JP5624470B2 - ヒト末梢血微小胞におけるmiRNAの発現およびその使用 - Google Patents
ヒト末梢血微小胞におけるmiRNAの発現およびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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Description
優先権の主張、および連邦政府による資金提供を受けた研究開発に関する記載
本出願は、2007年9月14日に提出された米国仮特許出願60/993,809号、および2008年5月22日に提出された61/055,178号に対する優先権を主張し、これら文献を本明細書において参照としてすべて援用する。本発明は政府のいかなる援助も受けておらず、したがって政府は本発明における権利を有するものではない。
1つの側面において、微小胞内に存在し、そして/または組織、体液、および/もしくは細胞において具体的なmiRの発現レベルが変化している、具体的なmiRを同定するための方法を提供する。
もう1つの側面において、肺線維症に罹っている患者の肺組織中のmiRの存在を決定する。
特定の態様において診断または予後診断される障害は、炎症反応を引き起こすものである。
1つの特定の方法において、表I−VIに見出せる群の1つまたはそれより多くより選択される、少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産生物の発現を阻害するための化合物の有効量を、被験者に投与する。
1つの態様において本発明は、miR遺伝子産生物の過剰発現と関連する癌、および/またはmiR遺伝子産生物の過剰発現と関連する肺の障害を治療するための、医薬組成物である。そのような医薬組成物は、少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産生物の有効量、および医薬的に受容可能な担体を包含し、その場合少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産生物が結合して、そのmiR遺伝子産生物の発現を低減させる。もう1つの態様において、少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産生物は、そのmiR遺伝子産生物の核酸配列と相補的である核酸配列を包含する。まだもう1つの態様において、少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産生物は、miR、またはそのバリアントもしくは生物学的に活性なそのフラグメントである。なおもう1つの態様において、医薬組成物はさらに少なくとも1つの抗癌薬を包含する。
本明細書において互換的に使用される場合、“miR遺伝子産生物”、“マイクロRNA”、“miR”、“miR(斜体)”、または“miRNA”は、プロセシングされていないまたはプロセシングされたmiR遺伝子からのRNA転写物をいう。miR遺伝子産生物はタンパク質に翻訳されないため、“miR遺伝子産生物”という用語はタンパク質を含まない。プロセシングされていないmiR遺伝子転写物はまた、“miR前駆体”とも呼ばれ、典型的には約70−100ヌクレオチド長のRNA転写物を包含する。miR前駆体は、リボヌクレアーゼ(例えばダイサー、アルゴノート、RNAseIII(例えば大腸菌RNAse III))により活性な19−25ヌクレオチドRNA分子に消化されることにより、プロセシングされ得る。この活性な19−25ヌクレオチドRNA分子はまた、“プロセシングされた”miR遺伝子転写物、または“成熟”miRNAとも呼ばれる。
当該方法は、被験者由来サンプル中の少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産生物のレベルを決定し、そしてサンプル中のmiR遺伝子産生物のレベルをコントロールと比較することを包含する。本明細書において使用する場合、“被験者”は、そのような障害を有する、または有すると疑われるあらゆる哺乳類であることができる。好ましい態様において、被験者は、そのような障害を有する、または有すると疑われるヒトである。
もう1つの態様において、サンプルは被験者から採取することができ、そしてDNAは標準的な技術により抽出および単離することができる。例えばある種の態様において、サンプルは、放射線療法、化学療法、またはその他の治療処置の開始前に、被験者から入手することができる。対応するコントロールサンプル、またはコントロールリファレンスサンプル(例えばコントロールサンプルの母集団から得たもの)は、被験者の障害を受けていないサンプルから、正常なヒト個体もしくは正常な個体集団から、または被験者のサンプル中の大半の細胞に対応する培養細胞から得ることができる。その後、コントロールサンプルは被験者由来サンプルと共に処理することができ、その結果被験者のサンプル由来細胞中の所定のmiR遺伝子から産生されるmiR遺伝子産生物のレベルを、コントロールサンプルの細胞由来の対応するmiR遺伝子産生物のレベルと比較することができる。あるいはリファレンスサンプルを、検査サンプルとは別に(例えば別の時に)入手して処理することもでき、検査サンプル由来細胞中の所定のmiR遺伝子から産生されるmiR遺伝子産生物のレベルを、リファレンスサンプル由来の対応するmiR遺伝子産生物のレベルと比較することができる。
本発明はまた、被験者が有害な予後を伴う特定の障害を有するか、または発症するリスクがあるかどうかを診断する方法を提供する。本方法において、特定の障害の有害な予後と関連する少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産生物のレベルは、被験者から得た検査サンプル由来のRNAを逆転写して、ひと組の標的オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドを提供することにより測定する。次にこの標的オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドを、1つまたはそれより多くのmiRNA−特異的プローブオリゴヌクレオチド(例えばmiRNA−特異的プローブオリゴヌクレオチドを包含するマイクロアレイ)とハイブリダイズさせて、検査サンプルに関するハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルを提供し、そして検査サンプルハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルを、コントロールサンプルから作成されたハイブリダイゼーションプロファイルと比較する。コントロールサンプルと相対しての検査サンプル中の少なくとも1つのmiRNAのシグナルの変化が、被験者が有害な予後を伴う特定の障害を有する、または発症するリスクがあることを示す。
本明細書のデータは、活性化された単核食細胞およびTHP−1細胞が、新たに単離された単球の生存および分化を誘導する微小胞を放出することを示す。理論に拘束されることは望まないが、発見者らは本明細書において、特定の炎症性疾患のもとでは微小胞の含有量が変化して急速に反応を誘導するのではないかと考えている。データはまた、微小胞がヒト末梢血内を循環することを示す。循環血液中の微小胞は、正常な細胞の恒常性を制御し、組織の傷害および炎症の間には遠位の細胞への指示を循環する。
同様にPMA処理したTHP1細胞もまた、分化の間に微小胞を分泌した(データは示していない)。特に図1は、分化がマクロファージからの微小胞の放出を誘導したことを示す。末梢血単球(PBM)は未処理のまま(淡黒点)、またはGM−CSFで24時間処理(黒点)した。細胞を含まない上清を集め、超遠心した。小胞をPBS中に再懸濁し、フローサイトメトリーでサイズについて解析した。解析の前に、FSSおよびSSCのパラメータを、2μmスタンダードビーズを使用して調整した(示していない)。3名の異なるドナーからの代表的なデータを示す。
発見者らはまた、正常なボランティアの末梢血中の循環する微小胞およびmiRNAについても評価した。サイズに基づいて、発見者らは循環血液中の微小胞の3つの亜集団を発見した(図3A)。マクロファージ由来微小胞は、マンノース受容体(CD206)およびMHC IIを検出する抗体を使用して検出した(図3B)。血漿中の全微小胞のおよそ40%(ゲート領域)が、CD206またはMHCIIのいずれかの発現に基づき、マクロファージに由来する(図3C)。
微小胞は、正常な健康な固体の血漿から単離する。微小胞およびマッチする単核細胞の双方からRNAを単離し、リアルタイムPCRにより420の公知の成熟miRNAについてプロファイリングする。データセットの階層的クラスター解析は、末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)および血漿微小胞間のmiRNA発現における有意差を示した。
近年のエビデンスは、細胞間のmRNAおよびmiRNAの遺伝子交換が、エキソームを介しての伝達を通して達成される可能性があることを明らかにしている(PMID:17486113)。微小胞は、正常な健常な細胞タイプ、または損傷された細胞タイプにより放出されるエンドサイトーシス由来の小さなエキソソーム/小胞である(PMID: 17337785, PMID: 17409393, PMID: 16791265)。微小胞は細胞膜から細胞外環境に排出されて、細胞間の情報交換を促進する。これらの小さなサイズ(50nmから1μm)にもかかわらず、微小胞は生理活性分子内に濃縮され、核酸および/またはタンパク質を含有すると予想されている:これらの細胞粒子は、成長、分化、および癌の進行に一役を担う(PMID: 16453000)。末梢血において、2/3の微小胞は血小板に由来する。血小板由来微小胞は、血管新生および癌、例えば肺癌の転移拡大に一役を担う(PMID: 15499615)。血小板由来微小胞は、造血細胞、内皮細胞、および単核球細胞における遺伝子発現を制御することで免疫反応を誘導する(PMID: 17378242, PMID: 17127485)。
血液の採集および微小胞の単離。末梢血(40cc)は、インフォームドコンセント後24名女性および27名男性の健康な非喫煙白人ドナーから、EDTA試験管に採集した。血液の採集は、午前中および午後の早い時間のいずれかに行った。女性ドナー、ならびに男性ドナーの年齢の中央値は29歳であった。末梢血は無菌低エンドトキシンPBSで1:1希釈し、以前に記載されている(PMID: 16931806)ようにficoll-hypaque (d=1.077)上で層化し、遠心した。単核細胞画分はPBS中で1回洗浄した。微小胞は血漿から精製した。手短には小胞を160,000×g、1時間、4℃の遠心により濃縮した(PMID: 10648405)。
末梢血微小胞の亜集団
最初に、正常な健康な被験者の末梢血中の微小胞の由来細胞を検討した。フローサイトメトリーを使用して、以前に報告された(PMID: 10648405)ように末梢血微小胞の大半が血小板由来であることを発見した(図4)。
miRNAが、末梢血中の微小胞内コンパートメントに含有されていて、体内の異なる組織間の情報伝達を可能にし、遺伝子の変化に影響を及ぼすかどうかを検査するため、精製した血漿由来微小胞に関するmiRNAプロファイリングを行った。27名男性および24名女性を包含する51名の非喫煙の健康な個体に由来する微小胞のすべての亜集団について解析した。微小胞およびPBMC間でmiRNAの発現に違いがあるかどうかを決定するため、各ドナー由来PBMCもまた精製した。リアルタイムPCR解析を行って、420のmiRNAの発現について検討した。フィルタリングしたデータに、PBMCおよび血漿サンプル間のmiRNA発現プロファイルを比較する階層的クラスター解析を行った(図5A)。
いずれかのサンプル群からのmiRNA発現において、年齢および/または性別の効果は観察できなかった。特に、女性および男性双方のドナーの年齢の中央値は29歳であった。最も高年齢の個体は58歳であり、最も若年齢は21歳であった。したがって差異を検討するためさらにデータを層別化した。年齢のマッチしたサンプル間の検討でも、PBMCおよび微小胞サンプル間でmiRNA発現にいかなる有意な効果も明らかにされなかった。性別をコントロールして、我々はまた年齢の上位四分位点を年齢の下位四分位点と比較した。すなわち各群の平均年齢は各々48.9±6.2歳および21.9±1.2歳であった。しかし年齢に基づいてのサンプルセット間で、miRNA発現に有意差を検出することはできなかった(データは示していない)。
表III、図8に、すべての個体に由来する血漿微小胞およびPBMCにおいて、最も高発現の10のmiRNAを示す。血漿に関する最も高発現の10のmiRNAは、高い方から順にmiR−223、−484、−191、−146a、−016、−026a、−222、−024、−126、および−32である。一方PBMCにおいては、miR−223、−150、−146b、−016、−484、−146a、−191、−026a、−019b、および−020aが高く発現されていた。微小胞における最も高発現の10のmiRNAは、100%の個体で検出された。しかしPBMCサンプルでは、miR−150(98%のドナー)およびmiR−484(89%のドナー)を除くすべてが100%の個体で観察された。
考察
これらの実施例において、発見者らは今回、末梢血中の正常な恒常的状態下でmiRが微小胞内にて循環することを示す。本明細書において、104のmiRが血漿微小胞内で発現され、そしてmiRの発現はPBMCとは有意に異なっていたことを示す。今日までに多数の研究が、多くの細胞の機能を制御するmiRの能力を示している。しかしながらこれらの研究はほとんど、miRがそのホスト細胞内にとどまって効果を及ぼすことを意味している(PMID: 17923084)。我々のデータは、微小胞内に含有されたmiRNAが、細胞の恒常性を制御するための遠位の細胞への情報伝達シグナルであると思われることを示すものである。
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Claims (7)
- 被験者における前立腺癌の診断または予後診断を補助するために、被験者に由来するサンプルを分析する方法であって、以下:
i)被験者の末梢血から単離した微小胞内の、少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産物のレベルを決定する;そして
ii)当該少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産物のレベルをコントロールと比較する、ここで、コントロールのレベルと比較しての、当該少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産物のレベルの増加が前立腺癌の診断または予後診断を補助するための指標である、
を含み、
ここで、miR−21ならびに以下のmiR:miR−15a、miR−16−1、miR−143およびmiR−145の少なくとも1つのレベルを決定する、前記方法。 - 前立腺癌のためのバイオマーカーとしての単離微小胞の使用であって、当該バイオマーカーは、前立腺癌を有する被験者の末梢血中の微小胞から単離され、
少なくとも以下のmiR:miR−21が、単離微小胞内で、コントロール被験者と比較してアップレギュレートされ、そして少なくとも以下のmiR:miR−15a、miR−16−1、miR−143およびmiR−145が、単離微小胞内で、コントロール被験者と比較してダウンレギュレートされる、前記使用。 - コントロールが以下から成る群:
i)リファレンススタンダード;
ii)前立腺癌を有していない被験者由来の単離微小胞内の当該少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産物のレベル;および
iii)前立腺癌を提示していない被験者サンプル由来の単離微小胞内の当該少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産物のレベル
より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 被験者に由来するサンプルが、血漿を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 当該少なくとも1つのmiR遺伝子産物のレベルが、RT−PCR、ノーザンブロット解析、液相ハイブリダイゼーション法、および/またはマイクロアレイ解析によって測定される、請求項1または4に記載の方法。
- 微小胞が、遠心により単離したものである、請求項1、4または5に記載の方法。
- miR−21が、単離微小胞内で、コントロール被験者と比較してアップレギュレートされ;そして以下のmiR:miR−15a、miR−16−1、miR−143およびmiR−145の少なくとも1つが、単離微小胞内で、コントロール被験者と比較してダウンレギュレートされる、請求項1、4、5または6に記載の方法。
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Cited By (6)
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US10246747B2 (en) | 2011-04-18 | 2019-04-02 | Diamir, Llc | Methods of using miRNA from bodily fluids for early detection and monitoring of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) |
US10472681B2 (en) | 2011-04-18 | 2019-11-12 | Diamir, Llc | miRNA-based universal screening test (UST) |
US11098362B2 (en) | 2013-11-18 | 2021-08-24 | Diamir, Llc | Methods of using miRNAs from bodily fluids for detection and monitoring of Parkinson's disease (PD) |
US10975436B2 (en) | 2016-01-05 | 2021-04-13 | Diamir, Llc | Methods of using miRNA from bodily fluids for diagnosis and monitoring of neurodevelopmental disorders |
US11149313B2 (en) | 2016-03-21 | 2021-10-19 | Diamir, Llc | Methods of using miRNAs from bodily fluids for detection and differentiation of neurodegenerative diseases |
US10781487B2 (en) | 2017-07-24 | 2020-09-22 | Diamir, Llc | miRNA-based methods for detecting and monitoring aging |
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IL236831A0 (en) | 2015-03-31 |
ES2419129T3 (es) | 2013-08-19 |
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US20100279292A1 (en) | 2010-11-04 |
WO2009036236A1 (en) | 2009-03-19 |
JP2010538653A (ja) | 2010-12-16 |
US20170009306A1 (en) | 2017-01-12 |
CN101842484B (zh) | 2015-07-29 |
EP2190992A4 (en) | 2011-02-23 |
EP2190992A1 (en) | 2010-06-02 |
EP2610342A1 (en) | 2013-07-03 |
CN101842484A (zh) | 2010-09-22 |
CN104975089A (zh) | 2015-10-14 |
AU2008298744B8 (en) | 2015-01-15 |
CA2699646A1 (en) | 2009-03-19 |
IL204484A (en) | 2015-02-26 |
US20130316925A1 (en) | 2013-11-28 |
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