JP5988974B2 - 表面埋込添加物を有する素子構成要素および関連製造方法 - Google Patents
表面埋込添加物を有する素子構成要素および関連製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001782 photodegradation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001443 photoexcitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004038 photonic crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000623 plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004999 plastisol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003880 polar aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003192 poly(bis maleimide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003223 poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000548 poly(silane) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002312 polyamide-imide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001083 polybutene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001748 polybutylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001195 polyisoprene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001470 polyketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000306 polymethylpentene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011116 polymethylpentene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000734 polysilsesquioxane polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004224 protection Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006862 quantum yield reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002059 quaternary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013557 residual solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001175 rotational moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XJKVPKYVPCWHFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Si] XJKVPKYVPCWHFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007764 slot die coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007928 solubilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005063 solubilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- FDDDEECHVMSUSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanilamide Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(S(N)(=O)=O)C=C1 FDDDEECHVMSUSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940124530 sulfonamide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- HDCLXODWDQJUOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenethallium Chemical compound [Te][Tl] HDCLXODWDQJUOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N telluride(2-) Chemical compound [Te-2] XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006029 tetra-polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCCC2=C1 CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005382 thermal cycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000904 thermoluminescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004634 thermosetting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007970 thio esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WYUZTTNXJUJWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin telluride Chemical compound [Te]=[Sn] WYUZTTNXJUJWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Sn]=S AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000765 toxin Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006163 transport media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005390 triboluminescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- AQQOUVLRCMEMHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(heptyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC AQQOUVLRCMEMHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJAPXHMQWAFWMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(hexyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC FJAPXHMQWAFWMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VMJGCUPCIRNLPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(octyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC VMJGCUPCIRNLPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003500 triclosan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoroacetic acid Substances OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004205 trifluoroethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(*)C(F)(F)F 0.000 description 1
- FLTJDUOFAQWHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl pentane Natural products CCCCC(C)(C)C FLTJDUOFAQWHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZISSAWUMDACLOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triptane Chemical compound CC(C)C(C)(C)C ZISSAWUMDACLOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HGBOYTHUEUWSSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric aldehyde Natural products CCCCC=O HGBOYTHUEUWSSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002256 xylenyl group Chemical class C1(C(C=CC=C1)C)(C)* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HWLMPLVKPZILMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc mercury(1+) selenium(2-) Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Se-2].[Hg+] HWLMPLVKPZILMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940048462 zinc phosphide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PICXIOQBANWBIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;1-oxidopyridine-2-thione Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]N1C=CC=CC1=S.[O-]N1C=CC=CC1=S PICXIOQBANWBIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
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- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/09—Use of materials for the conductive, e.g. metallic pattern
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
- G06F3/044—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means
- G06F3/0445—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means using two or more layers of sensing electrodes, e.g. using two layers of electrodes separated by a dielectric layer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
- H01L31/0481—Encapsulation of modules characterised by the composition of the encapsulation material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/05—Electrical interconnection means between PV cells inside the PV module, e.g. series connection of PV cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H01L31/055—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means where light is absorbed and re-emitted at a different wavelength by the optical element directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. by using luminescent material, fluorescent concentrators or up-conversion arrangements
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- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/0274—Optical details, e.g. printed circuits comprising integral optical means
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- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/03—Use of materials for the substrate
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- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/11—Printed elements for providing electric connections to or between printed circuits
- H05K1/115—Via connections; Lands around holes or via connections
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- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/03—Conductive materials
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- H05K2201/032—Materials
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- H05K2201/03—Conductive materials
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- H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
- H05K2201/10—Details of components or other objects attached to or integrated in a printed circuit board
- H05K2201/10613—Details of electrical connections of non-printed components, e.g. special leads
- H05K2201/10954—Other details of electrical connections
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- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Description
本願は、米国仮特許出願第61/371,688号(2010年8月7日出願)、および米国仮特許出願第61/446,926号(2011年2月25日出願)の利益を主張し、これらの出願の開示は、その全体が本明細書に参照によって援用される。
本明細書は、例えば、以下の項目も提供する。
(項目1)
太陽素子であって、
該太陽素子は、
正面カバーと、
背面カバーと、
該正面カバーと該背面カバーとの間に配置される光活性層と、
該正面カバーと該背面カバーとの間に配置され、かつ該光活性層に隣接する封止材層であって、該封止材層は、少なくとも部分的に該封止材層の中に埋め込まれる添加物を含み、該添加物は、電導性および半電導性のうちの少なくとも1つであり、該添加物は、サブナノサイズの添加物、ナノサイズの添加物、およびミクロンサイズの添加物のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、封止材層と
を含む、素子。
(項目2)
前記封止材層は、埋込表面を有し、前記添加物は、該埋込表面に隣接する埋込領域内に局所化される、項目1に記載の太陽素子。
(項目3)
前記埋込表面は、前記光活性層に面している、項目2に記載の太陽素子。
(項目4)
前記埋込領域の厚さは、前記封止材層の全体厚さよりも小さい、項目2に記載の太陽素子。
(項目5)
前記埋込領域の厚さは、前記封止材層の全体厚さの50%以下である、項目4に記載の太陽素子。
(項目6)
前記埋込領域の厚さは、前記封止材層の全体厚さの20%以下である、項目5に記載の太陽素子。
(項目7)
一組のバスバーをさらに含み、該一組のバスバーは、前記封止材層によって少なくとも部分的に被覆され、該封止材層の中に延在する、項目1に記載の太陽素子。
(項目8)
前記封止材層の中の前記添加物の装填は、電気的パーコレーション閾値を上回る、項目1に記載の太陽素子。
(項目9)
前記封止材層は、100Ω/sq以下であるシート抵抗を有する、項目1に記載の太陽素子。
(項目10)
前記シート抵抗は、15Ω/sq以下である、項目9に記載の太陽素子。
(項目11)
前記封止材層は、前記正面カバーと前記光活性層との間に配置され、該封止材層は、少なくとも85%の太陽フラックス加重透過率を有する、項目1に記載の太陽素子。
(項目12)
前記添加物は、前記光活性層と電気接触し、前記太陽素子の電極として機能する、項目1に記載の太陽素子。
(項目13)
太陽素子であって、
該太陽素子は、
一組の正面素子層と、
一組の背面素子層と、
該一組の正面素子層と該一組の背面素子層との間に配置される光活性層と
を含み、
該一組の正面素子層および該一組の背面素子層のうちの少なくとも1つは、
埋込表面を有する母材と、
添加物であって、該添加物は、該母材に少なくとも部分的に埋め込まれ、かつ該埋込表面に隣接する埋込領域内に局所化され、該埋込領域の厚さは、該母材の全体厚さ未満である、添加物と
を含む、素子。
(項目14)
前記埋込領域の厚さは、前記添加物の特徴的な寸法の5倍以下である、項目13に記載の太陽素子。
(項目15)
前記埋込領域の厚さは、前記特徴的な寸法の2倍以下である、項目14に記載の太陽素子。
(項目16)
前記添加物のうちの少なくとも1つは、前記特徴的な寸法の多くて100%の程度まで前記母材の中に埋め込まれる、項目14に記載の太陽素子。
(項目17)
前記添加物のうちの少なくとも1つは、前記特徴的な寸法の100%を上回る程度まで前記母材の中に埋め込まれるが、前記埋込表面に隣接して局所化される、項目14に記載の太陽素子。
(項目18)
前記添加物は、ナノチューブ、ナノワイヤ、およびナノ粒子のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、項目13に記載の太陽素子。
(項目19)
前記添加物は、蛍光体を含む、項目13に記載の太陽素子。
(項目20)
前記蛍光体は、入射光のスペクトルシフトを行うことにより、前記光活性層の吸収に整合するように構成される、項目19に記載の太陽素子。
(項目21)
前記蛍光体は、紫外線範囲の中の光を吸収し、可視光範囲および赤外線範囲のうちの少なくとも1つの中の光を放出するように構成される、項目19に記載の太陽素子。
(項目22)
前記蛍光体は、赤外線範囲の中の光を吸収し、可視光範囲の中の光を放出するように構成される、項目19に記載の太陽素子。
(項目23)
前記蛍光体は、紫外線範囲および可視光範囲のうちの少なくとも1つの中の光を吸収し、可視光範囲および赤外線範囲のうちの少なくとも1つの中の光を放出するように構成される、項目19に記載の太陽素子。
(項目24)
前記一組の正面素子層および前記一組の背面素子層のうちの少なくとも1つは、正面カバーおよび背面カバーのうちの1つに対応する、項目13に記載の太陽素子。
(項目25)
前記一組の正面素子層および前記一組の背面素子層のうちの少なくとも1つは、封止材層に対応する、項目13に記載の太陽素子。
(項目26)
太陽素子であって、
該太陽素子は、
太陽電池と、
該太陽電池に光学的に接続される発光性太陽集光器であって、
該発光性太陽集光器は、
正面カバーと、
背面カバーと、
該正面カバーと該背面カバーとの間に配置される中間層であって、該中間層は、蛍光体を含み、該蛍光体が該中間層に少なくとも部分的に埋め込まれ、該中間層の埋込領域内に局所化されることにより、該中間層の残りが実質的に該蛍光体を欠いており、該蛍光体は、入射太陽放射を吸収し、該太陽電池に向かって誘導される放射を放出する、中間層と
を含む、発光性太陽集光器と
を含む、素子。
(項目27)
前記正面カバーは、前記入射太陽放射に面するように構成され、前記蛍光体は、該正面カバーに隣接する前記埋込領域内に局所化される、項目26に記載の太陽素子。
(項目28)
前記蛍光体は、前記中間層の中に完全に埋め込まれるが、前記正面カバーに隣接して局所化される、項目27に記載の太陽素子。
(項目29)
前記中間層は、母材をさらに含み、該母材は、ポリマーおよびセラミックのうちの少なくとも1つを含み、前記蛍光体は、該母材の中に少なくとも部分的に埋め込まれる、項目26に記載の太陽素子。
(項目30)
前記蛍光体は、前記入射太陽放射のスペクトルシフトを行うように構成される、項目26に記載の太陽素子。
(項目31)
前記埋込領域の厚さは、前記中間層の全体厚さの40%以下である、項目26に記載の太陽素子。
(項目32)
前記埋込領域の厚さは、前記中間層の全体厚さの30%以下である、項目31に記載の太陽素子。
(項目33)
表面埋込添加物を有する素子であって、
該素子は、
第1のカバーと、
第2のカバーと、
該第1のカバーと該第2のカバーとの間に配置される中間層であって、
該中間層は、
母材と、
添加物であって、該添加物は、該母材の中に少なくとも部分的に埋め込まれ、該母材の埋込領域内に局所化され、該埋込領域の厚さは、該母材の全体厚さの50%以下である、添加物と
を含む、中間層と
を含む、素子。
(項目34)
前記埋込領域の厚さは、前記母材の全体厚さの40%以下である、項目33に記載の素子。
(項目35)
前記埋込領域の厚さは、前記母材の全体厚さの30%以下である、項目34に記載の素子。
(項目36)
前記添加物は、電導性、半電導性、光輝性、およびマルチクロミックのうちの少なくとも1つである、項目33に記載の素子。
(項目37)
前記添加物は、ナノチューブ、ナノワイヤ、およびナノ粒子のうちの少なくとも1つを含む、項目33に記載の素子。
(項目38)
前記添加物は、蛍光体を含む、項目33に記載の素子。
(項目39)
前記母材は、前記第1のカバーに隣接する第1の表面と、前記第2のカバーに隣接する反対側の第2の表面とを有し、前記添加物は、該母材の該第1の表面に隣接する前記埋込領域内に局所化される、項目33に記載の素子。
(項目40)
前記添加物および前記埋込領域は、それぞれ、第1の添加物および前記母材の第1の埋込領域に対応し、前記中間層は、第2の添加物をさらに含み、該第2の添加物は、該母材の中に少なくとも部分的に埋め込まれ、該母材の第2の埋込領域内に局所化される、項目39に記載の素子。
(項目41)
前記第1の埋込領域は、前記第2の埋込領域から離間している、項目40に記載の素子。
(項目42)
前記第2の埋込領域は、前記母材の第2の表面に隣接する、項目41に記載の素子。
(項目43)
前記添加物は、パターン化および非パターン化のうちの1つであり、前記素子は、タッチセンサである、項目33に記載の素子。
(項目44)
表面埋込添加物を有する素子構成要素であって、
該素子構成要素は、封止材を含み、
該封止材は、
母材と、
添加物であって、該添加物は、該母材の中に少なくとも部分的に埋め込まれ、該母材の埋込領域内に局所化され、該埋込領域の厚さは、該母材の全体厚さの50%以下である、添加物と
を含む、素子構成要素。
以下の定義は、本発明のいくつかの実施形態に関して説明される側面のうちのいくつかに該当する。これらの定義は、同様に、本明細書に応じて、展開されてもよい。
本明細書で説明される表面埋込素子構成要素は、活性または官能化添加物の混入を通して、所望の特性を獲得しようとする、他の考えられるアプローチとは異なる。3つの他のアプローチが図1Aから図1Cに例証され、図1Dから図1Iおよび図2Aから図2Hを参照して例証および説明される、改良型表面埋込素子構成要素と対比される。
1)いくつかの事例では、蛍光体は、理想的安定性未満を有し得る。酸化(例えば、Eu2+からEu3+)が、焼成プロセスの間、生じ得る。蛍光体は、安定であって、かつ典型的には、400℃の焼成温度と親和性があるべきである。
2)いくつかの事例では、希土類金属およびランタニドのための精製プロセスは、高価であり得る。蛍光灯では、例えば、希土類金属は、最終蛍光灯のコストの約20−40%に寄与し得る。
3)いくつかの事例では、希土類イオンは、低吸収係数を有し得る(例えば、ランタニドイオンの4f−4f遷移は、妨げられる、または減弱である)。蛍光体母材は、反射を最小限にし、吸収および光の励起担体への結合効率を最大限にすることが望ましくあり得る。2.7eVを上回るバンドギャップを伴う半導体(例えば、ZnSe2.7eV、6H−SiC3.0eV、TiO23.0−3.2eV)は、母材伝導バンドから希土類イオンの励起レベルへの高効率エネルギー伝達のために望ましい。増感剤は、領域300−500nm内において強力に吸収し、供与体に効率的に伝達することが望ましい。
4)いくつかの事例では、母材からの寄生吸収は、母材に混入される蛍光体に影響を及ぼす、損失機構であって、その程度は、層厚ならびに母材および発光性種の種類に伴って変動する。
5)いくつかの事例では、蛍光体は、環境および安全性懸念を呈し、合成の間、水または湿気と不親和性であって、かつUV放射化、劣化し得る。
6)いくつかの事例では、高Yb3+濃度のための濃度消光は、最小限にされるべきである。電荷補償によるクラスタ化の誘発およびYb3+副格子にわたるエネルギー移行を通して到達される消光中心の減少は、濃度消光問題を改善し得る。
7)いくつかの事例では、Yb3+の放出波長(例えば、980nm)は、結晶−Siのバンドギャップを上回るが、本波長における結晶−Siによって、減弱吸収を被り、より厚い結晶−Si層につながり得る。
8)いくつかの事例では、蛍光体は、太陽電池上側の透明層に混入されるべきであって、蛍光体層の屈折率、捕捉技法、およびARCが、損失を最小限にするように設計され得る。9)いくつかの事例では、発光性種によって吸収され、再放出される光は、反射によって、太陽電池に伝送され得ず、光は、上部逃散円錐内または蛍光体層の側面を通して存在する。
10)いくつかの事例では、有機染料は、比較的に高吸収係数、1に近い量子効率、および容易な処理可能性を呈するが、狭吸収バンド、小ストークスシフト、疑わしい光安定性、および有意な再吸収損失を有し得る。いくつかの事例では、希土類イオンは、低吸収係数を呈し、高価かつ環境的に危険であり得る。量子ドットは、生産が高価であって、吸収と放出バンドとの間の大きな重複のため、高再吸収損失を呈し、低量子効率を呈し得る。
11)いくつかの事例では、無機結晶内の欠陥および表面状態は、電子トラップおよび非発光性再結合中心としての機能を果たし得る。表面励起、クーロンカ損傷、温度消光、表面酸化、および他の外部電子反応は、発光性種を劣化させ得る。
本明細書に説明される表面埋込素子構成要素は、太陽素子、太陽ガラス、低鉄ガラス、スマートウィンドウ、ディスプレイ、有機発光ダイオード(または、OLED)、建築用ガラス、航空機用防風ガラス、エレクトロクロミック素子、マルチクロミック素子、ならびに他の電子および光電子素子を含む、種々の素子に組み込むことができる。
本明細書では、添加物が、多種多様の母材に耐久的に表面に埋め込まれ、母材の中へ添加物をしっかりと潜り込ませる、高度に拡張可能で迅速な低費用の方式で、表面埋込素子構成要素を形成する製造方法が開示される。
・表面との埋込流体の適合性(例えば、ヒルデブランドおよびハンセン溶解度パラメータ、誘電率、分布係数、pKa等の整合または比較)
・蒸発速度、沸点、蒸気圧、埋込流体の蒸発のエンタルピー
・表面の中への埋込流体の拡散:熱力学および動力学的配慮
・埋込流体の粘度
・埋込流体の表面張力、吸い上げ、および毛管効果・
・共沸、混和性、および他の流体との他の相互作用
(塗布条件:)
・流体表面露出の持続時間
・温度
・湿度
・塗布方法(例えば、噴霧、印刷、圧延コーティング、グラビアコーティング、スロットダイ、カップコーティング、ブレードコーティング、エアブラッシング、浸漬、浸漬コーティング等)
・表面上への添加物の衝突/運動量/速度(例えば、埋込の深度および程度に影響を及ぼしてもよい)
・母材と塗布器との間において、溶媒に印加される剪断力
・後処理条件(例えば、加熱、蒸発、流体除去、空気乾燥等)
(母材:)
・表面エネルギー
・粗度および表面積
・前処理(例えば、紫外線オゾン処理、基礎エッチング、洗浄、溶媒下塗り、加熱、硬化、真空等)
・埋込前の流体中の添加物の分散/懸濁(例えば、添加物は、物理的撹拌、化学/キャッピング安定化、立体安定化を通して溶液中に分散されたままとなることができる、または本質的に可溶化される)
・望ましくない効果(例えば、曇り、ひび割れ、白化、母材の不可逆的な破壊、不均等な湿潤、粗度等)の軽減
前述のパラメータのうちのいくつか、またはすべては、所与の母材への添加物の埋込の深度を調整するように改変または選択することができる。例えば、母材と相互作用する埋込流体の溶解力を増加させること、埋込流体・基板のハンセン溶解度パラメータに密接に整合させること、母材と接触している埋込流体の露出持続時間を延長すること、母材と接触している埋込流体の量を増加させること、システムの温度を上昇させること、母材上に衝突する添加物の運動量を増加させること、母材の中への埋込流体および添加物のいずれか一方または両方の拡散を増加させること、またはそれらの任意の組み合わせによって、母材の表面の深くへ、より高い程度の埋込を達成することができる。
以下の実施例は、当業者のための説明を例証および説明するように、本発明のいくつかの実施形態の具体的な側面を説明する。実施例は、本発明のいくつかの実施形態を理解および実践するのに有用である具体的な方法論を提供するにすぎないため、実施例は、本発明を制限するものとして解釈されるべきではない。
(表面埋込封止材層の形成)
本実施例は、太陽素子の正面表面に隣接して積層され得る、スペクトルシフト機能性を伴う、表面埋込封止材層の形成について記載する。エチレン酢酸ビニル(または、EVA)のシートに、溶媒系および蛍光体の溶液が噴霧される。ポリビニルアルコール(または、PVA)、ポリビニルブチラール(または、PVB)、または熱可塑性ポリウレタン(または、TPU)等の別の封止材材料が、EVAの代わりに、またはそれと組み合わせて、使用することができる。EVAシートは、厚さ約500μm等の厚さ約250μmから約2.5mmであることができる。一例として、溶媒系は、組み合わせにおける、テトラヒドロフランおよびジクロロメタンであることができ、蛍光体は、トリス(ジベンゾイルメタン)(フェナントロリン)ユーロピウム(III)(または、Eu(dbm)3phen)およびトリス[3−(トリフルオロメチルヒドロキシメチレン)−d−カンフォラト]ユーロピウム(III)(または、Eu(tfc)3)の一方または両方等の下方シフト種であることができる。別の溶媒または溶媒の組み合わせを使用することもでき、別の蛍光体または他の種類の添加物を、蛍光体の代わりに、またはそれと組み合わせて、使用することもできる。蛍光体は、噴霧塗布前に、溶媒系に混合される。EVAシート上に噴霧される溶液は、約500nmの深度まで、一時的に、EVAシートの上部表面を軟化または安定化させ、本軟化(衝突蛍光体の速度と組み合わせて)は、EVAシートへの蛍光体の高速表面埋込を可能にする。噴霧条件は、EVAシートから約6インチの噴霧ノズル距離、および約20ポンド/平方インチの霧化圧力において、EVAシートの平方フィート毎に、約1mlから約16mlの溶液を伴い得る。そのようにして、蛍光体は、埋込領域内に局所化され、約500nmの深度まで、EVAシートの上部表面下にしっかりと埋め込まれる。蛍光体の噴霧埋込後、溶媒系の蒸発が、迅速に進み、約5秒以内に、EVAシートを乾燥させる。次に、蛍光体が、本時点において、EVAシートの上部表面にしっかりと埋め込まれた状態において、硬化または他の好適な処理に進むことができる。噴霧埋込プロセスは、実質的に、連続ロールツーロール方式で行うことができ、EVAシートが、実質的に、連続的に巻着および解巻される。
(表面埋込封止材層の形成)
本実施例は、太陽素子内に混入され得る、表面埋込封止材層の形成について記載する。アルコール中に懸濁される銀ナノワイヤ等の形態における、添加物が、EVAシートの表面上に噴霧される。アルコールが、蒸発し、EVAシートの上部に銀ナノワイヤの表面上に堆積された層を残した後、テトラヒドロフランが、EVAシートの表面上に噴霧され、ナノワイヤを軟化させ、EVAシートに埋め込む。テトラヒドロフランの量を制御し、EVAシートの表面下に、部分的または完全に、ナノワイヤを埋め込む程度を調整することができる。結果として生じるナノワイヤ埋込EVAシートは、EVAシートの表面に隣接する接触ナノワイヤのパーコレーションのため、光散乱特性および電導性を呈することができる。本埋込プロセスは、室温および大気圧で行うことができる。ナノワイヤ埋込EVAシートは、素子組立の間、真空積層を介して、ガラスカバーおよび光活性層の一方または両方上に積層することができる。結果として生じる封止された太陽素子は、電導性封止材層を有し、正面電極に隣接する電流を収集する、または電流の収集を増大させ、ならびに斜角入射角において、太陽光のため等の光活性層に向かって、光散乱を向上させる、または別様に、それによる太陽光の吸収を誘発させる。加えて、封止材層は、向上した熱伝導性をもたらし、太陽素子にわたって、より効率的かつ均一に、熱を分布させ、より信頼性のある性能を保証する。他の種類の添加物も、銀ナノワイヤの代わりに、またはそれと組み合わせて、使用することができる。
(表面埋込封止材層の形成)
約250mgのEu(dbm)3phenが、約13mLのテトラヒドロフランと組み合わせられた。本溶液全体が、iwata Eclipse HP−CSエアブラシを使用して、19cm×27cmのMars Rock EVAシート片上に噴霧され、被覆率約0.487mg/cm2をもたらした。EVAシートは、2.1インチ×2.1インチ片に裁断された。2インチ×2インチ片のMcMaster製borofloatガラスは、Micro90洗剤で洗浄され、脱イオン水およびイソプロパノールで漱いだ後、約30分のUVオゾン処理を行った。ガラス片は、Mars Rock製結晶シリコン太陽電池に積層された。1片は、未処理EVAで積層された。他の片は、ユウロピウム蛍光体で処理されたEVAで積層された。積層は、各EVA片をガラス片と太陽電池との間に挟入した後、約99℃で0から開始した真空の印加によって、行われた。アセンブリを炉内に留置し、約74℃まで温度を降下させた。炉は、−25mmHgまで真空化され、その間、温度は、約86℃まで上昇した。アセンブリが、約20分間、真空下、炉内に置かれた。
(表面埋込構造の特性)
図11は、母材の埋込表面に対する添加物濃度の種々の構成を例証しており、非ゼロ添加物濃度は、埋込領域を表す。図11におけるプロットすべてに対して、母材は、0から10のx軸値間に閉じ込められる。コーティングが存在する場合、母材の上部に堆積され、x=−2とx=0との間に位置する。x軸は、埋込表面からの母材の深度/厚さを表す。第1のプロットは、基板全体の大部分の全体を通して混合された添加物でバルク混入された、または化合された基板のものである。その添加物濃度は、y=0.2濃度に保たれた均一な分布として描写される。第2のプロットは、類似幾何学形状を例証するが、添加物は、コーティング材料全体を通して混合される。
Claims (15)
- 太陽素子であって、
該太陽素子は、
正面カバーと、
背面カバーと、
該正面カバーと該背面カバーとの間に配置される光活性層と、
該正面カバーと該背面カバーとの間に配置され、かつ該光活性層に隣接する封止材層であって、該封止材層は、少なくとも部分的に該封止材層の中に埋め込まれる金属ナノワイヤを含む、封止材層と
を含む、太陽素子。 - 前記封止材層は、埋込表面を有し、前記金属ナノワイヤが、該埋込表面に隣接する埋込領域内に局所化されることにより、該封止材層の残りは金属ナノワイヤを欠いている、請求項1に記載の太陽素子。
- 前記埋込表面は、前記光活性層に面している、請求項2に記載の太陽素子。
- 前記埋込領域の厚さは、前記封止材層の全体厚さよりも小さい、請求項2に記載の太陽素子。
- 前記埋込領域の厚さは、前記封止材層の全体厚さの50%以下である、請求項4に記載の太陽素子。
- 前記埋込領域の厚さは、前記封止材層の全体厚さの20%以下である、請求項5に記載の太陽素子。
- 一組のバスバーをさらに含み、該一組のバスバーは、前記封止材層によって少なくとも部分的に被覆され、該封止材層の中に延在する、請求項1に記載の太陽素子。
- 前記封止材層の中の前記金属ナノワイヤの装填は、1つの金属ナノワイヤから別の金属ナノワイヤへの電荷のパーコレーションを可能にする閾値を上回る、請求項1に記載の太陽素子。
- 前記封止材層は、100Ω/sq以下であるシート抵抗を有する、請求項1に記載の太陽素子。
- 前記シート抵抗は、15Ω/sq以下である、請求項9に記載の太陽素子。
- 前記封止材層は、前記正面カバーと前記光活性層との間に配置され、該封止材層は、少なくとも85%の太陽フラックス加重透過率を有する、請求項1に記載の太陽素子。
- 前記金属ナノワイヤは、前記光活性層と電気接触し、前記太陽素子の電極として機能する、請求項1に記載の太陽素子。
- 前記金属ナノワイヤは、1nm〜100nmの範囲内の平均直径と、500nm〜50μmの範囲内の平均長さとを有する銀ナノワイヤを含む、請求項1に記載の太陽素子。
- 前記金属ナノワイヤのうちの少なくとも1つは、1nm〜50nmだけ前記封止材層から外へ延在する、請求項1に記載の太陽素子。
- 前記金属ナノワイヤは、ともに融合される金属ナノワイヤを含む、請求項1に記載の太陽素子。
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AU2011289620C1 (en) | 2014-08-21 |
US9185798B2 (en) | 2015-11-10 |
US20150014022A1 (en) | 2015-01-15 |
CA2829242A1 (en) | 2012-02-16 |
WO2012021460A9 (en) | 2012-04-05 |
WO2012021460A3 (en) | 2012-05-24 |
EP2601688A4 (en) | 2017-03-29 |
KR20130129912A (ko) | 2013-11-29 |
JP2013535843A (ja) | 2013-09-12 |
EP2601688A2 (en) | 2013-06-12 |
CN103155174B (zh) | 2017-06-23 |
US20160029482A1 (en) | 2016-01-28 |
US9713254B2 (en) | 2017-07-18 |
EP3651212A2 (en) | 2020-05-13 |
WO2012021460A2 (en) | 2012-02-16 |
US8749009B2 (en) | 2014-06-10 |
EP3651212A3 (en) | 2020-06-24 |
EP2601688B1 (en) | 2020-01-22 |
CN103155174A (zh) | 2013-06-12 |
AU2011289620A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
AU2011289620B2 (en) | 2014-02-13 |
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