基胺基羰基甲基、鹵乙基胺基羰基環丙基,
當Z1
不示氫時,Z2
係選自:氫、乙基、甲氧基甲基、鹵甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、鹵乙氧基甲基、丙氧基甲基、甲羰基、乙羰基、丙羰基、環丙羰基、甲氧羰基、甲氧基甲羰基、胺基羰基、乙胺基羰基甲基、乙胺基羰基乙基、二甲氧基乙基、丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、鹵乙胺基羰基甲基、以及鹵乙胺基羰基乙基。
當Z1
示氫時,Z2
係選自:甲羰基、乙羰基、丙羰基、環丙羰基、甲氧羰基、甲氧基甲羰基、以及胺羰基。
在其他體系中,Z1
及Z2
一起形成選自下列的取代基
Z3
係選自:O及S。
ZA
係選自:氫、鹵素、及氰基。
本發明亦部分關於治療動物之寄生蟲病的方法。該方法包含將前述異唑啉、鹽類、溶劑化物投藥給該動物。
本發明亦部分關於控制動物(例如,伴侶動物,諸如,貓或狗)所佔居(定期或連續)之環境內的外寄生蟲侵擾的方法。此方法包含將前述異唑啉、鹽類、溶劑化物投藥給該動物。
本發明亦部分關於使用前述異唑啉、鹽類、或溶劑化物作為醫藥的用途。
本發明亦部分關於使用前述異唑啉、鹽類、或溶劑化物來製造供治療動物之寄生蟲病之醫藥的用途。
本發明亦部分關於前述異唑啉、鹽類、或溶劑化物治療動物之寄生蟲病。
本發明亦部分關於用於動物的抗寄生蟲組成物。該組成物包含在該組成物投藥給動物時可有效控制外寄生蟲侵擾之量的前述異唑啉、鹽類、或溶劑化物。該組成物亦可包含賦形劑(亦即,其可包含至少一個賦形劑)。
本發明亦部分關於治療套組。該套組包含前述異唑啉、鹽類、或溶劑化物以及另外的組份。該另外的組份可為,例如,診斷工具、投藥指示說明書、投藥的器具、賦形劑或其他活性成份、或記憶輔助工具。
習於此藝之士藉由研讀本說明書,可明白本發明之進一步優點。
較佳體系之詳細說明意圖僅在於讓其他習於此藝之士瞭解本發明、其原理及其實際應用,使得其他習於此藝之士可以本發明之無數的形式(最適合特定用途之要求者)來適用及應用本發明。此詳細說明及其特定實施例雖然敘述了本發明之較佳體系,但是彼等之目的僅在於例示。因此,本發明不侷限於本說明書所記載的較佳體系,且可進行各種變更修正。
根據本發明所使用之異唑啉廣泛地包括式(I)所示的化合物:
式(I)內的較佳取代基包括下列:
A1
及A2
中有一者係選自:鹵素及鹵甲基。A1
及A2
中的另一者係選自:氫、鹵素、及鹵甲基。
在某些體系中,A1
示鹵素。在某些如是體系中,A1
係溴基。在其他體系中,A1
係氯基。
在某些體系中,A1
示鹵甲基。在某些如是體系中,A1
示三氟甲基。
在某些體系中,A2
示氫。
在某些體系中,A2
示鹵素。在某些如是體系中,A2
示氟基。在其他體系中,A2
示氯基。
A3
係選自:氫、鹵素、及鹵甲基。
在某些體系中,A3
示氫。
在某些體系中,A3
示鹵素。在某些如是體系中,A3
示氯基。在其他體系中,A3
示溴基。
在某些體系中,A3
示鹵甲基。在某些如是體系中,A3
示三氟甲基。
R示鹵甲基。在某些體系中,R示單氯基甲基。在其他體系中,R示三氟甲基。在另外其他的體系中,R示單氯基二氟甲基。
X係選自:氫、鹵素、甲基、鹵甲基、乙基、以及鹵乙基。在某些體系中,X示氫。在其他體系中,X示溴基。在其他體系中,X示碘基。在其他體系中,X示氯基。在其他體系中,X示甲基。在其他體系中,X示乙基。在其他體系中,X示三氟甲基。
在某些體系中,Z1
及Z2
係獨立的取代基。在此等體系中,Z1
係選自:氫、甲基、鹵乙基、鹵丙基、鹵丁基、甲氧基甲基、鹵甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、鹵乙氧基甲基、丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、乙胺基羰基乙基、二甲氧基乙基、丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、鹵乙基胺基羰基甲基、鹵乙基胺基羰基乙基、四氫呋喃基、甲胺基羰基甲基、(N,N-二甲胺基)-羰基甲基、丙胺基羰基甲基、環丙基胺基羰基甲基、丙烯基胺基羰基甲基、鹵乙基胺基羰基環丙基、
在某些如是體系中,Z1
係選自:氫、甲基、2,2,2-三氟乙基、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟基乙氧基)-甲基、異丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2,2-二甲氧基乙基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基]乙基、四氫呋喃基、甲胺基羰基甲基、(N,N-二甲胺基)-羰基甲基、異丙胺基羰基甲基、環丙胺基羰基甲基、(2-丙烯基)-胺基羰基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺羰基環丙基、(2-氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、(2-氯乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-(乙胺基羰基)-乙基、
在其他體系中,Z1
係選自:氫、甲基、鹵乙基、鹵丙基、鹵丁基、甲氧基甲基、鹵甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、鹵乙氧基甲基、丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、乙胺基羰基乙基、二甲氧基乙基、丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、鹵乙基胺基羰基甲基、鹵乙基胺基羰基乙基、四氫呋喃基、甲胺基羰基甲基、(N,N-二甲胺基)-羰基甲基、丙胺基羰基甲基、環丙胺基羰基甲基、丙烯基胺基羰基甲基、鹵乙基胺基羰基環丙基、
在其他體系中,Z1
係選自:氫、甲基、2,2,2-三氟乙基、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、異丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2,2-二甲氧基乙基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基胺基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基]乙基、四氫呋喃基、甲胺基羰基甲基、(N,N-二甲胺基)-羰基甲基、異丙胺基羰基甲基、環丙基胺基羰基甲基、(2-丙烯基)-胺基羰基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基環丙基、(2-氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、(2-氯乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-(乙胺基羰基)-乙基、
在其他體系中,Z1
係選自:氫、甲基、2,2,2-三氟乙基、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、異丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2,2-二甲氧基乙基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基]乙基、四氫呋喃基、
在其他體系中,Z1
係選自:氫、甲基、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、異丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2,2-二甲氧基乙基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基胺基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基]乙基、四氫呋喃基、
在其他體系中,Z1
係選自:氫、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、異丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、四氫呋喃基、
在其他體系中,Z1
係選自氫、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2,2-二甲氧基乙基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基)乙基、四氫呋喃基、
在其他體系中,Z1
係選自:N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、
在其他體系中,Z1
係選自:氫、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、
在其他體系中,Z1
係選自:氫、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基]乙基、四氫呋喃基、
在其他體系中,Z1
係選自:1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基]-乙基、甲胺基羰基甲基、(N,N-二甲胺基)-羰基甲基、異丙胺基羰基甲基、環丙胺基羰基甲基、(2-丙烯基)-胺基羰基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基環丙基、(2-氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、(2-氯乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-(乙胺基羰基)-乙基、
在其他體系中,Z1
係選自:乙胺基羰基甲基、2-丙炔基胺基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、四氫呋喃基、
在其他體系中,Z1
係選自:甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、四氫呋喃基、
於其他體系中,Z1
係選自:甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、以及四氫呋喃基。
在其他的如是體系中,Z1
示:
在其他體系中,Z1
示鹵乙基胺基羰基甲基。在某些如是體系中,Z1
示(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺羰基甲基。
當Z1
示氫時,Z2
係選自:甲羰基、乙羰基、丙羰基、環丙基羰基、甲氧羰基、甲氧基甲基羰基、以及胺羰基。在某些如是體系中,Z2
示甲氧羰基。在其他體系中,Z2
示胺羰基。
當Z1
示氫以外的獨立取代基時,Z2
係選自:氫、乙基、甲氧基甲基、鹵甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、鹵乙氧基甲基、丙氧基甲基、甲羰基、乙羰基、丙羰基、環丙基羰基、甲氧羰基、甲氧基甲基羰基、胺羰基、乙胺基羰基甲基、乙胺基羰基乙基、二甲氧基乙基、丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、鹵乙基胺基羰基甲基、以及鹵乙基胺基羰基乙基。
在某些體系中,當Z1
示氫以外的獨立取代基時,Z2
係選自:氫、乙基、甲氧基甲基、鹵甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、鹵乙氧基甲基、丙氧基甲基、甲羰基、乙羰基、丙羰基、環丙基羰基、甲氧羰基、甲氧基甲基羰基、胺羰基、乙胺基羰基甲基、乙胺基羰基乙基、二甲氧基乙基、丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、鹵乙基胺基羰基甲基、以及鹵乙基胺基羰基乙基。
在某些體系中,當Z1
示氫以外的獨立取代基時,Z2
示氫。
在某些體系中,當Z1
示氫以外的獨立取代基時,Z2
示乙基。
在某些體系中,當Z1
示氫以外的獨立取代基時,Z2
示甲氧基甲基。
在某些體系中,當Z1
示氫以外的獨立取代基時,Z2
示甲羰基。
在某些體系中,當Z1
示氫以外的獨立取代基時,Z2
示乙羰基。
在某些體系中,當Z1
示氫以外的獨立取代基時,Z2
示異丙基羰基。
在某些體系中,當Z1
示氫以外的獨立取代基時,Z2
示環丙基羰基。
在某些體系中,當Z1
示氫以外的獨立取代基時,Z2
示甲氧羰基。
在某些體系中,當Z1
示氫以外的獨立取代基時,Z2
示甲氧基甲基羰基。
在某些體系中,當Z1
示氫以外的獨立取代基時,Z2
係選自:氫、甲羰基、及乙羰基。
在某些體系中,Z1
及Z2
一起形成單一取代基,而非各別獨立的取代基。在此等體系中,Z1
及Z2
一起形成下列結構:
於此等體系中,異唑啉類係符合下列結構:
在某些體系中,Z1
及Z2
一起形成單一取代基,而非各別獨立的取代基。於此等體系中,Z1
及Z2
係一起形成下列結構:
於此等體系中,異唑啉類係符合下列結構:
在某些體系中,Z3
示O(亦即,氧)。於其他體系中,Z3
示S(亦即,硫)。
ZA
係選自:氫、鹵素、及氰基。於某些如是體系中,ZA
示氫。於其他體系中,ZA
示溴基。在其他體系中,ZA
示氯基。於其他體系中,ZA
示氰基。
下列取代基組合係僅供例示之用,且並非以任何特定的優先順序加以排列。
在某些體系中,A1
及A3
係獨立選自:鹵素及鹵甲基,且A2
係示氫。在某些如是體系中,例如,A1
及A3
各示氯基,而使得該異唑啉類符合下式所示的結構:
於某些體系中,Z1
及Z2
係如下所示地示各別獨立的取代基或是一起形成單一取代基:
當Z1
及Z2
示各別獨立的取代基時:
Z1
係獨立選自:氫、甲基、鹵乙基、鹵丙基、鹵丁基、甲氧基甲基、鹵甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、鹵乙氧基甲基、丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、乙胺基羰基乙基、二甲氧基乙基、丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基胺基、鹵乙基胺基羰基甲基、鹵乙基胺基羰基乙基、四氫呋喃基、
當Z1
示氫時,Z2
係選自:甲羰基、乙羰基、丙羰基、環丙基羰基、甲氧羰基、甲氧基甲基羰基、以及胺羰基。
當Z1
不為氫時,Z2
係獨立選自:氫、乙基、甲氧基甲基、鹵基甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、鹵基乙氧基甲基、丙氧基甲基、甲羰基、乙羰基、丙羰基、環丙基羰基、甲氧羰基、甲氧基甲基羰基、胺羰基、乙胺基羰基甲基、乙胺基羰基乙基、二甲氧基乙基、丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、鹵基乙胺基羰基甲基、以及鹵乙基胺基羰基乙基。
當Z1
及Z2
一起形成單一取代基時,彼等係形成:
在某些體系中,式(I)的取代基係定義如下:
A1
係選自:氯基、溴基及三氟甲基。
A2
係選自:氫、氯基及氟基。
A3
係選自:氯基、溴基及三氟甲基。
R係選自:單氯基甲基、三氟甲基、以及單氯基二氟基甲基。
X係選自:氫、溴基、碘基、氯基、甲基、乙基、以及三氟甲基。
Z3
示O。
ZA
係選自:氫、溴基、氯基、及氰基。
在某些如是體系中,Z1
及Z2
係各別獨立的取代基,因而:
Z1
係選自:氫、甲基、2,2,2-三氟乙基、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、異丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2,2-二甲氧基乙基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基]乙基、四氫呋喃基、
當Z1
示氫時,Z2
係選自:甲氧羰基及胺羰基。
當Z1
不示氫時,Z2
係選自:氫、乙基、甲氧基甲基、甲羰基、乙羰基、異丙羰基、環丙羰基、甲氧羰基、以及甲氧基甲基羰基。
在其他如是體系中,Z1
及Z2
係一起形成:
在某些體系中,Z1
及Z2
係如下所示地示各別獨立的取代基或是一起形成單一的取代基:
當Z1
及Z2
示各別獨立的取代基時:
Z1
係選自:氫、甲基、2,2,2-三氟乙基、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、異丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2,2-二甲氧基乙基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基]乙基、四氫呋喃基、
當Z1
示氫時,Z2
係選自甲氧羰基及胺羰基。
當Z1
不示氫時,Z2
係選自:氫、乙基、甲氧基甲基、甲羰基、乙羰基、異丙羰基、環丙羰基、甲氧羰基、及甲氧基甲基羰基。
當Z1
及Z2
一起形成單一取代基時,彼等係形成:
如是體系所涵蓋之異唑啉類的例子包括下列化合物:
在某些體系中,式(I)之異唑啉係定義如下:
該異唑啉係符合下列結構:
A1
係選自:氯基及溴基。
A3
係選自:氯基及溴基。
X係選自:氫、溴基、碘基、氯基、甲基、乙基、及三氟甲基。
在某些如是體系中,Z1
及Z2
係各別獨立的取代基,因此:
Z1
係選自:氫、甲基、2,2,2-三氟乙基、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、異丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2,2-二甲氧基乙基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺羰基]乙基、四氫呋喃基、
當Z1
示氫時,Z2
係選自:甲氧羰基及胺羰基。
當Z1
不示氫時,Z2
係選自:氫、乙基、甲氧基甲基、甲羰基、乙羰基、異丙羰基、環丙羰基、甲氧羰基、以及甲氧基甲基羰基。
在其他如是體系中,Z1
及Z2
一起形成:
此等體系所涵蓋之異唑啉類的例子包括下列化合物:
此等體系所涵蓋之其他例子包括下列化合物:
在某些體系中,式(I)的取代基係定義如下:
A1
及A3
係獨立選自:氯基、溴基、及三氟甲基。
A2
係選自:氫、氯基、及氟基。
R係選自:三氟甲基及單氯基二氟基-甲基。
X係選自:氫、溴基、碘基、氯基、甲基、及三氟甲基。
Z3
示O。
ZA
係選自:溴基、氯基、及氰基。
在某些體系中,Z1
及Z2
係各別獨立的取代基,以至於:
Z1
係選自:氫、甲基、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、異丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2,2-二甲氧基乙基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基]乙基、四氫呋喃基、
當Z1
示氫時,Z2
示胺羰基。
當Z1
不示氫時,Z2
係選自:氫、乙基、甲氧基甲基、甲羰基、乙羰基、異丙羰基、環丙羰基、甲氧羰基、以及甲氧基甲基羰基。當Z1
示氫時,Z2
示胺羰基。
在其他如是體系中,Z1
及Z2
係一起形成:
根據本發明,吾人已發現到此等體系之異唑啉類傾向於在侵擾後的24及48小時之內,呈現出特別有利的活體內跳蚤抑制功效。參見,例如,下文的實施例3。
此等體系所涵蓋的異唑啉類的例子包括下列化合物:
此等體系所涵蓋的其他例子還包括下列化合物:
於某些體系中,式(I)之異唑啉係定義如下:
該異唑啉係符合下列結構:
X係選自:氯基及甲基。
Z1
係選自:N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、
Z2
係選自:氫、乙羰基、甲氧羰基、以及甲氧基甲基羰基。
根據本發明,吾人已發現到此等體系之異唑啉類傾向於在侵擾後的24及48小時之內,呈現出特別有利的活體內跳蚤抑制功效。參見,例如,下文的實施例3。
此等體系所涵蓋之異唑啉類的例子包括下列化合物:
於某些體系中,式(I)之異唑啉係定義如下:
該異唑啉係符合下列結構:
R係選自:三氟甲基及單氯基二氟基甲基。
X係選自:碘基及甲基。
Z1
係選自:氫、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2,2-二甲氧基乙基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基]乙基、四氫呋喃基、
當Z1
示氫時,Z2
示胺羰基。
當Z1
不示氫時,Z2
係選自:氫、甲羰基、乙羰基、以及甲氧羰基。
根據本發明,吾人已發現到,此等體系之異唑啉類傾向於在侵擾後24及48小時內,對於跳蚤的抑制特別呈現出特別有利的活體內結果,且對於蜱所呈現之特別有利的結果係持續至少8天。參見,例如,下文的實施例3及4。
此等體系所涵蓋之異唑啉類的例子包括下列化合物:
在某些體系中,式(I)之異唑啉係定義如下:
該異唑啉係符合下列結構:
X係選自:碘基及甲基。
Z1
係選自:氫、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、N-苯基-N-甲基-胺基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺羰基甲基、1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺羰基]乙基、四氫呋喃基、
當Z1
示氫時,Z2
示胺羰基。
當Z1
不示氫時,Z2
係選自:氫及乙羰基。
根據本發明,吾人已發現到,此等體系之異唑啉類傾向於在侵擾後24及48小時內,對於跳蚤的抑制特別呈現出特別有利的活體內結果,且對於蜱所呈現之特別有利的結果係持續至少8天。參見,例如,下文的實施例3及4。
於某些體系中,式(I)之異唑啉係定義如下:該異唑啉係符合下列結構:
X係選自:碘基及甲基。
Z1
係選自:氫、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-甲基、
當Z1
示氫時,Z2
示胺羰基。
當Z1
不示氫時,Z2
係選自:氫、甲羰基、以及乙羰基。
根據本發明,吾人已發現到,此等體系之異唑啉類傾向於在侵擾後24及48小時內,對於跳蚤的抑制呈現出特別有利的活體內結果,且對於蜱所呈現之特別有利的結果係持續至少8天。參見,例如,下文的實施例3及4。
此等體系所涵蓋之異唑啉類的例子包括下列化合物:
於某些體系中,式(I)之異唑啉係定義如下:該異唑啉係符合下列結構:
Z1
係選自:甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、以及四氫呋喃基。
Z2
係選自:氫及甲氧羰基。
根據本發明,吾人已發現到,此等體系之異唑啉類傾向於在侵擾後24及48小時內,對於跳蚤的抑制呈現出特別有利的活體內結果,且對於蜱所呈現之特別有利的結果係持續至少8天。參見,例如,下文的實施例3及4。
此等體系所涵蓋之異唑啉類的例子包括下列化合物:
於某些體系中,式(I)之異唑啉係定義如下:
該異唑啉係符合下列結構:
Z1
係選自:乙胺基羰基甲基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺羰基甲基、四氫呋喃基、
根據本發明,吾人已發現到,此等體系之異唑啉類傾向於在侵擾後1、24及48小時內,對於跳蚤的抑制呈現出特別有利的活體內結果,且對於蜱所呈現之特別有利的結果係持續至少8天。參見,例如,下文的實施例3及4。
此等體系所涵蓋之異唑啉類的例子包括下列化合物:
此等體系所涵蓋之其他異唑啉類包括下列化合物:
此異唑啉之化學名稱係(Z)-4-[5-(3,5-二氯苯基)-5-三氟甲基-4,5-二氫異唑-3-基]-N-[(甲氧基亞胺基)甲基]-2-甲基苯甲醯胺。其可見於,例如,CAS RN[928789-76-8]。
此等體系所涵蓋之其他異唑啉類包括下列化合物:
此異唑啉的化學名稱為4-[5-(3,5-二氯苯基)-5-三氟甲基-4,5-二氫異唑-3-基]-2-甲基-N-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基胺甲醯基)-甲基]-苯甲醯胺。其可見於,例如,CAS RN[864731-61-3]。根據本發明,吾人發現到,採用各種投藥途徑(包括:局部、口服或皮下)中的一者,化合物11-1對於跳蚤抑制的持續性,呈現出特別有利的活體內結果。參見,例如,下文的實施例5。
在某些體系中,式(I)之異唑啉係定義如下:
該異唑啉係符合下列式(I)之結構:
R係選自:單氯基甲基及三氟甲基。
X係選自:碘基及甲基。
Z1
係選自:氫、甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)-甲基、異丙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺基羰基甲基、四氫呋喃基、
當Z1
示氫時,Z2
示胺羰基。
當Z1
不示氫時,Z2
係選自:氫、甲羰基、乙羰基、以及甲氧基羰基,但是:
於某些體系中,式(I)之異唑啉係定義如下:該異唑啉係符合下列結構:
Z1
係選自:甲氧基甲基、乙氧基甲基、乙胺基羰基甲基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺羰基甲基、四氫呋喃基、
Z2
係選自:氫及甲氧基羰基。
於某些體系中,式(I)之異唑啉係定係如下:
該異唑啉係符合下列結構:
Z1
係選自:乙胺基羰基甲基、2-丙炔基胺基羰基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺羰基甲基、四氫呋喃基、
根據本發明,吾人已發現到,此等體系之異唑啉類傾向於在侵擾後1、24及48小時內,對於跳蚤的抑制呈現出特別有利的活體內結果。參見,例如,實施例3。
此等體系所涵蓋之異唑啉類的例子包括下列化合物:
在某些體系中,異唑啉係符合下列結構:
於此等體系中,Z1
及Z2
係各別獨立的取代基或一起形成單一的取代基。
當Z1
及Z2
係各別獨立的取代基時:
Z1
係選自:1-[(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺羰基]-乙基、甲胺基羰基甲基、(N,N-二甲胺基)-羰基甲基、異丙胺基羰基甲基、環丙基胺基羰基甲基、(2-丙烯基)-胺羰基甲基、(2,2,2-三氟乙基)-胺羰基環丙基、(2-氟乙基)-胺羰基甲基、(2-氯乙基)-胺羰基甲基、1-(乙胺基羰基)-乙基、
Z2
係選自:氫、甲羰基、以及乙羰基。
當Z1
及Z2
一起形成單一取代基時,彼等係形成:
此等體系所涵蓋之異唑啉類的例子包括下列化合物:
在某些體系中,該異唑啉係符合下列結構:
於某些體系中,該異唑啉係符合下列結構:
此等體系所涵蓋之異唑啉類的例子包括下列化合物:
本發明所使用之異唑啉類通常具有二或多個構型結構。最低限度,例如,所有的異唑啉類在異唑啉環之5-位置上包含一個對掌(不對稱)的碳。於某些體系中,例如,該對掌碳具有左旋(或是“S”或“左邊”)組態。如是異唑啉包括具有下列結構者:
在某些如是體系中,例如,該異唑啉類係符合下列結構:
如是化合物的一例為:
於其他體系中,該對掌碳係具有右旋(或是“R”或“右邊”)組態。如是異唑啉類包括符合下列結構的化合物:
如是化合物之一例為:
異唑啉類還可具有其他構型異構物,諸如,例如,帶有順式或反式雙鍵的取代基。
一特定的異構物常可藉由使用,例如,對掌高性能液態層析法(HPLC)技術,自對應的消旋混合物(或其鹽類)單離出來。如是之技術係例示於下文之實施例7(供單離出消旋化合物11-1之R及S鏡像異構物)。於某些難以分離異構物的情況下,係自對應之衍生的消旋混合物(或其鹽類),單離出該異構物之可較容易單離出的衍生物,然後,將其轉化為該異構物。另外,特定的異構物通常亦可由,例如,光學上純的起始物直接合成得。
在某些體系中,本發明所使用藥學組合物內之一鏡像異構物(例如,化合物17-1)與另一鏡像異構物(例如,化合物11-1R)的比例係大於1:1。於某些情況下,例如,該比例係大於約70:30、大於約85:15、大於約90:10、大於約95:5、大於約98:2、或是大於約99:1。
於某些體系中,組成物(或是更通常為前驅組成物)內之一鏡像異構物(例如,化合物17-1)的濃度係大於約50重量%。在某些如是體系中,例如,該濃度係大於約70重量%、大於約85重量%、大於約90重量%、大於約95重量%、大於約98重量%、大於約99重量%、或是大於約99.5重量%。
除非另有說明,未明示特定構型之異唑啉結構意圖涵蓋異唑啉之所有可能構型異構物,還有包含比全部來得少(例如,僅有一個)之可能構型異構物的組成物。
如前所述地,用於本發明之許多異唑啉類可呈鹽類的形式。基於鹽類之一或多個物理性質,諸如,在不同溫度及溼度下的藥學安定性;晶體性質;及/或所要之在水、油或其他溶劑內的溶解度,使得鹽類可為較有利的。酸及鹼鹽類通常可藉由,例如,採用技藝上各種已知的方法,分別將酸或鹼與混合物混合而形成。一般而言,當該鹽係打算投藥至體內(亦即,投藥給人類)以達治療上的利益時,該鹽類宜為藥學上可接受者。
於某些情況下,式(I)之異唑啉的鹼加成鹽類可藉令該異唑啉與大約化學計量之無機或有機鹼(通常為強的無機或有機鹼)反應,而製備得的。鹼加成鹽類的例子可包括,例如,金屬鹽類、及有機鹽類。金屬鹽類特別包括有:鹼金屬(Ia族,例如,鋰、鈉、或鉀)鹽類;鹼土金屬(IIa族,例如,鋇、鈣、及鎂)鹽類;重金屬(例如,鋅及鐵)鹽類;以及其他生理上可接受的金屬鹽類。如是鹽類可由鈣、鋰、鎂、鉀、鈉、及鋅製得。例如,自由酸的異唑啉可與氫氧化鈉混合,而形成鹼加成鹽。
於某些情況下,式(I)之異唑啉的酸加成鹽可藉令該異唑啉與大約化學計量之無機或有機酸反應,而製備得。預期可供製造藥學上可接受鹽類之無機酸類的例子包括有:氫氯酸、氫溴酸、氫碘酸、硝酸、碳酸、硫酸、及磷酸。常適用於製造藥學上可接受鹽類之適當有機酸類的例子通常包括有,例如:脂族酸、環脂族酸、芳族酸、芳脂族酸、雜環酸、羧酸、以及磺酸系的有機酸類。有機酸類的特定例包括有:膽酸、山梨酸、月桂酸、乙酸、三氟乙酸、甲酸、丙酸、琥珀酸、乙醇酸、葡萄糖酸、二葡萄糖酸、乳酸、蘋果酸、酒石酸、檸檬酸、抗壞血酸、葡萄糖醛酸、順丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、丙酮酸、天冬胺酸、麩胺酸、芳基羧酸(例如,苯甲酸)、鄰胺基苯甲酸、甲烷磺酸、硬脂酸、水楊酸、對羥基苯甲酸、苯乙酸、苯乙醇酸、雙羥萘酸、烷基磺酸(例如,乙烷磺酸)、芳基磺酸(例如,苯磺酸)、泛酸、2-羥基乙烷磺酸、對氨基苯磺酸、環己基胺基磺酸、β-羥基丁酸、半乳糖二酸、半乳糖醛酸、己二酸、褐藻酸、丁酸、樟腦二酸、樟腦磺酸、環戊烷丙酸、十二烷基硫酸、葡庚糖酸、甘油磷酸、庚酸、己酸、菸鹼酸、2-萘磺酸、草酸、軟脂酸、果膠脂酸、3-苯基丙酸、苦胃酸、三甲基乙酸、硫氰酸、對甲苯磺酸、以及十一烷酸。
於某些情況下,式(I)之異唑啉的有機鹽可藉由,例如,使用諸如下列的試劑:C1
-C6
烷基鹵化物(例如,甲基、乙基、丙基、及丁基氯化物、溴化物或碘化物);硫酸二烷酯(例如,硫酸二甲酯、二乙酯、二丁酯、或二戊酯);長鏈鹵化物(例如,癸基、月桂基、肉荳蔻基、及硬脂基鹵化物、溴化物、及碘化物);芳烷基鹵化物(例如,芐基及苯乙基溴化物)等等,將該異唑啉上之鹼性含氮基團四級化而製得。
理應可瞭解到,在某些情況下,酸或鹼鹽之平衡離子可為具光學活性者(例如,D-乳酸鹽及L-離胺酸鹽)或為消旋的(例如,DL-酒石酸鹽或DL-精胺酸鹽)。
在某些情況下,式(I)之異唑啉係呈與溶劑分子所形成之安定錯合物的形式,該溶劑分子係在未錯合的溶劑分子自化合物移除後完整地留存下來者。此等錯合物通常係呈稱作為「溶劑化物」。於某些情況下,該溶劑化物能夠單離,例如,當有一或多個溶劑分子併入晶狀固體晶格內時。「溶劑化物」同時涵蓋溶液相及可單離的溶劑化物。適當溶劑化物的例子包括:乙醇化物、甲醇化物等等。「水合物」係其中之溶劑分子為水的溶劑化物。預定用於活體內的溶劑化物宜為藥學上可接受者。
式(I)之異唑啉類的前藥被期待可用於本發明之方法。如用於本發明者,「前藥」係指藉由代謝的方式或其他過程(例如,水解)在使用時(例如,在活體內)可轉化成式(I)異唑啉的化合物。於某些體系中,以前藥的形式來遞送異唑啉可藉由改良其物化或藥學動力性質,例如,加強全身的吸收、延緩清除率、或是延緩活體內的潰散,而達到改良之異唑啉的遞送。
供製備異唑啉類的方法係技藝上已知者。供製備各種式(I)之異唑啉類的方法,例如,已在下列文獻中有所討論:美國專利公告案號US2007/0066617(併入本文作為參考);國際專利公開案號WO2007/026965(併入本文作為參考);以及日本專利申請案公開案號JP2007/308417(併入本文作為參考)。例如,美國專利公開案號US2007/0066617在其第72頁之實施例21內揭示了化合物11-1的製備、在第74-75頁的實施例28內揭示了化合物5-19的製備、在第76-77頁的實施例30內揭示了化合物5-61的製備、且在第77-78頁的實施例34內揭示了化合物5-64的製備;國際專利公開案號WO2007/026965在其第317頁的實施例21內揭示了化合物5-16的製備、在第317-318頁的實施例22內揭示了化合物5-25的製備、在第312頁的實施例12內揭示了化合物5-49的製備、在第311-312頁的實施例11內揭示了化合物5-60的製備、且在第321-322頁的實施例32內揭示了化合物10-1的製備;且日本專利申請案公開案號JP2007/308471在其第381頁的實施例38內揭示了化合物5-45的製備。此外,供製備各種異唑啉類的方法亦已討論於,例如,國際專利公開案號2005/085216(併入本文作為參考)、國際專利申請案號PCT/JP/2008/054096(併入本文作為參考)、歐洲專利申請案公開案號EP1932836(併入本文作為參考)、以及日本專利申請案公開案號JP2008/133242(併入本文作為參考)。其他式(I)之異唑啉類可藉由,例如,單獨採用此等參考資料所例示的方法、或是採用彼等與技藝上已知之其他技術的組合,製備而得。
式(I)之異唑啉類通常可用於控制動物的外寄生蟲,且因而可控制如是外寄生蟲所直接造成的疾病及/或如是外寄生蟲所帶之病原體造成的疾病。本發明的組成物預期可用於治療一系列的動物,尤指溫血動物。如是溫血動物包括,例如,哺乳動物。哺乳動物包括,例如,人類。其他哺乳動物包括,例如,農場或牲畜哺乳動物(例如,豬、牛、綿羊、山羊)、實驗室哺乳動物(例如,小鼠、大鼠、沙鼠)、伴侶哺乳動物(例如,狗、貓、馬等等)、毛皮動物(例如,貂、狐、灰鼠、兔等等)、以及野生與動物園哺乳動物(例如,水牛、鹿等等)。於某些體系中,本發明之組成物可用於治療犬科動物(例如,狗類,諸如,例如:純種及/或雜種伴侶狗、展覽狗、工作狗、育種狗、獵犬、看門狗、警犬、賽犬、及/或實驗狗)。在其他體系中,該組成物可用於治療貓科動物(例如,家貓)。該組成物預期亦適用於治療非哺乳動物,諸如鳥類(例如,火雞、雞、鵝、鴨、鸚鵡等等)。還可預見,此等組成物可用於治療冷血動物以及,諸如,例如,魚類(例如,鮭魚、鱒魚、鯉魚等等)。
根據本發明,吾人發現到,式(I)之異唑啉類一般而言對於控制外寄生蟲(亦即,會對溫血動物造成傷害或是會在溫血動物身上擴散或作為疾病之媒介的節肢動物),具有特別價值。該異唑啉類通常係有利於控制寄生蟲的各個生命週期階段,包括:卵、蛹、幼蟲、少年、及成年階段。外寄生蟲(通常為昆蟲及蟎害蟲)包括下列:
A. 刺咬昆蟲
此等包括,例如,遷移性雙翅目昆蟲幼生,諸如,例如,牛身上的牛蠅屬、馬身上的胃蠅屬、以及囓齒動物身上的野生囓齒蠅屬;刺咬蠅類,諸如,例如,吸血成蠅[例如,騷擾血蠅(Haematobia irritans)、馬虻(Tabanus spp.[虻屬])、廄刺蠅(Stamoxys calcitrans)、黑蠅(Simulium spp.[蚋屬])、鹿蠅(Chrysops spp.[斑虻屬])、虱蠅(Melophagus ovinus[綿羊虱蠅])、采采蠅(Glossina spp.[舌蠅屬])];寄生蟲性蠅蛆,諸如,例如,胃蠅(Oestrus ovis[羊狂蠅]及Cuterebra spp.[野生囓齒蠅屬])、麗蠅(Phaenicia spp.[麗蠅屬])、螺旋蠅(Cochliomyia hominivorax[螺旋蠅])、牛皮蠅(Hypoderma spp.[皮蠅屬])、以及羊毛蟲(fleeceworms);以及蚊蟲類,諸如,例如,家蚊屬(Culex spp.)、瘧蚊屬(Anopheles spp.)、以及斑蚊屬(Aedes spp.)。
B. 蟎蟲此等包括:
i. 革蟎屬,諸如,美綏蟎科(mesostigmatids),彼等包括雞蟎(Dermanyssus gallinae[雞皮刺蟎])。
ii. 粉蟎屬(Astigmata spp.),諸如,疥癬蟲,其包括:疥蟎屬(Sarcoptidae spp.)(例如,人疥蟲);以及獸疥,其包括:慅蟎屬(Psoroptidae spp.)(例如,牛疥癬蟲及羊疥癬蟲)。
iii. 輻蟎屬(Prostigmata spp.),諸如,沙蚤,其包括:恙蟎屬(例如,北美沙蚤[Trombicula alfreddugesi])。
iv. 蠕形蟎。
C. 蜱 此等包括,例如,軟蜱,諸如,軟蜱屬(例如,家禽璧蝨屬及鈍緣蜱屬[Ornithodoros spp.]);以及硬蜱,諸如,硬蜱屬(例如,蓖麻硬蜱、棕色犬璧蝨、血蜱屬、網紋革蜱(Dermacentor reticulates)、美洲革蜱(Dermacentor variabilis)、美洲花蜱(Amblyomma americanum)、以及牛尾璧蝨屬)。
D. 蝨 此等包括,例如,嚼蝨,諸如,雞蝨屬以及綿羊毛蝨屬(Bovicola spp.);以及血蝨,諸如,血蝨屬、顎蝨屬、以及管蝨屬。
E. 跳蚤此等包括,例如,頭梳蚤屬(Ctenocephalides spp.),諸如,狗蚤(Ctenocephalides canis)以及貓蚤(Ctenocephalides felis);鼠蚤屬(Xenopsylla spp.),諸如,亞洲鼠蚤(Xenopsylla cheopis);蚤屬(Pulex spp.),諸如,人蚤(Pulex irritans);刺猬跳蚤(Archaeopsylla erinacei);以及鳥蚤(Ceratophyllus gallinae)。
F. 椿象此等包括,例如,臭蟲(Cimex lectularius);以及錐椿屬,諸如,錐鼻蟲(例如,美洲錐蟲[Rhodnius prolixus]及錐鼻蟲屬[Triatoma spp.])。
「侵擾(infestation)」係指有多數的寄生蟲存在,而有對於人類或動物造成騷擾或傷害的危險性。該存在可出現於環境(例如,動物的睡處)、動物的皮膚或毛上等等。除非另有說明,當侵擾係發生於動物體內(例如,血液及其他內部組織內),「侵擾」一詞係與「感染(infection)」一詞(其係具有技藝上廣泛周知的意義)同義。
「外寄生蟲侵擾之控制」一詞係指減少或根除動物體內及/或動物體上寄生蟲數、及/或部分或完全地抑制動物體內及/或動物體上寄生蟲侵擾之進展。這可藉由,例如,殺死、逐退、驅除寄生蟲、使寄生蟲失能、制止、消除、減輕寄生蟲、或將寄生蟲減至最少,來達成。外寄生蟲的控制可為殺蟲的及/或殺蟎的。該異唑啉的功效可為,例如,殺胚性、殺幼蟲性、殺若蟲性、殺成蟲性、或是彼等之組合。此外,該功效可藉由立即或經過一段時間後,直接殺死寄生蟲,使該功效本身直接獲得證明(例如,當蛻皮發生時或藉由摧毀卵)。該功效另外亦可藉由,例如,減少產卵的數目及/或孵化速率,使該功效本身間接獲得證明。
一般而言,足以「控制」或可「有效」對抗目標寄生蟲之異唑啉的量,係足以減少或根除動物體內及/或動物體上寄生蟲數、及/或部分或完全地抑制動物體內及/或動物體上寄生蟲侵擾之進展的量。當該異唑啉係經全身投藥時,該有效量通常係包含一量,其在目標寄生蟲攝取時,會產生通常係有毒的組織內及/或血液濃度。
習於此藝之士通常可藉由,例如,在如是治療後,觀察或偵測宿主動物之臨床狀況或行為的變化,以及觀察或偵測寄生蟲數目的相關變化,來決定「有效」計量。一般而言,當劑量足以造成既存或潛在之目標寄生蟲數目減少至少約5%時,該劑量被視為可有效控制目標寄生蟲。在某些如是情況下,例如,當劑量足以造成既存或潛在之寄生蟲數目減少至少約10%(或至少約30%、至少約50%、至少約60%、至少約75%、至少約90%、至少約95%、或至少約99%)時,該劑量被視為可有效。
最佳劑量通常係取決於多項因素,包括,例如:特定的異唑啉;任何其他投藥給動物受者之活性成份的性質;投藥途徑;目標病況及病原體的類型及嚴重性;預定動物受者之種類(例如,種類及品種)、年齡、大小、性別、飲食、活動力、及狀況;以及藥理上的考量,諸如,將投藥給動物受者之異唑啉及其他活性成份之活性、效力、藥動學、及毒性圖譜。就投用多個活性成份以對於目標寄生蟲或病況達到合併功效的情況而言,構成「有效量」之各成份的量係指當與其他活性成份併用時可造成所要之功效的量。
式(I)之異唑啉類就單一治療而言,可投藥多次。如是多劑量治療意欲包括:在一或多天期間內每日的多劑量、多天的每日劑量、及/或間隔二或多天投藥的計量。然而,在本發明之某些體系中,單一劑量的投藥係於較長的期間,諸如,例如,至少約一星期,有效地控制目標寄生蟲。於某些如是體系中,例如,單一劑量係在至少約二星期、至少約三星期、至少約一個月、至少約二個月、至少約三個月、至少約四個月、或是至少約六個月期間,有效控制目標寄生蟲。因此,在某些體系中,治療的頻率可為,例如,每星期、每二星期、每月、每二個月、每季、每半年、或甚至更長(例如。每年)。式(I)之異唑啉類經全身性投藥之有效對抗各種外寄生蟲的持續期間,係令人驚訝的。當如是長效活性,在許多情況下,係可藉由使用對於動物受體無毒性之低劑量,而不需要使用緩釋手段,即可獲得時,尤其是出人意料的。在不受限於任何特定理論的情況下,活性之長持續期間假定係源自於該異唑啉類在被目標寄生蟲攝食後,具有特別高的毒性。
就許多動物受體而言,異唑啉劑量及配方係經選擇以便維持至少約1ng/ml(例如,1至50ng/ml)的異唑啉血中濃度。一般而言,投藥至動物受體之異唑啉的量係約0.001至約200mg/kg(體重)。於某些體系中,例如,投藥量約0.01至約200mg/kg(體重)。於其他體系中,例如,投藥量則係0.001至約100mg/kg(體重)。於某些如是體系中,例如,投藥量係約0.01至約100mg/kg(體重)。於其他如是體系中,則係投藥約1至約30mg/kg(體重)。較高的劑量傾向於提供較長持續期間的活性。
異唑啉活性的持續期間預期可藉由緩釋配方或劑型的採用,而獲得進一步的延長(或更為一致)。例如,異唑啉可以微粒、顆粒、或植入劑(例如,皮下植入劑)來投藥,藉由,例如,擴散及/或蝕出(erosion),而釋出異唑啉。採用含有約1至約50mg/kg(體重)(或是約10至約30mg/kg(體重),諸如,約20mg/kg(體重))之異唑啉的如是劑型,可使得一致的活性持續數個月或更長(例如,一年)。
在本發明之某些體系中,可投用式(I)之異唑啉來治療動物的寄生蟲病(或是製造供治療動物之寄生蟲病的醫藥)。「寄生蟲病」一詞係指與一或多種外寄生蟲直接相關或由彼等直接所造成的病理情況及疾病,諸如,例如,貧血症或跳蚤過敏性皮膚炎。還包括與一或多種病媒傳染的病原體有關或與由彼等所造成之病理情況或疾病,諸如,例如,萊姆病、艾利希體病(尤指犬艾利希體病)、以及落磯山斑紋熱(來自病媒璧蝨)。「寄生蟲病的治療」一詞係指部分或完全抑制罹患寄生蟲病之動物的寄生蟲進展、減輕或完全消除有寄生蟲之動物的寄生蟲病症狀、及/或部分或完全治癒有寄生蟲病之動物的寄生蟲病。一般而言,寄生蟲病的治療係藉由投用式(I)之異唑啉來控制外寄生蟲侵擾而達成的。
本發明亦關於治療方法,其中控制動物體內及/或動物身上外寄生蟲之至少一個輔助的目標係在於控制動物所(定期地或連續地)佔居之環境的外寄生蟲侵擾。於某些如是體系中,例如,該動物係伴侶動物(例如,狗或貓)。該環境可為,例如,房子或其他居所;房間;圍欄、畜舍、或其他監禁的工具;睡處等等。
「投藥」一詞係指式(I)之異唑啉、該異唑啉的鹽類、該異唑啉或鹽類的溶劑化物、或是該異唑啉之前藥的遞送。於本發明之某些體系中,全身性投藥係較佳的。「全身性投藥」係指在與有至少一部分目標寄生蟲居留之部位間隔遠的位置上的投藥。就全身性投藥而言,有至少一部分的異唑啉係經由動物受體的血液、其他體液(淋巴液)、及/或組織(例如,皮膚或脂肪組織),到達目標寄生蟲。典型上,寄生蟲係食入異唑啉連同動物的受體的血液、其他體液、及/或組織。全身性投藥可以數種形式來完成。
於某些體系中,異唑啉組成物係經以單位劑型,諸如,例如,軟或硬膠囊、丸劑、粉劑、顆粒、片劑(例如,咀嚼片劑)、糊劑、溶液、懸浮液(含水或不含水的)、乳液(水包油或油包水型)、酏劑、糖漿、大丸劑、浸劑,經由口服途徑,或是經由動物飼料或飲用水,進行全身性投藥。當該組成物係經由動物飼料來投藥時,其可以,例如,分開的飼料或是咀嚼零食的形式來餵食。另外,其還可,例如,密切地分散於動物受體的正規飼料中、以上加物(top dressing)的形式來使用、或是呈添加最終飼料內的丸劑或液體形式。當該組成物係以飼料添加物的形式來投藥時,則以製備「預混物(premix)」較方便,在預混物中,該組成物係分散於液體或固體載體中。然後,採用習用的混合器,將該「預混物」分散於動物的飼料中。當該組成物係經由動物受體的飲用水或以浸劑的形式來投藥時,則以使用溶液或懸浮液配方較為便利。該配方可為,例如,與水混合之濃縮懸浮液、或是混合且懸浮於水中的乾燥製劑。在該二情況下,異唑啉皆宜呈細粉的形式。
異唑啉組成物另外還可採用經皮配方(亦即,穿透過皮膚的配方)的局部塗佈,來全身性投藥。另外,該組成物還可經由局部的黏膜,進行全身性投藥。供經皮及黏膜投藥之用的局部配方包括,例如,澆劑(pour-ons)、滴劑(spot-ons)、浸漬劑(dips)、噴劑、慕絲(mousses)、毛髮清潔劑、粉劑、凝膠劑、水膠劑、洗劑(lotion)、溶液、乳膏、軟膏、散佈劑、敷料劑、泡沫劑、薄膜、皮膚貼片、四肢環帶(limb bands)、頸圈、耳標、雙層扁片劑、泡沫棉(sponge)、纖維、繃帶、以及微乳液。該澆或滴的方法,例如,包含:將異唑啉組成物施用至動物之皮膚或皮毛的特定位置,諸如,動物的頸部或背骨。這可藉由將一抹或一滴該澆劑或滴劑配方施用於受體動物之皮膚或皮毛之相對較小(亦即,通常不大於動物受體之皮膚或皮毛的約10%)之面積上,而完成。於某些體系中,基於配方內成份的性質,異唑啉係由施用部位分散至毛的廣面劑上,而同時地,異唑啉會透過皮膚被吸收且經由動物受體之體液及/或組織而散佈。
另外,異唑啉組成物還可非經腸地進行全身性投藥,諸如,經由肌內注射、靜脈內注射、皮下注射、植入法(例如,皮下植入法)、輸注法、快速輸注法等等。於某些如是體系中,非經腸劑型提供給動物受體約0.01至約200mg/kg(體重)之異唑啉。
其他可預期之投藥模式包括,例如,經直腸、經陰道、以及經由吸入法(亦即,經由噴霧劑)。
本發明亦關於藥學組成物(或醫藥),其包含式(I)之異唑啉、該異唑啉的鹽類、該異唑啉或鹽類的溶劑化物、或是該異唑啉的前藥。該組成物亦可(且通常會)包含一或多種藥學上可接受的賦形劑。
本發明之藥學組成物可藉由,例如,技藝上已知的方法製造得。此等方法包括,例如,多種已知的混合、溶解、粒化、乳化、囊化、包覆、及冷凍乾燥方法。最佳的配方係取決於,例如,投藥的途徑。
固體劑型,例如,可藉由,例如,密切地且均勻地將異唑啉與填料、黏合劑、潤滑劑、助流劑、崩解劑、調味劑(例如,增甜劑)、緩衝劑、防腐劑、藥用級染料或顏料、以及緩釋劑。
固體之外的口服劑型可藉由將異唑啉與,例如,一或多種溶劑、增黏劑、界面活性劑、防腐劑、安定劑、樹脂、甜料、黏合劑、潤滑劑、助流劑、崩解劑、共溶劑、增甜劑、調味劑、香料、緩衝劑、懸浮劑、以及藥用級染料或顏料,混合在一起而製備得。
預期的黏合劑包括,例如,明膠、阿拉伯膠、以及羧甲基纖維素。
預期的潤滑劑包括,例如,硬脂酸鎂、硬脂酸、以及滑石。
預期的崩解劑包括,例如,玉米澱粉、褐藻酸、羧甲基纖維素鈉、以及交聯的羧甲基纖維素鈉。
預期的緩衝劑包括,例如,檸檬酸鈉、碳酸及碳酸氫鎂、以及碳酸與碳酸氫鈣。
預期的溶劑包括,例如,水、石油醚、動物性油類、植物性油類、礦油類、以及合成油類。生理食鹽溶液以及二醇類(例如,乙二醇、丙二醇、或是聚乙二醇)亦包括在內。溶劑宜具有足以使異唑啉在該組成物的儲存及使用溫度下保持為溶解狀態的化學性質。
預期的增黏劑包括,例如,聚乙烯、甲基纖維素、羧甲基纖維素鈉、羥丙基甲基纖維素、羥丙基纖維素、褐藻酸鈉、聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、阿拉伯膠、關華豆膠(guar gum)、漢生膠、黃蓍膠、甲基纖維素、聚丙烯酸、漢生膠、關華豆膠、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、羧甲基纖維素、矽酸鎂鋁、羧基乙烯基聚合物、鹿角菜膠、羥乙基纖維素、合成鋰皂石(laponite)、纖維素醚類的水溶性鹽類、天然樹膠、膠體狀的矽酸鋁鎂或是微細的氧化矽、經異戊四醇之烷基醚或蔗糖之烷基醚交聯之丙烯酸的共聚物、以及聚丙烯酸。
預期的界面活性劑包括,例如,聚氧乙烯山梨聚糖脂肪酸酯類、聚氧乙烯單烷基醚類、蔗糖單酯類、羊毛脂酯類及醚類、烷基硫酸鹽類、以及脂肪酸的鈉鹽、鉀鹽、以及銨鹽。
預期的防腐劑包括,例如,酚類、對羥基苯甲酸的烷基酯類(例如,對羥基苯甲酸甲酯(或是”methylparaben”)以及對羥基苯甲酸丙酯(或是”propylparaben”))、抗壞血酸、鄰苯基酚苯甲酸及其鹽類、氯基丁醇、芐醇、硫柳汞、乙酸苯汞及硝酸苯汞、硝甲酚汞(nitromersol)、氯化苯二甲羥胺、以及十六烷基氯化吡啶。
預期的安定劑包括,例如,螯合劑及抗氧化劑。
固體劑型還可包含,例如,一或多種賦形劑來控制異唑啉的釋離。例如,異唑啉預期可分散於,例如,羥丙基甲基纖維素。某些口服劑型(例如,片劑及丸劑)亦可製備成帶有腸溶塗層的形式。
局部投藥可藉由採用,例如,濃縮溶液、懸浮液(含水或非含水的)、乳液(油包水或水包油形式)、或是微乳液(其包含溶解於、懸浮於、乳化於藥學上可接受液態賦形劑的異唑啉)。於如是體系中,視需要,通常可有結晶抑制劑的存在。
當液態配方係局部用於皮膚上時,其可藉由,例如,澆淋、展佈、擦拭、霧化、噴灑、浸漬、澡浴、或清洗來進行投藥。澆劑或滴劑配方,例如,可澆淋或霧化製皮膚上的限制點上(通常係不大於皮膚的約10%)。於某些如是體系中,該配方可讓或促進異唑啉穿透皮膚且作用於身體的其他部分(例如,整個身體)。如是澆劑或滴劑配方可藉由將異唑啉溶解於、懸浮於、或乳化於適當之適用於皮膚的溶劑或溶劑混合物,而製備得。其他的賦形劑還可包括,諸如,例如,界面活性劑、染色劑、抗氧化劑、安定劑、黏著劑等等。預期的溶劑包括,例如,水、烷醇、乙二醇、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、甘油、芐醇、苯基乙醇、苯氧基乙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、苯甲酸苄酯、二丙二醇單甲醚、二乙二醇單丁醚、丙酮、甲基乙基酮、芳族及/或脂族烴類、植物性或合成油類、DMF、液態石蠟、矽酮、二甲基乙醯胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、或是2,2-二甲基-4-氧基-亞甲基-1,3-二氧雜環戊烷。
於某些體系中,局部配方(尤指澆劑或滴劑配方)包含一載體,其可促進異唑啉透過皮膚進入血液、其他體液(淋巴液)、及/或體組織(脂肪組織)的吸收率或滲透率。皮膚滲透增強劑的預期例子包括,例如,二甲亞碸、肉荳蔻酸異丙酯、壬酸二丙二醇酯、矽酮油、脂族酯類、三酸甘油酯、以及脂族醇類。
局部配方另外亦可包含,例如,一或多種展佈劑(spreading agent)。此等物質係作為載體,幫助將活性成份分佈於動物受體的皮毛或皮膚上。彼等可包括,例如,肉荳蔻酸異丙酯、壬酸二丙二醇酯、矽酮油、脂肪酸酯類、三酸甘油酯、以及脂族醇類。各種展佈油/溶劑組合物亦為適用的,諸如,例如,油性溶液、乙醇及異丙醇溶液(例如,2-辛基十二烷醇或油醇)、單羧酸酯類的溶液(例如,肉荳蔻酸異丙酯、軟脂酸異丙酯、月桂酸草酸酯、油酸油酯、油酸癸酯、月桂酸己酯、油酸油酯、油酸癸酯、以及具有12至18個碳之飽和脂肪醇類的癸二酸酯類)、二羧酸類之酯類的溶液(例如,酞酸二丁酯、異酞酸二異丙酯、己二酸二異丙酯、以及己二酸二正丁酯)、或是脂肪酸類之酯類的溶液(例如,二醇類)。當該配方包含展佈劑石,其宜包括分散劑,諸如,例如,吡咯烷-2-酮、N-烷基吡咯烷-2-酮、丙酮、聚乙二醇或是其醚類或酯類、丙二醇、或是合成的三酸甘油酯。
當該配方係,例如,軟膏時,異唑啉預期可與,例如,石蠟或水可互溶的軟膏基質混合。當配方係乳膏時,異唑啉預期可與,例如,水包油型乳膏基質調配在一起。於某些其況下,該乳膏基質的水相包括,例如,至少約30重量%的多元醇,諸如,丙二醇、丁-1,3-二醇、甘露醇、山梨醇、甘油、聚乙二醇、或是彼等之混合物。
注射製劑可根據,例如,已知的方法,採用適當的溶劑、增溶劑、保護劑、分散劑、潤濕劑、及/或懸浮劑來調配。預期的載體物質包括,例如,水、乙醇、丁醇、苄醇、甘油、1,3-丁二醇、任格溶液(Ringer’s solution)、等滲的氯化鈉溶液、無刺激性的固定油類(例如,合成的單-或二甘油酯)、植物油(例如,玉米油)、葡萄糖、甘露醇、脂肪酸類(例如,油酸)、二甲基乙醯胺、界面活性劑(例如,離子或非離子清潔劑)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、丙二醇、及/或聚乙二醇(例如,PEG 400)。預期的增溶劑包括,例如,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚氧乙基化蓖麻油、聚氧乙基化山梨聚糖酯等等。預期的保護劑包括,例如,苄醇、三氯丁醇、對羥基苄甲酸酯、正丁醇等等。
在某些體系中,非經腸配方係,例如,由含有前述其他配方的部分所討論之載體物質的無菌粉末或顆粒製備得的。異唑啉係,例如,溶解或懸浮於包含下列物質的液體:水、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、乙醇、玉米油、棉籽油、花生油、芐醇、氯化鈉、及/或各種緩衝劑。視需要,通常可使用適當的酸、鹼或緩衝劑來調節pH。
就直腸投藥而言,可採用栓劑。栓劑可藉由,例如,將異唑啉與適當之無刺激性的賦形劑混合,該賦形劑在常溫下為固體,但是在肛門溫度下為液體,因此在肛門會融化而釋出藥物。預期的賦形劑包括,例如,諸如,可可豆脂、合成的單-、二-或三酸甘油酯、脂肪酸、及/或聚乙二醇類。
視需要,通常可添加其他惰性成份至該組成物中。舉例而言,彼等預期可包括,例如,乳糖、甘露醇、山梨醇、碳酸鈣、碳酸鈉、三元磷酸鈣、二元磷酸鈣、磷酸鈣、磷酸鈉、高嶺土、可壓縮糖(compressible sugar)、澱粉、硫酸鈣、右旋或微晶纖維素、膠體二氧化矽、澱粉、澱粉乙醇酸鈉、交聯的吡咯烷酮、微晶纖維素、黃蓍膠、羥丙基纖維素、預凝膠化的澱粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、乙基纖維素、羥丙基纖維素、羥丙基甲基纖維素、以及甲基纖維素。
有關藥物之配方以及各種賦形劑的一般性討論可見於,例如,Gennaro,A.R.,et al.,eds.lRemington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy(Lippincott Williams& Wilkins,20th
Ed.,2000)。關於藥物的配方及各種賦形劑之另外的一般性討論可見於,例如,Liberman,H. A.,et al.,eds.,Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms(Marcel Decker,New York,N. Y.,1980)。
組成物內之式(I)異唑啉(或該異唑啉之任何鹽類、該異唑啉或該鹽類之溶劑化物、或是該異唑啉的前藥)的濃度可廣泛地變動,其乃取決於,例如,投藥的模式。一般而言,該濃度係約1至約70重量%。於某些如是體系中,例如,該濃度係約1至約50重量%,或是約10至約50重量%。於其他體系中,該濃度係約35至約65重量%、約40至約60重量%、約45至約55重量%、或是約50重量%。
本發明之方法包含其中異唑啉係唯一投藥至受體動物的活性成份之方法。然而,該方法預期亦涵蓋合併用藥療法,其中異唑啉係與一或多種其他活性成份合併投藥。該其他活性成份可為,例如,一或多種其他的異唑啉。另外,該其他活性成份亦可為一或多種非異唑啉的化合物。該其他活性成份可以相同及/或不同的病原體及病況為標地。
預期可與異唑啉合併投藥的活性成份包括,例如,驅蟲藥、殺蟲劑及殺蟎劑、昆蟲生長抑制劑以及青春激素類似物、抗發炎劑、抗感染劑、激素、皮膚科製劑(例如,抗菌劑及消毒劑)、以及供疾病預防的免疫生物製品。
驅蟲藥包括,例如,阿維菌素類(avermectins)[例如,愛滅蟲(ivermectin)、莫西得汀(moxidectin)、及倍脈心(milbemycin)]、苯並咪唑類[例如,芬苯達唑(fenbendazole)、阿苯達唑(albendazole)、及三氯苯達唑(triclabendazole)]、水楊醯苯胺類[例如,氯氰碘柳胺(closantel)及氯羥柳胺(oxyclozanide)]、經取代的酚類[例如,硝碘酚腈(nitroxynil)]、嘧啶類[例如滅豬蟲,(pyrantel)]、咪唑並噻唑類[例如,左美索(levamisol)]、環辛酯肽類(cyclooctadepsipeptide)[例如,艾莫得賽得(Emodepside)]、以及四氫嘧啶類[例如,普奎特(praziquantel)]。驅蟲劑亦包括,例如,胺基乙腈衍生物,諸如,例如,揭示於下列文獻者:Kaminsky,R.,et al..“A new class of anthelmintics effective against drug-resistant nematodes,”Nature,vol. 452,pp. 176-180(March 13,2008);以及國際專利公開案號WO 2006/050887及WO 2005/044784。
在某些體系中,異唑啉係與一或多種巨內酯環類殺內寄生蟲的殺寄生蟲劑合併使用(且在某些情況下,係在相同的組成物內)。此等殺寄生蟲劑傾向於可有效對抗,例如,廣範圍之哺乳動物的內寄生蟲及外寄生蟲。
其中特別受到期待的巨內酯環類殺寄生蟲劑係愛滅蟲(ivermectin)。愛滅蟲係阿維菌素的半合成衍生物,且通常係以至少80%之22,23-二氫阿維菌素B1a及小於20%之22,23-二氫阿維菌素B1b
的混合物形式製備得的。阿維菌素已揭示於美國專利第4,199,569號。自1980年代中期開始,阿維菌素已被用作為抗寄生蟲劑,用於治療各種寄生蟲疾病。
其他巨內酯環類殺蟲劑包括,例如:
A. 阿巴汀(abamectin) 此化合物,例如,在美國專利第4,310,519號中,係被確認為阿維菌素B1a/B1b
。阿巴汀含有至少80%阿維菌素B1a以及不多於20%的阿維菌素B1b。
B. 通滅(doramectin) 此化合物已知為25-環己基-阿維菌素B1。其結構及製備揭示於,例如,美國專利第5,089,480號。
C. 莫西得汀(moxidectin) 此化合物揭示於,例如,美國專利第4,916,154號。
D. 蚤安(selamectin) 此化合物亦已知為25-環己基-25-去(1-甲基丙基)-5-去氧基-22,23-二氫-5-(羥基亞胺基)-阿維菌素B1單醣。
E. 倍脈心(milbemycin) 此化合物已知為B41。其係自產生倍脈心之鏈黴菌株的發酵液單離出來的。微生物、發酵條件、以及單離程序係討論於,例如,美國專利第3,950,360號及第3,984,564號。
F. 因滅汀(emamectin) 此化合物亦已知為4”-去氧基-4”-表-甲基胺基阿維菌素B1。其製備係揭示於,例如,美國專利第5,288,710號及第5,399,717號。其乃二個同系物4”-去氧基-4”-表-甲基胺基阿維菌素B1a
及4”-去氧基-4”-表-甲基胺基阿維菌素B1b
的混合物。常用的是因滅汀的鹽類。如是鹽類之非限制例係美國專利第5,288,710號中所揭示者,彼等包含了衍生自下列酸的鹽類:苯甲酸、經取代的苯甲酸、苯磺酸、檸檬酸、磷酸、酒石酸、以及順丁烯二酸。特別期待的鹽類係因滅汀苯甲酸鹽。
G. 乙醯胺基阿維菌素(eprinomectin)此化合物已知為4”-表-乙醯基胺基-4”-去氧基-阿維菌素B1。其被研發出來用於所有種類及年齡的牛群。其乃第一個對於內及外寄生蟲普遍地呈現出寬範圍對抗活性但卻僅在牛肉及牛奶內留下最少量殘留物的阿維菌素。其通常具有額外的優點,即在局部施藥時具有高效力。
殺蟲劑及殺蟎劑包括,例如,歐殺松(acephate)、亞滅培(acetamiprid)、乙醯蟲腈(acetoprole)、三亞滿(amitraz)、阿米多伏滅(amidoflumet)、阿維菌素(avermectin) 、印楝素(azadirachtin)、谷速松(azinphos-methyl)、畢芬寧(bifenthrin)、聯苯肼酯(bifenazate)、布芬淨(buprofezin)、雙三氟蟲脲(bistrifluron)、布芬淨(buprofezin)、加保扶(carbofuran)、培丹(cartap)、克凡派(chlorfenapyr)、克福隆(chlorfluazuron)、氯蟲醯胺(chlorantraniliprole)、陶斯松(chlorpyrifos)、甲基陶斯松(chlorpyrifos-methyl)、可芬諾(chromafenozid)、克塞定(clothianidin)、賽芬蟎(cyflumetofen)、賽扶寧(cylfuthrin)、貝它賽扶寧(β-cyfluthrin)、賽洛寧cyhalothrin、γ-賽洛寧(γ-cyhalothrin)、λ-賽洛寧(λ-cyhalothrin)、賽滅寧(cypermethrin)、賽滅淨(cyromazine)、第滅寧(deltamethrin)、汰芬諾克(diafenthiuron)、大利松(diazinon)、地特靈(dieldrin)、二福隆(diflubenzuron)、四氟甲醚菊酯(dimefluthrin)、大滅松(dimethoate)、達特南(dinotefuran)、苯蟲醚(diofenolan)、因滅汀(emamectin)、安殺番(endosulfan)、益化利(esfenvalerate)、乙蟲清(ethiprole) 、芬硫克(fenothiocarb)、芬諾克(fenoxycarb)、芬普寧(fenpropathrin)、芬化利(fenvalerate)、芬普尼(fipronil)、氟尼胺(flonicamid)、氟蟲醯胺(flubendiamide)、護賽寧(flucythrinate)、福化利(tau-fluvalinate)、伏芬尼銳(flufenerim)、氟芬隆(flufenoxuron)、大福松(fonophos)、氯蟲醯肼(halofenozide)、六伏隆(hexaflumuron)、愛美松(hydramethylnon)、益達胺(imidacloprid)、因得克(indoxacarb)、亞芬松(isofenphos)、祿芬隆(lufenuron)、馬拉松(malathion)、美氟綜(metaflumizone)、聚乙醛(metaldehyde)、達馬松(methamidophos)、滅大松(methidathion)、納乃得(methomyl)、美賜平(methoprene)、甲氧滴滴涕(methoxychlor)、美特寧(metofluthrin)、亞素靈(monocrotophos)、滅芬諾(methoxyfenozide)、亞素靈(monocrotophos)、殺啶蟲胺(nitenpyram)、硝乙脲噻唑(nithiazine)、諾伐隆(novaluron)、多氟蟲醯脲(noviflumuron)、歐殺滅(oxamyl)、巴拉松(parathion)、甲基巴拉松(parathion-methyl)、百滅寧(permethrin)、福瑞松(phorate)、裕必松(phosalone)、益滅松(phosmet)、福賜米松(phosphamidon)、比加普(pirimicarb)、佈飛松(profenofos)、丙氟菊酯(profluthrin)、普翠芬佈(protrifenbute)、派滅淨(pymetrozine)、丁烯氟蟲腈(pyrafluprole)、除蟲菊精(pyrethrin)、啶蟲丙醚(pyridalyl)、派瑞伏奎隆(pyrifluquinazon)、派瑞普羅(pyriprole)、百利普芬(pyriproxyfen)、魚藤精(rotenone)、魚丁尼(ryanodine)、賜派萊(spinetoram)、賜諾殺(spinosad)、賜派芬(spirodiclofen)、螺甲蟎酯(spiromesifen)、螺蟲乙酯(spirotetramat)、硫丙磷(sulprofos)、得諾芬(tebufenozide)、得福隆(teflubenzuron)、七氟菊酯(tefluthrin)、托福松(terbufos)、殺蟲畏(tetrachlorvinphos)、賽果培(thiacloprid)、賽速安(thiamethoxam)、硫敵克(thiodicarb)、殺蟲單(thiosultap-sodium)、脫芬瑞(tolfenpyrad)、泰滅寧(tralomethrin)、唑蚜威(triazamate)、三氯松(trichlorofon)、以及三福隆(triflumuron)。討論到抗寄生蟲劑(諸如,殺蟲劑及殺蟎劑)的一般性參考資料包括,例如,The Pesticide Manual,13th
Edition,C. D. S. Tomlin, Ed.,British Crop Protection Council,Farnham,Surrey,U.K.(2003)。
在某些預期的體系中,異唑啉係與吡啶基甲基胺衍生物,諸如,歐洲專利申請案號EP0539588或國際專利申請公開案號WO 2007/115643討論到的吡啶基甲基胺衍生物,一起投藥。
在某些預期的體系中,異唑啉係與諾杜瑞酸(nodulisporic acids)及其衍生物,諸如,例如,美國專利第5,399,582;5,945,317;5,962,499;5,834,260;6,221,894;或5,595,991號;或國際專利申請公開案號1996/29073所討論的化合物,一起投藥。
昆蟲生長調節劑包括,例如,阿格瑞戴(agridyne)、苯蟲醚(diofenolan)、芬諾克(fenoxycarb)、烯蟲乙酯(hydroprene)、烯蟲炔酯(kinoprene)、美賜平(methoprene)、百利普芬(pyriproxyfen)、四氫印楝素(tetrahydroazadirachtin)、克福隆(chlorfluazuron)、賽滅淨(cyromazine)、二福隆(diflubenzuron)、克福隆(fluazuron)、氟蟎脲(flucycloxuron)、氟芬隆(flufenoxuron)、六伏隆(hexaflumuron)、依芬隆(ifenuron)、得芬諾(tebufenozide)、以及三福隆(triflumuron)。此等化合物傾向於在昆蟲成長的所有階段(包括:卵)、在動物受體上、還有在動物受體的生活環境,同時提供起始以及持續的寄生蟲控制。
其他預期可用於與異唑啉一起用於合併用藥療法的其他治療化合物包括,例如,咪唑並[1,2-b]嗒嗪化合物(討論於美國專利申請公開案號2005-0182059);1-(4-單及二-鹵甲基磺醯基苯基)-2-醯胺基-3-氟基丙醇化合物(討論於美國專利第7,361,689號);三氟甲烷磺醯苯胺肟醚化合物(討論於美國專利第7,312,248號);正-[(苯氧基)苯基]-1,1,1-三氟甲烷磺醯胺及正-[(苯基氫硫基)苯基]-1,1,1-三氟甲烷磺醯胺化合物(討論於美國專利申請公開案號2006-0281695);以及2-苯基-3-(1H-吡咯-2-基)丙烯腈化合物(討論於美國專利申請公開案號2006/0128779)。
抗發炎劑包括,例如:皮質類固醇類(corticosteroids),其包括,例如,二丙酸倍氯米松(beclomethasone dipropionate)、二丙酸貝他米松(betamethasone diproprionate)、戊酸貝他米松(betamethasone valerate)、亞丁皮質醇(budesonide)、環索奈德(ciclesonide)、地夫可特(deflazacort)、德善滅沙松(dexamethasone)、丙酮氟新龍(fluocinolone acetonide)、丙酸氟替卡松(fluticasone propionate)、糠酸氟替卡松(fluticasone furoate)、氯替潑諾(loteprednol etabonate)、莫美他松(mometasone)、以及糠酸莫美他松(mometasone furoate)、甲基去氫氧化可體松(methylprednisolone)、去氫氧化可體松(prednisolone)、強體松(prednisone)、羅氟奈德(rofleponide)、以及丙酮特安皮質醇(triamcinolone acetonide)。抗發炎劑亦可包括,例如,一或多種非類固醇抗發炎藥物(「NSAIDs」)。NSAIDs包括,例如,水楊酸鹽、芳基烷酸類、2-芳基丙酸類(「(profen)」)、N-芳基鄰胺基苯甲酸類、吡唑啶衍生物、昔康(oxicams)、COX-2抑制劑、磺醯苯胺、以及利可芬龍(licofelone)。抗發炎成份亦可包括,例如,抗組織胺類。抗組織胺類包括,例如,H1
-受體作用劑、H2
-受體作用劑、H3
-受體作用劑、H4
-受體作用劑、肥大細胞安定劑、以及維生素C。
在預期的合併用藥療法中,式(I)之異唑啉可在其他活性成份之前、同時、及/或之後投藥。此外,異唑啉可與其他活性成份同在相同的組成物或是與其他活性成份及/或在分開不同的組成物內,來進行投藥。還有,異唑啉及其他活性成份可經由相同及/或不同的投藥途徑來投藥。
當異唑啉係以合併用藥療法的方式來投藥時,活性成份的重量比可有廣泛的變化。影響該比例的因素包括,例如,特定的異唑啉;於合併用藥療法中一起投藥之其他活性成份的本質;異唑啉及其他活性成份的投藥模式;目標病況及病原體;預定受體的種類(例如,畜種及品種)、年齡、大小、性別、飲食、活動力及狀況;以及藥理上的考量,諸如,異唑啉及其他活性成份的活性、效力、藥物動力學、及毒性圖譜。於某些預期體系中,例如,異唑啉相對於其他活性成份之重量比係,例如,約1:3000至約3000:1。於某些如是情況中,該重量比係約1:300至約300:1。於其他如是情況中,該重量比係約1:30至約30:1。
除了前述其他活性成份之外,異唑啉預期亦可與一或多種會有利地影響(例如,增強或延長)異唑啉之活性(或其他特性,諸如,安全性)的其他化合物,一起投藥。例如,異唑啉預期可與一或多種協力劑(synergists),諸如,例如,胡椒基丁醚(PBO)及磷酸三苯酯(TPP)。其他協力劑包括,例如,N-(2-乙基己基)-8,9,10-三冰片-5-烯-2,3-二甲醯胺(亦稱作為「ENT 8184」或「MGK 264」)以及增效炔醚(Verbutin)[亦稱作為「MB-599」]。有關殺蟲劑協力劑的討論可見於,例如,前文所引用的The Pesticide Manual,13th
Edition。
本發明亦關於套組,其係,例如,適用於進行前文所述的治療法。一般而言,如是之套組係包含治療有效量之式(I)異唑啉,以及其他組份。該其他的組份可為,例如,下列中的一或多者:診斷工具;投用組成物的指示說明書;投用組成物的器具;容器,其包含與組成物混合或是合併投藥之賦形劑或其他活性成份;記憶輔助工具(例如,貼紙,其可黏在日曆上,提醒動物飼主後續組成物劑量的投藥時間)。
下文的實施例僅係供例示之用,且絕無限制本發明之揭示內容之意。在此等實施例中所提到的化合物編號係參考前文之詳細說明內容及下文申請專利範圍中之結構的化合物編號。
於人工膜上,用血液餵養成蚤(20-30隻),使用濃度為100、10、或1 ppm之化合物10-1、化合物11-1、或陽性對照物(芬普尼[fipronil])進行遏阻。在48小時的連續餵養之後,藉由對死亡及損傷跳蚤的數目與餵養跳蚤的數目進行比較,來評估跳蚤功效。化合物10-1、化合物11-1、及芬普尼在100、10、及1ppm下的跳蚤功效為100%。
此等研究的目的係在於評估化合物11-1對抗各種寄生蟲的功效。寄生蟲有:
將小鼠分為三組,並且用化合物11-1、芬普尼(陽性對照物)、或陰性對照物(無任何活性成份),以100ppm(體重)(局部)、10mg/kg(體重)(經口)、或10mg/kg(體重)(經皮下)進行治療。讓此等小鼠鎮靜下來並且在前述治療之後1、3、6、及24小時,用成蚤(貓蚤)侵擾小鼠。在大約30分鐘餵養之後,自小鼠身上回收跳蚤。在每次侵擾後的1及24小時,進行跳蚤抑制率(死亡及損傷跳蚤的%)的評估。結果示於表1。
概而言之,使用化合物11-1時,相對於死亡的跳蚤,僅有少數跳蚤損傷。然而,使用芬普尼時,大致可發現到等量之死亡及損傷跳蚤。在此實驗期間,並未觀察到化合物11-1或芬普尼的副作用。
用於此研究的所有小鼠已具有採用鼠癬蟎(由該寄生蟲之所有階段所組成)所造成的蟎侵擾,侵擾率係至少為中等(“++”)。將小鼠分為三組,並且用化合物11-1、芬普尼(陽性對照物)、或陰性對照物(無任何活性成份),以100ppm(體重)(局部)、10mg/kg(體重)(經口)、或10mg/kg(體重)(經皮下)進行治療。然後,在7天後重複該治療。在第1、6、9、13及23天,反覆評估每一小鼠的侵擾率(“+”=低侵擾率,“++”=中等侵擾率,“+++”=高度侵擾率)。功效係定義為:相對於陰性對照組經治療小鼠之蟎侵擾率的抑制率。結果示於表2。
在此對抗蟎的研究期間,未觀察到化合物11-1或芬普尼的副作用。
用10mg/kg(體重)之化合物11-1或芬普尼(陽性對照物),經口、經皮下、經腹膜內治療六隻天竺鼠。在該治療之前(一次),以及在治療後第2至50天之間的不同時間點,用軟蜱(非洲鈍緣蜱)的幼蟲及臭蟲(溫帶臭蟲)的幼蟲局部地共侵擾彼等天竺鼠。在各侵擾的24小時後,收集10隻吸滿血的軟蜱/臭蟲,評估各蟲種之死亡個體的百分比。
就經化合物11-1治療之天竺鼠而言,到第29天,蜱及臭蟲在侵擾後的1至5小時後死亡,且在第29天之後,於侵擾後的8至24小時內死亡。就經芬普尼治療的天竺鼠而言,到第29天,蜱及臭蟲在侵擾後的1至7小時內死亡,而在第29天之後,於侵擾後8至24小時內死亡。關於蜱的功效結果示於表3。
關於臭蟲的功效結果示於表4。
在此研究期間,未觀察到化合物11-1或芬普尼的副作用。雖然經化合物11-1治療的天竺鼠(亦即動物編號)在第31天後死亡,但是其死亡並未有臨床上的徵狀且不被認為是與治療有關,因為係在治療後很久才發生的。
將天竺鼠芬為三組。令各組分別接受一或多種使用化合物11-1、芬普尼(陽性對照物)、或前二者皆不使用(陰性對照物)的治療:
研究1:
1. 藉由動物浸泡之100ppm(體重)局部投藥
2. 10mg/kg(體重)經口投藥
3. 10mg/kg(體重)經皮下投藥
4. 未治療(陰性對照物)
研究2:
1. 藉由動物浸泡之25ppm(體重)局部投藥
2. 2.5mg/kg(體重)經口頭藥
3. 2.5mg/kg(體重)經皮下投藥
4. 未治療(陰性對照物)
在治療前一天,用100隻充滿活力的硬蜱(棕色犬璧蝨,R. sanguineus)幼蟲侵擾所有的天竺鼠。由第4天至第8天,對吸滿血、脫離的幼蟲進行計數(eN),根據下列程式計算出治療的功效:
此外,評估所收集的蜱是否蛻變至下一個階段。
在第一個研究中,由未經治療之陰性對照組收集到32隻吸滿血的棕色犬璧蝨幼蟲。在第二個研究中,由未經治療之陰性對照組收集到75隻吸滿血的棕色犬璧蝨幼蟲。由該二個研究的陰性對照組皆觀察到變化到下一個階段的蛻變。反之,在前述二研究的任一研究中,經化合物11-1或芬普尼治療的組皆未收集得任何幼蟲。因此,化合物11-1及芬普尼對於吸滿血幼蟲的抑制皆為100%。在前述二研究中的任一者中,皆未觀察到化合物11-1或芬普尼的副作用。
在此實驗中,將小鼠隨機分派至治療組或陰性對照(未治療)組。各組係由三隻小鼠所組成。將20mg/kg(體重)之各種異唑啉[溶於7%DMF預混物及93%純水(注射用水)],經口投藥至治療組的小鼠。此等治療的施用體積為0.01mL/g(體重)。治療後1小時,令各小鼠鎮靜並且用30隻充滿活力的成蚤(貓蚤)予以廣泛地侵擾。此乃藉由將鎮靜的小鼠放入侵擾廣口瓶內,並且直接將跳蚤放在皮毛上,而完成的。在餵養了大約30分鐘後,自小鼠身上回收跳蚤。在各侵擾後的1小時、24小時、及48小時,評估抑制率及死亡率。以治療組相對於陰性對照組的抑制跳蚤百分比,計算為功效。
功效的結果示於表5。表5所示的所有治療皆係小鼠所能夠完全耐受的。
在此實驗中,天竺鼠係隨機分派至治療組或陰性對照(未治療)組。各組係由三隻天竺鼠所組成。在第0天,用100隻充滿活力的棕色犬璧蝨幼蟲侵擾各天竺鼠。在第1天,將10mg/kg(體重)之各種異唑啉[溶於7% DMF預混物及93%純水(注射用水)],經口投藥至治療組的天竺鼠。由第4天至第8天,對吸滿血、脫離的幼蟲進行計數(eN),根據下列程式計算出治療的功效:
此外,評估所收集的璧蝨是否蛻變至下一個階段。功效的結果示於表6。在此研究期間,於表6未觀察到受試化合物有副作用。
在第0天,用含有20mg/kg(體重)之化合物11-1的明膠囊,經口治療一組四隻的米格魯獵犬。用2L之含有200ppm(體重)之化合物11-1[溶於DMF預混物/自來水(1:100,基於體積)]的溶液,清洗另外一組四隻的米格魯獵犬。最後,一組3隻的米格魯獵犬則未經治療,作為陰性對照組。在第0天治療的二天前,所有的米格魯獵犬皆各受到大約80隻未餵食的成蚤(C. felis)及大約60隻末餵食的璧蝨成蟲(R. sanguineus)的侵擾。在第2天(治療後大約48小時),將跳蚤及璧蝨取出並且計數,以評估各米格魯獵犬的寄生蟲負擔。根據活力(跳蚤:死或活的:璧蝨:死或活的;以及吸滿血或未吸血),將跳蚤及璧蝨分類。採用下列方程式,由治療組(Mt)內有活力之跳蚤及璧蝨的平均數目相對於未治療對照組(Mc)內有活力之跳蚤及璧蝨的平均數目,來計算功效:
在經口以及局部治療之後,化合物11-1呈現出100%之跳蚤/璧蝨功效。在此研究期間,未觀察到有副作用。
將米格魯獵犬隨機分派至各為四隻一組的5組治療組以及3隻一組的一組未治療組。在第0天,如表7所示地對治療組的狗進行治療:
在第-2、7、14、21、28、35、42及29天,用大約80隻跳蚤(貓蚤)及60隻璧蝨(棕色犬璧蝨)侵擾狗。在第2天(在治療後的大約48小時),還有在第9、16、23、30、37、44及51天(在各治療後之再侵擾後的大約48小時),計算跳蚤及璧蝨的數目,以評估治療組的殺蟲及殺蟎活性。在B組內,在第56天,進行額外之跳蚤及璧蝨的侵擾,而在第58天得到一個別的跳蚤及璧蝨計數。除了跳蚤及璧蝨的計數之外,還在治療前收集了血液樣本,而且還在第0天的治療後大約2小時、4小時、8小時、24小時、及72小時,然後在第7、14、21、28、35、42、49及56天(每天一次),收集血液樣本。利用HPLC/MS/MS,分析血漿內的化合物11-1濃度。此方法的LOQ係5ng/ml。表8顯示觀察得的璧蝨功效:
表9示觀察得的跳蚤功效:
在此研究期間所觀察到化合物11-1的平均血漿濃度示於第1圖。在第1圖中,「PO」數據係關於A組,「SC」數據係關於B組,「TOP W/ENH」數據係關於C組,「TOP W/ENH&展佈」數據係關於D組,而「TOP W/乳酸乙酯」係關於E組。F組(對照組)的數據未包括於第1圖,因為未有化合物11-1投藥至該組。
在40℃下,將化合物11-1(260mg)溶於正己烷/乙醇之1:1混合物(13m1)中。在半製備液相層析系統上(裝備有DiacelAD-H管柱,柱長250mm,直徑10mm,且粒子大小為5μm),將該溶液的80%分離為400μ1的等份。移動相係由正己烷/乙醇的8:2混合物所組成。所採用的流速為4ml/分鐘。收集該二鏡像異構物的掌性級份並且於真空中進行蒸發。藉由分析掌性層析法[使用DiacelAD-H管柱(250 x 4.6mm,5μm))以及在254nm的UV偵測,控制匯集的級份之純度。就該二鏡像異構物而言,皆可測得大於99%的純度。由此技術可得到88mg化合物17-1(S鏡像異構物),其旋光度[α]D23
+63.97°(乙醇,c=2.97mg/ml);以及80mg化合物11-1R(R鏡像異構物),其旋光度[α]D23
-61.07°(乙醇,c=3.93mg/ml)。
「包含(comprise、comprises及comprising)」一字應詮釋為包含端點,而非除去端點。此一詮釋意欲與美國專利法對於彼等字彙的詮釋相同。
「藥學上可接受的」一詞係用作為形容詞,亦指被修飾的名詞適合用於藥學產品。當其用於,例如,說明鹽類、賦形劑或溶劑化物時,其係記述該鹽類、賦形劑或溶劑化物係與組成物內的其他成份相容的,且不會加害預定的動物受體至該有害的影響高於該鹽類、賦形劑或溶劑化物的優點。
此說明書所引用的所有參考資料皆併入本文作為參考。
前述較佳體系的詳細說明意圖在於讓習於此藝之士熟悉本發明、其原理以及其實際上的實施,而使得習於此藝之士可以最適合特定用途之要求的各種形式來適應及應用本發明。因此,本發明不侷限於前述體系,且可進行各種變更修正。
第1圖顯示在實施例6的研究期間化合物11-1的平均血漿濃度,實施例6係評估化合物11-1對抗貓蚤(Ctenocephalides felis)及狗之棕色犬璧蝨(Rhipicephalus sanguineus)的效力。在第1圖中,「PO」數據係關於A組(1mg/kg(體重)之呈口服片劑的化合物11-1);「SC」數據係關於B組(1mg/kg(體重)之呈皮下投藥用注射溶液形式的化合物11-1);「TOP W/ENH」數據係關於C組(1mg/kg(體重)之化合物11-1,其係呈含有吸收增強劑之局部噴滴溶液的形式);「TOP W/ENH&展佈」數據係有關D組(1mg/kg(體重)之化合物11-1,其係呈含有吸收增強劑及展佈劑之局部噴滴溶液的形式);且「TOPW/乳酸乙酯」數據係指E組(1mg/kg(體重)之化合物11-1,其係呈含有乳酸乙酯作為溶劑之局部噴滴溶液的形成)。
Claims (10)
- 一種異唑啉於製造治療動物之外寄生蟲侵擾的藥物之用途,其中該外寄生蟲侵擾包含跳蚤和蜱侵擾,該異唑啉係符合式(11-1)之結構:
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中,該外寄生蟲侵擾包含跳蚤侵擾。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中,該異唑啉於局部投藥後,有效控制外寄生蟲侵擾達至少二個月。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中,該異唑啉於局部投藥後,有效控制外寄生蟲侵擾達至少三個月。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中,該異唑啉於局部投藥後,有效控制外寄生蟲侵擾達至少四個月。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之用途,其中,該異唑啉、該異唑啉的鹽類、或是該異唑啉或該鹽類的溶劑化物以0.1至100mg/kg(體重)之劑量投藥。
- 一種異唑啉於製造治療動物之寄生蟲病的藥物之用途,其中該寄生蟲病由跳蚤或蜱造成,該異唑啉係 符合式(11-1)的結構:
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之用途,其中,該寄生蟲病包含:貧血症、跳蚤過敏性皮膚炎、萊姆病、艾利希體病、或落磯山斑紋熱。
- 一種殺寄生蟲組成物的用途,用於製造治療動物之外寄生蟲侵擾的藥物,其中該外寄生蟲侵擾包含跳蚤和蜱侵擾,該殺寄生蟲組成物包含:在局部投藥給動物時可有效控制外寄生蟲侵擾之量的異唑啉、該異唑啉的鹽類、或是該異唑啉或該鹽類的溶劑化物,以及賦形劑;該異唑啉符合式(11-1)之結構:
- 一種用於實施如申請專利範圍第1至9項中任一 項之用途的治療套組,其中:該套組包含:異唑啉、該異唑啉的鹽類、或是該異唑啉或該鹽類之溶劑化物,該異唑啉符合如下結構:
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2013
- 2013-02-18 RU RU2013107094/15A patent/RU2602308C2/ru active
- 2013-07-19 AU AU2013207639A patent/AU2013207639B2/en active Active
- 2013-11-06 JP JP2013230009A patent/JP6014006B2/ja active Active
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2014
- 2014-12-22 US US14/579,387 patent/US20150111936A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2016
- 2016-03-16 JP JP2016052782A patent/JP6251308B2/ja active Active
- 2016-07-28 US US15/222,171 patent/US20160332975A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-08-11 RU RU2016133168A patent/RU2715051C2/ru active
- 2016-10-05 NO NO2016018C patent/NO2016018I1/no unknown
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2017
- 2017-07-21 JP JP2017141729A patent/JP6458095B2/ja active Active
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2018
- 2018-01-26 US US15/880,770 patent/US20180155301A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2020
- 2020-09-15 US US17/021,698 patent/US20210061775A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2024
- 2024-01-18 US US18/416,336 patent/US20240239759A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20070066617A1 (en) * | 2004-03-05 | 2007-03-22 | Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Isoxazoline-substituted benzamide compound and pesticide |
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