RU2482660C1 - Method of growing seeds of spring rape - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to plant production and fodder production. In the process an intensive use of farm field is carried out in the area of risk farming on chestnut soils through primary and presowing treatment of soil and seeds, crop tending and harvesting. The tillage is carried out by stubble ploughing. After growth of weeds the field is treated with non-selective herbicide with the consumption rate of 2-3 l/ha. In autumn, after precipitation the casing harrowing and presowing complete cultivation is carried out to a depth of 5-6 cm with the application of basic fertiliser with the rate of application N₆₀P₆₀ kg/ha. In spring the presowing and after sowing compacting is carried out. Sowing is carried out with incrustate seeds early in cryogenic-thawed soil with seeding rate up to 2.0 million pieces of viable seeds per hectare, harvesting of spring rape is carried out by direct combining.

EFFECT: method enables to increase the intensity of growing of spring rape seed.

5 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, more specifically to crop production and forage production, and can be used in grain and grain-steppe-crop rotation in large and small agricultural enterprises.

A known method of growing spring rapeseed for food, which consists in the fact that the sowing of rapeseed is carried out during the mass development of cruciferous weeds and the death of the first wave of overwintered cruciferous fleas. Spring rapeseed is grown in barley culture. As the preceding culture, winter rye is used. For the zone of the Middle Urals, sowing of spring rape seeds is carried out from June 15 to 30 (see RF patent 2244415 A method of growing spring rape for food, authors Karpukhin M.Yu., Kirsanov Yu.A.).

The disadvantage of this method is the inability to obtain seedlings at the indicated sowing dates, since in the chestnut soil zone of the Volgograd region this period coincides with the onset of summer droughts.

Known technology for the cultivation of spring rape in late sowing, which consists in sowing rape in the first decade of June. In the crops of the first five days of June, there were very few weeds for the Urals, and no chemical treatment was carried out. And all because weeds in the case of late sowing were destroyed by mechanical processing before sowing. The late term of rape sowing allowed avoiding damage by the flower beetle. The budding phase of rapeseed sown in the first five days of June falls in mid-July, i.e. for the period when the peak of the harmfulness of the flower bearer has already left and there is simply no one to fight with (see I. Levin. Pane / New Agriculture // No. 2, 2004 - P.30-31.).

The disadvantage of this technology is that spring rape is usually damaged by pests throughout the growing season and chemical treatment is still required, as well as late sowing will reduce the crop yield due to lack of moisture in chestnut soils of the Volgograd region.

A known technology for growing spring rape on seeds, which consists in the fact that sowing is carried out when the soil temperature at a depth of sowing seeds is 5-8 ° C. So that plants can escape from damage by cruciferous fleas, sowing is carried out at a later date, after sowing crops - April 25 - May 5. Such pest control measures are suitable for areas with good moisture - Central Black Earth, Northwest, Siberian. With such late sowing dates, even early ripening varieties with a growing season of 80-90 days do not have time to fully form the crop. The onset of autumn rains leads to difficulty in harvesting and increases the cost of further refinement of seeds. The seed sowing rate in rapeseed is significantly lower than in other field crops and ranges from 2.0 to 5 million seeds per hectare. Such seeding rates are justified for the northern areas of cultivation, where the lodging and loss of part of plants under the influence of various natural factors occur naturally (see Korpachev V.V. Promising resource-saving technology for the production of spring rape: Method. Recommendations / V.V. Korpachev, V. P. Savenkov, V. I. Gorshkov, S. A. Kharlamov. - M.: FSIN "Rosinform - agrotech", 2008. - 60 p.).

The disadvantage of this method is the inability to obtain friendly seedlings of culture on the territory of chestnut soils of the Volgograd region. This is due to the fact that in this region spring comes earlier and is accompanied by winds, which leads to a quick drying out of the sown soil layer. Moreover, such a high sowing rate is not justified, since there will be a thickening of crops, this will lead to an increase in the growing season, uneven ripening of the crop and loss of yield.

The invention consists in the following.

The objective of the invention is to develop an optimal method of growing spring rape plants for seeds with intensive use of arable land in grain and grain-steppe-row crop rotation in the zone of risky farming on chestnut soils of the Volgograd region.

The problem is solved by combining and selecting the timing of sowing and the seeding rate of spring rape. Taking into account the peculiarities of the passage of the main phenological phases of the development of spring rape, and the selected system of primary and pre-sowing tillage, the optimal sowing dates and sowing rates of spring rape for seeds are proposed in grain and grain-fallow cultivation on chestnut soils of the Volgograd region.

The studies were carried out on the basis of the educational-experimental farm of the Volgograd State Agricultural Academy “Gornaya Polyana”.

The soil on which the experiment was laid was heavy-loam chestnut. It is characterized by high potassium, medium phosphorus and low nitrogen. The humus content in the soil is about 1.7-2%. The depth of the arable horizon is 25-30 cm. The soils of the experimental plot are slightly alkaline (Table 1).

Table 1 The results of the analysis of the soil of the experimental plot Soil layer 0-10 cm Humus common 1.72 % pH (aq) 8.00 Nitrate nitrogen 5.40 mg / kg Ammonia nitrogen 2.90 mg / kg Phosphorus 24.00 mg / kg Potassium 369 mg / kg Soil layer 20-30 cm Humus common 1.76 % pH (aq) 8.00 Nitrate nitrogen 4.80 mg / kg Ammonia nitrogen 4.40 mg / kg Phosphorus 22.00 mg / kg Potassium 385 mg / kg

Multivariate field experiments were laid down according to the methodology of the field experiment of B.A. Dospekhov (1986) in 2009-2010. on chestnut soils of the Volgograd region, in triplicate. Sowing was carried out by the seeder SN-16, with a row-spacing of 30 cm and a seed placement depth of 3-4 cm. The accounting area of the plots varied from 50 to 150 m ² over the years.

The experience design includes three factors:

Factor A - sowing dates

- Perhaps early, on permafrost

- Recommended, at t - 5-8 ° С at the depth of seed placement

Factor B - seeding rates

- 1.5 million pcs / ha of germinating seeds

- 2.0 million pcs / ha of germinating seeds

- 2.5 million pcs / ha of germinating seeds

Factor C - various grades

- Warrior

- Lugovskoy

- Vikros

The average monthly air temperature and precipitation over the years of the experiments are shown in table 2.

table 2 The main indicators of hydrometeorological data for the growing season Month year 2009 2010 Perennial Monthly average air temperature, ° C APRIL 7.43 8.7 8.17 MAY 15.13 17.93 16.33 JUNE 23.77 25.13 20.83 JULY 25.93 28.17 23.67 AUGUST 20,13 28 22.17 Precipitation, mm (Σ) APRIL 26.2 32 22 MAI 70.5 116.5 thirty JUNE 12.1 3.0 40 JULY 32.1 79 37 AUGUST 75,5 8.0 25

Agricultural technology experiments are presented in table 3.

Table 3 Spring rape cultivation plan No. p / p Name of works Dates Tractor, combine, agricultural the car s / x the car Seeds, chem. preparations one Stubble peeling August Dt-75 LDG-10 2 The application of mineral fertilizers (for the first term of sowing) March MTZ-80 RMU-8.5 Ammonium nitrate, superphosphate 3 Herbicide treatment October MTZ-80 OPN-15 Roundup four Plowing October Dt-80 PLN-4-35 5 Cover harrow March Dt-75 BZSS-1 6 Pre-sowing rolling March MTZ-80 KKN-6 7 Sowing + rolling March MTZ-80 CH-16 spring rape (Warrior, Lugovskoy, Vikros) 8 Insecticide treatment April MTZ-80 OPN-15 Bi-58 9 Herbicide treatment May MTZ-80 OPN-15 Lontrel 300 10 Insecticide treatment May MTZ-80 OPN-15 Arrivo eleven Insecticide treatment June MTZ-80 OPN-15 Fufanon 12 Direct combine July SAMPO-130 13 Transportation July MTZ-80 2PTS-4

The main tillage begins with stubble peeling. In the initial stages of development, spring rape develops slowly, so special attention should be paid to the control of weeds. After weed regrowth, in early October we treat the field with Roundup continuous herbicide with a flow rate of 2-3 l / ha. In the autumn period, in areas where sowing of spring rape was planned for permafrost soil, tillage additionally included: cover harrowing after precipitation and pre-sowing continuous cultivation of KPS-4 to a depth of 5-6 cm, followed by the introduction of the main fertilizer N ₆₀ P ₆₀ kg / ha The plowing was carried out with a plow PLN-4-35 to a depth of 20-25 cm.

In early spring, pre-sowing cultivation of the soil begins, when physical ripeness of the soil occurs, we conduct cover harrowing to close moisture reserves and partially level the soil surface. Since rapeseed is a small-seeded crop before and after sowing, the soil, without fail, needs to be rolled in for closer contact of seeds with the soil. Sowing is carried out with a small seeder SN-16, with a pre-calculated and adjusted seed rate. Three sowing rates of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 million pieces of germinating seeds per ha were studied. To do this, in advance in the laboratory, studies were conducted on the germination of seeds. Given the data on their germination, the weighting rate of seeding was adjusted upward. Sowing was carried out in two terms. The first is probably early (on permafrost), when frost can still be observed on the earth's surface in the morning. At this time, the soil has the largest supply of productive moisture, conducive to good seed germination. Spring rape is a cold-resistant culture, it can germinate at a temperature of 1-3 ° C, and seedlings can tolerate frosts to -5 ° C, so biological characteristics allow it to be sown at an early date. The second term is recommended for small-seed crops of the cabbage family, sowing with steady warming of the soil at 5-8 ° C. But at this time, the sowing layer of the soil dries out (seed embedding depths of 3-4 cm) and the germination rate of the crop is reduced.

To protect plants from harmful insects, sowing is performed with inlaid seeds (Furadan preparation - 12-15 l / t). The following insecticides were used to further control pests of cabbage crops: Bi-58, Fufanon and Arrivo. Crop processing was carried out in the morning at a wind speed of not more than 5 m / s. At the nearest weather station, meteorological observations are carried out, which we use to make decisions about chemical treatment and harvesting.

Rapeseed harvesting is carried out by direct combining. We remove the seeds in separate bags according to the experimental options, followed by refinement to standard humidity and cleaning them of weed impurities using laboratory sieves with holes of various diameters.

Data on the effect of sowing dates and sowing rates on the standing density of spring rape plants, on average, the years of research are shown in table 4.

Table 4 The influence of the studied factors on the standing density of spring rape plants (2009-2010) Option Seeding rate, mln pcs / ha Longer term sowing Recommended seeding time Density of standing, mln pcs / ha The number of germinating seeds,% Density of standing, mln pcs / ha The number of germinating seeds,% Vikros 1,5 137 91.7 128 84.5 2.0 183 91.3 168 84.2 2,5 224 89.5 206 82,4 Lugovskoy 1,5 130 86.8 119 79.7 2.0 172 86.4 159 79.3 2,5 212 84.8 197 78.9 Warrior 1,5 147 98.4 133 88.6 2.0 196 98.0 176 88.2 2,5 242 96.6 219 87.7

It can be seen from the table that with an early sowing period, the number of germinating seeds per hectare is significantly higher than with the recommended sowing period. This is due to a lack of moisture in the later period of sowing.

During the experiments, the feasibility of sowing spring rape culture in the earliest possible time (on permafrost soil) was proved. The full ripeness of spring rape seeds occurred earlier in plants sown on permafrost soil.

The influence of sowing dates and sowing rates on the crop structure of the studied varieties of spring rape for an average of two years is presented in table 5.

The results of a two-year field experiment showed the technical feasibility of the proposed method for growing spring rapeseed plants for seeds with intensive use of arable land in grain and grain-steam-row cultivation in the risky farming zone on chestnut soils of the Volgograd region.

Table 5 The structure of the crop of spring rape varieties (2009-2010) Options Density of standing plants for harvesting. pcs / m ² Number of pods / plant, pcs The number of seeds in the pod, pcs The mass of 1000 seeds, g Biological productivity t / ha Vikros (early sowing possible) 1.5 million pcs / ha 133 108 10 3.25 0.46 2.0 million pcs / ha 180 104 9 3.23 0.54 2.5 million pcs / ha 219 87 7 2.96 0.39 Vikros (recommended sowing date) 1.5 million pcs / ha 125 96 8 3.22 0.31 2.0 million pcs / ha 164 92 7 3.20 0.34 2.5 million pcs / ha 202 53 7 2.93 0.22 Lugovskoy (early sowing is possible) 1.5 million pcs / ha 124 104 9 3.22 0.37 2.0 million pcs / ha 167 97 9 3.21 0.47 2.5 million pcs / ha 208 84 8 2.87 0.4 Lugovskoy (recommended sowing date) 1.5 million pcs / ha 112 93 8 3.19 0.26 2.0 million pcs / ha 153 85 7 3.17 0.29 2.5 million pcs / ha 192 fifty 6 2.82 0.16 Warrior (possibly early sowing time) 1.5 million pcs / ha 144 109 eleven 3.28 0.56 2.0 million pcs / ha 189 108 9 3.31 0.61 2.5 million pcs / ha 236 89 8 3.16 0.53 Warrior (recommended sowing date) 1.5 million pcs / ha 130 98 9 3.24 0.37 2.0 million pcs / ha 171 94 8 3.23 0.42 2.5 million pcs / ha 212 56 6 2.94 0.21

Adjustment of sowing dates by years was carried out taking into account weather conditions, weather forecasts and the time spent on preparing the soil for sowing.

According to the experience, spring rape should be sown as early as possible (on frozen soil), with a sowing rate of 2.0 million germinating seeds per ha, the Ratnik variety gives a stable crop and can be recommended for oilseeds with intensive use of arable land in grain and grain steam-tillage crop rotation in the zone of risky farming on chestnut soils of the Volgograd region.

The proposed method of cultivating spring rape can be recommended for implementation in production in other soil and climatic zones, but with the adjustment of the calendar sowing dates.

Claims (1)

A method of growing spring rapeseed for seeds with intensive use of arable land in the risky farming zone on chestnut soils, including basic and pre-sowing preparation of soil and seeds, crop care and harvesting, characterized in that the main tillage is carried out by peeling stubble, after growing weeds the field is cultivated continuous herbicide with a flow rate of 2-3 l / ha, in the autumn after rainfall cover harrowing and pre-sowing continuous cultivation to a depth of 5-6 cm with the introduction of the basics th fertilizer P ₆₀ N ₆₀ kg / ha ai, and a spring carried presowing posleposevnoe compacting, encrusted seed sowing is carried out in the early stages of merzlotaloy soil with seed rate to 2.0 million units viable seeds per ha, and the cleaning is carried out summer rape direct combining.