RU2567198C1 - Method of growing green manure crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method comprises planting green manure crop under the cover grain crop, harvesting the cover crop and ploughing the green manure crop into the soil. And prior to harvesting the cover crop in a phase of its wax ripeness of grain the seeds of green manure crops are scattered on the soil surface. In the phase of full ripeness the cover crop is harvested, and its haulm stand is cut above the green manure crops height, and the green manure crops are ploughed into the soil in late autumn.

EFFECT: method enables to increase the yield of green manure crops through better providing them with moisture.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used for growing green crops, especially in arid conditions, which are necessary to improve the agrochemical properties of the soil and enrich it with organic matter.

Known crop stowing of green manure crops (green manure) (Dovban K.I., Green fertilizer. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1990, p. 74.). The method consists in the fact that immediately after harvesting the main crop, pre-sowing cultivation of the soil is carried out and a green manure crop (green manure), for example legumes, is sown. They grow, gain green mass, and in late autumn they are plowed into the soil. Siderata, or green manure, enrich the soil with organic matter (organic matter) and improve its agrochemical parameters, positively affecting the yield of subsequently grown main crops.

A disadvantage of the known solution is that with this method of growing green manure crops, especially in arid conditions and especially during the period of their emergence, they are not adequately provided with moisture, therefore their seedlings are usually sparse, the development is poor and the yield of green mass (organic matter) ) low (tab. 1).

The lack of moisture during seedlings of siderat seeds and further during their growth, especially in arid conditions, is due to the technology of their cultivation. Firstly, according to a well-known decision, after harvesting the main crop, the soil remains open (not shaded by the previously growing stalk). Moisture from non-shaded soil under the influence of wind and the sun quickly evaporates. After harvesting, pre-sowing treatment (preparation) of the soil is carried out. That is, its upper layer is loosened. Especially in arid conditions, residual moisture after loosening the soil immediately evaporates from it, since in this case the contact of its particles with air increases. In this case, the top loosened soil layer is not even shaded from the sun (since stubble is removed from the surface when the soil is loosened), and its temperature increases immediately after heating by the sun, increasing the evaporation of the moisture remaining after growing the main culture.

A known method of growing green manure crops (green manure), for example perennial lupine under cover (Dovban K.I. Green fertilizer. Agropromizdat, 1990, S.-5) is a prototype. The method consists in the fact that perennial lupine is sown on seedlings of winter rye in late autumn, winter or early spring. After harvesting the cover crop, the lupins either plow or grow in the first year until late autumn and accumulate green mass, which can be cut, chopped and scattered in other fields for plowing the soil. After that, the lupine grows again, it is plowed and planted or sown crops of late sowing time, such as buckwheat, silage crops or potatoes.

A disadvantage of the known solution, as with the previous analogue, is the insufficient yield of green manure. The reason for this is the competition in the growth and development of plants for soil moisture between the main (cover) and green manure (green manure), this is especially pronounced in arid conditions of cultivation. Moreover, in this case, both sideral and the main (integumentary) crops receive moisture in the process of their entire growth and development, as a result of which they reduce their productivity. Moreover, in this case, the green manure is sown (sowed) during the germination period to the main culture. That is, initially (immediately from the time of emergence), both the sideral and the main (integumentary) crops grow and develop in the conditions of competition among themselves for soil moisture.

Thus, the technical result of the proposed solution to the problem is to improve the yield of green manure crops by better supplying them with moisture.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of growing sideral crops, including sowing under a cover grain crop, harvesting a cover crop and sowing a sideral crop into the soil, before harvesting the cover crop, in the phase of its wax ripeness of grain, seeds of sideral culture are scattered on the soil surface, in the phase of full ripeness is removed cover crop, and cut it off with a stalk above the growth of green manure, and in late autumn, green manure is sown in the soil.

Signs: “before harvesting the integumentary crop, seeds of green manure are scattered on the surface of the soil in the phase of its wax ripeness” are essential, since, together with other essential features, the presented solution can achieve a technical result. In the phase of wax ripeness of the grain, the integumentary culture is almost already forming its crop and the consumption of nutrients and moisture from the soil stops. Seeds of green manure at this time are scattered on the surface of the soil. The cover crop at this time no longer consumes moisture from the soil. She (her stalk) shades the soil and creates conditions for the formation of dew, which, forming on the stems and leaves, sliding to the surface of the soil, moisturizes it and the surface layer of air. The topsoil becomes wet. At the same time, humidity is maintained for a long time, since the soil is obscured by the stem of the cover crop, which also prevents wind flows that drain the surface of the soil. Therefore, at this time, favorable humidity conditions are created on the soil surface to obtain mass seedlings scattered on the surface of the seeds of green manure crops (especially small seeds). Seeds of green manure crop under such conditions germinate well, which positively affects the increase in yield and allows the presented solution to achieve a technical result.

In the phase of full ripeness, the integumentary crop is removed, and its cut is cut off with a stalk higher than the growth of green manure, and late green manure is plowed into the soil. These features, too, in conjunction with other essential features can achieve a technical result. From the onset of the phase of wax ripeness to the complete ripeness of the grain in the integumentary culture, as a rule, about 20-25 days pass. This time is enough for the sideral culture to form a developed root system (underground mass) and a good stalk (developed aboveground mass). The integumentary culture further only greatly obscures the sideral culture and interferes with the further growth of the aerial mass. It has reached full ripeness of the grain, and it is harvested, moreover, it is cut with a stalk above the growth of green manure. This is necessary in order not to damage the stems (aerial parts) of the sideral culture, which can interfere (slow down) its further full development and lead to a shortage of the aerial mass (crop), negatively affecting the achievement of the technical result by the presented solution to the problem. Later in late autumn, green manure is sown into the soil.

Table 1 Harvest of organic mass (aboveground and underground) of green manure (mustard) when it is grown in various ways before plowing into the soil (end of October-November). Technical solutions Harvest of aboveground mass (green mass c / ha) Harvest of underground mass, (roots c / ha), in air-dry weight. 1. Analog 20-25 2.0-3.0 2. Prototype 32-37 2.0-3.0 3. Proposed Solution 45-52 2.5-3.3

Thus, each essential feature is necessary, and their combination is sufficient to achieve the technical result presented by the solution of the problem.

The invention is as follows. A green manure (e.g. mustard) is sown under cover, for example, spring wheat. To do this, in the phase of wax ripeness of spring wheat grains (in the Voronezh region about the second decade of July), mustard seeds are scattered (sown) on the soil surface. Moreover, when cultivating spring wheat using a tramline, the seeds of green manure are scattered using spreaders of mineral fertilizers of the type RN-0.5 in an aggregate with tractors MTZ-80 and MTZ-100, which move along the field along the ruts. In the absence of a tramline, green manure seeds (green manure crops) are scattered using small aircraft. In the phase of wax ripeness of grain, spring wheat, like other crops, completes the formation of the crop and stops using moisture from the soil. The conditions (for soil moisture) for spreading (sowing) seeds of green manure on the surface of the soil and their further emergence at this time are favorable (optimal). The seeds scattered on the soil surface are moistened by dew and precipitating (even small) rains. Moreover, the moisture that has fallen on the soil surface during this period is stored for a long time, since its evaporation is prevented by spring wheat (cover crop), which no longer consumes soil moisture, but tends to soil surface, preventing moisture from evaporation. Prevents the evaporation of moisture from the soil and the fact that the stalk of the main cover crop greatly reduces the wind speed in the surface layer of air (almost to 0 m / s), which also evaporates it. In such conditions, the seeds of the green manure crop well germinate (germinate) and the plants grow before harvesting the main crop in favorable humidity conditions under the cover of the main crop. Moreover, at this time, green manure does not compete for moisture with the main integumentary culture. The phase of full ripeness of spring wheat grain occurs in the conditions of the Voronezh region approximately in the second decade of August. By this time, the green manure culture is well developing the root system and the aerial mass. For example, mustard reaches a height of about 10-14 centimeters. Then carry out the cleaning of the main (integumentary) culture. To do this, cut (mow) the stalk at a height exceeding the height of the stalk of the green manure. In this case, spring wheat is mowed at a height of 15-20 centimeters from the soil surface. This is done in order not to damage the aerial part of the sideral culture, which at this time is necessary in an undamaged form for the further better development of plants. In addition, the high stubble left holds the wind, which reduces the evaporation (blowing) of moisture from the soil. The high stubble of the cover crop not only reduces the wind speed, but also shades the soil and the green manure, which also reduces the evaporation of moisture from the soil, that is, increases its moisture supply and improves the growth and yield of green manure (Table 1). The moisture supply in this case, the soil layer of 0-20 centimeters in mid-July in 2013 amounted to: the proposed solution - 35%, the first analogue - 30%, the prototype - 32%, in August - 32%, 25%, 23 %, in September - 28%, 23%, 22%, and in October, before plating a green manure into the soil, its moisture content was - 30%, 25%, 25%. Sideral culture grows and builds up organic mass (aboveground and underground parts) until late autumn, when it is plowed into the soil, where it enriches it with organic matter and improves agrochemical properties.

Claims (1)

A method of growing green manure crops, including sowing under a cover crop, harvesting a cover crop and sowing a green manure into the soil, characterized in that before harvesting the seed crop, seeds of green manure are scattered across the surface of the soil in the phase of its ripeness of grain, the integumentary crop is scattered in the phase of full ripeness culture, and cut it off with a stem above the growth of green manure, and in late autumn green manure is plowed into the soil.