JPWO2021020005A1 - アルカリ金属電極処理剤、アルカリ金属二次電池用電解液、アルカリ金属電極、アルカリ金属二次電池及びモジュール - Google Patents
アルカリ金属電極処理剤、アルカリ金属二次電池用電解液、アルカリ金属電極、アルカリ金属二次電池及びモジュール Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2021020005A1 JPWO2021020005A1 JP2021536852A JP2021536852A JPWO2021020005A1 JP WO2021020005 A1 JPWO2021020005 A1 JP WO2021020005A1 JP 2021536852 A JP2021536852 A JP 2021536852A JP 2021536852 A JP2021536852 A JP 2021536852A JP WO2021020005 A1 JPWO2021020005 A1 JP WO2021020005A1
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- carbon atoms
- alkali metal
- carbonate
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- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 135
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 134
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 53
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title description 53
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title description 26
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 164
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 133
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 121
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical group [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical group [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 154
- 125000005396 acrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 52
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 41
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 41
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 7
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 5
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- -1 α-substituted acrylic acid Chemical class 0.000 description 208
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 85
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 83
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 68
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 60
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 58
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 44
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 44
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 43
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 41
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 40
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 39
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 39
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 39
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 38
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 38
- BYEAHWXPCBROCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(O)C(F)(F)F BYEAHWXPCBROCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 33
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 33
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 32
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 31
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 29
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 29
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 26
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 25
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 24
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 22
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 22
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 21
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 20
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- QEWYKACRFQMRMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CF QEWYKACRFQMRMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 19
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 18
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 15
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 13
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 12
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 12
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 229910013075 LiBF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 11
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 10
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical group [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- YTZKOQUCBOVLHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 YTZKOQUCBOVLHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical group O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 9
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 9
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 125000000732 arylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000001244 carboxylic acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 125000006165 cyclic alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 9
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 9
- 125000004975 3-butenyl group Chemical group C(CC=C)* 0.000 description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 8
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- QAEDZJGFFMLHHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoroacetic anhydride Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(=O)OC(=O)C(F)(F)F QAEDZJGFFMLHHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- DTGKSKDOIYIVQL-WEDXCCLWSA-N (+)-borneol Chemical group C1C[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C[C@@H]1C2(C)C DTGKSKDOIYIVQL-WEDXCCLWSA-N 0.000 description 7
- YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Diphenylbenzene Chemical class C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- MEKOFIRRDATTAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,5,8-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-ol Chemical compound C1CC(C)(C)OC2=C1C(C)=C(O)C=C2C MEKOFIRRDATTAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910012258 LiPO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 7
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 125000005370 alkoxysilyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- DLDJFQGPPSQZKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-2-yne-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCC#CCO DLDJFQGPPSQZKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000004811 fluoropolymer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- FZXRXKLUIMKDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methylpropyl propanoate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OCC(C)C FZXRXKLUIMKDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical group CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 125000002521 alkyl halide group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- GRCAXSKSTZXYIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentanecarbonyl cyclopentanecarboxylate Chemical compound C1CCCC1C(=O)OC(=O)C1CCCC1 GRCAXSKSTZXYIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 6
- JLEXUIVKURIPFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris phosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O.OCC(N)(CO)CO JLEXUIVKURIPFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 6
- PEHFQQWAINXOQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-methoxyacetyl) 2-methoxyacetate Chemical compound COCC(=O)OC(=O)COC PEHFQQWAINXOQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- BJMLLSSSTGHJJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-methylbenzoyl) 4-methylbenzoate Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1C(=O)OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 BJMLLSSSTGHJJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GUYHXQLLIISBQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-cyclohexyl-2-fluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1C1CCCCC1 GUYHXQLLIISBQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QHTJSSMHBLGUHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbutan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound CCC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 QHTJSSMHBLGUHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229940022663 acetate Drugs 0.000 description 5
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000003286 aryl halide group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 5
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- HHNHBFLGXIUXCM-GFCCVEGCSA-N cyclohexylbenzene Chemical compound [CH]1CCCC[C@@H]1C1=CC=CC=C1 HHNHBFLGXIUXCM-GFCCVEGCSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- WYVAMUWZEOHJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionic anhydride Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC(=O)CC WYVAMUWZEOHJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 5
- XOXXFRIKPZNUFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-cyanoacetyl) 2-cyanoacetate Chemical compound N#CCC(=O)OC(=O)CC#N XOXXFRIKPZNUFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NAWXUBYGYWOOIX-SFHVURJKSA-N (2s)-2-[[4-[2-(2,4-diaminoquinazolin-6-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]amino]-4-methylidenepentanedioic acid Chemical compound C1=CC2=NC(N)=NC(N)=C2C=C1CCC1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=C)C(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 NAWXUBYGYWOOIX-SFHVURJKSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004974 2-butenyl group Chemical group C(C=CC)* 0.000 description 4
- AYKYXWQEBUNJCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylfuran-2,5-dione Chemical compound CC1=CC(=O)OC1=O AYKYXWQEBUNJCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FOLJHXWWJYUOJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethynyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OCC(C#C)O1 FOLJHXWWJYUOJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OZJPLYNZGCXSJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-valerolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCO1 OZJPLYNZGCXSJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical group [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VRQMRGCRRPGZNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl sulfate Chemical compound S(=O)(=O)(OCC(F)(F)F)[O-].[Li+] VRQMRGCRRPGZNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- SRFGYPCGVWVBTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;dihydrogen borate;oxalic acid Chemical class [Li+].OB(O)[O-].OC(=O)C(O)=O SRFGYPCGVWVBTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CUONGYYJJVDODC-UHFFFAOYSA-N malononitrile Chemical compound N#CCC#N CUONGYYJJVDODC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- RBQRWNWVPQDTJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCN=C=O RBQRWNWVPQDTJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- CTSAXXHOGZNKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-diethoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)CC(=O)OC CTSAXXHOGZNKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MBABOKRGFJTBAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl methanesulfonate Chemical compound COS(C)(=O)=O MBABOKRGFJTBAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YOVQDZPAVARTTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl n-(oxomethylidene)carbamate Chemical compound COC(=O)N=C=O YOVQDZPAVARTTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RCIJMMSZBQEWKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propan-2-yl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC(C)C RCIJMMSZBQEWKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RQIMPDXRFCFBGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(oxomethylidene)sulfamoyl fluoride Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)N=C=O RQIMPDXRFCFBGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GKTNLYAAZKKMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[bis(dimethylamino)phosphinimyl]-n-methylmethanamine Chemical compound CN(C)P(=N)(N(C)C)N(C)C GKTNLYAAZKKMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000006344 nonafluoro n-butyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
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- FDJSESZWPWMLEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[CH2+] FDJSESZWPWMLEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- BKIMMITUMNQMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N normal nonane Natural products CCCCCCCCC BKIMMITUMNQMOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LWLOKSXSAUHTJO-IMJSIDKUSA-N trans-2,3-butylene carbonate Chemical compound C[C@@H]1OC(=O)O[C@H]1C LWLOKSXSAUHTJO-IMJSIDKUSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003628 tricarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AJSTXXYNEIHPMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl borate Chemical compound CCOB(OCC)OCC AJSTXXYNEIHPMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GGUBFICZYGKNTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphonoacetate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CP(=O)(OCC)OCC GGUBFICZYGKNTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NDZWKTKXYOWZML-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;difluoro oxalate;borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-].FOC(=O)C(=O)OF NDZWKTKXYOWZML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl borate Chemical compound COB(OC)OC WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000685 trimethylsilyl polyphosphate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZFEAYIKULRXTAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M triphenylsulfanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC=CC=C1[S+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZFEAYIKULRXTAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- PBYZMCDFOULPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungstate Chemical compound [O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O PBYZMCDFOULPGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001132 ultrasonic dispersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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Abstract
Description
で表されるアクリル酸エステル、及び/又は、一般式(1)で表されるアクリル酸エステルを一部又は全部の構成単位とする重合体を含有することを特徴とするアルカリ金属電極処理剤である。
で表されるアクリル酸エステル
を含有することを特徴とするアルカリ金属二次電池用電解液でもある。
本開示は、上記アルカリ金属電極を負極に備えることを特徴とするアルカリ金属二次電池でもある。
本開示は、上記アルカリ金属二次電池用電解液を使用することを特徴とするアルカリ金属二次電池でもある。
本開示は、上記アルカリ金属二次電池を備えることを特徴とするモジュールでもある。
本開示は、アルカリ金属表面を特定のフッ素アルキル含有アクリル酸エステル及び/又はフッ素アルキル含有アクリル酸エステルに由来する構造を少なくとも一部に有する重合体によって処理することにより大幅な寿命改善を達成するためのものである。
上記アクリル酸エステル(1)の重合体は、強靭なフッ素アルキル基の性質を有する化合物であり、このような化合物がアルカリ金属電極中に含まれていると、電解液の還元分解を抑制するとともに良好なリチウム金属の析出形態を生成することにより、電極上のアルカリ金属の失活を抑制することができると推測される。
特に、α位の置換基Xが、メチル基、フッ素原子である場合には、低価格の原料を用いて、良好な防水性を有し、かつ固体電解質のイオン伝導性及び分散性を損なわない被膜を形成できる。特に、α位の置換基Xがメチル基であることが好ましい。
上記脂肪族炭化水素環を有する基としては、シクロアルキル基;イソボルニル、ボルニル、フェンシル、アダマンチル、ノルボルニル等の架橋炭化水素環を有する基等が挙げられる。
上記芳香族炭化水素環を有する基としては、フェニル基、ベンジル基等が挙げられる。
上記炭化水素基としては、シクロアルキル基、架橋炭化水素環を有する基及びベンジル基が好ましく、架橋炭化水素環を有する基がより好ましい。
上記炭化水素環は、カルボキシル基に直接結合してもよく、炭素数1〜5の直鎖状または分岐状のアルキレン基を介して、カルボキシル基に結合していてもよい。上記炭化水素環には、更に、水酸基やアルキル基(炭素数、例えば1〜5)が置換していてもよい。
これらの内で、シクロヘキシル基を有する(メタ)アクリレートとしては、シクロヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート等を例示できる。
ベンジル基を有する(メタ)アクリレートとしては、ベンジル(メタ)アクリレート等を例示できる。
イソボルニル基を有する(メタ)アクリレートとしては、イソボルニル(メタ)アクリレート、イソボルニルメチル(メタ)アクリレート等を例示できる。
ノルボルニル基を有する(メタ)アクリレートとしては、3−メチル−ノルボルニルメチル(メタ)アクリレート、ノルボルニルメチル(メタ)アクリレート、ノルボルニル(メタ)アクリレート、1、3、3−トリメチル−ノルボルニル(メタ)アクリレート、ミルタニルメチル(メタ)アクリレート、イソピノカンファニル(メタ)アクリレート、2−{[5−(1’,1’,1’−トリフルオロ−2’−トリフルオロメチル−2’−ヒドロキシ)プロピル]ノルボルニル}(メタ)アクリレート等を例示できる。
アダマンチル基を有する(メタ)アクリレートとしては、2−メチル−2−アダマンチル(メタ)アクリレート、2−エチル−2−アダマンチル(メタ)アクリレート、3−ヒドロキシ−1−アダマンチル(メタ)アクリレート、1−アダマンチル−α−トリフルオロメチル(メタ)アクリレート等を例示できる。
ノマーを例示できる。
R7は、水素原子又はメチル基であることが好ましく、メチル基であることがより好ましい。
nは、1〜5であることが好ましく、1〜3であることがより好ましい。
以下にこれらについて詳述する。
本開示のアルカリ金属二次電池における電解液は、上述する成分を含有するものとすることができる。また、本開示のアルカリ金属二次電池に使用される電解液は、以下の成分を含有するものとすることができる。
なお、本明細書において「高電圧」とは、4.2V以上の電圧をいう。また、「高電圧」の上限は4.9Vが好ましい。
なお、本明細書中で「エーテル結合」は、−O−で表される結合である。
炭素数が大きくなりすぎると低温特性が低下したり、電解質塩の溶解性が低下したりするおそれがある。
R1−R2− (a−1)
(式中、R1はフッ素原子を有していてもよい炭素数1以上のアルキル基;R2はフッ素原子を有していてもよい炭素数1〜3のアルキレン基;ただし、R1及びR2の少なくとも一方はフッ素原子を有している)で示されるフッ素化アルキル基が、電解質塩の溶解性が良好な点から好ましく例示できる。
なお、R1及びR2は、更に、炭素原子、水素原子及びフッ素原子以外の、その他の原子を有していてもよい。
−CH2−、−CHF−、−CF2−、−CHCl−、−CFCl−、−CCl2−
−CH2−、−CHF−、−CF2−、−CHCl−、−CFCl−、−CCl2−
R3−(OR4)n1− (b−1)
(式中、R3はフッ素原子を有していてもよい、好ましくは炭素数1〜6のアルキル基;R4はフッ素原子を有していてもよい、好ましくは炭素数1〜4のアルキレン基;n1は1〜3の整数;ただし、R3及びR4の少なくとも1つはフッ素原子を有している)で示されるものが挙げられる。
フッ素化アルキル基(a)、エーテル結合を有するフッ素化アルキル基(b)、及び、フッ素化アルコキシ基(c)のフッ素含有率は、各基の構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/各基の式量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
なお、上記フッ素化飽和環状カーボネートのフッ素含有率は、フッ素化飽和環状カーボネートの構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/フッ素化飽和環状カーボネートの分子量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
Rf2OCOOR7 (B)
(式中、Rf2は、炭素数1〜7のフッ素化アルキル基であり、R7は、炭素数1〜7のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基である。)で示される化合物を挙げることができる。
上記フッ素化アルキル基は、アルキル基が有する水素原子の少なくとも1つをフッ素原子で置換したものである。R7がフッ素原子を含むアルキル基である場合、フッ素化アルキル基となる。
Rf2及びR7は、低粘性である点で、炭素数が1〜7であることが好ましく、1〜2であることがより好ましい。
炭素数が大きくなりすぎると低温特性が低下したり、電解質塩の溶解性が低下したりするおそれがある。なお、炭素数が少な過ぎると、沸点の低下がみられることがある。
R1−R2− (d−1)
(式中、R1はフッ素原子を有していてもよい炭素数1以上のアルキル基;R2はフッ素原子を有していてもよい炭素数1〜3のアルキレン基;ただし、R1及びR2の少なくとも一方はフッ素原子を有している)で示されるフッ素化アルキル基が、電解質塩の溶解性が良好な点から好ましく例示できる。
なお、R1及びR2は、更に、炭素原子、水素原子及びフッ素原子以外の、その他の原子を有していてもよい。
−CH2−、−CHF−、−CF2−、−CHCl−、−CFCl−、−CCl2−
−(CXaXb)−
(XaはH、F、CH3又はCF3;XbはCH3又はCF3。ただし、XbがCF3の場合、XaはH又はCH3である)で表されるものが好ましく例示できる。これらは特に電解質塩の溶解性をより一層向上させることができる。
なお、本開示においてフッ素含有率は、上記フッ素化鎖状カーボネートの構造式に基づいて、
{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/フッ素化鎖状カーボネートの分子量}×100(%)
により算出した値である。
R31COOR32
(式中、R31及びR32は、互いに独立に、炭素数1〜4のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基であり、R31及びR32の少なくとも一方はフッ素原子を含む。)で示されるフッ素化鎖状カルボン酸エステルが、他溶媒との相溶性や耐酸化性が良好な点から好ましい。
なかでもCF3CH2C(=O)OCH3、HCF2C(=O)OCH3、HCF2C(=O)OC2H5、CF3C(=O)OCH2C2F5、CF3C(=O)OCH2CF2CF2H、CF3C(=O)OCH2CF3、CF3C(=O)OCH(CF3)2、ペンタフルオロ酪酸エチル、ペンタフルオロプロピオン酸メチル、ペンタフルオロプロピオン酸エチル、ヘプタフルオロイソ酪酸メチル、トリフルオロ酪酸イソプロピル、トリフルオロ酢酸エチル、トリフルオロ酢酸tert−ブチル、トリフルオロ酢酸n−ブチル、テトラフルオロ−2−(メトキシ)プロピオン酸メチル、酢酸2,2−ジフルオロエチル、酢酸2,2,3,3−テトラフルオロプロピル、CH3C(=O)OCH2CF3、酢酸1H,1H−ヘプタフルオロブチル、4,4,4−トリフルオロ酪酸メチル、4,4,4−トリフルオロ酪酸エチル、3,3,3−トリフルオロプロピオン酸エチル、3,3,3−トリフルオロプロピオン酸3,3,3−トリフルオロプロピル、3−(トリフルオロメチル)酪酸エチル、2,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロピオン酸メチル、2,2−ジフルオロ酢酸ブチル、2,2,3,3−テトラフルオロプロピオン酸メチル、2−(トリフルオロメチル)−3,3,3−トリフルオロプロピオン酸メチル、ヘプタフルオロ酪酸メチルが、他溶媒との相溶性及びレート特性が良好な点から好ましく、CF3CH2C(=O)OCH3、HCF2C(=O)OCH3、HCF2C(=O)OC2H5、CH3C(=O)OCH2CF3がより好ましく、HCF2C(=O)OCH3、HCF2C(=O)OC2H5、CH3C(=O)OCH2CF3が特に好ましい。
上記の組成の溶媒を含有する電解液は、電気化学デバイスの高温保存特性やサイクル特性を一層向上させることができる。
上記非水溶媒の含有量は、電解液中70〜99.999質量%であることが好ましく、80質量%以上がより好ましく、92質量%以下がより好ましい。
X201は、O、S、炭素数1〜10のアルキレン基、炭素数1〜10のハロゲン化アルキレン基、炭素数6〜20のアリーレン基又は炭素数6〜20のハロゲン化アリーレン基(アルキレン基、ハロゲン化アルキレン基、アリーレン基、及び、ハロゲン化アリーレン基はその構造中に置換基、ヘテロ原子を持っていてもよく、またn202が1でn203が2〜4のときにはn203個のX201はそれぞれが結合していてもよい)。
L201は、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、炭素数1〜10のアルキル基、炭素数1〜10のハロゲン化アルキル基、炭素数6〜20のアリール基、炭素数6〜20のハロゲン化アリール基(アルキレン基、ハロゲン化アルキレン基、アリーレン基、及び、ハロゲン化アリーレン基はその構造中に置換基、ヘテロ原子を持っていてもよく、またn201が2〜8のときにはn201個のL201はそれぞれが結合して環を形成してもよい)又は−Z203Y203。
Y201、Y202及びZ203は、それぞれ独立でO、S、NY204、炭化水素基又はフッ素化炭化水素基。Y203及びY204は、それぞれ独立でH、F、炭素数1〜10のアルキル基、炭素数1〜10のハロゲン化アルキル基、炭素数6〜20のアリール基又は炭素数6〜20のハロゲン化アリール基(アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、アリール基及びハロゲン化アリール基はその構造中に置換基、ヘテロ原子を持っていてもよく、Y203又はY204が複数個存在する場合にはそれぞれが結合して環を形成してもよい)。
なお、本明細書において、フッ素化炭化水素基は、炭化水素基の水素原子の少なくとも1つがフッ素原子に置換された基である。
化合物(5)としては、リチウムビス(オキサラト)ボレートが特に好ましい。
上記リチウム塩として任意のものを用いることができ、具体的には以下のものが挙げられる。例えば、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAlF4、LiSbF6、LiTaF6、LiWF7、LiAsF6,LiAlCl4,LiI、LiBr、LiCl、LiB10Cl10、Li2SiF6、Li2PFO3、LiPO2F2等の無機リチウム塩;LiWOF5等のタングステン酸リチウム類;
HCO2Li、CH3CO2Li、CH2FCO2Li、CHF2CO2Li、CF3CO2Li、CF3CH2CO2Li、CF3CF2CO2Li、CF3CF2CF2CO2Li、CF3CF2CF2CF2CO2Li等のカルボン酸リチウム塩類;
FSO3Li、CH3SO3Li、CH2FSO3Li、CHF2SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、CF3CF2SO3Li、CF3CF2CF2SO3Li、CF3CF2CF2CF2SO3Li、リチウムメチルサルフェート、リチウムエチルサルフェート(C2H5OSO3Li)、リチウム2,2,2−トリフルオロエチルサルフェート等のS=O基を有するリチウム塩類;
LiN(FCO)2、LiN(FCO)(FSO2)、LiN(FSO2)2、LiN(FSO2)(CF3SO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、リチウムビスパーフルオロエタンスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,2−パーフルオロエタンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,3−パーフルオロプロパンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,2−エタンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,3−プロパンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,4−パーフルオロブタンジスルホニルイミド、LiN(CF3SO2)(FSO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)(C3F7SO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)、LiN(POF2)2等のリチウムイミド塩類;
LiC(FSO2)3、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiC(C2F5SO2)3等のリチウムメチド塩類;
その他、式:LiPFa(CnF2n+1)6−a(式中、aは0〜5の整数であり、nは1〜6の整数である)で表される塩(例えばLiPF3(C2F5)3、LiPF3(CF3)3、LiPF3(iso−C3F7)3、LiPF5(iso−C3F7)、LiPF4(CF3)2、LiPF4(C2F5)2)、LiPF4(CF3SO2)2、LiPF4(C2F5SO2)2、LiBF3CF3、LiBF3C2F5、LiBF3C3F7、LiBF2(CF3)2、LiBF2(C2F5)2、LiBF2(CF3SO2)2、LiBF2(C2F5SO2)2等の含フッ素有機リチウム塩類、LiSCN、LiB(CN)4、LiB(C6H5)4、Li2(C2O4)、LiP(C2O4)3、Li2B12FbH12−b(bは0〜3の整数)等が挙げられる。
(式中、X21は少なくともH又はCを含む基、n21は1〜3の整数、Y21及びZ21は、同じか又は異なり、少なくともH、C、O又はFを含む基、n22は0又は1、Y21及びZ21はお互いに結合して環を形成してもよい。)で示される化合物(6)を更に含むものであってもよい。上記電解液が化合物(6)を含むと、高温で保管した場合でも、容量保持率が一層低下しにくく、ガスの発生量が更に増加しにくい。
Z21としては、H−、F−、CH3−、CH3CH2−、CH3CH2CH2−、CF3−、CF3CF2−、CH2FCH2−及びCF3CF2CF2−からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましい。
X31〜X34の炭素数は、1〜10が好ましく、1〜3がより好ましい。
これにより、電気化学デバイスの高温保存特性を向上させることができる。上記ニトリル化合物を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
ハロゲン原子としては、例えば、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子が挙げられる。中でもフッ素原子が好ましい。
アルキル基としては、炭素数1〜5のものが好ましい。アルキル基の具体例としては、メチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、イソプロピル基、ブチル基、イソブチル基、tert−ブチル基等が挙げられる。
アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基としては、上述したアルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子を上述したハロゲン原子で置換した基が挙げられる。
Ra及びRbがアルキル基、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基である場合は、RaとRbとが互いに結合して環構造(例えば、シクロヘキサン環)を形成していてもよい。
Ra及びRbは、水素原子又はアルキル基であることが好ましい。
ジニトリルの具体例としては、マロノニトリル、スクシノニトリル、グルタロニトリル、アジポニトリル、ピメロニトリル、スベロニトリル、アゼラニトリル、セバコニトリル、ウンデカンジニトリル、ドデカンジニトリル、メチルマロノニトリル、エチルマロノニトリル、イソプロピルマロノニトリル、tert−ブチルマロノニトリル、メチルスクシノニトリル、2,2−ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2,3−ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2,3,3−トリメチルスクシノニトリル、2,2,3,3−テトラメチルスクシノニトリル、2,3−ジエチル−2,3−ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2,2−ジエチル−3,3−ジメチルスクシノニトリル、ビシクロヘキシル−1,1−ジカルボニトリル、ビシクロヘキシル−2,2−ジカルボニトリル、ビシクロヘキシル−3,3−ジカルボニトリル、2,5−ジメチル−2,5−ヘキサンジカルボニトリル、2,3−ジイソブチル−2,3−ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2,2−ジイソブチル−3,3−ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2−メチルグルタロニトリル、2,3−ジメチルグルタロニトリル、2,4−ジメチルグルタロニトリル、2,2,3,3−テトラメチルグルタロニトリル、2,2,4,4−テトラメチルグルタロニトリル、2,2,3,4−テトラメチルグルタロニトリル、2,3,3,4−テトラメチルグルタロニトリル、1,4−ジシアノペンタン、2,6−ジシアノヘプタン、2,7−ジシアノオクタン、2,8−ジシアノノナン、1,6−ジシアノデカン、1,2−ジジアノベンゼン、1,3−ジシアノベンゼン、1,4−ジシアノベンゼン、3,3’−(エチレンジオキシ)ジプロピオニトリル、3,3’−(エチレンジチオ)ジプロピオニトリル、3,9−ビス(2−シアノエチル)−2,4,8,10−テトラオキサスピロ[5,5]ウンデカン、ブタンニトリル、フタロニトリル等を例示できる。これらのうち、特に好ましいのはスクシノニトリル、グルタロニトリル、アジポニトリルである。
また、トリカルボニトリルの具体例としては、ペンタントリカルボニトリル、プロパントリカルボニトリル、1,3,5−ヘキサントリカルボニトリル、1,3,6−ヘキサントリカルボニトリル、ヘプタントリカルボニトリル、1,2,3−プロパントリカルボニトリル、1,3,5−ペンタントリカルボニトリル、シクロヘキサントリカルボニトリル、トリスシアノエチルアミン、トリスシアノエトキシプロパン、トリシアノエチレン、トリス(2−シアノエチル)アミン等が挙げられ特に好ましいものは、1,3,6−ヘキサントリカルボニトリル、シクロヘキサントリカルボニトリルであり、最も好ましいものはシクロヘキサントリカルボニトリルである。
ハロゲン原子、アルキル基、及び、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基については、上記一般式(9a)について例示したものが挙げられる。
上記NC−Rc1−Xc1−におけるRc1はアルキレン基である。アルキレン基としては、炭素数1〜3のアルキレン基が好ましい。
Rc、Rd及びReは、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、アルキル基、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基であることが好ましい。
Rc、Rd及びReの少なくとも1つは、ハロゲン原子、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基であることが好ましく、フッ素原子、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をフッ素原子で置換した基であることがより好ましい。
Rd及びReがアルキル基、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基である場合は、RdとReとが互いに結合して環構造(例えば、シクロヘキサン環)を形成していてもよい。
ハロゲン原子、アルキル基、及び、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基については、上記一般式(9a)について例示したものが挙げられる。
シアノ基を含む基としては、シアノ基のほか、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をシアノ基で置換した基が挙げられる。この場合のアルキル基としては、上記一般式(9a)について例示したものが挙げられる。
Rf、Rg、Rh及びRiのうち少なくとも1つはシアノ基を含む基である。好ましくは、Rf、Rg、Rh及びRiのうち少なくとも2つがシアノ基を含む基であることであり、より好ましくは、Rh及びRiがシアノ基を含む基であることである。Rh及びRiがシアノ基を含む基である場合、Rf及びRgは、水素原子であることが好ましい。
このような化合物を含有することにより、電極界面の安定性が向上し、電気化学デバイスの特性を向上させることができる。
上記ポリエチレンオキシドとしては、例えば、ポリエチレンオキシドモノオール、ポリエチレンオキシドカルボン酸、ポリエチレンオキシドジオール、ポリエチレンオキシドジカルボン酸、ポリエチレンオキシドトリオール、ポリエチレンオキシドトリカルボン酸等が挙げられる。これらは単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
なかでも、電気化学デバイスの特性がより良好となる点で、ポリエチレンオキシドモノオールとポリエチレンオキシドジオールの混合物、及び、ポリエチレンカルボン酸とポリエチレンジカルボン酸の混合物であることが好ましい。
上記重量平均分子量は、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)法によるポリスチレン換算により測定することができる。
上記ポリエチレンオキシドの含有量は、5×10−6mol/kg以上であることがより好ましい。
フッ素化不飽和環状カーボネートは、不飽和結合とフッ素原子とを有する環状カーボネートである。フッ素化不飽和環状カーボネートが有するフッ素原子の数は1以上があれば、特に制限されない。中でもフッ素原子が通常6以下、好ましくは4以下であり、1個又は2個のものが最も好ましい。
三重結合を有する化合物の具体例としては、例えば、以下の化合物が挙げられる。
1−ペンチン、2−ペンチン、1−ヘキシン、2−ヘキシン、3−ヘキシン、1−ヘプチン、2−ヘプチン、3−ヘプチン、1−オクチン、2−オクチン、3−オクチン、4−オクチン、1−ノニン、2−ノニン、3−ノニン、4−ノニン、1−ドデシン、2−ドデシン、3−ドデシン、4−ドデシン、5−ドデシン、フェニルアセチレン、1−フェニル−1−プロピン、1−フェニル−2−プロピン、1−フェニル−1−ブチン、4−フェニル−1−ブチン、4−フェニル−1−ブチン、1−フェニル−1−ペンチン、5−フェニル−1−ペンチン、1−フェニル−1−ヘキシン、6−フェニル−1−ヘキシン、ジフェニルアセチレン、4−エチニルトルエン、ジシクロヘキシルアセチレン等の炭化水素化合物;
フルオロベンゼン、ジフルオロベンゼン、ヘキサフルオロベンゼン、ベンゾトリフルオライド、モノフルオロベンゼン、1−フルオロ−2−シクロヘキシルベンゼン、1−フルオロ−4−tert−ブチルベンゼン、1−フルオロ−3−シクロヘキシルベンゼン、1−フルオロ−2−シクロヘキシルベンゼン、フッ素化ビフェニル等の含フッ素芳香族化合物;
エリスリタンカーボネート、スピロ−ビス−ジメチレンカーボネート、メトキシエチル−メチルカーボネート等のカーボネート化合物;
ジオキソラン、ジオキサン、2,5,8,11−テトラオキサドデカン、2,5,8,11,14−ペンタオキサペンタデカン、エトキシメトキシエタン、トリメトキシメタン、グライム、エチルモノグライム等のエーテル系化合物;
ジメチルケトン、ジエチルケトン、3−ペンタノン等のケトン系化合物;
2−アリル無水コハク酸等の酸無水物;
シュウ酸ジメチル、シュウ酸ジエチル、シュウ酸エチルメチル、シュウ酸ジ(2−プロピニル)、シュウ酸メチル2−プロピニル、コハク酸ジメチル、グルタル酸ジ(2−プロピニル)、ギ酸メチル、ギ酸エチル、ギ酸2−プロピニル、2−ブチン−1,4−ジイルジホルメート、メタクリル酸2−プロピニル、マロン酸ジメチル等のエステル化合物;
アセトアミド、N−メチルホルムアミド、N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N−ジメチルアセトアミド等のアミド系化合物;
硫酸エチレン、硫酸ビニレン、亜硫酸エチレン、フルオロスルホン酸メチル、フルオロスルホン酸エチル、メタンスルホン酸メチル、メタンスルホン酸エチル、ブスルファン、スルホレン、ジフェニルスルホン、N,N−ジメチルメタンスルホンアミド、N,N−ジエチルメタンスルホンアミド、ビニルスルホン酸メチル、ビニルスルホン酸エチル、ビニルスルホン酸アリル、ビニルスルホン酸プロパルギル、アリルスルホン酸メチル、アリルスルホン酸エチル、アリルスルホン酸アリル、アリルスルホン酸プロパルギル、1,2−ビス(ビニルスルホニロキシ)エタン、無水プロパンジスルホン酸、無水スルホ酪酸、無水スルホ安息香酸、無水スルホプロピオン酸、無水エタンジスルホン酸、メチレンメタンジスルホネート、メタンスルホン酸2−プロピニル、ペンテンサルファイト、ペンタフルオロフェニルメタンスルホネート、プロピレンサルフェート、プロピレンサルファイト、プロパンサルトン、ブチレンサルファイト、ブタン−2,3−ジイルジメタンスルホネート、2−ブチン−1,4−ジイルジメタンスルホネート、ビニルスルホン酸2−プロピニル、ビス(2−ビニルスルホニルエチル)エーテル、5−ビニル−ヘキサヒドロ−1,3,2−ベンゾジオキサチオール−2−オキシド、2−(メタンスルホニルオキシ)プロピオン酸2−プロピニル、5,5−ジメチル−1,2−オキサチオラン−4−オン2,2−ジオキシド、3−スルホ−プロピオン酸無水物トリメチレンメタンジスルホネート2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン、トリメチレンメタンジスルホネート、テトラメチレンスルホキシド、ジメチレンメタンジスルホネート、ジフルオロエチルメチルスルホン、ジビニルスルホン、1,2−ビス(ビニルスルホニル)エタン、エチレンビススルホン酸メチル、エチレンビススルホン酸エチル、エチレンサルフェート、チオフェン1−オキシド等の含硫黄化合物;
1−メチル−2−ピロリジノン、1−メチル−2−ピペリドン、3−メチル−2−オキサゾリジノン、1,3−ジメチル−2−イミダゾリジノン及びN−メチルスクシンイミド、ニトロメタン、ニトロエタン、エチレンジアミン等の含窒素化合物;
亜リン酸トリメチル、亜リン酸トリエチル、亜リン酸トリフェニル、リン酸トリメチル、リン酸トリエチル、リン酸トリフェニル、メチルホスホン酸ジメチル、エチルホスホン酸ジエチル、ビニルホスホン酸ジメチル、ビニルホスホン酸ジエチル、ジエチルホスホノ酢酸エチル、ジメチルホスフィン酸メチル、ジエチルホスフィン酸エチル、トリメチルホスフィンオキシド、トリエチルホスフィンオキシド、リン酸ビス(2,2−ジフルオロエチル)2,2,2−トリフルオロエチル、リン酸ビス(2,2,3,3−テトラフルオロプロピル)2,2,2−トリフルオロエチル、リン酸ビス(2,2,2−トリフルオロエチル)メチル、リン酸ビス(2,2,2−トリフルオロエチル)エチル、リン酸ビス(2,2,2−トリフルオロエチル)2,2−ジフルオロエチルリン酸ビス(2,2,2−トリフルオロエチル)2,2,3,3−テトラフルオロプロピル、リン酸トリブチル、リン酸トリス(2,2,2−トリフルオロエチル)、リン酸トリス(1,1,1,3,3,3−ヘキサフルオロプロパン−2−イル)、リン酸トリオクチル、リン酸2−フェニルフェニルジメチル、リン酸2−フェニルフェニルジエチル、リン酸(2,2,2−トリフルオロエチル)(2,2,3,3−テトラフルオロプロピル)メチル、メチル2−(ジメトキシホスホリル)アセテート、メチル2−(ジメチルホスホリル)アセテート、メチル2−(ジエトキシホスホリル)アセテート、メチル2−(ジエチルホスホリル)アセテート、メチレンビスホスホン酸メチル、メチレンビスホスホン酸エチル、エチレンビスホスホン酸メチル、エチレンビスホスホン酸エチル、ブチレンビスホスホン酸メチル、ブチレンビスホスホン酸エチル、酢酸2−プロピニル2−(ジメトキシホスホリル)、酢酸2−プロピニル2−(ジメチルホスホリル)、酢酸2−プロピニル2−(ジエトキシホスホリル)、酢酸2−プロピニル2−(ジエチルホスホリル)、リン酸トリス(トリメチルシリル)、リン酸トリス(トリエチルシリル)、リン酸トリス(トリメトキシシリル)、亜リン酸トリス(トリメチルシリル)、亜リン酸トリス(トリエチルシリル)、亜リン酸トリス(トリメトキシシリル)、ポリリン酸トリメチルシリル等の含燐化合物;
ホウ酸トリス(トリメチルシリル)、ホウ酸トリス(トリメトキシシリル)等の含ホウ素
化合物;
ジメトキシアルミノキシトリメトキシシラン、ジエトキシアルミノキシトリエトキシシラン、ジプロポキシアルミノキシトリエトキシシラン、ジブトキシアルミノキシトリメトキシシラン、ジブトキシアルミノキシトリエトキシシラン、チタンテトラキス(トリメチルシロキシド)、チタンテトラキス(トリエチルシロキシド)、テトラメチルシラン等のシラン化合物;
等が挙げられる。これらは1種を単独で用いても、2種以上を併用してもよい。これらの助剤を添加することにより、高温保存後の容量維持特性やサイクル特性を向上させることができる。
上記その他の助剤としては、なかでも、含燐化合物が好ましく、リン酸トリス(トリメチルシリル)、亜リン酸(トリストリメチルシリル)が好ましい。
で示される含フッ素ラクトンが挙げられる。
で示される5員環構造が、合成が容易である点、化学的安定性が良好な点から好ましく挙げられ、更には、AとBの組合せにより、下記式(F):
で示される含フッ素ラクトンと、下記式(G):
で示される含フッ素ラクトンがある。
上記リン酸エステルとしては、例えば、含フッ素アルキルリン酸エステル、非フッ素系アルキルリン酸エステル、アリールリン酸エステル等が挙げられる。なかでも、少量で不燃効果を発揮できる点で、含フッ素アルキルリン酸エステルであることが好ましい。
Rf5COO−M+ (30)
(式中、Rf5は炭素数3〜10のエーテル結合を含んでいてもよい含フッ素アルキル基;M+はLi+、Na+、K+又はNHR’3 +(R’は同じか又は異なり、いずれもH又は炭素数が1〜3のアルキル基)である)
で表される含フッ素カルボン酸塩や、下記式(40):
Rf6SO3 −M+ (40)
(式中、Rf6は炭素数3〜10のエーテル結合を含んでいてもよい含フッ素アルキル基;M+はLi+、Na+、K+又はNHR’3 +(R’は同じか又は異なり、いずれもH又は炭素数が1〜3のアルキル基)である)
で表される含フッ素スルホン酸塩等が好ましい。
A−(D)−B (101)
[式中、Dは式(201):
−(D1)n−(FAE)m−(AE)p−(Y)q− (201)
(式中、D1は、式(10a):
で示される側鎖に含フッ素エーテル基を有するエーテル単位;
FAEは、式(10b):
で示される側鎖にフッ素化アルキル基を有するエーテル単位;
AEは、式(10c):
で示されるエーテル単位;
Yは、式(10d−1)〜(10d−3):
nは0〜200の整数;mは0〜200の整数;pは0〜10000の整数;qは1〜100の整数;ただしn+mは0ではなく、D1、FAE、AE及びYの結合順序は特定されない);
A及びBは同じか又は異なり、水素原子、フッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいアルキル基、フッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいフェニル基、−COOH基、−OR(Rは水素原子又はフッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいアルキル基)、エステル基又はカーボネート基(ただし、Dの末端が酸素原子の場合は−COOH基、−OR、エステル基及びカーボネート基ではない)]
で表される側鎖に含フッ素基を有する非晶性含フッ素ポリエーテル化合物である。
中でも誘電率と粘性の観点から、テトラメチレンスルホン類、テトラメチレンジスルホン類、ヘキサメチレンスルホン類、ヘキサメチレンジスルホン類がより好ましく、テトラメチレンスルホン類(スルホラン類)が特に好ましい。
なお、添加剤として化合物(11)を使用する場合、上述した電解質塩としては、化合物(11)以外の化合物を使用することが好ましい。
上記S=O基を有するリチウム塩類としては、モノフルオロスルホン酸リチウム(FSO3Li)、メチル硫酸リチウム(CH3OSO3Li)、エチル硫酸リチウム(C2H5OSO3Li)、2,2,2−トリフルオロエチル硫酸リチウム等が挙げられる。
化合物(11)としては、中でも、LiPO2F2、FSO3Li、C2H5OSO3Liが好ましい。
HFの含有量は、10ppm以上がより好ましく、20ppm以上が更に好ましい。HFの含有量はまた、100ppm以下がより好ましく、80ppm以下が更に好ましく、50ppm以下が特に好ましい。HFの含有量は、中和滴定法により測定することができる。
本開示のアルカリ金属電極は、上述した上記一般式(1)で表される化合物及び/又はその重合体を含有するものである。このような負極は、デンドライトの発生を抑制することができるという効果を奏するものである。上記アルカリ金属電極は負極として使用することができる。
上記アルカリ金属電極の負極活物質としては、アルカリ金属単体、アルカリ金属合金を形成する単体金属及び合金を使用することができる。アルカリ金属を含有する合金を形成する単体金属及び合金としては、13族及び14族の金属・半金属元素を含む材料であることが好ましく、より好ましくはアルミニウム、ケイ素及びスズ(以下、「特定金属元素」と略記)の単体金属及びこれら原子を含む合金である。これらは、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
本開示のアルカリ金属二次電池において、正極は、正極活物質を含む正極活物質層と、集電体とから構成される。
なかでも、正極活物質としては、特に、高電圧を産み出すアルカリ金属含有遷移金属複合酸化物が好ましい。上記アルカリ金属イオンとしては、リチウムイオン、ナトリウムイオン、カリウムイオン等が挙げられる。好ましい態様において、アルカリ金属イオンは、リチウムイオンであり得る。即ち、この態様において、アルカリ金属イオン二次電池は、リチウムイオン二次電池である。
式:MaMn2−bM1 bO4
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0.9≦a;0≦b≦1.5;M1はFe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、SiおよびGeよりなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるリチウム・マンガンスピネル複合酸化物、
式:MNi1−cM2cO2
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0≦c≦0.5;M2はFe、Co、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、SiおよびGeよりなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるリチウム・ニッケル複合酸化物、または、
式:MCo1−dM3 dO2
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0≦d≦0.5;M3はFe、Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、SiおよびGeよりなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)
で表されるリチウム・コバルト複合酸化物が挙げられる。上記において、Mは、好ましくは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される1種の金属であり、より好ましくはLiまたはNaであり、さらに好ましくはLiである。
MNihCoiMnjM5 kO2 (3)
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり、M5はFe、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を示し、(h+i+j+k)=1.0、0≦h≦1.0、0≦i≦1.0、0≦j≦1.5、0≦k≦0.2である。)
MeM4 f(PO4)g
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり、M4はV、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni及びCuからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を示し、0.5≦e≦3、1≦f≦2、1≦g≦3)で表される化合物が挙げられる。上記において、Mは、好ましくは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される1種の金属であり、より好ましくはLiまたはNaであり、さらに好ましくはLiである。
上記リチウム含有遷移金属リン酸化合物としては、オリビン型構造を有するものが好ましい。
上記正極活物質が上記硫黄単体の場合、上記正極活物質に含まれる硫黄の含有量は、上記硫黄の含有量と等しい。
場合がある。
なお、本開示では、タップ密度は、正極活物質粉体5〜10gを10mlのガラス製メスシリンダーに入れ、ストローク約20mmで200回タップした時の粉体充填密度(タップ密度)g/cm3として求める。
上記正極活物質の粒子は、二次粒子の平均粒子径が40μm以下で、かつ、平均一次粒子径が1μm以下の微粒子を、0.5〜7.0体積%含むものであることが好ましい。平均一次粒子径が1μm以下の微粒子を含有させることにより、電解液との接触面積が大きくなり、電極と電解液との間でのリチウムイオンの拡散をより速くすることができ、その結果、電池の出力性能を向上させることができる。
また、正極活物質の、正極活物質層中の含有量は、好ましくは80質量%以上、より好ましくは82質量%以上、特に好ましくは84質量%以上である。また上限は、好ましくは99質量%以下、より好ましくは98質量%以下である。正極活物質層中の正極活物質の含有量が低いと電気容量が不十分となる場合がある。逆に含有量が高すぎると正極の強度が不足する場合がある。
上記結着剤としては、電極製造時に使用する溶媒や電解液に対して安全な材料であれば、任意のものを使用することができ、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリメチルメタクリレート、芳香族ポリアミド、キトサン、アルギン酸、ポリアクリル酸、ポリイミド、セルロース、ニトロセルロース等の樹脂系高分子;SBR(スチレン・ブタジエンゴム)、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、フッ素ゴム、NBR(アクリロニトリル・ブタジエンゴム)、エチレン・プロピレンゴム等のゴム状高分子;スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物;EPDM(エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン三元共重合体)、スチレン・エチレン・ブタジエン・スチレン共重合体、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物等の熱可塑性エラストマー状高分子;シンジオタクチック−1,2−ポリブタジエン、ポリ酢酸ビニル、エチレン・酢酸ビニル共重合体、プロピレン・α−オレフィン共重合体等の軟質樹脂状高分子;ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、フッ化ビニリデン共重合体、テトラフルオロエチレン・エチレン共重合体等のフッ素系高分子;アルカリ金属イオン(特にリチウムイオン)のイオン伝導性を有する高分子組成物等が挙げられる。これらは、1種を単独で用いても、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
本開示の二次電池は、更に、セパレータを備えることが好ましい。
上記セパレータの材質や形状は、電解液に安定であり、かつ、保液性に優れていれば特に限定されず、公知のものを使用することができる。なかでも、本開示の電解液又は本開示のアルカリ金属二次電池で使用される電解液に対し安定な材料で形成された、樹脂、ガラス繊維、無機物等が用いられ、保液性に優れた多孔性シート又は不織布状の形態の物等を用いるのが好ましい。
なかでも、上記セパレータは、電解液の浸透性やシャットダウン効果が良好である点で、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィンを原料とする多孔性シート又は不織布等であることが好ましい。
例えば、正極の両面に90%粒径が1μm未満のアルミナ粒子を、フッ素樹脂を結着剤として多孔層を形成させることが挙げられる。
電極群は、上記の正極板と負極板とを上記のセパレータを介してなる積層構造のもの、及び上記の正極板と負極板とを上記のセパレータを介して渦巻き状に捲回した構造のもののいずれでもよい。電極群の体積が電池内容積に占める割合(以下、電極群占有率と称する)は、通常40%以上であり、50%以上が好ましく、また、通常90%以下であり、80%以下が好ましい。
以下の実施例においては特に言及しない場合は、「部」「%」はそれぞれ「質量部」「質量%」を表す。
各製造例では、以下の化合物、含フッ素ポリマーを使用した。
メタクリル酸パーフルオロヘキシルエチル(CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH2C6F13/メタクリル酸イソボルニル=100/19(質量比)共重合体(ポリマー重量平均分子量:100,500)
上記、アクリル酸エステル及び含フッ素ポリマーとHFE7200溶媒を用いて表1に示す固形分濃度に調整し、コーティング溶液を作製した。コーティング溶液100gに厚さ0.5mmのリチウム金属箔を1時間浸漬させ、処理したリチウム金属を乾燥にて溶媒を除去することで、被覆アルカリ金属を得た。
製造例1〜13、比較製造例1〜4で得られた被覆リチウム金属を用いて、以下の方法でリチウム析出/溶解試験、電池試験を行った。結果を表2に示す。
作用極として、直径1.3mmの円形の銅箔を用い、対極としてそれぞれ処理したリチウム金属を用い、セパレータにはポリプロピレン系微多孔膜を用いた。電解液には、高誘電率溶媒であるエチレンカーボネート、フルオロエチレンカーボネートおよび低粘度溶媒であるエチルメチルカーボネートを、体積比20/10/70になるように混合し、これにLiPF6を1.0モル/リットルの濃度となるように添加して、非水電解液を得た。
電流密度は、1.33mA/cm2で、析出には1クーロン、溶解には1クーロンを流し試験を行った。リチウム析出/溶解試験では、溶解時の分極が200mVを超えたサイクルを寿命と定義した。
[正極の作製]
正極活物質としてのLiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2(NMC)96重量%と、導電材としてのアセチレンブラック2.5重量%と、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)1.5重量%とを、N−メチルピロリドン溶媒中で混合して、スラリー化した。得られたスラリーを、予め導電助剤を塗布した厚さ15μmのアルミ箔の片面に塗布して、乾燥し、プレス機にてロールプレスしたものを、活物質層のサイズとして幅50mm、長さ30mm、及び幅5mm、長さ9mmの未塗工部を有する形状に切り出して正極とした。
上記の正極を厚さ20μmの微孔性ポリエチレンフィルム(セパレータ)を介して正極と上記製造例により作製したリチウム負極(幅52mm、長さ32mm)をNiメッシュに圧延したものを対向させ、上記で得られた非水電解液を注入し、上記非水電解液がセパレータ等に充分に浸透した後、封止し予備充電、エージングを行い、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
[サイクル特性試験]
上記で製造したリチウムイオン二次電池を、板で挟み加圧した状態で、25℃において、1Cに相当する電流で4.4Vまで定電流−定電圧充電(以下、CC/CV充電と表記する。)(0.1Cカット)した後、1Cの定電流で3Vまで放電し、これを1サイクルとして、3サイクル目の放電容量から初期放電容量を求めた。再度サイクルを行い、100サイクル後の放電容量をサイクル後の容量とした。初期放電容量に対する100サイクル後の放電容量の割合を求め、これをサイクル容量保持率(%)とした。
(100サイクル後の放電容量)÷(初期放電容量)×100=容量保持率(%)
結果を表2に示す。
初期放電容量の評価が終了した電池を、25℃にて、1Cの定電流で初期放電容量の半分の容量となるよう充電した。これを2.0Cで放電させ、その10秒時の電圧を測定した。放電時の電圧の降下から抵抗を算出し、初期のIV抵抗とした。また、サイクル試験後の電池に関しても同様に抵抗を算出しサイクル後のIV抵抗とした。抵抗増加率は下記のように計算した。
(100サイクル後のIV抵抗)÷(初期IV抵抗)×100=抵抗増加率(%)
結果を表2に示す。
[電解液および処理剤の調製]
高誘電率溶媒であるエチレンカーボネートおよび低粘度溶媒であるジメチルカーボネートを、体積比40/60になるように混合し、これにLiPF6を1.2モル/リットルの濃度となるように添加して、非水電解液を得た。その非水電解液にアクリル酸エステル化合物および含フッ素ポリマーを1質量%添加することで電解液を得た。
[正極の作製]
正極活物質としてのLiNi0.5Mn1.5O4、導電材としてアセチレンブラック、結着剤としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)のN−メチル−2−ピロリドンディスパージョンを用い、活物質、導電材、決薬剤の固形分比が95/2/3(質量%比)になるよう混合した正極合剤スラリーを準備した。厚さ20μmのアルミ箔集電体上に、得られた正極合剤スラリーを均一に塗布し、乾燥した後、プレス機により圧縮成形して直径1.3mmの円形に切り取り正極とした。
[コインセルの作製]
上記の正極を厚さ20μmの微孔性ポリエチレンフィルム(セパレータ)を介して正極とリチウム負極(直径1.32mm)をNiメッシュに圧延したものを対向させ、上記で得られた非水電解液を注入し、上記非水電解液がセパレータ等に充分に浸透した後、封止し予備充電、エージングを行い、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
[サイクル特性試験]
上記で製造したリチウムイオン二次電池を、板で挟み加圧した状態で、25℃において、1Cに相当する電流で4.95Vまで定電流−定電圧充電(以下、CC/CV充電と表記する。)(0.1Cカット)した後、1Cの定電流で3Vまで放電し、これを1サイクルとして、3サイクル目の放電容量から初期放電容量を求めた。再度サイクルを行い、50サイクル後の放電容量をサイクル後の容量とした。初期放電容量に対する50サイクル後の放電容量の割合を求め、これをサイクル容量保持率(%)とした。
(50サイクル後の放電容量)÷(初期放電容量)×100=容量保持率(%)
結果を表3に示す。
[IV抵抗の評価]
上記の試験と同様に初期のIV抵抗と50サイクル後のIV抵抗を算出し抵抗増加率(%)を算出した。結果を表3に示す。
Claims (8)
- 下記一般式(1)
で表されるアクリル酸エステル、及び/又は、一般式(1)で表されるアクリル酸エステルを一部又は全部の構成単位とする重合体を含有することを特徴とするアルカリ金属電極処理剤。 - 上記一般式(1)におけるRfが直鎖状または分岐状の炭素数2〜7のパーフルオロアルキル基である請求項1記載のアルカリ金属電極処理剤。
- 下記一般式(1)
で表されるアクリル酸エステルを含有することを特徴とするアルカリ金属二次電池用電解液 - 上記一般式(1)におけるRfが直鎖状または分岐状の炭素数2〜7のパーフルオロアルキル基である請求項3記載のアルカリ金属二次電池用電解液。
- 下記一般式(1)
- 請求項5記載のアルカリ金属電極を負極に備えることを特徴とするアルカリ金属二次電池。
- 請求項3又は4記載のアルカリ金属二次電池用電解液を使用することを特徴とするアルカリ金属二次電池。
- 請求項6又は7記載のアルカリ金属二次電池を備えることを特徴とするモジュール。
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US20220311050A1 (en) | 2022-09-29 |
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KR20210153122A (ko) | 2021-12-16 |
EP4007012A1 (en) | 2022-06-01 |
EP4007012A4 (en) | 2024-08-07 |
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CN114008824B (zh) | 2024-11-08 |
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