JP5717653B2 - 生物医学的用途およびバイオフォトニック用途のための絹フィブロイン構造体のナノインプリンティングの方法 - Google Patents
生物医学的用途およびバイオフォトニック用途のための絹フィブロイン構造体のナノインプリンティングの方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、米国陸軍研究所および米国陸軍研究事務所により付与された契約番号第W911NF-07-1-0618号に基づき政府の支援を受けて達成された。米国政府は、本発明に対してある一定の権利を有する。
本出願は、米国特許法第119条e項の下、2009年2月12日に出願された米国特許出願第61/151,866号の優先権の恩典を主張するものである。
本発明は、絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子構造体上にナノメータースケールのフォトニックパターンを形成するためのナノインプリント法を対象とする。より具体的には、本発明は、金属コーティングを備えていてもいなくてもよい、フォトニックナノパターン形成された絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルム、ならびにそれらによって作製されたオプティカルデバイス、例えば、バイオフォトニックセンサー、オプトフルイディックデバイス、薬物送達デバイス、および絹機能化光ファイバーなどを提供する。
絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルムは、絹フィブロインを平坦なフォトニック格子上にキャストするソフトリソグラフィー技術を使用してマイクロスケールおよびナノスケールにおいてパターン形成することができる。しかしながら、このキャスティングプロセスは、12〜36時間を要し、複数のデバイスの迅速な製造には不都合な場合がある。さらに、ソフトリソグラフィーのキャスティング技術は効果的であるが、フィルムにいくつかの人為的影響、例えば、機械的な取り外しに由来する不均一な端部または乾燥プロセスに由来する、再現された特徴における過剰な深さなどを与える場合がある。
本発明は、本明細書において説明される特定の方法、プロトコール、および試薬等に限定されることなく、したがって、変動し得ることは理解されるべきである。本明細書において使用される専門用語は、特定の態様を説明するためのものであって、本発明の範囲を限定することは意図しておらず、本発明の範囲は添付の特許請求の範囲によってのみ定義される。
絹フィブロイン溶液の作製は、以前に記載されている。Perry et al., 2008;McCarthy et al., 54 J. Biomed.Mats.Res.139 (2001)を参照のこと。簡潔に言えば、Bombyx moriの繭を0.02MのNaCO3水溶液中で60分間煮沸することにより、原料フィブロインフィラメントに結合した水溶性糖タンパク質であるセリシンを絹糸から分離した。その後、残留した絹フィブロインの塊を、精製水中で十分に洗浄し、一晩乾燥させた。次いで、乾燥したフィブロインの塊を、9.3MのLiBr水溶液中において60℃で4時間溶解させた。その後、Slide-A-Lyzer(登録商標) 3.5K MWCO透析カセット(Pierce,Rockford,IL)を使用する水ベースの透析プロセスにより、LiBr塩を当該溶液から3日間かけて抽出した。残留している微粒子はすべて、遠心分離およびシリンジベースの精密ろ過(孔径5μm、Millipore Inc.,Bedford,MA)により除去した。このプロセスでは、光学用途のための、不純物が最少でかつ散乱が減じられた8%〜10%(w/v)の絹フィブロイン溶液を得ることができる。その上、当該絹フィブロイン溶液は、例えば、約30%(w/v)まで濃縮することができる。例えば、国際公開第2005/012606号を参照のこと。簡潔に言えば、低濃度の絹フィブロイン溶液を、所望の濃度を得るのに十分な期間において、吸湿性高分子、例えば、PEG、アミロース、またはセリシンなどにより透析してもよい。
本明細書において提示される絹ナノインプリント法は、絹フィブロインにより吸収された水分に応じて変わる、絹フィブロインフィルムのガラス転移温度を調節する能力を利用する。Hoagland et al., 63 J. Appl. Polymer Sci.401 (1997)を参照のこと。周囲湿度(約35%)で調製された場合、当該絹フィブロインフィルムのガラス転移温度は約100℃である。絹フィブロインフィルムが水で飽和している場合、絹フィブロインのガラス転移温度は、室温(周囲温度)まで下がり得る。
多種多様なナノパターン形成されたフォトニック絹フィルムを製造するための、本発明のナノインプリント技術の適用性を実証するために、絹フィルムインプリンティングに対していくつかの異なるマスターパターンを使用した。本明細書において使用したマスターパターンとしては、3600溝/mmホログラフィック回折格子(Edmund Optics, Inc.,,Barrington,NJ)、ならびに、周期的にまたはRudin-Shapiro(R-S)幾何学状に配置され、電子ビームリソグラフィーによってシリコン基板上に製作された700nm〜250nmの間で格子定数が変わるクロムまたはチタンのナノ粒子(直径200nmおよび高さ35nm)の配列が挙げられる。Dallapiccola et al., 16 Opt.Express 5544-55 (2008);Gopinath et al., 8 Nano Lett.2423-31 (2008)を参照のこと。マスクの領域は、0.5cm2〜1cm2の範囲である。
3次元構造のナノインプリンティングは、異なる3次元回折マイクロパターンを表示する様々なポリカーボネート回折オプティクスカード(Digital Optics Corp., Charlotte, NC; Tessera Technologies, Inc., San Jose, CA)を使用して実証した。これらの表面は、微細で高品質に投影された画像を生成するために、多重位相レベル(例えば、64の位相レベル)によってエンコードされたポリカーボネートカード上にエッチングした。図5および図6Aは、絹フィブロインフィルムにおけるインプリントされた3次元回折表面のAFM画像を示す。図6Bは、図6Aに示されているインプリントされた絹光学フィルムを通しての、He:Neレーザーの伝播による遠視野での投影画像を示している。これらの画像は、本発明において説明されたナノインプリント技術の3次元パターン形成能力を実証するものであり、絹ベースのオプティカルデバイスを実現している。
複数のパターンによるナノインプリンティングは、連続するナノインプリンティングを使用して実証した。マスターナノパターンとして、3600溝/mm回折格子を使用した。お互いに対して90°回転させた2方向に配置したマスターパターンにより、同じ絹フィブロインフィルム上において、インプリントプロセスを2回繰り返した。結果として得られた複数のナノパターンが形成された絹フィルムのAFM画像および断面寸法は、図7に示されており、単一のフィルム上に複数のパターンをインプリントする能力を実証している。複数のパターンによってフィルムにナノインプリントする能力は、本明細書において説明されるナノインプリントプロセスの大きな利点である。
金属コーティングされた絹フィブロインフィルムのナノインプリンティングは、例えば、実施例1と同様に調製された絹フィルムに適用することができる。このフィルムを、金などの金属の薄層によってコーティングする。それに続いて、本明細書において説明されたのと同じ技術によって、ナノインプリンティングを達成する。
白色光照射において、図4に示されているナノインプリントされた周期的構造は、高品質の2次元回折格子として振る舞い、明確な格子次数内において効率的に光を散乱させる。インプリントされた構造の格子定数(孔の間隔)は、異なる周波数の散乱効率を決定し、したがって表示される構造色を決定する。Gopinath et al., 2008を参照のこと。
Λは格子定数であり、λは入射光の波長であり、θincおよびθdifは、入射角および回折角(格子表面の法線に対して測定)であり、mは回折次数であり、ならびにn1およびn2は、それぞれ、絹と周囲媒質の屈折率である。図10Aは、格子および角度の定義の概略図を示している。透過光は、−7.5°≦θdif≦7.5°(NA=0.13)での実験において使用された開口数によって定義される小さな円錐の角度内において集光されるので、次数の一部のみを収集した。周囲媒体の屈折率における変化は、すべての格子次数の回折角をシフトさせ、絹構造体の構造色応答を決定する。この効果は、図10Cにおいて確認することができ、図10Cには、最初の4つの回折次数に対応する算出された散乱波長、回折角、および最大集光円錐限界が示されている。格子周期および屈折率の変化の値に応じて、2つの状況が可能であり、同じ格子次数mでは、波長の段階的な赤方シフトが観察され(図10C(a))、または連続する格子次数m+1では、結果として構造色の青方シフトが観察される(図10C(b))。屈折率における変化に起因する、散乱色において観察されるシフトは、ナノインプリントされた絹構造が、異なる屈折率の溶液に対して、構造色および比色分析センサーを設計するために好適な候補であることを示している。Boriskina et al., 2008を参照のこと。
バイオフォトニックセンシングにおける使用における絹ナノインプリンティングの有用性は、自己検知性オプトフルイディックデバイスを製作することによって実証した。そのようなデバイスを作製するために、絹フィブロイン溶液を溶解赤血球(すなわち、ヘモグロビン)でドーピングし、ガラススライド上にキャストしてフィルムを形成した。本明細書において説明された室温ナノインプリント法を使用して、ヘモグロビンでドーピングした絹フィルムに、600溝/mm格子をインプリントした。結果として得られる絹オプティクスは、インプリントされた格子を保持するために、ならびに水溶解性を排除するために、メタノールによってアニール処理した。次いで、ドーピングされインプリントされた絹格子により、マイクロ流体フローセルの片面を形成した。当該フローセルのもう一方の面は、脱イオン水で満たされたガラスカバースリップに面したポリジメチルシロキサン(PDMS)で構成した。当該フローセルの上部は、水を容易に追加できるように、開放したままにした。当該フローセルの底部に小さな開口部を作製して、セル中へのガス交換を可能にした。タングステン光源を、10×顕微鏡の対物レンズにより視準を合わせ、インプリントされた絹格子を通して、スペクトル分析のためにスペクトルノッチフィルタで較正されたLC1 CCDラインカメラ(Thorlabs, Inc.)に向けた。溶解血球を用いないで同様に調製された絹格子を、参照として使用した。
Claims (34)
- 絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルムを得る工程と、
該生体高分子フィルム上にフォトニックナノパターンを形成するために、該生体高分子フィルムのガラス転移温度より高い温度において、マスターフォトニックナノパターンを該生体高分子フィルムに押し付ける工程と、
を含む、絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルム上にフォトニックナノパターンを形成するための方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法であって、
前記マスターフォトニックナノパターンと前記ナノパターン形成された生体高分子フィルムとを分離する工程、をさらに含む、
方法。 - (a)絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルムを得る工程、
該生体高分子フィルム上に第一のナノパターンを形成するために、該生体高分子フィルムのガラス転移温度より高い温度において、第一のマスターナノパターンを該生体高分子フィルムに押し付ける工程、
該第一のマスターナノパターンと該第一のナノパターン形成された生体高分子フィルムとを分離する工程、および、
(b)該生体高分子フィルムのガラス転移温度より高い温度において、第二のマスターナノパターンを、工程(a)により形成された、前記ナノパターン形成された生体高分子フィルムに押し付け、それによって該生体高分子フィルム上に第二のナノパターンを形成する工程、
該第二のマスターナノパターンと該ナノパターン形成された生体高分子フィルムとを分離する工程、
を含む、複数のナノパターンを含むフォトニック絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルムを形成するための方法。 - 請求項3に記載の方法であって、
複数のナノパターンが形成された望ましい生体高分子フィルムが達成されるまで前記工程(b)を繰り返す工程、をさらに含む、
方法。 - 絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルムを金属層でコーティングする工程をさらに含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 工程(a)および(b)における第一および第二のマスターナノパターンが、同じであり、かつ異なる方向において適用される、請求項2または請求項3に記載の方法。
- 工程(a)および(b)における第一のマスターナノパターンおよび第二のマスターナノパターンが異なる、請求項2または請求項3に記載の方法。
- マスターナノパターンが、周期的フォトニック格子、非周期的フォトニック格子、またはそれらの組み合わせを含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- マスターフォトニックナノパターンが、レンズ、マイクロレンズアレイ、および光学格子、パターン発生器、ビームリシェーパー、ならびにそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つのためのテンプレートである、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルムの水分が35%より高く、そのため、ガラス転移温度が、境界値を含めて20℃〜100℃の範囲の温度に達する、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルムが水で飽和しており、それによって、前記押し付ける工程を20℃において実施することができる、請求項10記載の方法。
- 押し付ける圧力が、50psi以下である、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記押し付ける工程が、境界値を含めて1秒間〜5秒間適用される、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 水アニール処理(water annealing)およびメタノール処理からなる群より選択される後処理工程をさらに含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- その上にフォトニックナノパターンを有する、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法により製作された絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルム。
- フォトニックナノパターンが、50nm以下の最小寸法を備える少なくとも1つの特徴を有する、請求項15記載の絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルム。
- フォトニックナノパターンが、20nm以下の最小寸法を備える少なくとも1つの特徴を有する、請求項15記載の絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルム。
- フォトニックナノパターンが、3次元である、請求項15記載の絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルム。
- マスターナノパターンが、レンズ、マイクロレンズアレイ、および光学格子、パターン発生器、ビームリシェーパー、ならびにそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つのためのテンプレートである、請求項15記載の絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルム。
- 1種類以上の活性物質が、絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルム中に包埋されているか、絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルム上に固定されている、請求項15記載の絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルム。
- 活性物質が、細胞、タンパク質、核酸、抗生物質、抗体、酵素、またはそれらの組み合わせである、請求項15記載の絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルム。
- 請求項15〜21のいずれか1項に記載のフォトニックナノパターン形成された絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子フィルムを含むオプティカルデバイス。
- バイオフォトニックセンサーである、請求項22記載のオプティカルデバイス。
- オプトフルイディックデバイスである、請求項22記載のオプティカルデバイス。
- 光ファイバーの端面上に絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子マトリックスを堆積させる工程と、
該生体高分子マトリックス上にフォトニックナノパターンを形成するために、該生体高分子マトリックスのガラス転移温度より高い温度において、フォトニックマスターナノパターンを該光ファイバーの生体高分子マトリックス端部に押し付ける工程と、
ナノパターン形成された該生体高分子マトリックスと該マスターナノパターンとを分離する工程であって、それによって、該光ファイバーの端面上に、ナノパターン形成された絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子マトリックスを形成する、工程と
を含む、光ファイバーを機能化する方法。 - 生体高分子マトリックスを金属層でコーティングする工程をさらに含む、請求項25記載の方法。
- 生体高分子マトリックスのガラス転移温度より高い温度において、第二のマスターナノパターンを前記ナノパターン形成された生体高分子マトリックスに押し付け、それによって、該生体高分子マトリックス上に第二のナノパターンを形成する工程と
該ナノパターン形成された生体高分子フィルムと該第二のマスターナノパターンとを分離する工程と、
をさらに含む、請求項25または26記載の方法。 - マスターナノパターンが、レンズ、マイクロレンズアレイ、および光学格子、パターン発生器、ビームリシェーパー、またはそれらの組み合わせのためのテンプレートである、請求項25または26記載の方法。
- 1種類以上の活性物質が、絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子マトリックス中に包埋されるか、絹フィブロインベースの生体高分子マトリックス上に固定される、請求項25〜28のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 請求項29記載の方法により製作された、機能化された光ファイバーを含む、薬物送達デバイス。
- 活性物質が、光活性剤によってコーティングされており、光を光ファイバーの端部に向けることによって該光活性剤を活性化させ、それにより該活性物質が放出される、請求項30記載の薬物送達デバイス。
- インビボでの活性物質の送達のための、請求項30または31記載の薬物送達デバイス。
- 活性物質が、細胞、タンパク質、核酸、抗生物質、抗体、または酵素のうちの少なくとも1つである、請求項32記載の薬物送達デバイス。
- 請求項25または26に記載の方法であって、
複数のナノパターンが形成された生体高分子マトリックスが達成されるまで、第二のマスターナノパターンまたは異なるマスターナノパターンを押し付ける工程および分離する工程を繰り返す工程、をさらに含む、
方法。
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