JP6772062B2 - 癌の免疫療法 - Google Patents
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- JP6772062B2 JP6772062B2 JP2016536769A JP2016536769A JP6772062B2 JP 6772062 B2 JP6772062 B2 JP 6772062B2 JP 2016536769 A JP2016536769 A JP 2016536769A JP 2016536769 A JP2016536769 A JP 2016536769A JP 6772062 B2 JP6772062 B2 JP 6772062B2
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Description
本出願は2013年12月2日付けで出願された米国仮出願第61/910728号に基づく優先権を主張するものであり、該仮出願はその全体が引用することにより本明細書の一部をなす。
免疫系の主要な生理学的機能の1つは、新生物細胞を認識し、かつ排除することであり、そのため、腫瘍の何らかの進行に必須となるのは、免疫耐性機構を発達させることである。一旦発達すると、これらの機構は、天然の免疫系が腫瘍の成長に作用するのを妨げるだけでなく、癌への任意の免疫療法アプローチの有効性を制限する。重大な免疫耐性機構は、免疫チェックポイントと呼ばれることもある免疫抑制経路を含む。免疫抑制経路は、腫瘍細胞と、ACT治療剤を含むCD8+細胞傷害性Tリンパ球との間の相互作用において特に重要な役割を果たす。重大な免疫チェックポイントには、T細胞表面上に発現する抑制性受容体、とりわけ例えばCTLA−4、PD1、及びLAG3がある。
1)チェックポイント阻害剤と他の免疫耐性機構阻害剤とを組み合わせる単一の治療用組成物と、
2)傷害性の減少と、
3)他の組成物と比べたときの有効性の増大と、
が得られるためである。
本明細書及び添付の特許請求の範囲に使用される場合、以下の用語は他に求められない限り、記載の意味を有するものとする。
一般に、細胞は、癌等の増殖性疾患又はウイルス感染症等の感染性疾患の対象から得られる。得られた細胞を得られたまま直接処理し、又はオリゴヌクレオチドを用いた処理の前に細胞培養において増殖させることができる。細胞を、腫瘍細胞表面(CAR)上に発現される特異的抗原又はMHCクラスIに提示される細胞内腫瘍抗原(TCR)を認識する受容体を発現するよう遺伝的に改変することもできる。
アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド
低分子干渉RNA(siRNA)は、短鎖干渉RNA又はサイレンシングRNAとしても知られ、二本鎖のRNA分子であり、一般に19塩基対〜25塩基対の長さである。siRNAを、相補的ヌクレオチド配列により特異的遺伝子の発現を干渉するRNA干渉(RNAi)に使用する。
sdRNA配列を、HeLa細胞のルシフェラーゼレポーターアッセイにおける500個を超えるsdRNA配列の機能的スクリーニングに基づき設計された独自の選択アルゴリズムを元に選択した。その回帰分析を使用し、遺伝子抑制アッセイにおいて、sdRNA二本鎖の特異的ヌクレオチドの発生頻度と任意の特定位置での修飾との相関及びその機能性について確立した。このアルゴリズムにより機能的sdRNA配列の予測が可能になり、40%を超える確率で1μM濃度にて70%を超えるノックダウンと規定される。
BTLA(B及びTリンパ球アテニュエーター)、KIR(キラー免疫グロブリン様受容体)、B7−H3受容体及びB7−H4受容体並びにTGF−ベータ2型受容体;Applic BTLA(B及びTリンパ球アテニュエーター)、KIR(キラー免疫グロブリン様受容体)、B7−H3受容体及びB7−H4受容体並びにTGF−ベータ2型受容体;prim BTLA(B及びTリンパ球アテニュエーター)、KIR(キラー免疫グロブリン様受容体)、B7−H3受容体及びB7−H4受容体並びにTGF−ベータ2型受容体におけるRNAi技術の機能的ゲノミクス試験への応用;ary細胞及びin vivoではsiRNAの脂質への配合又は他の細胞送達技法の使用に対する要件により制限される。送達問題を回避するため、自己送達性RNAi技術は追加の配合物又は技法を必要とすることなく、RNAi作用物質を用いて細胞を直接トランスフェクションさせる方法を提供する。トランスフェクションが困難な細胞株をトランスフェクションさせる能力、in vivoでの高い活性、及び使用の簡便さは、従来のsiRNAを基礎とした技法に対して有意な機能的利点を示す組成物及び方法の特徴である。sdRNAi技術は、化学合成された化合物を広範囲の初代細胞及び組織にex−vivo及びin vivoの両方にて直接送達することを可能にする。
オリゴヌクレオチド作用物質は、治療剤の安定性及び/又は有効性を増大させ、治療する細胞又は組織へのオリゴヌクレオチドの効率的な送達を行うために1つ又は複数の修飾物を含むことが好ましい。このような修飾物は少なくとも1つのBTLA(B及びTリンパ球アテニュエーター)、KIR(キラー免疫グロブリン様受容体)、B7−H3受容体及びB7−H4受容体並びにTGF−ベータ2型受容体;BTLA(B及びTリンパ球アテニュエーター)、KIR(キラー免疫グロブリン様受容体)、B7−H3受容体及びB7−H4受容体並びにTGF−ベータ2型受容体;2’−O−メチル修飾物、少なくとも1つの2’−O−フルオロ修飾物及び少なくとも1つのジホスホロチオエート修飾物を含む。さらに、オリゴヌクレオチドをステロール、コレステロール、ビタミンD、ナフチル、イソブチル、ベンジル、インドール、トリプトファン、及びフェニルから選択される1つ又は複数の疎水性修飾物を含むよう修飾する。疎水性修飾物はステロールが好ましい。
オリゴヌクレオチドを好ましくは脂質、ウイルスベクター等を含む膜貫通送達系と組み合わせて細胞に送達することができる。最も好ましくは、オリゴヌクレオチド作用物質は自己送達RNAi作用物質であり、いかなる送達作用物質も必要としない。
本発明において、例えば特定の要件のための要素及び/又は代替物の特定の組合せが最も好ましい。この目的は、免疫抑制遺伝子をサイレンシングするためにオリゴヌクレオチドの標的とするのに適切な遺伝子を決定し、独自のアルゴリズムを使用し、最も適切な標的配列を選択することにより実現される。
a) CTLA4及びPD1
b) STAT3及びp38
c) PD1並びにBaxPD1、CTLA4、Lag−1、ILM−3及びTP53
d) PD1及びCasp8
e) PD1及びIL10R
自己送達性RNAi免疫治療剤
本明細書に記載の免疫治療剤を、免疫抑制機構に関与する特定の遺伝子を標的とし、ノックダウンするよう設計された特定のsdRNA作用物質で細胞を処理することにより作製した。特に、以下の細胞及び細胞株をsdRNAで処理することに成功し、特定のヒト細胞の標的となる遺伝子発現の少なくとも70%をノックダウンすることが示された。
標的遺伝子の発現を阻害するオリゴヌクレオチド配列
以下の遺伝子を含む多くのヒト遺伝子を免疫抑制機構に関与することから、候補標的遺伝子として選択した。BAX(NM_004324) BAK1(NM_001 188) CASP8(NM_001228) ADORA2A(NM_000675) CTLA4(NM_005214) LAG3(NM002286) PDCD1(NM_NM005018) TGFBR1(NM−004612) HAVCR2(NM_032782) CCL17(NM_002987) CCL22(NM_002990) DLL2(NM_005618) FASLG(NM_000639) CD274(NM_001267706) IDO1(NM_002164) IL10RA(NM_001558) JAG 1(NM_000214) JAG2(NM_002226) MAPK14(NM_001315) SOCS1(NM_003745) STAT3(NM_003150) TNFA1P3(NM 006290) TNFSF4(NM 003326) TYR02(NM_006293) TP53(NM_000546)
HeLa細胞のsdRNAによる標的遺伝子(GAPDH)のノックダウン
HeLa細胞(ATCC CRM−CCL−2)を24時間、継代培養した後にトランスフェクションし、対数増殖期を維持した。表1に挙げるG13のsdRNAを含む数種のGAPDHのsdRNAの有効性をqRT−PCRにより試験した。
PureLink(商標) Pro96 total RNA精製キット(Ambion、品番12173−011A)を用いて、Quanta qScript XLT One−Step RT−qPCR ToughMix、ROX(VWR、89236672)により、トランスフェクションさせたHeLa細胞からRNAを単離した。単離したRNAの遺伝子発現をヒトMAP4K4−FAM(Taqman Hs0377405_m1)及びヒトGAPDH−VIC(Applied Biosystems、品番4326317E)遺伝子発現アッセイを用いて分析した。
NK−92細胞のsdRNAによる多重標的のサイレンシング
NK−92細胞をConqwestから入手し、FastLane Cell Multiplex Kit(Qiagen、品番216513)を用いてRNAの精製を行うことなく1ステップRT−PCR分析を行った。トランスフェクションのため、NK−92細胞を遠心分離により回収し、4%FBS及び1000U/mlのIL2を含有するRPMI培地を用いて希釈し、1000000細胞/mlに調節した。
ヒト初代T細胞のsdRNAによるTP53及びMAP4K4のサイレンシング
初代ヒトT細胞をAllcells(カルフォルニア州)から入手し、1000IU/mlのIL2を含有する完全RPMI培地において培養した。細胞を抗CD3/CD28 Dynabeads(Gibco、11131)を用いて、製造業者の説明書に従いトランスフェクションの前に少なくとも4日間活性化させた。短時間のボルテックスにより、細胞からビーズを除去し、指定の磁石を用いてビーズを分離することにより細胞を回収した。
黒色腫を治療するためのsdRNAの免疫治療剤の併用
黒色腫はT細胞の免疫機能を抑制するため少なくとも2つの特定の経路を利用し、そのそれぞれがPD1及びCTLA4の両方を含む。PD1リガンドであるPD1Lを発現する黒色腫腫瘍は、PD1を標的とするよう特異的に設計され、PD1発現を干渉するsd−RNAi作用物質を用いてex−vivoにて前処理されたT細胞の標的とすることができる。PD1はPDCD1としても知られ、sdRNA介在性抑制において特に機能されると同定され、予測される特定の標的配列及び遺伝子領域をPDCD1(NM_005018)及びCTLA4(NM005214)として表1に示す。
免疫細胞抑制を緩和するsdRNAの組合せ
T細胞又は樹状細胞抑制を、種々のサイトカイン、例えばIL10及び/又はTGF−ベータにより調節することができる。T細胞及び樹状細胞の対応する受容体の抑制は、サイトカインの活性に利点を有し得る。例えば、抗PD1と抗IL10RのsdRNAとを組み合わせることは、抗PD1のみと比べ、サイトカインにより誘導されるT細胞及び樹状細胞の抑制を緩和することが期待される。
免疫細胞抑制を緩和するsdRNAの組合せ
免疫細胞の腫瘍抑制の機構が知られていない可能性があるとき、アポトーシス(プログラム細胞死)に関与する遺伝子、例えばp53、Casp8、又はアポトーシスを活性化させる他の遺伝子を抑制するためにsdRNA作用物質を使用することは、免疫細胞の活性を増大させる利点を有し得る。抗受容体sdRNAとアポトーシス促進遺伝子に対するsdRNAとの組合せは、更に免疫細胞の死を減少させるため、それらの活性を増大させることができる。例えば、抗PD1と抗p53のsdRNAとの組合せは更に、アポトーシスの活性を阻害することによって抑制からT細胞を保護することができる。
ヒト初代T細胞のsdRNAによるCTLA−4及びPDCD1のサイレンシング
本質的に実施例5に記載のように、初代ヒトT細胞を培養し、活性化させた。PDCD1及びCTLA−4を標的とするsdRNA作用物質を1サンプル(ウェル)当たり血清非含有RPMIにおいて、sdRNAを0.4μM〜4μMに個別に希釈することにより調製して、100μl/ウェルにて96ウェルプレートに個々に分取した。細胞を4%FBS及び2000U/mlのIL2を含有するRPMI培地において1000000細胞/mlにて調製し、100μl/ウェルにて予め希釈したsdRNAを含む96ウェルプレートに播種した。
ヒト初代T細胞のsdRNAによるCTLA−4及びPDCD1表面の発現の減少
本質的に実施例5に記載のように、初代ヒトT細胞を培養し、活性化させた。
MAP4K4のsdRNAのヒト末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)のCD3−及びCD19−陽性部分集合体への送達
PBMCを1.5%PHA溶液及び500U/mlのIL2を補充した完全RPMIにおいて培養した。トランスフェクションのため、PBMCを遠心分離により回収し、4%FBS及び1000U/mlのIL2を含有するRPMI培地を用いて希釈し、500000細胞/ウェルにて24ウェルプレートに播種した。
Claims (23)
- PD1の発現を抑制することができるsdRNAを含み、ここで該sdRNAが、配列番号281〜300から選択される配列を標的とする免疫調節因子。
- PD1の発現を抑制することができるsdRNAを含み、ここで該sdRNAが、配列番号281〜300から選択される配列を標的とし、ここでPD1の発現を抑制するようにsdRNAによって改変された免疫細胞をさらに含む免疫原性組成物。
- 組成物中の免疫細胞が、異なる免疫チェックポイント遺伝子の発現を抑制するようにさらに改変された、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 組成物中の免疫細胞が、少なくとも1つの抗アポトーシス遺伝子の発現を抑制するようにさらに改変されている、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 組成物中の免疫細胞が少なくとも1つのサイトカイン受容体遺伝子の発現を抑制するようにさらに改変されている、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 組成物中の免疫細胞が少なくとも1つの調節遺伝子の発現を抑制するようにさらに改変されている、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 組成物中の免疫細胞が、表1に挙げた少なくとも1つの標的遺伝子の発現を抑制するようにさらに改変されている、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 組成物中の免疫細胞が、CTLA4、TGFBR1、TGFRBR2、IL10RA、TP53、BAX、BAK1、CASP8、ADORA2A、LAG3、HAVCR2、CCL17、CCL22、DLL2、FASLG、CD274、IDO1、ILIORA、JAG1、JAG2、MAPK14、SOCS1、STAT3、TNFAIP3、並びにTYRO3、BTLA、KIR、B7−H3受容体及びB7−H4受容体からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの標的遺伝子の発現を抑制するようにさらに改変されている、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 組成物中の免疫細胞がT細胞、NK細胞、抗原提示細胞、樹状細胞、幹細胞、人工多能性幹細胞、及び/又は幹細胞セントラル記憶型T細胞からなる群から選択される、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 免疫細胞が高親和性T細胞受容体(TCR)及び/又はキメラ抗体−T細胞受容体(CAR)を発現する1つ又は複数のトランス遺伝子を含むT細胞である、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 免疫原性組成物がCTLA4、FAS、TGFR−ベータ、IL−10R、STAT3、P38、LAG3、TIM3、BTLA、B7−H3及びB7−H4受容体、並びにアデノシンA2a受容体の1つ又は複数を標的とするsdRNAを含む、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 免疫原性組成物がBAX、BAC、TP53、及びCasp8からなる群から選択される1つ又は複数の抗アポトーシス遺伝子を標的とする1つ又は複数のsdRNAを含む、請求項4に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- sdRNAがPD1の発現の少なくとも50%の阻害を誘導する、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- sdRNAが少なくとも1つの2’−O−メチル修飾及び/又は少なくとも1つの2’−O−フルオロ修飾、及び少なくとも1つのホスホロチオエート修飾を含む、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- sdRNAが少なくとも1つの疎水性修飾を含む、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- sdRNAが少なくとも1つのコレステロール分子を含むように改変される、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物を製造する方法であって、当前記方法は、PD1の発現を抑制することができるsdRNAを用いて形質転換することを含み、前記sdRNAは、配列番号281〜300から選択される配列を標的とする、方法。
- 免疫細胞が、CTLA4、TGFBR1、TGFRBR2、IL10RA、TP53、BAX、BAK1、CASP8、ADORA2A、LAG3、HAVCR2、CCL17、CCL22、DLL2、FASLG、CD274、IDO1、ILIORA、JAG1、JAG2、MAPK14、SOCS1、STAT3、TNFAIP3、並びにTYRO3、BTLA、KIR、B7−H3及びB7−H4受容体からなる群から選択される1つ又は複数の遺伝子の発現を阻害するsdRNAにより、さらに形質転換される、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 免疫細胞がT細胞、NK細胞、抗原提示細胞、樹状細胞、幹細胞、人工多能性幹細胞、及び幹細胞セントラル記憶型T細胞からなる群から選択される、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 免疫細胞が高親和性T細胞受容体(TCR)及び/又はキメラ抗体−T細胞受容体(CAR)を発現する1つ又は複数のトランス遺伝子を含むT細胞である、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 増殖性疾患又は感染性疾患を治療することに使用するための、請求項2に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 前記増殖性疾患が癌である、請求項21に記載の免疫原性組成物。
- 前記感染性疾患が病原性感染症である、請求項21に記載の免疫原性組成物。
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US20210348166A1 (en) | 2021-11-11 |
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