JP6787496B2 - リチウムイオン二次電池用電解液、リチウムイオン二次電池及びモジュール - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用電解液、リチウムイオン二次電池及びモジュール Download PDFInfo
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- JP6787496B2 JP6787496B2 JP2019537983A JP2019537983A JP6787496B2 JP 6787496 B2 JP6787496 B2 JP 6787496B2 JP 2019537983 A JP2019537983 A JP 2019537983A JP 2019537983 A JP2019537983 A JP 2019537983A JP 6787496 B2 JP6787496 B2 JP 6787496B2
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- Prior art keywords
- carbonate
- anhydride
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- preferable
- fluorinated
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 73
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 72
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims description 32
- -1 hexa fluorophosphate anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 199
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 149
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 135
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 119
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 96
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 37
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 24
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 20
- RPXKKUZDTAOVEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid;oxalic acid Chemical compound OB(O)O.OC(=O)C(O)=O.OC(=O)C(O)=O RPXKKUZDTAOVEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229940063013 borate ion Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- URSLCTBXQMKCFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydrogenborate Chemical compound OB(O)[O-] URSLCTBXQMKCFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 104
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 75
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 68
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 63
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 61
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 59
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 46
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 45
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 45
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 44
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 44
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 43
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 42
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 41
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 40
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 38
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 36
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 35
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 34
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 34
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 32
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 32
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 31
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 30
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 29
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 29
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 28
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 27
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 26
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 25
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 25
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 25
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 24
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 24
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 23
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 21
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 18
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 17
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 17
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 16
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 16
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical group 0.000 description 16
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 14
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 14
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 13
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical group [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 12
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 229910013075 LiBF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 11
- 125000000732 arylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- QAEDZJGFFMLHHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoroacetic anhydride Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(=O)OC(=O)C(F)(F)F QAEDZJGFFMLHHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical group O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 10
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- YTZKOQUCBOVLHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 YTZKOQUCBOVLHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 150000001244 carboxylic acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 9
- 125000006165 cyclic alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 9
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- GRCAXSKSTZXYIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentanecarbonyl cyclopentanecarboxylate Chemical compound C1CCCC1C(=O)OC(=O)C1CCCC1 GRCAXSKSTZXYIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 8
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 8
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- DLDJFQGPPSQZKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-2-yne-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCC#CCO DLDJFQGPPSQZKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- QEWYKACRFQMRMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CF QEWYKACRFQMRMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 7
- BJMLLSSSTGHJJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-methylbenzoyl) 4-methylbenzoate Chemical class C1=CC(C)=CC=C1C(=O)OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 BJMLLSSSTGHJJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 0 *1C2C(C3)CC3C12 Chemical compound *1C2C(C3)CC3C12 0.000 description 6
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- FZXRXKLUIMKDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methylpropyl propanoate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OCC(C)C FZXRXKLUIMKDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000001494 2-propynyl group Chemical group [H]C#CC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 6
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical group CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229940022663 acetate Drugs 0.000 description 6
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000002521 alkyl halide group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium dihydrogen borate oxalic acid Chemical compound B([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.[Li+] DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 6
- PEHFQQWAINXOQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-methoxyacetyl) 2-methoxyacetate Chemical compound COCC(=O)OC(=O)COC PEHFQQWAINXOQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Diphenylbenzene Chemical class C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GUYHXQLLIISBQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-cyclohexyl-2-fluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1C1CCCCC1 GUYHXQLLIISBQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QHTJSSMHBLGUHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbutan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound CCC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 QHTJSSMHBLGUHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000004975 3-butenyl group Chemical group C(CC=C)* 0.000 description 5
- AYKYXWQEBUNJCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylfuran-2,5-dione Chemical compound CC1=CC(=O)OC1=O AYKYXWQEBUNJCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound C=CC1COC(=O)O1 BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical group [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000003286 aryl halide group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- VJDDQSBNUHLBTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-2-enoyl but-2-enoate Chemical compound CC=CC(=O)OC(=O)C=CC VJDDQSBNUHLBTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 5
- JOHUAELJNSBTGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanecarbonyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Chemical compound C1CCCCC1C(=O)OC(=O)C1CCCCC1 JOHUAELJNSBTGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HHNHBFLGXIUXCM-GFCCVEGCSA-N cyclohexylbenzene Chemical compound [CH]1CCCC[C@@H]1C1=CC=CC=C1 HHNHBFLGXIUXCM-GFCCVEGCSA-N 0.000 description 5
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 5
- WYVAMUWZEOHJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionic anhydride Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC(=O)CC WYVAMUWZEOHJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 5
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 5
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- XOXXFRIKPZNUFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-cyanoacetyl) 2-cyanoacetate Chemical compound N#CCC(=O)OC(=O)CC#N XOXXFRIKPZNUFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KLLYGDXCCNXESW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-fluoroacetyl) 2-fluoroacetate Chemical compound FCC(=O)OC(=O)CF KLLYGDXCCNXESW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 150000003983 crown ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- SVPZJHKVRMRREG-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentanecarbonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1CCCC1 SVPZJHKVRMRREG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYKMNXREFBTNHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentanecarbonyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Chemical group C1CCCC1C(=O)OC(=O)C1CCCCC1 CYKMNXREFBTNHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRDICTABZHGIHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentanecarboxylic acid 2-methoxyacetic acid Chemical compound COCC(O)=O.OC(=O)C1CCCC1 WRDICTABZHGIHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- IUNMPGNGSSIWFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaminopropylamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCCN IUNMPGNGSSIWFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- KZTYYGOKRVBIMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl sulfone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KZTYYGOKRVBIMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- YCNSGSUGQPDYTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl phenyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 YCNSGSUGQPDYTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- VANNPISTIUFMLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutaric anhydride Chemical compound O=C1CCCC(=O)O1 VANNPISTIUFMLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011307 graphite pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- YVXHZKKCZYLQOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hept-1-yne Chemical compound CCCCCC#C YVXHZKKCZYLQOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMSFEMSYKQQCHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N hept-2-yne Chemical compound CCCCC#CC AMSFEMSYKQQCHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BXJVYKQABRSHEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptane-1,2,7-tricarbonitrile Chemical compound C(C(CCCCCC#N)C#N)C#N BXJVYKQABRSHEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BSVZXPLUMFUWHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N hex-3-enedinitrile Chemical compound N#CCC=CCC#N BSVZXPLUMFUWHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OUKGMSINNZGXLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N hex-5-ynylbenzene Chemical compound C#CCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1 OUKGMSINNZGXLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MUTGBJKUEZFXGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexahydrophthalic anhydride Chemical compound C1CCCC2C(=O)OC(=O)C21 MUTGBJKUEZFXGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OMMLUKLXGSRPHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylethane Natural products CC(C)(C)C(C)(C)C OMMLUKLXGSRPHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YAPPHJBROGJEPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,3,5-tricarbonitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)CC(C#N)CCC#N YAPPHJBROGJEPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AILKHAQXUAOOFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanenitrile Chemical compound CCCCCC#N AILKHAQXUAOOFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RQSINLZXJXXKOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)(C)C RQSINLZXJXXKOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ANJPRQPHZGHVQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexyl isocyanate Chemical compound CCCCCCN=C=O ANJPRQPHZGHVQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- VEIWYFRREFUNRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydron;piperidine;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C1CC[NH2+]CC1 VEIWYFRREFUNRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010954 inorganic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000831 ionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical class [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N iso-pentane Natural products CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JSLCOZYBKYHZNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutyric acid butyl ester Natural products CCCCOC(=O)C(C)C JSLCOZYBKYHZNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LRDFRRGEGBBSRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutyronitrile Chemical compound CC(C)C#N LRDFRRGEGBBSRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001261 isocyanato group Chemical group *N=C=O 0.000 description 1
- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LAQPNDIUHRHNCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC(C#N)=C1 LAQPNDIUHRHNCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- QHDRKFYEGYYIIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N isovaleronitrile Chemical compound CC(C)CC#N QHDRKFYEGYYIIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005001 laminate film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RVPVRDXYQKGNMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(2+) Chemical compound [Pb+2] RVPVRDXYQKGNMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VRQMRGCRRPGZNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl sulfate Chemical compound S(=O)(=O)(OCC(F)(F)F)[O-].[Li+] VRQMRGCRRPGZNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium sulfide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[S-2] GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IHLVCKWPAMTVTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;carbanide Chemical class [Li+].[CH3-] IHLVCKWPAMTVTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DCWYVUZDHJMHRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;ethyl sulfate Chemical compound [Li+].CCOS([O-])(=O)=O DCWYVUZDHJMHRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ALYPSPRNEZQACK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;methyl sulfate Chemical compound [Li+].COS([O-])(=O)=O ALYPSPRNEZQACK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZDGGJQMSELMHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-Trifluoromethylhippuric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CNC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1 ZDGGJQMSELMHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CUONGYYJJVDODC-UHFFFAOYSA-N malononitrile Chemical compound N#CCC#N CUONGYYJJVDODC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001437 manganese ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RBQRWNWVPQDTJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCN=C=O RBQRWNWVPQDTJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanesulfonic acid Substances CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxybenzene Substances CCCCOC=C UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GBPVMEKUJUKTBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate Chemical class COC(=O)OCC(F)(F)F GBPVMEKUJUKTBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MRPUVAKBXDBGJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MRPUVAKBXDBGJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WTZYOEZOPLDMKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)F WTZYOEZOPLDMKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CSSYKHYGURSRAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2,2-difluoroacetate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(F)F CSSYKHYGURSRAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQYDNFMKINXQEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(fluoromethyl)propanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(F)(CF)C(F)(F)F OQYDNFMKINXQEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CAWRUEZRLRNISR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-methoxypropanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(F)(OC)C(F)(F)F CAWRUEZRLRNISR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CTSAXXHOGZNKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-diethoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)CC(=O)OC CTSAXXHOGZNKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SIGOIUCRXKUEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-dimethoxyphosphorylacetate Chemical compound COC(=O)CP(=O)(OC)OC SIGOIUCRXKUEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MHAIQPNJLRLFLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-fluoropropanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)F MHAIQPNJLRLFLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQXSWJFFBKZPPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-yl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC(C)(C)C#C WQXSWJFFBKZPPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVNWLMWNUJPCQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 4,4,4-trifluorobutanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)CCC(F)(F)F RVNWLMWNUJPCQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940095102 methyl benzoate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CXHHBNMLPJOKQD-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl carbonate Chemical compound COC([O-])=O CXHHBNMLPJOKQD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OIGSXRLVIQGTAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl ethenesulfonate Chemical compound COS(=O)(=O)C=C OIGSXRLVIQGTAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBXNQZHITVCSLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl fluorosulfonate Chemical compound COS(F)(=O)=O MBXNQZHITVCSLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBABOKRGFJTBAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl methanesulfonate Chemical compound COS(C)(=O)=O MBABOKRGFJTBAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VNLMVEHAAAAZPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(triethylsilyl) phosphate Chemical compound CC[Si](CC)(CC)OP(=O)(O[Si](CC)(CC)CC)O[Si](CC)(CC)CC VNLMVEHAAAAZPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJMMCGKXBZVAEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OP(=O)(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C QJMMCGKXBZVAEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VMZOBROUFBEGAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OP(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C VMZOBROUFBEGAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001132 ultrasonic dispersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001456 vanadium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Description
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、低抵抗で、かつサイクル特性に優れる。
化合物(1)は、下記一般式:
なお、ビス(オキサラト)ボレートアニオンは下記式:
上記対アニオン(但し、ビス(オキサラト)ボレートアニオンを除く)としては、PF6 −、N(FSO2)2 −、N(CF3SO2)2 −、ClO4 −、Cl−、BF4 −等が挙げられ、なかでもPF6 −が好ましい。
上記対カチオン(但し、イミダゾリウムカチオン(1−1)を除く)としては、Li+、アンモニウムカチオン、ピリジニウムカチオン、ピロリジニウムカチオン、ピペリジニウムカチオン等が挙げられ、なかでもLi+が好ましい。
上記対カチオンとしては、イミダゾリウムカチオン(1−1)、Li+、アンモニウムカチオン、ピリジニウムカチオン、ピロリジニウムカチオン、ピペリジニウムカチオン等が挙げられ、なかでもイミダゾリウムカチオン(1−1)、Li+が好ましく、Li+がより好ましい。
また、塩化物イオンの他のイオン源として、塩化リチウム、塩化アンモニウム、塩化ピリジニウム、塩化ピロリジニウム、塩化ピぺリジニウム等の塩化物を用いることもできる。
上記環状カーボネートは、非フッ素化環状カーボネートであってもよいし、フッ素化環状カーボネートであってもよい。
上記鎖状カーボネートは、非フッ素化鎖状カーボネートであってもよいし、フッ素化鎖状カーボネートであってもよい。
上記溶媒は、非フッ素化飽和環状カーボネート、フッ素化飽和環状カーボネート、フッ素化鎖状カーボネート及び非フッ素化鎖状カーボネートからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含むことが好ましい。
上記環状エステルは、非フッ素化環状エステルであってもよいし、フッ素化環状エステルであってもよい。
上記鎖状カーボネートは、非フッ素化鎖状エステルであってもよいし、フッ素化鎖状エステルであってもよい。
上記溶媒は、非フッ素化飽和環状エステル、フッ素化飽和環状エステル、フッ素化鎖状エステル及び非フッ素化鎖状エステルからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含むことが好ましい。
非フッ素化鎖状エステルは、溶媒に対して、0〜90体積%であることが好ましく、0.001〜90体積%であることがより好ましく、1〜60体積%であることが更に好ましく、5〜40体積%であることが特に好ましい。
また、非フッ素化飽和環状エステル及び非フッ素化鎖状エステルの合計が、溶媒に対し、0〜90体積%であることが好ましく、1〜60体積%であることがより好ましく、5〜40体積%であることが更に好ましい。
なお、本明細書において「高電圧」とは、4.2V以上の電圧をいう。また、「高電圧」の上限は4.9Vが好ましい。
なお、本明細書中で「エーテル結合」は、−O−で表される結合である。
炭素数が大きくなりすぎると低温特性が低下したり、電解質塩の溶解性が低下したりするおそれがあり、炭素数が少な過ぎると、電解質塩の溶解性の低下、放電効率の低下、更には粘性の増大等がみられることがある。
R1−R2− (a−1)
(式中、R1はフッ素原子を有していてもよい炭素数1以上のアルキル基;R2はフッ素原子を有していてもよい炭素数1〜3のアルキレン基;ただし、R1及びR2の少なくとも一方はフッ素原子を有している)で示されるフッ素化アルキル基が、電解質塩の溶解性が良好な点から好ましく例示できる。
なお、R1及びR2は、更に、炭素原子、水素原子及びフッ素原子以外の、その他の原子を有していてもよい。
−CH2−、−CHF−、−CF2−、−CHCl−、−CFCl−、−CCl2−
−CH2−、−CHF−、−CF2−、−CHCl−、−CFCl−、−CCl2−
R3−(OR4)n1− (b−1)
(式中、R3はフッ素原子を有していてもよい、好ましくは炭素数1〜6のアルキル基;R4はフッ素原子を有していてもよい、好ましくは炭素数1〜4のアルキレン基;n1は1〜3の整数;ただし、R3及びR4の少なくとも1つはフッ素原子を有している)で示されるものが挙げられる。
フッ素化アルキル基(a)、エーテル結合を有するフッ素化アルキル基(b)、及び、フッ素化アルコキシ基(c)のフッ素含有率は、各基の構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/各基の式量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
なお、上記フッ素化飽和環状カーボネートのフッ素含有率は、フッ素化飽和環状カーボネートの構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/フッ素化飽和環状カーボネートの分子量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
Rf2OCOOR7 (B)
(式中、Rf2は、炭素数1〜7のフッ素化アルキル基であり、R7は、炭素数1〜7のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基である。)で示される化合物を挙げることができる。
上記フッ素化アルキル基は、アルキル基が有する水素原子の少なくとも1つをフッ素原子で置換したものである。R7がフッ素原子を含むアルキル基である場合、フッ素化アルキル基となる。
Rf2及びR7は、低粘性である点で、炭素数が1〜7であることが好ましく、1〜2であることがより好ましい。
炭素数が大きくなりすぎると低温特性が低下したり、電解質塩の溶解性が低下したりするおそれがあり、炭素数が少な過ぎると、電解質塩の溶解性の低下、放電効率の低下、更には粘性の増大等がみられることがある。
R1−R2− (d−1)
(式中、R1はフッ素原子を有していてもよい炭素数1以上のアルキル基;R2はフッ素原子を有していてもよい炭素数1〜3のアルキレン基;ただし、R1及びR2の少なくとも一方はフッ素原子を有している)で示されるフッ素化アルキル基が、電解質塩の溶解性が良好な点から好ましく例示できる。
なお、R1及びR2は、更に、炭素原子、水素原子及びフッ素原子以外の、その他の原子を有していてもよい。
−CH2−、−CHF−、−CF2−、−CHCl−、−CFCl−、−CCl2−
なお、本発明においてフッ素含有率は、上記フッ素化鎖状カーボネートの構造式に基づいて、
{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/フッ素化鎖状カーボネートの分子量}×100(%)
により算出した値である。
Rf31COORf32
(式中、Rf31は炭素数1〜4のフッ素化アルキル基、Rf32は炭素数1〜4のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基)で示されるフッ素化鎖状エステルが、他溶媒との相溶性や耐酸化性が良好な点から好ましい。
また、上記溶媒は、非水溶媒であることが好ましく、本発明の電解液は、非水電解液であることが好ましい。
X201は、O、S、炭素数1〜10のアルキレン基、炭素数1〜10のハロゲン化アルキレン基、炭素数6〜20のアリーレン基又は炭素数6〜20のハロゲン化アリーレン基(アルキレン基、ハロゲン化アルキレン基、アリーレン基、及び、ハロゲン化アリーレン基はその構造中に置換基、ヘテロ原子を持っていてもよく、またn202が1でn203が2〜4のときにはn203個のX201はそれぞれが結合していてもよい)。
L201は、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、炭素数1〜10のアルキル基、炭素数1〜10のハロゲン化アルキル基、炭素数6〜20のアリール基、炭素数6〜20のハロゲン化アリール基(アルキレン基、ハロゲン化アルキレン基、アリーレン基、及び、ハロゲン化アリーレン基はその構造中に置換基、ヘテロ原子を持っていてもよく、またn201が2〜8のときにはn201個のL201はそれぞれが結合して環を形成してもよい)又は−Z203Y203。
Y201、Y202及びZ203は、それぞれ独立でO、S、NY204、炭化水素基又はフッ素化炭化水素基。Y203及びY204は、それぞれ独立でH、F、炭素数1〜10のアルキル基、炭素数1〜10のハロゲン化アルキル基、炭素数6〜20のアリール基又は炭素数6〜20のハロゲン化アリール基(アルキル基、ハロゲン化アルキル基、アリール基及びハロゲン化アリール基はその構造中に置換基、ヘテロ原子を持っていてもよく、Y203又はY204が複数個存在する場合にはそれぞれが結合して環を形成してもよい))。
なお、本明細書において、フッ素化炭化水素基は、炭化水素基の水素原子の少なくとも1つがフッ素原子に置換された基である。
上記リチウム塩として任意のものを用いることができ、具体的には以下のものが挙げられる。例えば、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAlF4、LiSbF6、LiTaF6、LiWF7、LiAsF6,LiAlCl4,LiI、LiBr、LiCl、LiB10Cl10、Li2SiF6、Li2PFO3、LiPO2F2等の無機リチウム塩;
LiWOF5等のタングステン酸リチウム類;
HCO2Li、CH3CO2Li、CH2FCO2Li、CHF2CO2Li、CF3CO2Li、CF3CH2CO2Li、CF3CF2CO2Li、CF3CF2CF2CO2Li、CF3CF2CF2CF2CO2Li等のカルボン酸リチウム塩類;
FSO3Li、CH3SO3Li、CH2FSO3Li、CHF2SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、CF3CF2SO3Li、CF3CF2CF2SO3Li、CF3CF2CF2CF2SO3Li、リチウムメチルサルフェート、リチウムエチルサルフェート、リチウム2,2,2−トリフルオロエチルサルフェート等のS=O基を有するリチウム塩類;
LiN(FCO)2、LiN(FCO)(FSO2)、LiN(FSO2)2、LiN(FSO2)(CF3SO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、リチウムビスパーフルオロエタンスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,2−パーフルオロエタンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,3−パーフルオロプロパンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,2−エタンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,3−プロパンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,4−パーフルオロブタンジスルホニルイミド、LiN(CF3SO2)(FSO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)(C3F7SO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)、LiN(POF2)2等のリチウムイミド塩類;
LiC(FSO2)3、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiC(C2F5SO2)3等のリチウムメチド塩類;
その他、式:LiPFa(CnF2n+1)6−a(式中、aは0〜5の整数であり、nは1〜6の整数である)で表される塩(例えばLiPF3(C2F5)3、LiPF3(CF3)3、LiPF3(iso−C3F7)3、LiPF5(iso−C3F7)、LiPF4(CF3)2、LiPF4(C2F5)2)、LiPF4(CF3SO2)2、LiPF4(C2F5SO2)2、LiBF3CF3、LiBF3C2F5、LiBF3C3F7、LiBF2(CF3)2、LiBF2(C2F5)2、LiBF2(CF3SO2)2、LiBF2(C2F5SO2)2等の含フッ素有機リチウム塩類、LiSCN、LiB(CN)4、LiB(C6H5)4、Li2(C2O4)、LiP(C2O4)3、Li2B12FbH12−b(bは0〜3の整数)等が挙げられる。
Y21及びZ21が複数存在する場合、複数存在するY21及びZ21は同じであっても異なっていてもよい。
Z21としては、H−、F−、CH3−、CH3CH2−、CH3CH2CH2−、CF3−、CF3CF2−、CH2FCH2−及びCF3CF2CF2−からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましい。
これにより、電気化学デバイスの高温保存特性を向上させることができる。上記ニトリル化合物を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
ハロゲン原子としては、例えば、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子が挙げられる。中でもフッ素原子が好ましい。
アルキル基としては、炭素数1〜5のものが好ましい。アルキル基の具体例としては、メチル基、エチル基、プロピル基、イソプロピル基、ブチル基、イソブチル基、tert−ブチル基等が挙げられる。
アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基としては、上述したアルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子を上述したハロゲン原子で置換した基が挙げられる。
Ra及びRbがアルキル基、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基である場合は、RaとRbとが互いに結合して環構造(例えば、シクロヘキサン環)を形成していてもよい。
Ra及びRbは、水素原子又はアルキル基であることが好ましい。
ジニトリルの具体例としては、マロノニトリル、スクシノニトリル、グルタロニトリル、アジポニトリル、ピメロニトリル、スベロニトリル、アゼラニトリル、セバコニトリル、ウンデカンジニトリル、ドデカンジニトリル、メチルマロノニトリル、エチルマロノニトリル、イソプロピルマロノニトリル、tert−ブチルマロノニトリル、メチルスクシノニトリル、2,2−ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2,3−ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2,3,3−トリメチルスクシノニトリル、2,2,3,3−テトラメチルスクシノニトリル、2,3−ジエチル−2,3−ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2,2−ジエチル−3,3−ジメチルスクシノニトリル、ビシクロヘキシル−1,1−ジカルボニトリル、ビシクロヘキシル−2,2−ジカルボニトリル、ビシクロヘキシル−3,3−ジカルボニトリル、2,5−ジメチル−2,5−ヘキサンジカルボニトリル、2,3−ジイソブチル−2,3−ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2,2−ジイソブチル−3,3−ジメチルスクシノニトリル、2−メチルグルタロニトリル、2,3−ジメチルグルタロニトリル、2,4−ジメチルグルタロニトリル、2,2,3,3−テトラメチルグルタロニトリル、2,2,4,4−テトラメチルグルタロニトリル、2,2,3,4−テトラメチルグルタロニトリル、2,3,3,4−テトラメチルグルタロニトリル、1,4−ジシアノペンタン、2,6−ジシアノヘプタン、2,7−ジシアノオクタン、2,8−ジシアノノナン、1,6−ジシアノデカン、1,2−ジジアノベンゼン、1,3−ジシアノベンゼン、1,4−ジシアノベンゼン、3,3’−(エチレンジオキシ)ジプロピオニトリル、3,3’−(エチレンジチオ)ジプロピオニトリル、3,9−ビス(2−シアノエチル)−2,4,8,10−テトラオキサスピロ[5,5]ウンデカン、ブタンニトリル、フタロニトリル等を例示できる。これらのうち、特に好ましいのはスクシノニトリル、グルタロニトリル、アジポニトリルであり、最も好ましいのはアジポニトリルである。
また、トリカルボニトリルの具体例としては、ペンタントリカルボニトリル、プロパントリカルボニトリル、1,3,5−ヘキサントリカルボニトリル、1,3,6−ヘキサントリカルボニトリル、ヘプタントリカルボニトリル、1,2,3−プロパントリカルボニトリル、1,3,5−ペンタントリカルボニトリル、シクロヘキサントリカルボニトリル、トリスシアノエチルアミン、トリスシアノエトキシプロパン、トリシアノエチレン、トリス(2−シアノエチル)アミン等が挙げられ特に好ましいものは、1,3,6−ヘキサントリカルボニトリル、シクロヘキサントリカルボニトリルであり、最も好ましいものはシクロヘキサントリカルボニトリルである。
ハロゲン原子、アルキル基、及び、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基については、上記一般式(1a)について例示したものが挙げられる。
上記NC−Rc1−Xc1−におけるRc1はアルキレン基である。アルキレン基としては、炭素数1〜3のアルキレン基が好ましい。
Rc、Rd及びReは、それぞれ独立して、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、アルキル基、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基であることが好ましい。
Rc、Rd及びReの少なくとも1つは、ハロゲン原子、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基であることが好ましく、フッ素原子、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をフッ素原子で置換した基であることがより好ましい。
Rd及びReがアルキル基、又は、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基である場合は、RdとReとが互いに結合して環構造(例えば、シクロヘキサン環)を形成していてもよい。
ハロゲン原子、アルキル基、及び、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をハロゲン原子で置換した基については、上記一般式(1a)について例示したものが挙げられる。
シアノ基を含む基としては、シアノ基のほか、アルキル基の少なくとも一部の水素原子をシアノ基で置換した基が挙げられる。この場合のアルキル基としては、上記一般式(1a)について例示したものが挙げられる。
Rf、Rg、Rh及びRiのうち少なくとも1つはシアノ基を含む基である。好ましくは、Rf、Rg、Rh及びRiのうち少なくとも2つがシアノ基を含む基であることであり、より好ましくは、Rh及びRiがシアノ基を含む基であることである。Rh及びRiがシアノ基を含む基である場合、Rf及びRgは、水素原子であることが好ましい。
このような化合物を含有することにより、電極界面の安定性が向上し、電気化学デバイスの特性を向上させることができる。
上記ポリエチレンオキシドとしては、例えば、ポリエチレンオキシドモノオール、ポリエチレンオキシドカルボン酸、ポリエチレンオキシドジオール、ポリエチレンオキシドジカルボン酸、ポリエチレンオキシドトリオール、ポリエチレンオキシドトリカルボン酸等が挙げられる。これらは単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
なかでも、電気化学デバイスの特性がより良好となる点で、ポリエチレンオキシドモノオールとポリエチレンオキシドジオールの混合物、及び、ポリエチレンカルボン酸とポリエチレンジカルボン酸の混合物であることが好ましい。
上記重量平均分子量は、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)法によるポリスチレン換算により測定することができる。
上記ポリエチレンオキシドの含有量は、5×10−6mol/kg以上であることがより好ましい。
フッ素化不飽和環状カーボネートは、不飽和結合とフッ素原子とを有する環状カーボネートである。フッ素化不飽和環状カーボネートが有するフッ素原子の数は1以上があれば、特に制限されない。中でもフッ素原子が通常6以下、好ましくは4以下であり、1個又は2個のものが最も好ましい。
三重結合を有する化合物の具体例としては、例えば、以下の化合物が挙げられる。
1−ペンチン、2−ペンチン、1−ヘキシン、2−ヘキシン、3−ヘキシン、1−ヘプチン、2−ヘプチン、3−ヘプチン、1−オクチン、2−オクチン、3−オクチン、4−オクチン、1−ノニン、2−ノニン、3−ノニン、4−ノニン、1−ドデシン、2−ドデシン、3−ドデシン、4−ドデシン、5−ドデシン、フェニルアセチレン、1−フェニル−1−プロピン、1−フェニル−2−プロピン、1−フェニル−1−ブチン、4−フェニル−1−ブチン、4−フェニル−1−ブチン、1−フェニル−1−ペンチン、5−フェニル−1−ペンチン、1−フェニル−1−ヘキシン、6−フェニル−1−ヘキシン、ジフェニルアセチレン、4−エチニルトルエン、ジシクロヘキシルアセチレン等の炭化水素化合物;
で示される含フッ素ラクトンが挙げられる。
で示される含フッ素ラクトン等も挙げられる。
で示される5員環構造が、合成が容易である点、化学的安定性が良好な点から好ましく挙げられ、更には、AとBの組合せにより、下記式(F):
で示される含フッ素ラクトンと、下記式(G):
で示される含フッ素ラクトンがある。
炭素数2〜10の鎖状エーテルとしては、ジメチルエーテル、ジエチルエーテル、ジ−n−ブチルエーテル、ジメトキシメタン、メトキシエトキシメタン、ジエトキシメタン、ジメトキシエタン、メトキシエトキシエタン、ジエトキシエタン、エチレングリコールジ−n−プロピルエーテル、エチレングリコールジ−n−ブチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ペンタエチレングリコール、トリエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、トリエチレングリコール、テトラエチレングリコール、テトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ジイソプロピルエーテル等が挙げられる。
上記フッ素化エーテルとしては、下記一般式(I):
Rf3−O−Rf4 (I)
(式中、Rf3及びRf4は同じか又は異なり、炭素数1〜10のアルキル基又は炭素数1〜10のフッ素化アルキル基である。ただし、Rf3及びRf4の少なくとも一方は、フッ素化アルキル基である。)
で表されるフッ素化エーテル(I)が挙げられる。フッ素化エーテル(I)を含有させることにより、電解液の難燃性が向上するとともに、高温高電圧での安定性、安全性が向上する。
なかでも、Rf3及びRf4が、同じか又は異なり、Rf3が炭素数3〜6のフッ素化アルキル基であり、かつ、Rf4が炭素数2〜6のフッ素化アルキル基であることがより好ましい。
上記フッ素含有率の下限は、45質量%がより好ましく、50質量%が更に好ましく、55質量%が特に好ましい。上限は70質量%がより好ましく、66質量%が更に好ましい。
なお、フッ素化エーテル(I)のフッ素含有率は、フッ素化エーテル(I)の構造式に基づいて、{(フッ素原子の個数×19)/フッ素化エーテル(I)の分子量}×100(%)により算出した値である。
なかでも、高沸点、他の溶媒との相溶性や電解質塩の溶解性が良好な点で有利なことから、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(沸点106℃)、CF3CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(沸点82℃)、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(沸点92℃)及びCF3CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(沸点68℃)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましく、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3(沸点106℃)及びHCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H(沸点92℃)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることがより好ましい。
Rf5COO−M+ (30)
(式中、Rf5は炭素数3〜10のエーテル結合を含んでいてもよい含フッ素アルキル基;M+はLi+、Na+、K+又はNHR’3 +(R’は同じか又は異なり、いずれもH又は炭素数が1〜3のアルキル基)である)
で表される含フッ素カルボン酸塩や、下記式(40):
Rf6SO3 −M+ (40)
(式中、Rf6は炭素数3〜10のエーテル結合を含んでいてもよい含フッ素アルキル基;M+はLi+、Na+、K+又はNHR’3 +(R’は同じか又は異なり、いずれもH又は炭素数が1〜3のアルキル基)である)
で表される含フッ素スルホン酸塩等が好ましい。
A−(D)−B (101)
[式中、Dは式(201):
−(D1)n−(FAE)m−(AE)p−(Y)q− (201)
(式中、D1は、式(2a):
で示される側鎖に含フッ素エーテル基を有するエーテル単位;
FAEは、式(2b):
で示される側鎖にフッ素化アルキル基を有するエーテル単位;
AEは、式(2c):
で示されるエーテル単位;
Yは、式(2d−1)〜(2d−3):
nは0〜200の整数;mは0〜200の整数;pは0〜10000の整数;qは1〜100の整数;ただしn+mは0ではなく、D1、FAE、AE及びYの結合順序は特定されない);
A及びBは同じか又は異なり、水素原子、フッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいアルキル基、フッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいフェニル基、−COOH基、−OR(Rは水素原子又はフッ素原子及び/又は架橋性官能基を含んでいてもよいアルキル基)、エステル基又はカーボネート基(ただし、Dの末端が酸素原子の場合は−COOH基、−OR、エステル基及びカーボネート基ではない)]
で表される側鎖に含フッ素基を有する非晶性含フッ素ポリエーテル化合物である。
HFの含有量は、10ppm以上がより好ましく、20ppm以上が更に好ましい。HFの含有量はまた、100ppm以下がより好ましく、80ppm以下が更に好ましく、50ppm以下が特に好ましい。
HFの含有量は、中和滴定法により測定することができる。
本発明は、本発明の電解液を備えるリチウムイオン二次電池でもある。本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、低抵抗で、かつサイクル特性に優れる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、正極、負極、及び、上述の電解液を備える。
正極は、正極活物質を含む正極活物質層と、集電体とから構成される。
式:LiaMn2−bM1 bO4(式中、0.9≦a;0≦b≦1.5;M1はFe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるリチウム・マンガンスピネル複合酸化物、
式:LiNi1−cM2 cO2(式中、0≦c≦0.5;M2はFe、Co、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるリチウム・ニッケル複合酸化物、又は、
式:LiCo1−dM3 dO2(式中、0≦d≦0.5;M3はFe、Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるリチウム・コバルト複合酸化物が挙げられる。
なお、本発明では、タップ密度は、正極活物質粉体5〜10gを10mlのガラス製メスシリンダーに入れ、ストローク約20mmで200回タップした時の粉体充填密度(タップ密度)g/cm3として求める。
上記正極活物質の粒子は、二次粒子の平均粒子径が40μm以下で、かつ、平均一次粒子径が1μm以下の微粒子を、0.5〜7.0体積%含むものであることが好ましい。平均一次粒子径が1μm以下の微粒子を含有させることにより、電解液との接触面積が大きくなり、電極と電解液との間でのリチウムイオンの拡散をより速くすることができ、その結果、電池の出力性能を向上させることができる。
上記結着剤としては、電極製造時に使用する溶媒や電解液に対して安全な材料であれば、任意のものを使用することができ、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリメチルメタクリレート、芳香族ポリアミド、キトサン、アルギン酸、ポリアクリル酸、ポリイミド、セルロース、ニトロセルロース等の樹脂系高分子;SBR(スチレン・ブタジエンゴム)、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、フッ素ゴム、NBR(アクリロニトリル・ブタジエンゴム)、エチレン・プロピレンゴム等のゴム状高分子;スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物;EPDM(エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン三元共重合体)、スチレン・エチレン・ブタジエン・スチレン共重合体、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物等の熱可塑性エラストマー状高分子;シンジオタクチック−1,2−ポリブタジエン、ポリ酢酸ビニル、エチレン・酢酸ビニル共重合体、プロピレン・α−オレフィン共重合体等の軟質樹脂状高分子;ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、フッ化ビニリデン共重合体、テトラフルオロエチレン・エチレン共重合体等のフッ素系高分子;アルカリ金属イオン(特にリチウムイオン)のイオン伝導性を有する高分子組成物等が挙げられる。これらは、1種を単独で用いても、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
負極は、負極活物質を含む負極活物質層と、集電体とから構成される。
また、Si又はSnを第一の構成元素とし、それに加えて第2、第3の構成元素を含む複合材料が挙げられる。第2の構成元素は、例えば、コバルト、鉄、マグネシウム、チタン、バナジウム、クロム、マンガン、ニッケル、銅、亜鉛、ガリウム及びジルコニウムのうち少なくとも1種である。第3の構成元素は、例えば、ホウ素、炭素、アルミニウム及びリンのうち少なくとも1種である。
特に、高い電池容量及び優れた電池特性が得られることから、上記金属材料として、ケイ素又はスズの単体(微量の不純物を含んでよい)、SiOv(0<v≦2)、SnOw(0≦w≦2)、Si−Co−C複合材料、Si−Ni−C複合材料、Sn−Co−C複合材料、Sn−Ni−C複合材料が好ましい。
LixTiyMzO4
[式中、Mは、Na、K、Co、Al、Fe、Ti、Mg、Cr、Ga、Cu、Zn及びNbからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を表わす。]
で表される化合物であることが好ましい。
上記組成の中でも、
(i)1.2≦x≦1.4、1.5≦y≦1.7、z=0
(ii)0.9≦x≦1.1、1.9≦y≦2.1、z=0
(iii)0.7≦x≦0.9、2.1≦y≦2.3、z=0
の構造が、電池性能のバランスが良好なため特に好ましい。
水系溶媒としては、水、アルコール等が挙げられ、有機系溶媒としてはN−メチルピロリドン(NMP)、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、酢酸メチル、アクリル酸メチル、ジエチルトリアミン、N,N−ジメチルアミノプロピルアミン、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)、トルエン、アセトン、ジエチルエーテル、ジメチルアセトアミド、ヘキサメチルホスファルアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、ベンゼン、キシレン、キノリン、ピリジン、メチルナフタレン、ヘキサン等が挙げられる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、更に、セパレータを備えることが好ましい。
上記セパレータの材質や形状は、電解液に安定であり、かつ、保液性に優れていれば特に限定されず、公知のものを使用することができる。なかでも、本発明の電解液に対し安定な材料で形成された、樹脂、ガラス繊維、無機物等が用いられ、保液性に優れた多孔性シート又は不織布状の形態の物等を用いるのが好ましい。
電極群は、上記の正極板と負極板とを上記のセパレータを介してなる積層構造のもの、及び上記の正極板と負極板とを上記のセパレータを介して渦巻き状に捲回した構造のもののいずれでもよい。電極群の体積が電池内容積に占める割合(以下、電極群占有率と称する)は、通常40%以上であり、50%以上が好ましく、また、通常90%以下であり、80%以下が好ましい。
(EMImBOBの合成)
反応容器に脱水ジクロロメタン及び1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムクロライドを仕込み、リチウムビス(オキサラト)ボレートを添加して反応させた。その後、減圧濃縮し、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーにて精製して、式:
出発物質を1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムクロライドから1−ブチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムクロライドに変更したこと以外は上記合成方法と同様にして、式:
エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)及びジメチルカーボネート(DMC)を体積比が30/30/40となるように混合し、これに電解液中の各イオンが表1に記載の濃度となるようにイオン源を添加して、非水電解液を得た。具体的には、以下のように添加した。
実施例1は化合物(I)を4.0×10−4M、LiPF6を1.0M添加した。
実施例2は化合物(I)を4.0×10−3M、LiPF6を1.0M添加した。
実施例3は化合物(I)を2.0×10−2M、LiPF6を1.0M添加した。
実施例4は化合物(I)を4.0×10−2M、LiPF6を1.0M添加した。
実施例5は化合物(I)を8.0×10−2M、LiPF6を1.0M添加した。
実施例6は化合物(I)を2.0×10−1M、LiPF6を1.0M添加した。
実施例7は化合物(I)を4.0×10−1M、LiPF6を1.0M添加した。
実施例8は化合物(I)を4.8×10−1M、LiPF6を1.0M添加した。
実施例9は化合物(II)を2.0×10−2M、LiPF6を1.0M添加した。
実施例12、13は化合物(I)を2.0×10−2M、LiPF6を1.0M添加した。
実施例14〜20は化合物(II)を2.0×10−2M、LiPF6を1.0M添加した。
BOB:
VEC:ビニルエチレンカーボネート
FEC:フルオロエチレンカーボネート
DFEC:ジフルオロエチレンカーボネート
[正極の作製]
正極活物質としてのLi(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2(NMC)93質量%と、導電材としてのアセチレンブラック3質量%と、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)4質量%とを、N−メチルピロリドン溶媒中で混合して、スラリー化した。得られたスラリーを、予め導電助剤を塗布した厚さ15μmのアルミ箔の片面に塗布して、乾燥し、プレス機にてロールプレスしたものを、活物質層のサイズとして幅50mm、長さ30mm、及び幅5mm、長さ9mmの未塗工部を有する形状に切り出して正極とした。
炭素質材料(グラファイト)98質量部に、増粘剤及びバインダーとして、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)1質量部及びスチレン−ブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレン−ブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)1質量部を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。得られたスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔に塗布して乾燥し、プレス機で圧延したものを、活物質層のサイズとして幅52mm、長さ32mm、及び幅5mm、長さ9mmの未塗工部を有する形状に切り出して負極とした。
上記の正極を厚さ20μmの微孔性ポリエチレンフィルム(セパレータ)を介して正極と負極を対向させ、上記で得られた非水電解液を注入し、上記非水電解液がセパレータ等に充分に浸透した後、封止し予備充電、エージングを行い、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
[高温サイクル特性試験]
上記で製造したリチウムイオン二次電池を、板で挟み加圧した状態で、60℃において、1Cに相当する電流で4.3Vまで定電流−定電圧充電(以下、CC/CV充電と表記する。)(0.1Cカット)した後、1Cの定電流で3Vまで放電し、これを1サイクルとして、3サイクル目の放電容量から初期放電容量を求めた。再度サイクルを行い、200サイクル後の放電容量をサイクル後の容量とした。初期放電容量に対する200サイクル後の放電容量の割合を求め、これをサイクル容量保持率(%)とした。
(200サイクル後の放電容量)÷(初期放電容量)×100=容量保持率(%)
結果を表1に示す。
初期放電容量の評価が終了した電池を、25℃にて、1Cの定電流で初期放電容量の半分の容量となるよう充電した。これを2.0Cで放電させ、その10秒時の電圧を測定した。放電時の電圧の降下から抵抗を算出し、IV抵抗とした。
結果を表1に示す。
Claims (9)
- 一般式(1)において、R1及びR2の少なくとも一方がメチル基である請求項1記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用電解液。
- 一般式(1−1)において、R1及びR2の少なくとも一方がメチル基である請求項4記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用電解液。
- イミダゾリウムカチオン(1−1)の濃度が1.0×10−5〜1.0mol/Lであり、ビス(オキサラト)ボレートアニオンの濃度が1.0×10−5〜1.0mol/Lであり、ヘキサフルオロホスフェートアニオンの濃度が0.01〜1.5mol/Lである請求項4、5又は6記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用電解液。
- 請求項1、2、3、4、5、6又は7記載の電解液を備えることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 請求項8記載のリチウムイオン二次電池を備えることを特徴とするモジュール。
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