JP6829280B2 - 閉鎖アセンブリおよびその作動方法 - Google Patents
閉鎖アセンブリおよびその作動方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6829280B2 JP6829280B2 JP2019082604A JP2019082604A JP6829280B2 JP 6829280 B2 JP6829280 B2 JP 6829280B2 JP 2019082604 A JP2019082604 A JP 2019082604A JP 2019082604 A JP2019082604 A JP 2019082604A JP 6829280 B2 JP6829280 B2 JP 6829280B2
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- JP
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- Prior art keywords
- blood
- blood circuit
- circuit assembly
- pump
- circuit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
- A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
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Description
本発明の各種態様は、概して、血液濾過システム、血液濾過透析システム、血漿交換システムなどの血液透析等の新システムに関する。したがって、本明細書に記載の各種システムおよび方法は血液透析に関連して説明されているが、その他の透析システムおよび/または血液または血漿などのその他の体液を処理可能な体外システムにも適用可能であることを理解すべきである。
伝導度回路
図37に示す例示的な電気回路を用いて、対象流体の導電率または抵抗を測定することができる。一実施形態では、流体は、電解液または透析流体とすることができ、回路は、最終的に、血管内投与に対するその適合性を確保するように流体の伝導度の測定を提供することができる。流体内の溶解溶質の濃度をモニタリングすることに加えて、電気回路はまた、回路に接続された電極間の流体の連続性において中断の可能性がないかモニタリングすることもできる。たとえば、それを用いて、気泡の存在、または汚染物質の存在に対して静脈内流体ラインをモニタリングすることができる。別の実施形態では、流体は血液とすることができ、(たとえば管路内の)血流路の測定された電気抵抗の変化を用いて、血流路と測定電極との間に不連続性が発生するか否かを示すことができる。たとえば、血流路は、血管、動静脈ろうまたはグラフトのセグメントにおける体内留置針またはカテーテルを含む2つの電極の間の血液のカラムを含む場合がある。バスキュラーアクセスの切断により、血流路に空気が導入され、電極の間の血液カラムの抵抗が変化する可能性がある。電気回路は、血流路のインピーダンスと透析流体のインピーダンスとの差を調整するように(その用途に応じて)容易に変更することができる。
Δα=ΔVsense/(V+−V−)=(Ry−Rref−Rth)/(Ry+Rref+Rth)=(ρ−1)/(ρ+1)
であり、式中、Ry=Rx+2Rs+Rthであり、Rth=マルチプレクサ2および分圧器8からのソース直列抵抗でありρ=Ry/(Rref+Rth)である(ソース直列抵抗Rthは、マルチプレクサ2の抵抗と分圧器8のテブナン等価抵抗との和として導出することができる。たとえば、R1=10オーム、R2=2Kオームの場合、Rth=R1‖(R1+R2)=9.95オームである)。よって、Ryが短絡回路である場合、ρ=0およびΔα=−1である。次いで、センスノードの電圧の変化ΔVsenseは、VAにおけるドライブノードとは反対の振幅を有するVBにおける電圧変化に等しい。Ryが開回路である場合、ρ=∞およびΔα=1である。次いで、センスノードの電圧の変化ΔVsenseは、ドライブノードVAにおける電圧変化に等しい。したがって、電圧のこの変化が測定される場合、先の式を、未知の抵抗Rxに対して解くことができる。
図37に示すように、高周波ノイズを除去するために、抵抗器RfおよびコンデンサCfによってローパスフィルタ9を形成することができる。1つの例示的な構成では、Rfは1Kオームの値を有することができ、Cfは0.001μFの値を有することができる。次いで、緩衝増幅器10およびアナログ−デジタル変換器(ADC)111が、コンピュータまたはデジタル信号プロセッサ(図示せず)に対して検知電圧を測定することができる。
Δα=ΔVsense/(V+−V−)=[(V2−V1)+(V3−V4)]/2(V+−V−)
結果として、波形の両エッジを用いてΔVsense=[(V2−V1)+(V3−V4)]/2を測定することができ、それにより、回路に対する非対称応答が相殺される可能性がある。または、波形のおよそ中間点における平均電圧を使用することができ、それにより、たとえばΔα=ΔVsense/(V+−V−)=[(V7−V6)+(V7−V8)]/2(V+−V−)およびΔVsense=[(V7−V6)+(V7−V8)]/2となる。さらに、ADC111の入力信号Vinの差分測定値のみを使用することができる。よって、緩衝増幅器10およびADC111のいかなるオフセット誤差も相殺することができる。また、Δαは、同じ信号経路を使用する測定に基づくレシオメトリック量である。よって、ADC111のいかなる利得誤差も相殺することができる。
Ry=Rrefであるとき、ρ=1、Δα=0およびSρ=2である。よって、この点の周囲の0.001(ADCフルスケールの0.1%)のΔαの変化の場合、計算された抵抗Ryは0.002すなわち0.2%変化する。表1に示すように、ρが1から発散するに従って感度は増大する。
上述したもののような伝導度測定回路を適切に変更することにより、血液の伝導度および伝導度の変化を検出することができる。より詳細には、ある体積の血液の伝導度において空気がその体積に入るときに発生する変化を検出することができる。この状況は、たとえば、血管内アクセス部位が体外血液回路内で外れた場合に発生する可能性がある。
流体送出装置から患者の血管または血管グラフトに通じる流体カラムの連続性は、上述した電子回路を用いてモニタリングすることができる。送出されている流体は、血液、または透析流体を含む任意の電解液を含むことができる。以下の考察は血液透析システムを含むが、本発明の動作の同じ原理を、バスキュラーアクセスを通じて患者に流体を送出するように構成されたいかなる装置にも適用することができる。図40に示す実施形態では、血管透析機200の流体流回路100内のある体積の血液または他の流体の伝導度を、血液または他の流体と直接接触する、その体積の各端部の電極を用いて、電子的にモニタリングすることができる。図37に示すもののような電気回路を用いて、一方の電極をVTA端子に接続することができ、他方の電極を回路のVTB端子に接続することができる。回路によって電極に印加される電圧は、患者に対するいかなる損傷も防止するように、十分小さく(たとえば約4ボルト以下)、十分に短時間であり、十分に分断した直流電圧であり得る。本例では、動脈アクセス針102、動脈カテーテル配管104、動脈カテーテル配管コネクタ106、動脈血液回路配管108、血管回路配管108と血液透析機200との間の移行部110、血液ポンプ入口ライン112、血液ポンプ13、血液ポンプ出口ライン116、透析器14、透析器出口ライン120、エアトラップ122、血液透析機200と静脈血液回路配管126との間の移行部124、静脈カテーテル配管コネクタ128、静脈カテーテル配管130、静脈アクセス針132、および動脈アクセス針102と静脈アクセス針132との間に位置する患者の血管またはろう134の部分の内腔内体積を含む、流体流回路100が示されている。本明細書に記載する発明はまた、動脈アクセス針が患者の1つの血管内に存在する可能性があり、静脈アクセス針が、動脈アクセス部位から幾分か離れた別個の血管に存在する可能性がある状況も包含する。さらに、上述した回路を用いて、図40に示す静脈戻りラインを有していない流体送出システム内のバスキュラーアクセスの完全性をモニタリングすることができる。その場合、たとえば、位置Bにおける電極を、血管または血管グラフトにアクセスする第2の針またはカニューレと連通する行き止まり(dead−end)ラインの流体と接触する電極と対にすることができる。別の例では、血管セグメントにおける体内留置中空カニューレまたは中実トロカールに、導電性ワイヤを装備することができ、導電性ワイヤは、それにより、モニタリングシステムにおいて第2の電極としての役割を担うことができる。アクセスされている血管セグメントは、外科手術によって形成された動静脈ろうであってもよく、ゴアテックス(GoreTex)(登録商標)血管グラフト等の人工管路を含んでもよい。「動脈の」という用語は、本明細書では、血液を患者から離れて血液透析機200に向かって導く血流回路の部分を指すために用いられる。「静脈の」という用語は、血液を血液透析機200から離れて患者に向かって戻るように導く血流回路の部分を指すために用いられる。「アクセス針」という用語は、患者の血管セグメントまたはろうを貫通する針またはカテーテル装置を指すために用いられる。種々の実施形態において、それを、対応するカテーテル配管104、130に恒久的に融合させるかまたは可逆的に接続することができる。
図41Aおよび図41Bに示すように、一実施形態では、血液透析システムの血液回路用の血液ラインコネクタは、コネクタの内腔内の液体と接触することができる電極を組み込むことができる。一態様では、電極は、たとえばコネクタ300等、任意の適切なコネクタのチューブ接続または近位端302に配置された環状導電キャップ310を備えることができる。電極は、好ましくは、たとえばステンレス鋼等、耐久性があり耐食性がある材料から構成される。コネクタ300の遠位連結端304は、たとえば、動脈または静脈カテーテルの対応するルアー型コネクタと封止係合するように構成することができる。キャップ310の内側環状表面312は(部分的にまたは全体として)、コネクタの内腔314内に存在する液体と接触することができる。図41Bに示すように、コネクタとコネクタに装着された任意の可撓管との間の流体密封接続を維持するために、キャップ電極310とコネクタの近位端302との間にOリング316または適切な封止材を配置することができる。
ワイヤアセンブリ
一実施形態では、コネクタ106、128の一対の電極(1つは血流回路の動脈側にあり1つは静脈側にある)にまたはそこから電気信号を搬送するワイヤは、別個に、血液配管108、126から離れて透析機200に向かって戻るように進むことができ、透析機200では、最終的に終端し図37に示す伝導度回路等の伝導度検出回路に接続する。次いで、伝導度回路は、アクセス切断に一貫する流体伝導度の変化が発生したか否かを判定するために、透析機のプロセッサに対して適切に構成された信号を提供する。流体伝導度の変化が発生した場合、プロセッサは、警報状態をトリガすることができ、または血液ポンプ13の停止を開始し、たとえば血液配管108および/または126の機械的閉鎖をトリガすることができる。
切断検出回路の動作
図49は、上述し図37に示す切断検出回路を利用する試験結果を示す。この場合、米国特許出願公開第2009/0114582号明細書および同第2010/0056975号明細書(それらの内容は参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)において開示されているものと同様の血液透析血液回路および装置が採用された。図47に示す体外回路210は、血液ポンプ13、透析器14、エアトラップ122、静脈血液回路配管126および動脈血液回路配管108を備える。体外回路210は、図48に示すものと同様の血液透析装置220に嵌合する。試験される血流回路は、図47に示す血液ポンプカセット13に配置された一対の膜ベース血液ポンプと、透析器14と、静脈戻りエアトラップ122と、動脈血液配管セット108と、静脈血液配管セット126と、動脈コネクタ106および静脈コネクタ128と、図40に示すようなバスキュラーアクセス針102、132に接続されたカテーテル配管セット104、130とを備えていた。針102、132は、抗凝固処置されたウシの血液を保持する容器に配置された。血液配管セット108および126は、およそ6フィート長であり、カテーテル配管セット104および130はおよそ2フィート長以下であった。針は、交互に、血流中に容器に配置されるかまたは容器から引き出されて、ろうまたは血管からの針の切断をシミュレートした。図49における期間A、CおよびFは、針が容器内の血液に浸漬された時間を表す。これらの期間中に図37に示す切断検出回路によって測定された電気抵抗は、平均して120,000オームと130,000オームとの間であった。図49の期間BおよびEは、静脈戻り針132(血液ポンプからの正圧下)が容器内の血液の表面の数センチメートル上方から引き抜かれ、血液が静脈戻り針を出て下方の血液の容器に入る際に空気と混合した血液の流れを形成する時間を表す。これらの期間中に測定された電気抵抗は、平均して140,000オームと150,000オームとの間であった。期間Dは、針のうちの1つが容器から完全に取り除かれ、完全に開放した電気回路を生成する時間を表す。この期間中に測定された電気抵抗は、平均して約160,000オームと180,000オームとの間であった。よって、コントローラは、血液の中断しない流れと中断した流れとの間の電気回路のモニタリングされた抵抗の差を識別するように容易にプログラムすることができる。これらの結果により、動脈針102と静脈針132との間の血液の連続性の中断により、外部血液回路の血液処理構成要素13、14および122より動脈および静脈アクセス部位の方に比較的近接して配置された場合の2つの電極の間において、測定された電気抵抗の検出可能な変化を確実にもたらすことができることが分かった。さらに、(空気を通る血液の流れのように)血流の連続性の部分的な中断さえも、測定された電気抵抗の変化がわずかであっても、確実に検出することができる。閉鎖部
上述したように、図17の閉鎖部513等の閉鎖部を用いて、血液回路アセンブリのラインを通る流れを、たとえば血液ライン203、204の患者接続部とアセンブリの他の部分との間の箇所において制御することができる。以下、単独でまたは本明細書に記載する他の特徴との任意の適切な組合せで採用することができる、閉鎖部に関連する本発明のさまざまな態様について、1つまたは複数の具体的な実施形態とともに説明する。
and Methods)」と題する2007年4月13日に出願された米国特許出願第11/787,212号明細書、「熱および伝導度感知システム、装置および方法(Thermal and Conductivity Sensing Systems,Devices and Methods)」と題する2007年4月13日に出願された米国特許出願第11/787,112号明細書、「ポンピングカセット(Pumping Cassette)」と題する2007年10月12日に出願された米国特許出願第11/871,680号明細書、「ポンピングカセット(Pumping Cassette)」と題する2007年10月12日に出願された米国特許出願第11/871,712号明細書、「ポンピングカセット(Pumping Casette)」と題する2007年10月12日に出願された米国特許出願第11/871,787号明細書、「ポンピングカセット(Pumping Cassette)」と題する2007年10月12日に出願された米国特許出願第11/871,793号明細書および「カセットシステム統合型装置(Cassette System Integrated Apparatus)」と題する2007年10月12日に出願された米国特許出願第11/871,803号明細書である。さらに、以下は、全体として参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。すなわち、「圧力測定流制御システム(Pressure−Measurement Flow Control System)」と題する1989年2月28日に発行された米国特許第4,808,161号明細書、「拡張型圧力測定流制御システム(Enhanced Pressure Measurement Flow Control System)」と題する1989年5月2日に発行された米国特許第4,826,482号明細書、「拡張型圧力測定流制御システム(Enhanced Pressure Measurement Flow Control System)」と題する1990年12月11日に発行された米国特許第4,976,162号明細書、「着脱可能流体インタフェースを備えたバルブシステム(Valve System with Removable Fluid Interface)」と題する1992年2月18日に発行された米国特許第5,088,515号明細書および「重力流を模倣する液体分散およびポンピングカセットを採用する腹膜透析システム(Peritoneal Dialysis Systems Employing a Liquid Distribution and Pumping Cassette that Emulates Glavity Flow)」と題する1994年9月27日に発行された米国特許第5,350,357号明細書である。また、参照により本明細書に組み込まれるのは、本願と同日に出願された「センサ機器システム、装置および方法(Sensor Apparatus Systems,Devices and Methods)」と題する米国特許出願(整理番号第F63号、現在は米国特許出願第12/038,474号明細書)および本願と同日に出願された「カセットシステム統合型装置(Cassette System Integrated Apparatus)」と題する米国特許出願(事整理番号第F62号)である。
Claims (12)
- 透析ユニット用の一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置であって、前記一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置は、第1の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置と第2の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置とからなり、前記第1の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置および第2の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置の各々は、
血液回路アセンブリの後側の嵌合制御ポートと接続するように構成された複数の制御ポートに隣接して前記透析ユニットのパネルに移動可能に搭載されたアクチュエータであって、保持位置と取出し位置との間において枢動移動可能なアクチュエータと、
前記アクチュエータに連結され、前記アクチュエータが前記保持位置にあるとき、前記血液回路アセンブリの前側の一部に接触するとともに前記透析ユニットの前記パネルに前記血液回路アセンブリを保持するように構成され、かつ、前記アクチュエータが前記取出し位置にあるとき、前記血液回路アセンブリと接触せずに移動するように、また、前記血液回路アセンブリを前記透析ユニットの前記パネルから取り外すために解放するように構成されたリテーナ要素と、
前記アクチュエータまたは前記パネルに連結され、前記アクチュエータが前記保持位置から前記取出し位置まで枢動移動したとき、前記血液回路アセンブリを前記パネルから離れさせるように前記血液回路アセンブリの前記後側の一部に接触すべく構成されたエジェクタ要素と、を備え、
前記第1の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置は、前記パネルに搭載された前記血液回路アセンブリの第1の側に配置され、前記第2の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置は、前記パネルに搭載された前記血液回路アセンブリの第2の側に配置され、前記第1の側および前記第2の側は互いに対向しており、それによって前記第1の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置および前記第2の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置の前記アクチュエータがそれぞれユーザの第1の親指および第2の親指によって移動可能である、一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置。 - 前記アクチュエータは前記パネルに枢動可能に搭載される、請求項1に記載の一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置。
- 前記リテーナ要素は前記アクチュエータに固定されるか前記アクチュエータを有するように形成される、請求項1に記載の一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置。
- 前記エジェクタ要素は、非活動または閉鎖位置と取出し位置との間において枢動可能である、請求項1に記載の一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置。
- 前記アクチュエータは、それぞれユーザの親指によって前記保持位置から前記取出し位置に移動するように構成される、請求項1に記載の一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置。
- 前記アクチュエータは、それぞれの保持位置から取出し位置まで互いから離れるように移動可能である、請求項1に記載の一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置。
- 前記エジェクタ要素は、前記取出し位置において前記血液回路アセンブリのポンプチャンバの一部分と接触するように構成される、請求項1に記載の一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置。
- 前記リテーナ要素は、2つの対向するアームを備え、前記アクチュエータが前記保持位置にあり血液回路アセンブリが前記パネルに搭載されたとき、前記血液回路アセンブリの外面と2つの位置において接触して前記血液回路アセンブリを適所に係止するように構成される、請求項1に記載の一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置。
- 前記アクチュエータは、前記保持位置に向かって移動するようにバネ付勢される、請求項1に記載の一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置。
- 前記血液回路アセンブリが前記パネルに搭載され前記エジェクタ要素が非活動または閉鎖位置にあるとき、前記エジェクタ要素のうち前記ポンプチャンバの接触している前記部分に隣接する部分は凹部に位置する、請求項7に記載の一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置。
- 前記エジェクタ要素が軸を中心に枢動可能であって、前記軸に関して第1の側にある近位部は前記アクチュエータのエジェクタ接触アームに接触するように構成され、前記軸に関して反対の第2の側にある遠位部は前記血液回路アセンブリと接触するように構成されている、請求項4に記載の一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置。
- 前記アクチュエータの前記エジェクタ接触アームは、前記アクチュエータが押し下げられて取り出し位置に配置されているとき、前記エジェクタ要素の前記近位部を押し下げるように、また前記エジェクタ要素の前記遠位部を取り出し位置に上昇させるように構成されている、請求項11に記載の一対の血液回路アセンブリ係合装置。
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JP (5) | JP6109819B2 (ja) |
AU (7) | AU2012258687C1 (ja) |
CA (3) | CA2837200C (ja) |
MX (3) | MX368025B (ja) |
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