JP3912377B2 - 排ガス浄化用触媒粉末の製造方法 - Google Patents
排ガス浄化用触媒粉末の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP3912377B2 JP3912377B2 JP2003430713A JP2003430713A JP3912377B2 JP 3912377 B2 JP3912377 B2 JP 3912377B2 JP 2003430713 A JP2003430713 A JP 2003430713A JP 2003430713 A JP2003430713 A JP 2003430713A JP 3912377 B2 JP3912377 B2 JP 3912377B2
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- noble metal
- fine particles
- porous oxide
- transition metal
- exhaust gas
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- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 49
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- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- CLBRCZAHAHECKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co].[Pt] Chemical compound [Co].[Pt] CLBRCZAHAHECKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JLRJWBUSTKIQQH-UHFFFAOYSA-K lanthanum(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [La+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O JLRJWBUSTKIQQH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- CLSUSRZJUQMOHH-UHFFFAOYSA-L platinum dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Pt]Cl CLSUSRZJUQMOHH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/20—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state
- B01J35/23—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state in a colloidal state
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/60—Platinum group metals with zinc, cadmium or mercury
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/64—Platinum group metals with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/656—Manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/6562—Manganese
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
- B01J35/45—Nanoparticles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0201—Impregnation
- B01J37/0211—Impregnation using a colloidal suspension
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/024—Multiple impregnation or coating
- B01J37/0248—Coatings comprising impregnated particles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
Description
本発明に係る排ガス浄化用触媒粉末の実施の形態について説明する。本実施の形態に係る排ガス浄化用触媒粉末は、貴金属Aと遷移金属Bと多孔体酸化物Cとを有し、遷移金属Bと多孔体酸化物Cはその接触部分でのみ複合体Dを形成し、貴金属Aは複合体D上にのみ存在して複合体Dに被覆されずに露出し、遷移金属Bはコバルトであることを特徴とする。
また、貴金属Aと遷移金属Bとを混合して微粒子とし、この微粒子を多孔体酸化物Cに担持させた場合に、貴金属Aの平均粒子径が0.5[nm]〜20[nm]であることが好ましい。平均粒子径が0.5[nm]より小さい場合には、表面エネルギーが高く、アンカーだけでは凝集が抑えられない。一方、平均粒子径が20[nm]より大きい場合には、触媒活性が低下する。このため、多孔体酸化物Cに担持した後の貴金属Aの粒子径は、0.5[nm]〜20[nm]、好適には3[nm]〜8[nm]である場合に、表面エネルギーと触媒活性のバランスが保たれ、加温した場合でも凝集しにくく耐久性を維持することができる。
次に、本発明に係る排ガス浄化用触媒粉末の製造方法の実施の形態について説明する。この排ガス浄化用触媒粉末の製造方法は、貴金属Aと遷移金属Bとを混合して平均粒子径が0.1[nm]〜100[nm]の微粒子を形成する工程と、多孔体酸化物Cに微粒子を担持させる工程と、を有し、前記遷移金属Bはコバルトであることを要旨とする。
次に、本発明に係る排ガス浄化触媒の実施の形態について説明する。本実施の形態に係る排ガス浄化触媒は、上記した排ガス浄化用触媒粉末を基材に担持したことを特徴とする。なお、貴金属A量が、排ガス浄化触媒容量1[L]当たり0.7[g]以下であることが好ましい。従来のように、排ガス浄化用触媒1[L]あたり貴金属A単独で0.7[g]以下である場合には貴金属Aが凝集するため充分な触媒活性が得られないが、上述したように、貴金属Aと遷移金属化合物Bとが接触した状態にある場合には、アンカー効果により凝集が起きないため充分な触媒活性を得ることができる。
(実施例1)
まず、水:エタノール=1:1の混合分散溶液中に、ポリビニルピロリドン55[mmol]、ジニトロジアミン白金1.54[mmol]、硝酸コバルト7.7[mmol]を投入し攪拌した。次に、これにヒドラジンを加えて還元し、平均粒子径3.2[nm]の白金−コバルト混合微粒子分散液を得た。これに比表面積200[m2/g]、平均細孔径20[nm]のアルミナ100[g]を投入して攪拌し、120[℃]で一昼夜乾燥した。その後、400[℃]で1[時間]焼成して触媒粉末を得た。
エチレングリコール中に、ポリビニルピロリドン55[mmol]、ジニトロジアミン白金1.54[mmol]を投入し、攪拌しながらpH=10となるようにNaOHを滴下し、160[℃]で3[時間]加熱して平均粒子径2.3[nm]の白金微粒子を得た。次に、得られた白金微粒子をメンブランフィルターで洗浄し、これを水:エチレングリコール:エタノール=1:1:1の溶液中に投入し、2[時間]水素ガスをバブリングし、白金表面に水素ガスを吸着させた。この後、硝酸コバルトを投入して、5[時間]攪拌し、コバルト被覆白金微粒子を得た。得られた微粒子の平均粒子径は3.4[nm]であった。この溶液中に比表面積200[m2/g]、平均細孔径20[nm]のアルミナ100[g]を投入し、攪拌して120[℃]で一昼夜乾燥した。その後400[℃]で1[時間]焼成して触媒粉末を得た。
実施例1で得られた粉末に酢酸セリウム、酢酸ランタン、酢酸ジルコニウムを粉末に対し酸化物換算でそれぞれ、8.5[wt%]、5.5[wt%]、6[wt%]となるように含浸し、120[℃]で一昼夜乾燥、400[℃]で1[時間]焼成した。これを粉末Aとした。次に、比表面積200[m2/g]、平均細孔径20[nm]のアルミナ100[g]に酢酸ジルコニウムをアルミナに対し酸化物換算で5[wt%]となるように含浸し、120[℃]で一昼夜乾燥、900[℃]で4[時間]焼成した。これに、0.3[wt%]となるように硝酸ロジウムを含浸し、120[℃]で一昼夜乾燥、400[℃]で1[時間]乾燥した。これを粉末Bとした。粉末Aを175[g]、粉末Bを62.5[g]、アルミナゾル12.5[g]、水230[g]、硝酸20[g]を磁性ボールミルに投入後混合粉砕し、触媒スラリを得た。得られた触媒スラリをコージェライト質モノリス担体(0.119[L]、400セル)に付着させ、空気流にてセル内の余剰のスラリを取り除いて120[℃]で乾燥した後、400[℃]で1[時間]焼成し、コート層200.0[g/L]の触媒粉末を得た。
実施例2で得られた粉末を使って粉末Aとした以外は、実施例3と同様に処理を行った。
比表面積200[m2/g]、平均細孔径20[nm]のアルミナ100[g]にジニトロジアミン白金を0.6[wt%]となるように担持し、120[℃]で一昼夜乾燥した後、400[℃]で1[時間]焼成した。比表面積200[m2/g]、平均細孔径20[nm]のアルミナ100[g]に硝酸コバルトを3[wt%]となるように担持し、120[℃]で一昼夜乾燥した後、400[℃]で1[時間]焼成した。各粉末を同量とって混合粉末Aとした以外は実施例3と同様に処理を行った。
触媒粉末の耐久試験は、得られた触媒粉末を酸素雰囲気下、700[℃]で1[時間]焼成することにより行った。
貴金属分散度の測定には、日本ベル株式会社製 金属分散度測定装置BEL−METAL−3を用い、以下の手順に従った測定した。試料は、He100[%]ガス気流中にて、10[℃/min]で400[℃]まで昇温し、次に、400[℃]、O2100[%]ガス気流中にて、15分間酸化処理を行った。そして、He100[%]ガスにて5分間パージし、400[℃]、H240[%]/Heバランスガス気流中にて15分間還元処理を行った。次に、He100[%]ガス気流中にて50[℃]まで降温した。そして、CO10[%]/Heバランスガスをパルス的に流入させて、以下に示す式に従い、CO吸着量から貴金属分散度を求めた。
分散度(%)=(100×担持金属原子量×単位吸着量)/
(22414×化学量論比×担持金属含有率)
*単位吸着量[cm3/g] = 総吸着量 / 試料重量
<貴金属A及び遷移金属Bの粒子径測定>
上記試料調製によって得られた排ガス浄化触媒の触媒層を掻き落し、TEM−EDX測定にて評価を実施した。測定には日立製作所製 HF−2000を用い、加速電圧を200[kV]、切削条件は常温にて行った。測定方法は、触媒粉末をエポキシ樹脂にて包理処理し、エポキシ樹脂が硬化した後、ウルトラミクロトームにより超薄切片を作成した。その切片を用いて、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)により各種結晶粒の分散状態を調べた。得られた映像の中で、コントラスト(影)の部分に焦点を充て、金属種を限定し、その金属の粒子径(Ar及びBr)を測定した。
試料の元素定性、定量、状態分析を、X線光電子分光法(XPS)を用いて行った。装置はPHI製複合型表面分析装置ESCA5600を用い、X線源はAl−Kα線(1486.6[eV]、300[W])、光電子取り出し角度は45[°](測定深さ4[nm])、測定エリア2[mm]×0.8[mm]、の条件にて、試料をインジウム箔上に固定して測定を行った。また、測定の際、XPS装置に付属している前処理チャンバー内に、排気ガス組成の一つである水素(水素0.2[%]/窒素)を400[℃]×10[分]さらしたのち、XPS測定を実施した。
2 複合体
3 多孔体酸化物
Claims (1)
- 貴金属Aと遷移金属Bとを混合して平均粒子径が0.1[nm]〜100[nm]の微粒子を形成する工程と、
多孔体酸化物Cに前記微粒子を担持させる工程と、を有し、
前記遷移金属Bはコバルトであり、
前記微粒子は、前記貴金属Aの周囲を前記遷移金属Bが被覆した状態であり、
前記多孔体酸化物Cに前記微粒子を担持させる工程において、前記遷移金属Bが前記多孔体酸化物Cと複合体Dを形成し、
前記微粒子は、周囲を有機系保護剤で保護された状態で分散媒中に分散しているコロイド粒子であり、
前記多孔体酸化物Cに前記微粒子を担持させる工程は、前記分散媒中に前記多孔体酸化物Cを投入することにより、前記分散媒中にて前記コロイド粒子を前記多孔体酸化物Cに担持させることを特徴とする排ガス浄化用触媒粉末の製造方法。
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