JP6086501B2 - 正極活物質、及びそれを含むリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
正極活物質、及びそれを含むリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6086501B2 JP6086501B2 JP2014502489A JP2014502489A JP6086501B2 JP 6086501 B2 JP6086501 B2 JP 6086501B2 JP 2014502489 A JP2014502489 A JP 2014502489A JP 2014502489 A JP2014502489 A JP 2014502489A JP 6086501 B2 JP6086501 B2 JP 6086501B2
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- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- oxide
- manganese
- positive electrode
- secondary battery
- lithium
- Prior art date
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 49
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 31
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 27
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- SOXUFMZTHZXOGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn].[Co].[Ni] SOXUFMZTHZXOGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910015222 Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims 1
- -1 nickel metal hydride Chemical class 0.000 description 21
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- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
また、最近は、環境問題への関心が高まるに伴い、大気汚染の主要原因の一つであるガソリン車両、ディーゼル車両などの化石燃料を使用する車両を代替しうる電気自動車(EV)、ハイブリッド電気自動車(HEV)などに対する研究が多く行われている。このような電気自動車(EV)、ハイブリッド電気自動車(HEV)などの動力源としては、主にニッケル水素金属(Ni−MH)二次電池が使われているが、高いエネルギー密度、高い放電電圧及び出力安定性のリチウム二次電池を使用する研究が活発に行われており、一部は商用化段階にある。
であり、
である)からなる正極活物質に対する技術が開示されている。
本発明は、前述したように、スピネル結晶構造のリチウムマンガン酸化物(A)と、元素組成、粒径などが異なる2種以上のリチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)とを混合して正極活物質を構成することによって、単一組成の正極活物質を用いる場合と比較して、同等の水準のエネルギー密度を維持しながらも、電池の寿命及び出力特性の面、特に、低温出力特性において顕著な上昇効果を提供する。
Li1+xMn2−yMyO4(1)
で、
であり、Mは、Al、Mg、Ni、Co、Fe、Cr、V、Ti、Cu、B、Ca、Zn、Zr、Nb、Mo、Sr、Sb、W、及びBiからなる群より選ばれる一つまたはそれ以上の元素であってもよい。
Li1+zNiaMnbCo1−(a+b)O2(2)
)、またはLi1+z1NiaMnbCo1−(a+b)O4(ここで、
、及びa+b<1)の元素組成を有することができ、前記リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)をなしている互いに異なる酸化物(B1)及び酸化物(B2)は、3〜10μmの平均粒径範囲内で、酸化物(B1)の平均粒径は酸化物(B2)の平均粒径の10〜70%の大きさを有することができる。
)及びLi1+z1NiaMnbCo1−(a+b)O4(ここで、
、及びa+b<1)から選ばれる互いに異なる組成の元素組成を有することができ、より好ましくは、リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)の中で、酸化物(B1)はLi1+zNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2(ここで、
)の元素組成を有し、酸化物(B2)はLi1+z1NiaMnbCo1−(a+b)O4(ここで、
、及びa+b<1)の元素組成を有することができる。この場合に、リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)は、誤差範囲±10%以内で、3〜10μmの平均粒径を有することができる。
前記バインダーは、活物質と導電剤などの結合及び集電体に対する結合を助ける成分であって、通常、正極活物質を含む混合物の全体重量を基準に1〜30重量%で添加される。このようなバインダーの例としては、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリビニルアルコール、カルボキシメチルセルローズ(CMC)、澱粉、ヒドロキシプロピルセルローズ、再生セルローズ、ポリビニルピロリドン、テトラフルオロエチレン、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、エチレン−プロピレン−ジエンターポリマー(EPDM)、スルホン化EPDM、スチレンブチレンゴム、フッ素ゴム、多様な共重合体などが挙げられる。
平均粒径が15μmであるLiMn2O4と、平均粒径が7.5μmであるLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2及び3μmであるLiNi0.4Mn0.3Co0.3O2の50:50混合物を、重量比50:50で混合して二次電池用正極活物質を製造した。
平均粒径が15μmであるLiMn2O4と平均粒径が8μmであるLiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2の混合物を、重量比50:50で混合して正極活物質を製造した。
平均粒径が15μmであるLiMn2O4と平均粒径が7.5μmであるLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2の混合物を、重量比50:50で混合して正極活物質を製造した。
平均粒径が7.5μmであるLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2と平均粒径が8μmであるLiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2を、重量比70:30で混合して二次電池用正極活物質を製造した。
平均粒径が15μmであるLiMn2O4と平均粒径が7.5μmであるLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2を、重量比10:90で混合して二次電池用正極活物質を製造した。
上記実施例2と比較例1乃至4からそれぞれ製造された正極活物質をリチウム二次電池に使用した時の寿命特性を測定した。
このように製造されたリチウム二次電池に対して、3〜4.2V電圧領域で充放電を行いながら寿命特性を測定し、その結果を下記の表1に示した。
平均粒径が14μmであるLiMn2O4と、平均粒径がそれぞれ7.4μm及び4.9μmである2種類のLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2の50:50混合物を、重量比50:50で混合して二次電池用正極活物質を製造した。
平均粒径が14μmであるLiMn2O4と平均粒径がそれぞれ7.4μmであるLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2を、重量比50:50で混合して二次電池用正極活物質を製造した。
上記実施例3と比較例5からそれぞれ製造された正極活物質を用いて、実験例2の方法でリチウム二次電池を作製し、このように作製されたリチウム二次電池に対して、25℃で、SOC変化による放電出力容量を測定し、その結果を下記の表3に示した。
平均粒径が14μmであるLiMn2O4と、平均粒径がそれぞれ7.4μm及び3.9μmである2種類のLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2の50:50混合物を、重量比50:50で混合して二次電池用正極活物質を製造した。
上記実施例4と比較例5からそれぞれ製造された正極活物質を用いて、実験例2の方法でリチウム二次電池を作製し、このように作製されたリチウム二次電池に対して、−30℃で、低温始動能力(Cold Cranking Power)を測定し、その結果を図2に示し、またSOC 20%の条件で、−10℃で連続放電特性(放電出力値:105W)を評価し、その結果を図3に示した。
本発明の属する分野における通常の知識を有する者であれば、上記の内容に基づいて本発明の範疇内で様々な応用及び変形を行うことが可能である。
Claims (13)
- スピネル結晶構造のリチウムマンガン酸化物(A)と、遷移金属としてNi、Mn及びCoを同時に含む2種類以上のリチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)とを含んでおり、
前記リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)は、元素組成が同一であり、粒径が互いに異なる2種類の酸化物からなり、
更に、前記リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)は、3乃至10μmの平均粒径範囲内で、第1の酸化物(B1)と第2の酸化物(B2)を有し、前記第1の酸化物(B1)の平均粒径は、前記第2の酸化物(B2)の平均粒径の10乃至70%の大きさを有し、また前記第1の酸化物(B1)と第2の酸化物(B2)による2つの異なる平均粒径の分布を持っており、
前記第1の酸化物は、3乃至4.9μmの範囲の平均粒径を有し、前記第2の酸化物は、7.4乃至9μmの範囲の平均粒径を有し、
前記リチウムマンガン酸化物(A)は、スピネル結晶構造を有し、下記化学式(1)で表される元素組成を有し、前記リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)は、下記化学式(2)で表される元素組成を有する化合物から選ばれることを特徴とする、二次電池用正極活物質。
Li1+xMn2−yMyO4(1)
Li1+zNiaMnbCo1−(a+b)O2(2)
(上記式において、0≦x≦0.2で、0≦y≦1であり、
Mは、Al、Mg、Ni、Co、Fe、Cr、V、Ti、Cu、B、Ca、Zn、Zr、Nb、Mo、Sr、Sb、W、及びBiからなる群より選ばれる一つまたはそれ以上の元素である)
(上記式において、0≦z≦0.1、0.2≦a≦0.7、0.2≦b≦0.7、及びa+b<1である) - 前記リチウムマンガン酸化物(A)とリチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)の混合比は、重量比を基準に30〜90:70〜10(A:B)の範囲であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)は、Li1+zNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2(ここで、0≦z≦0.1)、またはLi1+z1NiaMnbCo1−(a+b)O2(ここで、0≦z1≦0.1、0.4≦a≦0.7、0.2≦b≦0.4、及びa+b<1)の元素組成を有することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記活物質のエネルギー密度は、150乃至220Wh/kgであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 請求項1ないし4のいずれかに係る正極活物質を含むことを特徴とする、正極合剤。
- 請求項5に係る正極合剤が集電体上に塗布されていることを特徴とする、二次電池用正極。
- 請求項6に係る二次電池用正極を含んでいることを特徴とする、リチウム二次電池。
- 前記リチウム二次電池は、中大型デバイスの電源である電池モジュールの単位電池として用いられることを特徴とする、請求項7に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記中大型デバイスは、電気自動車、ハイブリッド電気自動車、プラグ−インハイブリッド電気自動車、または電力貯蔵用システムであることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- スピネル結晶構造のリチウムマンガン酸化物(A)と、遷移金属としてNi、Mn及びCoを同時に含む2種類以上のリチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)とを含んでおり、
前記リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)は、粒径が同一であり、元素組成が互いに異なる2種類の酸化物からなり、
前記リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)は、Li1+zNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2(ここで、0≦z≦0.1)及びLi1+z1NiaMnbCo1−(a+b)O2(ここで、0≦z1≦0.1、0.4≦a≦0.7、0.2≦b≦0.4、及びa+b<1)から選ばれる互いに異なる組成の元素組成を有することを特徴とする、二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)の中で、第1の酸化物(B1)はLi1+zNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2(ここで、0≦z≦0.1)の元素組成を有し、第2の酸化物(B2)はLi1+z1NiaMnbCo1−(a+b)O2(ここで、0≦z1≦0.1、0.4≦a≦0.7、0.2≦b≦0.4、及びa+b<1)の元素組成を有することを特徴とする、請求項10記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)は、誤差範囲±10%以内で、3乃至10μmの平均粒径を有することを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- スピネル結晶構造のリチウムマンガン酸化物(A)と、遷移金属としてNi、Mn及びCoを同時に含む2種類以上のリチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)とを含んでおり、
前記リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)は、異なった粒径の、元素組成が互いに異なる2種類の酸化物からなり、
前記リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)は、3乃至10μmの平均粒径範囲内で、第1の酸化物(B1)と第2の酸化物(B2)を有し、前記第1の酸化物(B1)の平均粒径は、前記第2の酸化物(B 2)の平均粒径の10〜70%であり、
前記リチウムマンガン酸化物(A)は、スピネル結晶構造を有し、下記化学式(1)で表される元素組成を有し、前記リチウムニッケル−マンガン−コバルト複合酸化物(B)は、下記化学式(2)で表される元素組成を有する化合物から選ばれることを特徴とする、二次電池用正極活物質。
Li1+xMn2−yMyO4(1)
Li1+zNiaMnbCo1−(a+b)O2(2)
(上記式において、0≦x≦0.2で、0≦y≦1であり、
Mは、Al、Mg、Ni、Co、Fe、Cr、V、Ti、Cu、B、Ca、Zn、Zr、Nb、Mo、Sr、Sb、W、及びBiからなる群より選ばれる一つまたはそれ以上の元素である)
(上記式において、0≦z≦0.1、0.2≦a≦0.7、0.2≦b≦0.7、及びa+b<1である)
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