JP2020037585A - 核内輸送調節因子およびその使用 - Google Patents
核内輸送調節因子およびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2020037585A JP2020037585A JP2019206852A JP2019206852A JP2020037585A JP 2020037585 A JP2020037585 A JP 2020037585A JP 2019206852 A JP2019206852 A JP 2019206852A JP 2019206852 A JP2019206852 A JP 2019206852A JP 2020037585 A JP2020037585 A JP 2020037585A
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- alkylene
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2012年5月9日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/644,802号明細書、および2013年3月15日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/798,188号明細書の優先権を主張する。上記出願の教示全体は、参照によって本明細書に援用される。
〔1〕式I:
(式中、
R1は、水素およびC1〜C4アルキルから選択され;
R2は、OおよびSから選択され;
R3は、−N(R4)−(C3〜C6シクロアルキル)、−C1〜C6アルキル、−(C0〜C4アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリル、および−(C0〜C4アルキレン)−ヘテロアリールから選択され(式中、R3のあらゆるアルキル、アルキレン、ヘテロシクリル、およびヘテロアリール部分は、任意選択的に独立して置換される);
R4は、水素およびC1〜C4アルキルから選択される)、
またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩、
〔2〕R1が、水素およびメチルから選択される、〔1〕に記載の化合物、
〔3〕R1が、水素である、〔2〕に記載の化合物、
〔4〕R2がOである、〔1〕〜〔3〕のいずれか一に記載の化合物、
〔5〕R4が水素である、〔1〕〜〔4〕のいずれか一に記載の化合物、
〔6〕R3が、−N(R4)−(C3〜C6シクロアルキル)、−C3〜C6アルキル、−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリル、および−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロアリールから選択され:
R3のあらゆるアルキルまたはアルキレン部分が、任意選択的に、独立して、オキソおよび−N(R5)2からなる群から選択される、1つまたは複数の置換基で置換され、式中、各R5は水素およびC1〜C4アルキル、から独立して選択され;
R3のあらゆるヘテロシクリル部分が、環内に少なくとも1つの窒素原子を含んでなり、任意選択的に、C1〜C4アルキルおよびオキソからなる群から選択される1つまたは複数の置換基で置換され;
R3のあらゆるヘテロアリール部分が、環内に少なくとも1つの窒素原子を含んでなり、任意選択的に、1つまたは複数のC1〜C4アルキルで置換される、
〔1〕〜〔5〕のいずれか一に記載の化合物、
〔7〕R3が、−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリルである、〔6〕に記載の化合物、
〔8〕R3が、−(C1アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリルである、〔7〕に記載の化合物、
〔9〕前記ヘテロシクリルが、ピラジニル、ピペリジニル、モルホリニル、およびピラゾリルから選択される、〔7〕または〔8〕に記載の化合物、
〔10〕前記ヘテロシクリルが、−C(CH3)3、−NH−シクロプロピル、−CH2−ピラジン−2−イル、−ピラジン−2−イル、−CH2−モルホリン−4−イル、および5−メチル−1−H−ピラゾール−4−イルから選択されるモルホリニルR3である、〔9〕に記載の化合物、
〔11〕R3のあらゆるアルキル、アルキレン、ヘテロシクリル、およびヘテロアリール部分が、任意選択的に、独立して、−OH、−SH、ニトロ、ハロゲン、アミノ、シアノ、C1〜C12アルキル、C2〜C12アルケニルまたはC2〜C12アルキニル基、C1〜C12アルコキシ、C1〜C12ハロアルキル、C1〜C12ハロアルコキシ、およびC1〜C12アルキルスルファニルからなる群から選択される、1つまたは複数の置換基で置換される、
〔1〕〜〔5〕のいずれか一に記載の化合物、
〔12〕R3のあらゆるアルキル、アルキレン、ヘテロシクリル、およびヘテロアリール部分が、任意選択的に、独立して、式−N(R5)2(式中、各R5は、水素およびC1〜C4アルキルから独立して選択される)を有するアミノ基で置換される、
〔1〕〜〔5〕のいずれか一に記載の化合物、
〔13〕R3のあらゆるヘテロアリール部分が、任意選択的に、独立して、−OH、−SH、ニトロ、ハロゲン、アミノ、シアノ、C1〜C12アルキル、C2〜C12アルケニル、C2〜C12アルキニル、C1〜C12アルコキシ、C1〜C12ハロアルキル、C1〜C12ハロアルコキシ、およびC1〜C12アルキルスルファニルからなる群から選択される、1つまたは複数の置換基で置換され;
R3のあらゆるアルキル、アルキレンまたはヘテロシクリル部分が、任意選択的に、独立して、オキソ、−OH、−SH、ニトロ、ハロゲン、アミノ、シアノ、C1〜C12アルキル、C2〜C12アルケニル、C2〜C12アルキニル、C1〜C12アルコキシ、C1〜C12ハロアルキル、C1〜C12ハロアルコキシ、およびC1〜C12アルキルスルファニルからなる群から選択される、1つまたは複数の置換基で置換される、
〔1〕〜〔5〕のいずれか一に記載の化合物、
〔14〕R3が、−N(R4)−(C3〜C6シクロアルキル)、−C3〜C6アルキル、−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリル、および−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロアリールから選択され;
R3のあらゆるアルキルまたはアルキレン部分が、任意選択的に−N(R5)2(式中、各R5は、水素およびC1〜C4アルキルから独立して選択される)で置換され;
R3のあらゆるヘテロシクリル、およびヘテロアリール部分が、環内に少なくとも1つの窒素原子を含んでなり;
R3のあらゆるヘテロシクリル、およびヘテロアリール部分が、任意選択的にC1〜C4アルキルで置換される、
〔1〕〜〔5〕のいずれか一に記載の化合物、
〔15〕R3が、−C(CH3)3、−CH(NH2)−CH(CH3)2、−NH−シクロプロピル、−(CH2)0〜1−ピラジニル、ピペリジニル、ヒドロキシピペリジニル、N−メチルピペリジニル、−CH2−モルホリン−4−イル、およびメチルピラゾリルから選択される、〔14〕に記載の化合物、
〔16〕R3が、−C(CH3)3、−CH(NH2)−CH(CH3)2、−NH−シクロプロピル、−(CH2)0〜1−ピラジン−2−イル、ピペリジン−3−イル、−CH2−モルホリン−4−イル、および5−メチル−1−H−ピラゾール−4−イルから選択される、〔15〕に記載の化合物、
〔17〕R3が、−C(CH3)3、−NH−シクロプロピル、−CH2−ピラジン−2−イル、−ピラジン−2−イル、−CH2−モルホリン−4−イル、および5−メチル−1−H−ピラゾール−4−イルから選択される、〔16〕に記載の化合物、
〔18〕構造式、
〔19〕化合物1、2、3、4、8、11、12、および13のいずれか1つから選択される、〔18〕に記載の化合物、
〔20〕〔1〕〜〔19〕のいずれか一に記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩と、薬学的に許容できる担体とを含んでなる医薬組成物、
〔21〕〔20〕に記載の医薬組成物の治療有効量をそれを必要とする対象に投与するステップを含んでなる、CRM1活性関連障害を治療する方法、
〔22〕前記障害が、増殖性疾患、炎症性疾患、自己免疫障害、ウイルス感染症、眼科疾患、神経変性疾患、異常な組織成長障害、食物摂取量関連障害、アレルギー、および呼吸器疾患から選択される、〔21〕に記載の方法、
〔23〕前記疾患が、がんである、〔22〕に記載の方法、
〔24〕前記がんが、リンパ腫である、〔23〕に記載の方法、
〔25〕前記組成物が、がんを治療するのに有用な第2の治療薬と共に投与される、〔23〕または〔24〕に記載の方法、
〔26〕前記疾患が、関節炎である、〔21〕に記載の方法、
〔27〕前記疾患が、乾癬である、〔21〕に記載の方法、
〔28〕前記疾患が、肥満である、〔21〕に記載の方法、
〔29〕〔20〕に記載の医薬組成物の治療有効量を対象に投与するステップを含んでなる、それを必要とする対象において創傷治癒を促進する方法、
〔30〕前記創傷が、外傷、外科的創傷、内傷、慢性創傷、潰瘍、火傷であり、または放射線被曝の結果である、〔29〕に記載の方法、
〔31〕前記創傷が、火傷、切創、開放創、手術創または手術後創、糖尿病性病変、熱傷、化学火傷、放射線火傷、褥瘡、床擦れ、および糖尿病または芳しくない循環に関連した病状からなる群から選択される、〔29〕に記載の方法
に関する。
第1の実施形態は、式I:
式中、
R1は、水素およびC1〜C4アルキルから選択され;
R2は、OおよびSから選択され;
R3は、−N(R4)−(C3〜C6シクロアルキル)、−C1〜C6アルキル、−(C0〜C4アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリル、および−(C0〜C4アルキレン)−ヘテロアリールから選択され、(式中、R3のあらゆるアルキル、アルキレン、ヘテロシクリル、またはヘテロアリール部分は、任意選択的に独立して置換される);
R4は、水素およびC1〜C4アルキルから選択される。
R3は、−N(R4)−(C3〜C6シクロアルキル)、−C3〜C6アルキル、−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリル、および−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロアリールから選択され、
式中、
R3のあらゆるアルキルまたはアルキレン部分は、任意選択的に、−N(R5)2(式中、各R5は、水素およびC1〜C4アルキルから独立して選択される)で置換され、;
R3のあらゆるヘテロシクリル、およびヘテロアリール部分は、環内に少なくとも1つの窒素原子を含んでなり;
R3のあらゆるヘテロシクリル、およびヘテロアリール部分は、任意選択的に、C1〜C4アルキルで置換される。
式中、
R3は、−N(R4)−(C3〜C6シクロアルキル)、−C3〜C6アルキル、−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリル、および−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロアリールから選択され、式中、
あらゆるR3のあらゆるアルキルまたはアルキレン部分は、任意選択的に、独立して、オキソおよび−N(R5)2からなる群から選択される、1つまたは複数の置換基で置換され、式中、各R5は水素およびC1〜C4アルキルから独立して選択され;
R3のあらゆるヘテロシクリル部分は、環内に少なくとも1つの窒素原子を含んでなり、任意選択的に、C1〜C4アルキルおよびオキソからなる群から選択される1つまたは複数の置換基で置換され;
R3のあらゆるヘテロアリール部分は、環内に少なくとも1つの窒素原子を含んでなり、任意選択的に、1つまたは複数のC1〜C4アルキルで置換される。残りの変数の値は、第1の実施形態、またはその第1〜第5の態様に記載される。
本発明の化合物は、上で概説され、本明細書で開示されるクラス、サブクラス、およびクラスによってさらに例証されるものを含む。本明細書の用法では、特に断りのない限り、以下の定義が適用されるものとする。本発明の目的では、化学元素はPeriodic Table of the Elements,CAS version,Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,第75版に従って同定される。さらに有機化学の一般的原理は、その内容全体を参照によって本明細書に援用する、“Organic Chemistry”,Thomas Sorrell,University Science Books,Sausalito:1999、および“March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry”,第5版,Ed.:Smith,M.B.and March,J.,John Wiley & Sons,New York:2001に記載される。
薬学的に許容可能な組成物
別の実施形態によると、本発明は、本発明の化合物またはその薬学的に許容可能な誘導体と、薬学的に許容できる担体、アジュバント、またはビヒクルとを含んでなる組成物を提供する。本発明の組成物中の化合物の量は、生物学的サンプル中または患者において、CRM1を測定可能な程度に阻害するのに効果的な量である。特定の実施形態では、本発明の組成物は、このような組成物を必要とする患者への投与のために調合される。「患者」という用語は、本明細書の用法では動物を意味する。いくつかの実施形態では、動物は哺乳類である。特定の実施形態では、患者は獣医学の患者(すなわち非ヒト哺乳類患者)である。いくつかの実施形態では、患者はイヌである。別の実施形態では、患者はヒトである。
本明細書に記載される化合物および組成物は、一般にCRM1を阻害するのに有用であり、したがってCRM1活性と関連付けられている、1つまたは複数の障害を治療にするのに有用である。したがって特定の実施形態では、本発明は、それを必要とする患者に、本発明の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容可能な組成物を投与するステップを含んでなる、CRM1媒介疾患を治療する方法を提供する。本明細書に記載される化合物および組成物はまた、例えば試験管内でまたは生体外で培養中の細胞に、または例えば生体内などで対象に投与して、本明細書で以下の実施例をはじめとする、多様な障害を治療、予防、および/または診断し得る。
本明細書に記載される化合物または組成物は、新生物疾患を治療するのに使用し得る。「新生物障害」は、例えば増殖性細胞成長によって特徴付けられる異常な状態または病状などの、自律的増殖または複製能力を有する細胞によって特徴付けられる、疾病または障害である。例示的な新生物障害としては、例えば、前立腺、脳、骨、結腸、肺、乳、卵巣、および肝臓起源の腫瘍などのがん腫、肉腫、転移性障害、例えば、白血病、リンパ腫、骨髄腫およびその他の悪性形質細胞などの障害造血性新生物障害、および転移性腫瘍が挙げられる。蔓延しているがんとしては、乳、前立腺、結腸、肺、肝臓、および膵臓がんが挙げられる。化合物による治療は、例えば細胞増殖低下、腫瘤量低下など、新生物障害の少なくとも1つの症状を改善するのに効果的な量で実施し得る。
いくつかの実施形態では、本明細書に記載される化合物は、追加的な「第2の」治療薬または治療と共に投与される。第2の治療薬は、指示される疾患または病状を治療する単剤療法で典型的に使用される、あらゆる作用物質から選択されてもよい。本明細書の用法では、「共に投与される」という用語および関連用語は、本発明による治療薬の同時または逐次の投与を指す。例えば本発明の化合物は、別個の単一剤形で同時または順次に、または単一剤形中で合わせて、別の治療薬と共に投与してもよい。したがって本発明は、式Iの化合物、追加的な治療薬、および薬学的に許容できる担体、アジュバント、またはビヒクルを含んでなる、単一剤形を提供する。
いくつかの実施形態では、本明細書に記載される化合物は、追加的ながん治療薬と共に投与される。例示的な、さらなるがん治療法としては、例えば、化学療法、抗体療法などの標的療法、キナーゼ阻害剤、免疫療法、およびホルモン療法、エピジェネティック療法、プロテオソーム療法、および抗血管新生療法が挙げられる。これらの各治療の例は、下で提供される。本明細書の用法では、「組み合わせ」、「組み合わせた」という用語および関連用語は、本発明による治療薬の同時または逐次の投与を指す。例えば本発明の化合物は、別個の単一剤形で同時または順次に、または単一剤形中で併せて、別の治療薬と共に投与し得る。したがって本発明は、本発明の化合物、追加的な治療薬、および薬学的に許容できる担体、アジュバント、またはビヒクルを含んでなる、単一剤形を提供する。
いくつかの実施形態では、本明細書に記載される化合物は、化学療法と共に投与される。化学療法は、がん細胞を破壊する薬剤によるがんの治療法である。「化学療法」は、通常は標的療法とは対照的に、一般に急速に分裂する細胞に影響を及ぼす細胞毒性薬を指す。化学療法薬は、例えばDNAの複製または新たに形成された染色体の分離などの細胞分裂を、様々な可能な様式で妨げる。化学療法のほとんどの形態は、急速に分裂する全ての細胞を標的とし、がん細胞に特異的ではないが、DNA損傷を多くのがん細胞が修復できないのに対して、正常細胞は一般に修復できることから、ある程度の特異性が得られることもある。
標的療法は、がん細胞の無秩序なタンパク質に対して特異的な、作用薬の使用からなる。小分子標的療法剤は、一般にがん細胞内の変異した、過剰発現した、またはさもなければ重要な、タンパク質の酵素ドメインの阻害剤である。顕著な例は、アキシチニブ、ボスチニブ、セジラニブ、ダサチニブ(desatinib)、エルロチニブ(erolotinib)、イマチニブ、ゲフィチニブ、ラパチニブ、レスタウルチニブ、ニロチニブ、セマキサニブ、ソラフェニブ、スニチニブ、およびバンデタニブなどのチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤であり、アルボシジブおよびセリシクリブなどのサイクリン依存性キナーゼ阻害剤もまた挙げられる。モノクローナル抗体療法は、治療薬が、がん細胞表面タンパク質に特異的に結合する抗体である、別のストラテジーである。例としては、典型的に乳がんで使用される、抗HER2/neu抗体トラスツズマブ(ハーセプチン(登録商標))と、典型的に多様なB細胞悪性腫瘍で使用される、抗CD20抗体リツキシマブおよびトシツモマブとが挙げられる。その他の例示的な抗体としては、セツキシマブ、パニツマブ、トラスツズマブ、アレムツズマブ、ベバシズマブ、エドレコロマブ、およびゲムツズマブが挙げられる。例示的な融合タンパク質としては、アフリベルセプトおよびデニロイキンジフチトクスが挙げられる。いくつかの実施形態では、本明細書に記載される化合物と組み合わせて、標的療法を使用し得る。例えば、Gleevec(Vignariand Wang 2001)。
本明細書に記載される化合物および方法は、血管新生関連疾患または障害を治療または予防するのに使用してもよい。血管新生と関連付けられている疾患としては、がん、心血管疾患、および黄斑変性が挙げられる。
本明細書に記載される化合物および方法は、エピジェネティックス関連疾患または障害を治療または予防するのに使用してもよい。エピジェネティックスは、根本的なDNA配列の変化以外の機構によって引き起こされる、表現型または遺伝子発現における遺伝性変化の研究である。真核生物学におけるエピジェネティックなの変化の一例は、細胞分化過程である。形態形成中に、幹細胞は様々な胚細胞系になり、それは次に完全に分化した細胞になる。換言すれば、単一受精卵細胞は、分裂を続ける間に、ニューロン、筋肉細胞、上皮、血管などをはじめとする、多数の細胞型に変化する。これは、その他の遺伝子を抑制する一方で、いくつかの遺伝子を活性化することで、そうなる。
いくつかの実施形態では、本明細書に記載される化合物は、免疫療法と共に投与される。がん免疫療法は、患者自身の免疫系が腫瘍と闘うよう誘導するようにデザインされた、治療ストラテジーの多様なセットを指す。腫瘍に対する免疫応答を生じさせる現代的な方法としては、表在性膀胱がんのための膀胱内BCG免疫療法、前立腺がんワクチンであるプロベンジ、および腎細胞がんおよび黒色腫患者において、免疫応答を誘導するためのインターフェロンおよびその他のサイトカインの使用が挙げられる。
いくつかの実施形態では、本明細書に記載される化合物は、ホルモン療法と共に投与される。ある種のがんの増殖は、特定のホルモンを提供するか、または遮断することによって抑制し得る。ホルモン感受性腫瘍の一般例としては、特定タイプの乳がんおよび前立腺がん、ならびに特定のレチノイド/レチノイン酸に応答する特定タイプの白血病が挙げられる。エストロゲンまたはテストステロンを除去またはブロックすることは、往々にして重要な追加治療である。特定のがんでは、プロゲストーゲンなどのホルモン作動薬の投与が、治療的に有益なこともある。いくつかの実施形態では、本明細書に記載される化合物と組み合わせて、ホルモン療法剤を使用し得る。
本明細書に記載される化合物および方法は、特にヒトおよびその他の哺乳類において、炎症関連疾患または障害を治療または予防するのに使用してもよい。本明細書に記載される化合物は、炎症の発生前、発生時、または発生後に投与してもよい。予防的に使用される場合、化合物は、好ましくは、あらゆる炎症応答または症状に先立って提供される。化合物の投与は、炎症性応答または症状を予防または軽減し得る。例示的な炎症状態としては、例えば、多発性硬化症、関節リウマチ、乾癬性関節炎、変性関節疾患、脊椎関節症(spondouloarthropathies)、その他の血清反応陰性炎症性関節炎、リウマチ性多発性筋痛、様々な血管炎(例えば巨細胞性動脈炎、ANCA+血管炎)、痛風性関節炎、全身性エリテマトーデス、若年性関節炎、若年性関節リウマチ、骨関節炎、骨粗鬆症、糖尿病(例えばインスリン依存性糖尿病または若年発症糖尿病)、月経痙攣、嚢胞性線維症、炎症性腸疾患、過敏性腸症候群、クローン病、粘液性大腸炎、潰瘍性大腸炎、胃炎、食道炎、膵臓炎、腹膜炎、アルツハイマー病、ショック、強直性脊椎炎、胃炎、結膜炎、膵臓炎(pancreatis)(急性または慢性)、多臓器損傷症候群(例えば敗血症または外傷に続発する)、心筋梗塞、アテローム性動脈硬化、脳卒中、再灌流傷害(例えば心肺のバイパスまたは腎臓透析に起因する)、急性糸球体腎炎、熱的傷害(すなわち日光皮膚炎)、壊死性腸炎、顆粒球輸血関連症候群、および/またはシェーグレン症候群が挙げられる。例示的な皮膚の炎症状態としては、例えば、湿疹、アトピー性皮膚炎、接触性皮膚炎、蕁麻疹、強皮症(schleroderma)、乾癬、および急性炎症性要素を伴う皮膚病が挙げられる。
特定の実施形態では、本明細書に記載される化合物は、単独で、または炎症を治療または予防するのに有用なその他の化合物と組み合わせて、投与してもよい。例示的な抗炎症剤としては、例えば、ステロイド(例えばコルチゾール、コルチゾン、フルドロコルチゾン、プレドニゾン、6[α]−メチルプレドニゾロン(methylprednisone)、トリアムシノロン、ベタメタゾンまたはデキサメタゾン)、非ステロイド系抗炎症薬(NSAIDS(例えばアスピリン、アセトアミノフェン、トルメチン、イブプロフェン、メフェナム酸、ピロキシカム、ナブメトン、ロフェコキシブ、セレコキシブ、エトドラクまたはニメスリド)が挙げられる。別の実施形態では、もう一方の治療薬は抗生物質である(例えばバンコマイシン、ペニシリン、アモキシシリン、アンピシリン、セフォタキシム、セフトリアキソン、セフィキシム、リファンピンメトロニダゾール、ドキシサイクリンまたはストレプトマイシン)。別の実施形態では、もう一方の治療薬はPDE4阻害剤である(例えばロフルミラストまたはロリプラム)。別の実施形態では、もう一方の治療薬は抗ヒスタミン剤である(例えばシクリジン、ヒドロキシジン、プロメタジンまたはジフェンヒドラミン)。別の実施形態では、もう一方の治療薬は抗マラリア剤である(例えばアルテミシニン、アルテメーター、アルテスナート(artsunate)、リン酸クロロキン、塩酸メフロキン、ドキシサイクリン塩酸塩、塩酸プログアニル、アトバクオンまたはハロファントリン)。一実施形態では、もう一方の化合物はドロトレコギンアルファである。
本明細書に記載される化合物および方法は、特にヒトおよびその他の哺乳類において、ウイルス感染症関連疾患または障害を治療または予防するのに使用してもよい。本明細書に記載される化合物は、ウイルス感染症の発生前、発生時、または発生後に投与してもよい。予防的に使用される場合、化合物は、好ましくは、あらゆるウイルス感染症またはその症状に先立って提供される。
本明細書に記載される化合物および方法は、眼科(ophthamology)疾患を治療しまたは予防するのに使用してもよい。例示的な眼科(ophthamology)障害としては、黄斑浮腫(糖尿病性および非糖尿病性黄斑浮腫)、加齢性湿潤および乾燥型黄斑変性、加齢性円板状黄斑変性(aged disciform macular degeneration)、嚢胞状黄斑浮腫、眼瞼浮腫、網膜浮腫、糖尿病性網膜症、脈絡網膜症、血管新生黄斑症、血管新生緑内障、ブドウ膜炎、虹彩炎、網膜血管炎、眼内炎、全眼球炎、転移性眼炎、脈絡膜炎、網膜色素上皮炎、結膜炎、毛様体炎、強膜炎、上強膜炎、視神経炎、球後視神経炎、角膜炎、眼瞼炎、滲出性網膜離脱、角膜潰瘍、結膜潰瘍、慢性貨幣状角膜炎、低酸素症または虚血に付随する眼疾患、未熟児網膜症、増殖性糖尿病性網膜症、ポリープ状脈絡膜血管症、網膜血管腫状増殖、網膜動脈閉塞症、網膜静脈閉塞症、コーツ病、家族性滲出性硝子体網膜症、脈なし病(高安病)、イールズ病、抗リン脂質抗体症候群、白血病性網膜症、血液過粘稠度症候群、マクログロブリン血症、インターフェロン網膜症、高血圧性網膜症、放射線網膜症、角膜上皮幹細胞不全症、および白内障が挙げられる。
神経変性は、神経細胞の死をはじめとする、神経細胞の構造または機能の進行性喪失を示す、包括的用語である。パーキンソン病、アルツハイマー病、およびハンチントン病をはじめとする多数の神経変性疾患は、神経変性過程の結果として発生する。研究が進むにつれて、細胞内レベルでこれらの疾患を互いに関連付ける、多数の類似性が現れた。これらの類似性の発見は、多数の疾患を同時に改善し得る治療法の進歩に対する希望を提供する。異なる神経変性障害の間には、非定型タンパク質アセンブリーならびに誘導細胞死をはじめとする、多数の類似点がある。
創傷は、細胞または組織損傷によって特徴付けられる病状の一種である。創傷治癒は、至適には、組織の完全性と機能の修復をもたらす動的過程である。創傷治癒過程は、3つの重複する段階からなる。第1段階は、恒常性維持、血小板凝集、および脱顆粒によって特徴付けられる炎症期である。最初の応答としての血小板は、複数の成長因子を放出して、免疫細胞、上皮細胞、および内皮細胞を動員する。炎症期は、典型的に0〜5日間にわたって起きる。創傷治癒の第2段階は、その間にマクロファージおよび顆粒球が創傷に侵入する、増殖期である。浸潤性線維芽細胞は、コラーゲンを産生し始める。この時期の原則的特徴は、上皮化、血管新生、肉芽組織形成、およびコラーゲン産生である。増殖期は、典型的に3〜14日間にわたって起きる。第3段階は、マトリックス形成が起きる再構築期である。線維芽細胞、上皮細胞、および内皮細胞は、再構築のために、コラーゲンおよびコラゲナーゼ、ならびにマトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ(MMP)を産生し続ける。コラーゲン架橋が生じて、創傷を収縮させる。再構築期は、典型的に7日目〜1年間にわたって起きる。
本明細書に記載される化合物および組成物はまた、拡張型心筋症、肥大性心筋症、拘束性心筋症、肺線維症、肝線維症、糸球体腎炎、およびその他の腎障害をはじめとする、異常な組織増殖および線維症障害を治療するのにも使用してもよい。
本明細書に記載される化合物および組成物は、放射線増感剤として有用である。したがって本明細書に記載される化合物および組成物は、放射線療法と組み合わせて投与し得る。放射線療法は、腫瘍を縮小させて、悪性細胞を殺滅するための、高エネルギー照射(例えばX線、ガンマ線、荷電粒子)の医学的使用であり、一般にがん治療法の一部として使用される。放射線療法は、それらのDNAを損傷することで悪性細胞を殺滅する。
aq.水性
Boc tert−ブトキシカルボニル
CH2Cl2 ジクロロメタン
DABCO 1,4−ジアザビシクロ[2.2.2]オクタン
DIPEA N,N−ジイソプロピルエチルアミン
DMF N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド
DMSO ジメチルスルホキシド
eq.当量
EtOAc 酢酸エチル
EtOH エタノール
h 時間
HPLC 高速液体クロマトグラフィー
LCMS 液体クロマトグラフィー質量分析
LiOH 水酸化リチウム
NMR 核磁気共鳴
RT 室温または滞留時間
T3P プロピルホスホン酸無水物
TFA トリフルオロ酢酸
THF テトラヒドロフラン
化合物1は、以下のスキームに従って合成された。
2Lの3つ口丸底フラスコに、DMF(1L)中の3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)ベンゾニトリル(200g)の溶液を装填した。次に溶液をNaSH(123.7g、2.0eq.)およびMgCl2(186.7g、1.0eq.)で処理して、反応混合物を室温で3時間撹拌した。混合物を氷水スラリー(10L)中に注ぎ入れて、化合物をEtOAc(3×1L)で抽出した。合わせた有機層を水性飽和塩化ナトリウム溶液(3×100mL)で洗浄し、無水Na2SO4上で乾燥して、濾過し、減圧下で濃縮して、205gの所望の粗製3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)ベンゾチオアミド(収率:90%)を得て、それをさらに精製せずに次のステップで使用した。
5Lの3つ口丸底フラスコに、DMF(1.03L)中の3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)ベンゾチオアミド(205.65g)の溶液を装填した。ヒドラジン水和物(73.2mL、2.0eq.)を滴下して添加し、反応混合物を室温で1時間撹拌した。HCOOH(1.03L)を滴下して添加し、反応混合物を90℃で3時間還流させた。室温に放冷後、反応混合物を飽和水性炭酸水素ナトリウム溶液(7L)中に注ぎ入れて、EtOAc(3×1L)で抽出した。合わせた有機層を水性飽和塩化ナトリウム溶液(3×500mL)で洗浄し、無水Na2SO4上で乾燥し、濾過して、減圧下(35℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、180gの粗生成物をもたらした。粗製物を石油エーテル(3×500mL)と共に撹拌し、濾過して、乾燥し、淡黄色固体として得られる、160gの所望される3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾールを得た(収率:75%)。
2Lの3つ口丸底フラスコに、DMF(960mL)中の3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール(160g)の溶液を装填した。溶液をDABCO(127.74g、2eq.)で処理して、30分間撹拌した後、(Z)−3−ヨードアクリル酸イソプロピル(150.32g、1.1eq.)を滴下して添加した。1時間後、反応混合物を氷水スラリー(5L)中に注ぎ入れて、EtOAc(3×1L)で抽出した。合わせた有機層を水性飽和塩化ナトリウム溶液(3×100mL)で洗浄し、無水Na2SO4上で乾燥して、濾過し、減圧下(35℃、20mmHg)で濃縮して、250gの粗生成物を得て、それを酢酸エチル/n−ヘキサン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはヘキサン中で充填し、所望の化合物は2%EtOAc/n−ヘキサンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(Z)−イソプロピル3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリレート(138g、収率:61%)を得た。
5Lの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−イソプロピル3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリレート(130g、1.0eq.)をTHF(1.3L)中に溶解した。溶液に、水(1.3L)中のLiOH(69.3g、5.0eq.)の溶液を滴下して添加し、反応混合物を室温で4時間撹拌した後、400mLの氷水スラリーでクエンチして、希釈水性HClで酸性(pH=2〜3)にした。混合物をEtOAc(3×1L)で抽出して、合わせた有機層を水性飽和塩化ナトリウム溶液で洗浄し、無水Na2SO4上で乾燥して減圧下で濃縮し、110gの(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリル酸(収率:94%)、(LCMSによるシス含量=90.0%、トランス含量=8.2%)を得た。
50mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリル酸(0.2g、1.0eq.)をEtOAc(20mL)に溶解して、−60℃に冷却し、ピバロヒドラジド(0.08g、1.2eq.)を滴下して添加した。T3P(EtOAc中の50%)(0.4mL、4eq.)を滴下して添加し、DIPEA(0.4mL、4eq.)がそれに続き、反応混合物を−60℃で1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)−N’−ピバロイルアクリロヒドラジド(0.11g、収率:43%)を得た。
2−モルホリノアセトヒドラジド
25mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、メチル2−モルホリノ酢酸(0.25g、1.0eq.)を室温でエタノール(5mL)に溶解した。ヒドラジン水和物(0.087g、1.1eq.)を室温で滴下して添加して、反応混合物を95℃で20時間還流させた。反応混合物を減圧下で濃縮し(40℃、20mmHg)、粗製2−モルホリノアセトヒドラジド(0.23g)を得て、それをさらに精製せずに次のステップで使用した。
50mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリル酸(実施例1、ステップ4;0.5g、1.0eq.)をCH2Cl2:EtOAc(20mL、2:1)に溶解して、−60℃に冷却し、2−モルホリノアセトヒドラジド(0.23g、1.0eq.)を滴下して添加した。T3P(EtOAc中の50%)(1.27mL、1.5eq.)を滴下して添加し、DIPEA(0.96mL、2eq.)がそれに続き、反応混合物を−60℃で1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)−N’−(2−モルホリノアセチル)アクリロヒドラジド(0.1g、収率:14%)を得た。
5−メチル−1H−ピラゾール−4−カルボヒドラジド
25mLの封管内で、エチル5−メチル−1H−ピラゾール−4−カルボキシレート(0.25g、1.0eq.)を室温でエタノール(5mL)に溶解した。ヒドラジン水和物(1mL、5eq.)を室温で滴下して添加し、反応混合物を120℃で20時間加熱した。反応混合物を減圧下で濃縮し(40℃、20mmHg)、粗製5−メチル−1H−ピラゾール−4−カルボヒドラジド(0.24g)を得て、それをさらに精製せずに次のステップで使用した。
50mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリル酸(実施例1、ステップ4;0.5g、1.0eq.)をEtOAc:EtOH(15mL、2:1)に溶解し、−60℃に冷却して、5−メチル−1H−ピラゾール−4−カルボヒドラジド(0.24g、1.0eq.)を滴下して添加した。T3P(EtOAc中の50%)(1.69mL、1.5eq.)を滴下して添加し、DIPEA(2mL、8eq.)がそれに続き、反応混合物を−60℃で1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(Z)−N’−(3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロイル)−5−メチル−1H−ピラゾール−4−カルボヒドラジド(0.2g、収率:42%)を得た。
50mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリル酸(実施例1、ステップ4;0.5g、1.0eq.)をEtOAc:EtOH(15mL、2:1)に溶解し、−60℃に冷却して、N−シクロプロピルヒドラジンカルボチオアミド(0.22g、1.2eq.)を滴下して添加した。T3P(EtOAc中の50%)(1.69mL、2eq.)を滴下して添加し、DIPEA(1mL、4eq.)がそれに続き、反応混合物を−60℃で1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(Z)−2−(3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロイル)−N−シクロプロピルヒドラジンカルボチオアミド(0.06g、収率:9%)を得た。
N−メチル−2−モルホリノアセトヒドラジド
25mLの封管内で、メチル2−モルホリノ酢酸(0.5g、1.0eq.)を室温でエタノール(5mL)に溶解した。メチルヒドラジン(0.16g、1.1eq.)を室温で滴下して添加して、反応混合物を95℃で48時間還流させた。反応混合物を減圧下で濃縮し(40℃、20mmHg)、粗製N−メチル−2−モルホリノアセトヒドラジド(0.27g)を得て、それをさらに精製せずに次のステップで使用した。
50mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリル酸(実施例1、ステップ4;0.3g、1.0eq.)をTTHF:EtOAc(15mL、2:1)に溶解し、−60℃に冷却して、N−メチル−2−モルホリノアセトヒドラジド(0.23g、1.5eq.)を滴下して添加した。T3P(EtOAc中の50%)(1.27mL、2.5eq.)を滴下して添加し、DIPEA(0.45mL、3eq.)がそれに続き、反応混合物を−60℃で1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)−N’−メチル−N’−(2−モルホリノアセチル)アクリロヒドラジド(0.052g、収率:12%)を得た。
ピペリジン−3−カルボヒドラジド
30mLの封管内で、エチルメチルピペリジン−3−カルボキシレート(1g、1.0eq.)を室温でエタノール(5mL)に溶解した。ヒドラジン水和物(1.05g、3eq.)を室温で滴下して添加し、反応混合物を120℃で20時間加熱した。反応混合物を減圧下で濃縮し(40℃、20mmHg)、粗製ピペリジン−3−カルボヒドラジド(0.8g)を得て、それをさらに精製せずに次のステップで使用した。
50mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリル酸(実施例1、ステップ4;0.25g、1.0eq.)をTHF:EtOH(15mL、2:1)に溶解し、−60℃に冷却して、ピペリジン−3−カルボヒドラジド(0.113g、1.1eq.)を滴下して添加した。T3P(EtOAc中の50%)(1.69mL、4eq.)を滴下して添加し、DIPEA(0.25mL、2eq.)がそれに続き、反応混合物を−60℃で1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(Z)−N’−(3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロイル)ピペリジン−3−カルボヒドラジド(0.01g、収率:2.4%)を得た。
化合物7は、以下のスキームによって合成された。
50mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリル酸(実施例1、ステップ4;0.5g、1.0eq.)をTHF(10mL)に溶解し、−10℃に冷却して、NMP(0.3g、2.1eq.)を添加して、反応混合物を5分間撹拌した。次にクロロギ酸イソブチル(0.465g、2.4eq.)を添加して、反応混合物を1時間撹拌した。形成した固形物を濾過して除去した。濾液を0℃に冷却し、tert−ブトキシカルボニルヒドラジド(0.21g、1.1eq.)を添加した。反応混合物が室温に暖まるまで放置して、1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を氷水スラリーに注ぎ入れ、EtOAc(3×50mL)で抽出した。合わせた有機層を水性飽和塩化ナトリウム溶液(25mL)で洗浄し、無水Na2SO4上で乾燥し、濾過して、減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、0.5gの粗生成物をもたらした。次に粗生成物をTHF(10mL)に溶解して、TFA(2mL)を室温で滴下して添加し、反応混合物を2時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下で濃縮し(25℃、20mmHg)、形成された固形物をペンタンと共に摩砕して、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロヒドラジド(0.25g、収率:48.5%)を得た。
25mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(S)−2−アミノ−3−メチルブタン酸(0.8g、1.0eq.)を水(4mL)に溶解した。炭酸水素ナトリウム(0.63g、1.1eq.)とそれに続く二炭酸ジ−tert−ブチル(2.97g、2.0eq.)を添加して、応混合物を室温で2時間撹拌した。反応混合物をEtOAc(3×10mL)で抽出した。合わせた有機層を水性飽和塩化ナトリウム溶液(25mL)で洗浄し、無水Na2SO4上で乾燥して、濾過し、減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮して、1.2gの粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(S)−2−((tert−ブトキシカルボニル)アミノ)−3−メチルブタン酸を得た(0.7g、収率:47.3%)。
10mL丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロヒドラジド(0.25g、1.0eq.)をTHF(5mL)に溶解して、−60℃に冷却し、(S)−2−((tert−ブトキシカルボニル)アミノ)−3−メチルブタン酸(0.19g、1.3eq.)を滴下して添加した。T3P(EtOAc中の50%)(0.81mL、2eq.)を滴下して添加し、DIPEA(0.48mL、4eq.)がそれに続き、反応混合物を−60℃で1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(S,Z)−tert−ブチル(1−(2−(3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロイル)ヒドラジニル)−3−メチル−1−オキソブタン−2−イル)カルバメートを得た(0.07g、収率:18%)。次に、10mL丸底フラスコ内で、(S,Z)−tert−ブチル(1−(2−(3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロイル)ヒドラジニル)−3−メチル−1−オキソブタン−2−イル)カルバメートをジクロロメタン(2mL)に溶解した。TFA(0.05mL)を添加して、反応混合物を室温で5時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下で濃縮し(25℃、20mmHg)、粗生成物(0.01g)を得て、それを石油エーテルと共に摩砕して減圧下で乾燥させ、(S,Z)−2−アミノ−N’−(3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロイル)−3−メチルブタンヒドラジド2,2,2−トリフルオロ酢酸(0.006g、収率:2%)を得た。
25mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリル酸(実施例1、ステップ4;0.5g、1.0eq.)をジクロロメタン(5mL)に溶解し、−60℃に冷却して、ピラジン−2−カルボヒドラジド(0.216g、1.1eq.)を添加した。T3P(EtOAc中の50%)(3.39mL、4eq.)を滴下して添加し、DIPEA(0.5mL、2eq.)がそれに続き、反応混合物を−60℃で1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(Z)−N’−(3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロイル)ピラジン−2−カルボヒドラジド(0.13g、収率:19.4%)を得た。
1−メチルピペリジン−4−カルボヒドラジド。25mLの封管内で、メチル1−メチルピペリジン−4−カルボキシレート(0.2g、1.0eq.)を室温でエタノール(5mL)に溶解した。ヒドラジン水和物(0.127g、2eq.)を室温で滴下して添加し、反応混合物を120℃で20時間加熱した。反応混合物を減圧下で濃縮し(40℃、20mmHg)、粗製1−メチルピペリジン−4−カルボヒドラジド(0.145g)を得て、それをさらに精製せずに次のステップで使用した。
50mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリル酸(0.25g、1.0eq.)をEtOAc:THF(15mL;2:1)に溶解して、−60℃に冷却し、1−メチルピペリジン−4−カルボヒドラジド(0.123g、1.1eq.)を滴下して添加した。T3P(EtOAc中の50%)(0.85mL、2eq.)を滴下して添加し、DIPEA(0.31mL、2.5eq.)がそれに続き、反応混合物を−60℃で1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下(35℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(Z)−N’−(3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロイル)−1−メチルピペリジン−4−カルボヒドラジド(0.016g、収率:4.5%)を得た。
(R)−2−((tert−ブトキシカルボニル)アミノ)−3−メチルブタン酸。25mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(R)−2−アミノ−3−メチルブタン酸(0.8g、1.0eq.)を水(4mL)に溶解した。炭酸水素ナトリウム(0.394g、1.1eq.)、とそれに続く二炭酸ジ−tert−ブチル(1.86g、2.0eq.)を添加して、反応混合物を2室温で時間撹拌した。反応混合物をEtOAc(3×10mL)で抽出した。合わせた有機層を水性飽和塩化ナトリウム溶液(25mL)で洗浄し、無水Na2SO4上で乾燥して濾過し、減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮して、0.75gの粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(R)−2−((tert−ブトキシカルボニル)アミノ)−3−メチルブタン酸を得た(0.44g、収率:47.3%)。
10mL丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロヒドラジド(0.05g、1.0eq.)をTHF(5mL)に溶解して、−60℃に冷却し、(R)−2−((tert−ブトキシカルボニル)アミノ)−3−メチルブタン酸(0.038g、1.3eq.)を滴下して添加した。T3P(EtOAc中の50%)(0.16mL、2eq.)を滴下して添加し、DIPEA(0.095mL、4eq.)がそれに続き、反応混合物を−60℃で1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(R,Z)−tert−ブチル(1−(2−(3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロイル)ヒドラジニル)−3−メチル−1−オキソブタン−2−イル)カルバメートを得た(0.017g、収率:26%)。次に、10mL丸底フラスコ内で、(R,Z)−tert−ブチル(1−(2−(3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロイル)ヒドラジニル)−3−メチル−1−オキソブタン−2−イル)カルバメートをジクロロメタン(2mL)に溶解した。TFA(0.2mL)を添加して、反応混合物を室温で5時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下で濃縮し(25℃、20mmHg)、粗生成物(0.02g)を得て、それを石油エーテルと共に摩砕して減圧下で乾燥させ、(R,Z)−2−アミノ−N’−(3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリロイル)−3−メチルブタンヒドラジド2,2,2−トリフルオロ酢酸(0.007g、収率:35%)を得た。
2−(ピラジン−2−イル)アセトヒドラジド
25mLの封管内で、メチル2−(ピラジン−2−イル)酢酸エステル(0.25g、1.0eq.)を室温でエタノール(5mL)に溶解した。ヒドラジン水和物(0.33g、4eq.)を室温で滴下して添加し、反応混合物を120℃で20時間加熱した。反応混合物を減圧下で濃縮し(40℃、20mmHg)、粗製2−(ピラジン−2−イル)アセトヒドラジド(0.2g)を得て、それをさらに精製せずに次のステップで使用した。
50mLの3つ口丸底フラスコ内で、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)アクリル酸(0.3g、1.0eq.)をEtOAc:THF(15mL;2:1)に溶解して、−60℃に冷却し、2−(ピラジン−2−イル)アセトヒドラジド(0.129g、1.1eq.)を滴下して添加した。T3P(EtOAc中の50%)(1.01mL、2eq.)を滴下して添加し、DIPEA(0.35mL、2.5eq.)がそれに続き、反応混合物を−60℃で1時間撹拌した。反応混合物を減圧下(25℃、20mmHg)で濃縮し、粗生成物を得て、それをメタノール/ジクロロメタン勾配を使用して、カラムクロマトグラフィー(60/120シリカゲル)によって精製した(カラムはジクロロメタン中で充填し、所望の化合物は3%メタノール/ジクロロメタンから溶出し始めた)。所望の化合物を含有する画分を合わせて、(Z)−3−(3−(3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル)−1H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル)−N’−(2−(ピラジン−2−イル)アセチル)アクリロヒドラジド(0.025g、収率:5%)を得た。
(下に示される)化合物X−1、X−2、およびX−3と共に、特定の発明の化合物を様々なアッセイで試験した。
発明の化合物によるCRM1媒介性核外搬出の阻害を判定した。結果は、表2に示される。CRM1タンパク質に対する化合物の阻害活性は、RevGFPアッセイで判定した。発明の化合物は、Rev−GFPアッセイにおいて<10μMのIC50で活性であり、最も好ましい化合物は、1μMのIC50値の活性を有する。
CellTiter 96(登録商標)AQueous One Solution細胞増殖アッセイ(Promega)をMM.1S、JurkatおよびHCT−116細胞で使用して、化合物の細胞毒性および細胞分裂阻害特性を試験した。アッセイは、電子結合試薬PES(フェナジンエトスルファート)の存在下における、テトラゾリウム塩、MTSの切断に基づく。MTSテトラゾリウム化合物は、細胞によって生体還元されて着色ホルマザン生成物になり、それは組織培養液に可溶性である。この変換は、恐らくは、代謝的に活性な細胞中のデヒドロゲナーゼ酵素によって生成されるNADPHまたはNADHによって、達成される。アッセイは、少量のCellTiter 96(登録商標)AQueous One溶液試薬を直接培養ウェルに添加して、1〜4時間インキュベートし、次に96ウェルプレートリーダーを用いて490nmで吸光度を読み取って実施される。吸光度は、細胞数とそれらの代謝活性が、直接相関することを明らかにした。細胞は、96ウェルプレートの各ウェル内の100μLの新鮮な培養液中に、(細胞型に応じて)5×103〜1.5×104個の細胞で接種して、付着細胞を一晩付着させた。化合物の原液を細胞培養液で希釈して、1nM〜30μMの範囲にわたる8つの濃度の各薬剤を得て、1%v/v未満のDMSOを陰性対照として使用した。72時間の処理後、96ウェルアッセイプレートの各ウェルに、20μlのCellTiter 96(登録商標)AQueous試薬を添加して、プレートを加湿5%CO2雰囲気内、37℃で1〜4時間培養した。次に96ウェルプレートリーダーを使用して、各ウェルの吸光度を490nmで記録した。ほとんどの場合、アッセイは三連で実施し、結果は下に記載される最大半量阻害濃度(IC50)として提示した。化合物濃度と対比して光学濃度をプロットし、非直線回帰方程式(ExcelFit)を使用して分析し、各化合物のIC50を計算した。結果は、表2に示される。
マウス(N=3)から採血して、全部で10時点(投与前、投与後5分間、15分間、30分間、1時間、2時間、4時間、8時間、12時間、および24時間)を提供した。マウスは交代制で採血され、各マウスは3つの時点における採血を提供した。指定された時点で、動物をイソフルラン下で麻酔し、眼窩後方穿刺によって、1時点あたり約110μLの血液を採取して、予冷したK2EDTA(抗凝固剤)管内に入れた。血液サンプルを湿潤氷上にのせて、試料採取の30分以内に、遠心分離(2000g、4℃で5分間)して血漿を得た。全てのサンプルは、分析まで約−80℃で冷凍保存した。分析に先だって、サンプルをアセトニトリル中の内標準(デキサメタゾン)と混合してボルテックスし、遠心分離して上清を分析のために注入した。血漿中の化合物濃度は、LC−MS−MS計測手段を使用して測定した(API 4000、エレクトロスプレーイオン化によるトリプル四重極;Acuity Ultra Performance Liquid ChromatographyカラムC18、有機溶媒としてMeOHおよびギ酸)。WinNonlin Professional 6.2ソフトウェアパッケージ、ノンコンパートメント法薬物動態モデルNCA200を使用して、Tmax、Cmax、t1/2、AUClast、AUCinfをはじめとするが、これに限定されるものではないPKパラメータを計算した。
別個のマウス群(N=3)に投薬し(特に断りのない限り10mg/kgの経口)、次に最大血漿濃度の時点(投与後2時間における推定Tmax)で殺処分し、最終血漿および脳を採取した。採取に続いて、脳組織を冷生理食塩水で洗浄して、濾紙上で乾燥して秤量し、ドライアイスにのせて、急速凍結した。全てのサンプルは、分析まで約−80℃で冷凍保存した。分析時には、脳組織を均質化して(均質化溶液PBS、pH7.4)、アセトニトリル中の内標準(デキサメタゾン)と混合してボルテックスし、遠心分離して、LC−MS−MS手順を使用する化合物濃度の分析のために上清を注入した(API 4000、エレクトロスプレーイオン化によるトリプル四重極;Acuity Ultra Performance Liquid ChromatographyカラムC18、有機溶媒としてMeOHおよびギ酸)。血漿サンプルを(均質化段階を除いて)同一方法で処理し、作成された標準曲線に基づいて、どちらかのマトリックス中の化合物濃度を計算した。結果は、表2に示される。
SCIDマウス中で異種移植として増殖させたZ−138リンパ腫細胞系の腫瘍成長に対する化合物2の効果の評価
Z−138(ATCC#CRL−3001)マントル細胞リンパ腫細胞は、ATCCから得た。10%ウマ血清、1%ペニシリンおよびストレプトマイシン、および2mMのL−グルタミンを添加したIMEM培地中で、これらの細胞を培養した。細胞を1:5〜1:10の比率で希釈して、二次培養した。24匹の5〜6週齢メスCB−17 SCIDマウス(Charles River Labs系統コード236)を使用した。マウスあたり4×107個の細胞に相当する、体積0.2mLのZ−138細胞をSCIDマウスの左側腹部に接種した。
A549細胞系は、58才の白人男性の肺胞がん腫組織外植片培養に由来した。細胞は、10%ウシ胎仔血清と1%ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンとを添加した、ハムF12−K組織培地中で培養した。細胞を慣例的にトリプシン処理して、1:10で継代した。処置前平均体重16.3グラムの32匹の5〜6週齢のメスCB−17SCIDマウス(Charles River Labs系統コード236)を使用した。処置開始に先だって、腫瘍体積に基づいて、マウスを8匹ずつ4群に分けた。移植当日、細胞をPBSで洗浄し、トリプシン処理して、2×107細胞/mLの密度で完全培地に再懸濁してから、等容積のマトリゲルと混合した。次に23G針を使用して、この混合物を0.1mLの容積で、マウスに皮下接種した。
6〜8週齢の24匹のオスBalb/cマウスを使用した。処置開始時点における動物の重量偏差は、平均体重の±20%を超えなかった。動物は、ビヒクル、デキサメタゾンまたは化合物2が投与される3群に無作為に割り当てた。試験の0日目(試験開始日)、全てのマウスにArthritoMAbTM抗体カクテル(MD Biosciences#S1203001)の2mg静脈内注射を実施して、試験3日目のLPS(100μg/マウス)の腹腔内注射がそれに続いた。試験動物は、経口的7.5mg/kgの化合物2または4mg/kgの化合物2で;腹腔内1mg/kgデキサメタゾンで;または経口的ビヒクルで処置した。治療薬は、休薬期間が適用される場合を除いて、全ての群で、4、6、8、および10日間にわたり毎日1回投与される。動物の体重が87%未満に低下した場合、0日目体重の90%以上に体重が増えるまで動物に投薬しなかった。
処置前体重が180〜200gの範囲である、6〜8週齢の40匹のメスLewisラット(BK)を各10匹ずつの4群(A〜D群)に無作為に分けた。B〜D群のラットは、尾の付け根近くの背中の3箇所で、0日目に500μLの乳剤(各部位毎に200μL、200μL、100μL)で、IFA中のウシCIIで皮内免疫化した。7日目にB〜D群のラットに、先の注射部位近くの皮内に、同一量の乳剤で追加免疫注射を行った。治療処置モデル(CおよびD群)では、関節炎発症後に、表6に示されるように、CIAがあるラットに、デキサメタゾンまたは化合物2を経口投与した。ラットは、毎日計量し、13%を上回る体重減少があれば、動物に休薬日を与えた。
腫脹比=(CN−C0)/C0×100%
体重22〜30gの6〜8週齢の24匹のメスBALB/cマウスを使用した。マウスは、各8匹ずつの4群に無作為化した。動物のグループ分けは、以下のようであった:I群(未感作;エタノール)、II群(PMA;エタノール)、III群(PMA;10μMの化合物2)、およびIV群(PMA;ベタメタゾン)。20μLのPMA(4μg/20μLのアセトン)をII群〜IV群の全ての動物の耳介上面に局所的に塗布した。PMAを左の耳に毎日塗布し、1〜9日目には右の耳に隔日(月水金)に塗布した。PMA塗布の30分後、ビヒクルまたは標準化合物(ベタメタゾン)または化合物2を異なる群の動物の耳に局所的に塗布した。1〜12日目には、異なる動物の双方の耳に、ビヒクル、標準化合物、および化合物2が毎日塗布されたことに留意されたい。
前処置体重22〜30gの6〜8週齢の40匹のオスBALB/cマウスを使用した。BALB/cマウスは、群あたり10匹ずつの4)群に無作為化した。全動物の背側皮膚の小領域(約2×2cm2)をきれいに剃毛した。I群動物は、未感作動物の役割を果たした。1〜13日目にかけて、動物の背側に31.25mgのIMQクリームを毎日局所塗布して、II〜IV群[II群(IMQ;ビヒクル)、III群(IMQ;化合物2(1μM))、およびIV群(IMQ;シクロホスファミド(10mg/kg)]で乾癬を誘発した。1〜13日目にかけて毎日、IMQ塗布の4時間後、ビヒクルまたは標準化合物(シクロホスファミド)または化合物2を適切な群に(局所的に30μL;経口的に体重に準じて)投与した。ビヒクルまたは標準化合物または化合物2の投与の2時間後、皮膚の紅斑、鱗屑、皺、および肥厚を記録して、疾患活動指数(DAI)を判定した。
40匹のオスBALB/cマウス(Biological E Limited,Hyderabad(CPCSEA登録番号:36/99/CPCSEA))を各10匹からなる4群に分けた。動物をそれらの体重に基づいて無作為化した。群は、I群(未感作)、II群(IMQ;ビヒクル(PEG400およびHPBCD))、III群(IMQ;化合物2(2.5mg/kg))、およびIX群(IMQ;シクロホスファミド(10mg/kg))と命名された。
7ヶ月齢の21匹のオスZuckerラットを同等の体重および食品摂取量に基づいて、N=7の3群に割り当てた。対照として、同年齢のZucker痩せ型対照の追加的なN=7の群を含めた。体重および食品および水摂取量は、毎日ほぼ同じ時間(14:30〜15:30h)に評価した。処置日には、14:30〜15:30hに投薬した(消灯の約2時間前)。
2ヶ月齢のオススプラーグドーリー系ラットに高脂肪食(Research Diets Inc.、製品コードD12492、60%kcal%脂肪)を3ヶ月間与えた。一群の年齢をマッチさせたラットに、標準lab固形飼料(LabDiet 5001、約13%kcal%脂肪)を与え、これらの動物は、DIO群の対照の役割を果たした。
THP−1(ヒト急性単球性白血病細胞)細胞を使用して、炎症環境におけるNrf2経路に対する化合物1の効果を評価した。核因子(赤血球系由来2)様2(Nrf2)は、抗炎症性転写因子である。通常の状態では、Nrf2は、ユビキチン化によってNrf2を分解する、Kelch様ECH結合タンパク質1(KEAP1)によって、細胞質内に保たれる。Nrf2はまた、CRM1カーゴとして核内に移動し、細胞質に戻り得る。本試験では、Nrf2は、siRNAによるKEAP1のノックダウンによって、分解から保護される。次にKEAP1枯渇細胞をTNFαで処置して、炎症を誘導し、Nrf2経路の上方制御によって炎症を逆転させる化合物1の能力を試験した。Nrf2経路の活性化を実証するために、その2つの下流遺伝子であるNAD(P)Hデヒドロゲナーゼ[キノン]1(NQO1)およびエポキシドヒドロラーゼ1(EPHX1)の発現を、定量PCRによって定量化した。
TNFαは、NF−κBの転写活性を誘導し得る。この転写活性は、NFκBに結合してその活性を阻害するIκBが分解されると、開始される。次に、クラスIファミリーのメンバーp50とヘテロ二量体を構成する、NF−κBタンパク質のクラスIIファミリーのメンバーRelAまたはp65が、核内に移動する。p65サブユニットは、そのC末端にトランス活性化ドメインを有し、それは炎症関連遺伝子の転写を活性化する。NF−κBと同様に、IκBもまた、細胞核内に移動し得る。分解は主に細胞質内で起きるので、IκBの核内蓄積は、タンパク質を分解から保護する。CRM1は、IκBの核外搬出に関与する。核IκBはNF−κBに結合して、NF−κBがDNA配列に結合するのを妨げるので、CRM1の阻害を通じてIκBの核外搬出を遮断することは、NF−κB活性を最小化する。
HeLa細胞は、10%熱不活性化ウシ胎仔血清(Invitrogen)添加EMEM培地(Lonza)と共に、6ウェル培養皿(2.5×105細胞/ウェル)に播種した。プレートのウェルの2つを10μMの化合物1で30分間前処理し、その時点で、ウェルの1つを20ng/mlTNFα(Preprotech)に1時間曝露した。その他のウェルは、20ng/mlのTNFαで1時間処理し、または何の処理もしなかった。処理に続いて、RNA抽出キット(Qiagen)を使用して、RNAを細胞から抽出した。各処理群からのRNAサンプルを逆転写して、COX−2に対するプローブ(Life Technologies)を使用して、対応するcDNA配列上で定量的リアルタイム(qRT)PCRを実施した。
炎症誘導因子TNFα単独で、または1〜10μMの化合物1との組み合わせで、HeLaおよびTHP−1(ヒト急性単球性白血病)細胞を4〜24時間処理し、次に免疫蛍光(IF)によって、炎症関連CRM1カーゴタンパク質IκB、Nrf2、HMGB1、FoxP3、FOXO1a、RxRα、PPARγ、およびNFκB(p65サブユニット)の核局在化について分析した。
オスSprague Dawleyラットの前頭皮質中央(MFC)に対する、両側性制御式皮質衝撃(BCCI)傷害を、皮質挫傷装置により誘導した。CCI後、あらゆる皮質表面出血は制御され、筋膜および頭皮は縫合された。偽手術されたラットは、麻酔し、定位固定装置に載せて、開頭手術を実施した。
炎症生物マーカー対にする本明細書に記載される化合物の効果をさらに調査するために、第2のCIAモデルを創始した。このモデルでは、群は、A群(未感作)、B群(モデル;ビヒクル処置)、C群(毎日5mg/kgの化合物2)と命名された。BおよびC群のラットは、0日目にIFA中のウシII型コラーゲンで皮内免疫化し、7日目に追加免疫注射を実施した。化合物2は、関節炎発症(11日目)後に、CIAがあるラットに経口投与した。CIA発症は、巨視的採点および足腫脹測定値によって評価した。これは、上の表7に記載される臨床採点システムを使用して、感作(7日目)後最初の5日間にわたり毎日評価し、次に28日目まで週2回(月曜日および木曜日)評価した。さらに全ての動物群で、化合物処置の4日後(試験の15日目)、および10日後(試験の21日目−疾患のピーク)、および試験最終日(試験の28日目)に、CD45、CRP、CCL2/MCP−1、TNF−α、IL1−β、IL−6、IL−17のELISA、そしてカテプシンKおよびエラスターゼの測定を実施した。さらに試験最終日(試験の28日目)に、各群からの少数の代表的な動物に対して、踵骨の三次元マイクロ断層デンシトメトリーを実施して、足の骨侵食を定量化した。
EAEモデルは、多発性硬化症などのヒトCNS脱髄性疾患研究のための認められたモデルである。メスC57B1/6JマウスのEAEマウスモデル中のMOG誘発性における、化合物1の効果を調べた。動物は、I群(ビヒクル対照)、II群(デキサメタゾン陽性対照)、およびIII群(7.5mg/kgの化合物1)と命名された、3群に分けた。図18Aに示されるスケジュールに従って、生理食塩水、デキサメタゾン、および化合物1を投与した。0日目から開始して、生理食塩水およびデキサメタゾンを毎日腹腔内(intraperitonally)投与した。11日目(疾患発症)から開始して連続3週間、月曜日、水曜日、金曜日に、7.5mg/kgの化合物1を経口投与した。疾患は、完全フロイントアジュバント(CFA)中に乳化したMOGの試験0日目の単回皮内注射と、それに続く試験0日目のそして再度試験2日目(48時間後)の百日咳毒素(PT)による腹腔内追加免疫賦活によって誘導した。
材料
マウス−C57BL/6Jマウス、オス、6〜8週齢、SPFは、Harlan Laboratories LTDから入手した。マウスは、無菌個別換気ケージ(IVC)内で飼育し、食物および水は自由摂取させた。12h/12hの明暗周期、19〜21℃の温度管理、40〜60%の湿度管理、動物室内陽圧、選択された歩哨動物で3ヶ月毎の健康報告管理が実施された。
ブタ−ブタ(suss crofa domestica)、家畜ブタ(主にランドレースX大型白色)、メス、約60Kg、4〜5ヶ月齢、Lahav Institute of Animal Research,Kibbutz Lahav,Israel。ブタは清浄な非SPF環境で飼育して、公共水道水を直接自由摂取させ、食物は、獣医の監督下で標準的な成長表の推奨に従った。
吸入用イソフルラン99.9%、ロット6027962、Abbot Laboratories Ltd,England
水−注射用水、バッチ11481012、B.Braun Melsungen AG,Germany
生理食塩水−注射用0.9%塩化ナトリウム、バッチ12224012、B.Braun Melsungen AG,Germany
DMSO−ジメチルスルホキシド、D2650、Sigma−Aldrich Inc.,U.S.
プルロニック(登録商標)F−68
PVP K−29/32
マウス縦方向全層皮膚切開創傷モデルにおける、皮膚創傷治癒に対する化合物1の効果を試験した。動物は到着時に、耳標で識別し、秤量して、実験開始前に数日間、環境に順応させた。創傷形成当日にマウスを秤量し、体重差層別無作為化に従って、6匹ずつ6実験群に分けた。外科手術に先だって、マウスをイソフルランで麻酔し、動物の背中の毛を刈った。標準外科用メスの刃を使用して、動物の背中に(背骨に平行に)20mmの全層縦方向切開を実施した。創傷形成3時間後、皮膚の弾性と動物の活動のために、切開は楕円形状になった。この段階で、創傷の最も広い領域を測定して、ベースライン創傷幅を確立した。創傷治癒評価は、創傷の最も広い領域の測定によって行った。処置群は、強制経口投与または局所投与群からなった。実験中、創傷を写真記録して、形態学的分析を実施した。創傷形成8日後の実験終了時、マウスを殺処分して、創傷幅を評価し、創傷領域の生検を採取して、分析に供した。
皮膚創傷治癒に対する試験化合物の効果は、ブタ縦方向全層皮膚切開創傷モデルで試験し得る。動物は到着時に、耳標で識別し、秤量して、実験開始前に数日間、環境に順応させる。外科手術の3日前に、順応させるためにブタを入院設備に移す。処置の12時間前に、給餌を停止する。外科手術当日、ケタミン、キシラジン、ジアゼパム、およびイソフルランを使用して、ブタを麻酔する。Oster(登録商標)毛刈り機(ブレードサイズ30)を使用して、背側胸郭(dorsum thorax)および腹部の被毛を注意深く刈り、20個の4cm2の個別領域のそれぞれを2列で標識する(列あたり10個の領域)。#11外科用メスの刃を使用して、背側正中線の両側から4cmで、10対の2.5cmの全層縦方向皮膚切開を作成する。
初期創傷治癒に対する試験化合物の効果は、ブタにおいて縦方向全層皮膚切開の創傷モデルで試験し得る。麻酔したブタの背中の正面部分で、#11外科用メスの刃を使用して、背側正中線の両側から4センチメートルで、5対の2.5cmの縦方向全層切開を実施する。処置後数時間以内に、縦方向切開は、楕円形創傷になる。
皮膚創傷治癒に対する試験化合物の効果は、ブタにおける縦方向全層皮膚切開創傷モデルで試験し得る。外科手術の3日前に、順応させるためにブタを入院設備に移す。外科処置の12時間前に、給餌を停止する。外科手術当日、ケタミン、キシラジン、ジアゼパム、およびイソフルランを使用して、ブタを麻酔する。Oster(登録商標)毛刈り機(ブレードサイズ30)を使用して、背側胸郭(dorsum thorax)および腹部の被毛を刈った。10対の各4cm2のセクションを標識し、#11外科用メスの刃を使用して、2.5cmの全層縦皮膚切開を背正中線の両側に作る。
本明細書に記載されるマウスにおける皮膚創傷試験では、動物の行動もまた観察し、瘢痕除去の試み、不快感の徴候、および創傷領域のひっかき行動を定量化した。マウスで実施した全試験からの異常な行動、および異常なひっかき行動の提示、および疼痛の徴候を分析した。これらの試験では、PVP/プルロニック(登録商標)F−68中の化合物1、および水中の化合物1、および各ビヒクル対照を使用して、処置を実施した。
皮膚創傷治癒に対する試験化合物の効果は、マウス縦方向全層皮膚切開創傷モデルで試験し得る。動物は到着時に、耳標で識別し、秤量して、実験開始前に数日間、環境に順応させる。創傷形成当日にマウスを秤量し、体重差層別無作為化に従って7実験群(N=6またはN=7)に分ける。ビヒクル群に水中の0.1%DMSOを投与する一方で、陽性対照群は、水性0.6%w/vプルロニック(登録商標)F−68および0.6%w/v PVPK−29/32で処置する。外科手術に先だって、マウスをイソフルランで麻酔し、動物の背中の被毛を刈る。標準外科用メスの刃を使用して、動物の背中に(背骨に平行に)20mmの全層縦方向切開を実施する。創傷形成の3時間後、皮膚の弾性と動物の活動のために、切開は楕円形状になる。この段階で、創傷の最も広い領域を測定して、ベースライン創傷幅を確立する。創傷治癒評価は、創傷の最も広い領域の測定によって行う。創傷処置は、投与液(例えば0.2mL)を創傷に直接(毎日)局所塗布することで実施する。
皮膚創傷治癒に対する試験化合物の効果は、マウス縦方向全層皮膚切開創傷モデルで試験し得る。外科手術に先だって、マウスをイソフルランで麻酔し、動物の背中の毛を刈る。外科用メスの刃を使用して、動物の背中に(背骨に平行に)20mmの全層縦方向切開を実施する。創傷形成の3時間後、皮膚の弾性と動物の活動のために、切開は楕円形状になる。創傷治癒評価は、創傷の最も広い領域の測定によって行う。例えば0.2mLの試験化合物を毎日直接創傷に局所塗布して、創傷処置を実施する。創傷ケア過程は部分的に湿潤環境であり、毎日の処置後、創傷はしばらく湿潤である。創傷形成8日後の実験終了時、マウスを殺処分して、創傷幅を評価し、創傷領域の生検を採取して、分析に供する。
皮膚創傷治癒に対する試験化合物の効果は、マウス縦方向全層皮膚切開創傷モデルで試験された。イソフルランで麻酔した7〜8週齢のC57BLオスマウスで、外科手術を実施する。外科手術に先だって、マウスをイソフルランで麻酔して毛を刈る。標準外科用メスの刃を使用して、20mmの全層縦方向切開を実施する。創傷形成の3時間後、皮膚の弾性と動物の活動のために、切開は楕円形状になる。この段階で、創傷の最も広い領域を測定して、ベースライン創傷幅を確立する。創傷治癒評価は、創傷の最も広い領域の測定によって行う。創傷処置は、0.2mLの溶液を毎日直接創傷に局所塗布して、実施する。毎日の処置後、創傷はしばらく(3〜5時間)湿潤であるので、創傷ケア過程は部分的に湿潤環境で実施される。創傷形成8日後の実験終了時、マウスを殺処分して、創傷幅を評価し、創傷領域の生検を採取して、分析に供する。
縦方向全層切開のブタ創傷モデルで、皮膚創傷治癒後期に対する試験化合物の効果を調べる。外科手術当日、ケタミン、キシラジン、ジアゼパム、およびイソフルランを使用して、ブタを麻酔する。背側胸郭(dorsum thorax)および腹部の被毛を刈って、#11外科用メスの刃を使用して、背側正中線の両側から4センチメートルで、10対の2.5cm全層縦方向皮膚切開を実施する。外科手術に続いて、創傷を実験群に分けて、創傷中心からあらゆる方向に最大で2cmの距離までの創傷領域近くの皮膚の処置を含めて、創傷領域と創傷縁への局所塗布によって毎日処置する。投与液は、全治療容積(例えば1mLのビヒクルまたは試験化合物)が組織に吸収されるまで、ピペットを使用して、各創傷に少しずつ塗布する。創傷近くの皮膚は、試験化合物またはビヒクル溶液に浸漬したガーゼで処置する。
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Claims (31)
- 式I:
(式中、
R1は、水素およびC1〜C4アルキルから選択され;
R2は、OおよびSから選択され;
R3は、−N(R4)−(C3〜C6シクロアルキル)、−C1〜C6アルキル、−(C0〜C4アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリル、および−(C0〜C4アルキレン)−ヘテロアリールから選択され(式中、R3のあらゆるアルキル、アルキレン、ヘテロシクリル、およびヘテロアリール部分は、任意選択的に独立して置換される);
R4は、水素およびC1〜C4アルキルから選択される)、
またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩。 - R1が、水素およびメチルから選択される、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R1が、水素である、請求項2に記載の化合物。
- R2がOである、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R4が水素である、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R3が、−N(R4)−(C3〜C6シクロアルキル)、−C3〜C6アルキル、−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリル、および−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロアリールから選択され:
R3のあらゆるアルキルまたはアルキレン部分が、任意選択的に、独立して、オキソおよび−N(R5)2からなる群から選択される、1つまたは複数の置換基で置換され、式中、各R5は水素およびC1〜C4アルキル、から独立して選択され;
R3のあらゆるヘテロシクリル部分が、環内に少なくとも1つの窒素原子を含んでなり、任意選択的に、C1〜C4アルキルおよびオキソからなる群から選択される1つまたは複数の置換基で置換され;
R3のあらゆるヘテロアリール部分が、環内に少なくとも1つの窒素原子を含んでなり、任意選択的に、1つまたは複数のC1〜C4アルキルで置換される、
請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。 - R3が、−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリルである、請求項6に記載の化合物。
- R3が、−(C1アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリルである、請求項7に記載の化合物。
- 前記ヘテロシクリルが、ピラジニル、ピペリジニル、モルホリニル、およびピラゾリルから選択される、請求項7または請求項8に記載の化合物。
- 前記ヘテロシクリルが、−C(CH3)3、−NH−シクロプロピル、−CH2−ピラジン−2−イル、−ピラジン−2−イル、−CH2−モルホリン−4−イル、および5−メチル−1−H−ピラゾール−4−イルから選択されるモルホリニルR3である、請求項9に記載の化合物。
- R3のあらゆるアルキル、アルキレン、ヘテロシクリル、およびヘテロアリール部分が、任意選択的に、独立して、−OH、−SH、ニトロ、ハロゲン、アミノ、シアノ、C1〜C12アルキル、C2〜C12アルケニルまたはC2〜C12アルキニル基、C1〜C12アルコキシ、C1〜C12ハロアルキル、C1〜C12ハロアルコキシ、およびC1〜C12アルキルスルファニルからなる群から選択される、1つまたは複数の置換基で置換される、
請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。 - R3のあらゆるアルキル、アルキレン、ヘテロシクリル、およびヘテロアリール部分が、任意選択的に、独立して、式−N(R5)2(式中、各R5は、水素およびC1〜C4アルキルから独立して選択される)を有するアミノ基で置換される、
請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。 - R3のあらゆるヘテロアリール部分が、任意選択的に、独立して、−OH、−SH、ニトロ、ハロゲン、アミノ、シアノ、C1〜C12アルキル、C2〜C12アルケニル、C2〜C12アルキニル、C1〜C12アルコキシ、C1〜C12ハロアルキル、C1〜C12ハロアルコキシ、およびC1〜C12アルキルスルファニルからなる群から選択される、1つまたは複数の置換基で置換され;
R3のあらゆるアルキル、アルキレンまたはヘテロシクリル部分が、任意選択的に、独立して、オキソ、−OH、−SH、ニトロ、ハロゲン、アミノ、シアノ、C1〜C12アルキル、C2〜C12アルケニル、C2〜C12アルキニル、C1〜C12アルコキシ、C1〜C12ハロアルキル、C1〜C12ハロアルコキシ、およびC1〜C12アルキルスルファニルからなる群から選択される、1つまたは複数の置換基で置換される、
請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。 - R3が、−N(R4)−(C3〜C6シクロアルキル)、−C3〜C6アルキル、−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロシクリル、および−(C0〜C1アルキレン)−ヘテロアリールから選択され;
R3のあらゆるアルキルまたはアルキレン部分が、任意選択的に−N(R5)2(式中、各R5は、水素およびC1〜C4アルキルから独立して選択される)で置換され;
R3のあらゆるヘテロシクリル、およびヘテロアリール部分が、環内に少なくとも1つの窒素原子を含んでなり;
R3のあらゆるヘテロシクリル、およびヘテロアリール部分が、任意選択的にC1〜C4アルキルで置換される、
請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。 - R3が、−C(CH3)3、−CH(NH2)−CH(CH3)2、−NH−シクロプロピル、−(CH2)0〜1−ピラジニル、ピペリジニル、ヒドロキシピペリジニル、N−メチルピペリジニル、−CH2−モルホリン−4−イル、およびメチルピラゾリルから選択される、請求項14に記載の化合物。
- R3が、−C(CH3)3、−CH(NH2)−CH(CH3)2、−NH−シクロプロピル、−(CH2)0〜1−ピラジン−2−イル、ピペリジン−3−イル、−CH2−モルホリン−4−イル、および5−メチル−1−H−ピラゾール−4−イルから選択される、請求項15に記載の化合物。
- R3が、−C(CH3)3、−NH−シクロプロピル、−CH2−ピラジン−2−イル、−ピラジン−2−イル、−CH2−モルホリン−4−イル、および5−メチル−1−H−ピラゾール−4−イルから選択される、請求項16に記載の化合物。
- 構造式、
- 化合物1、2、3、4、8、11、12、および13のいずれか1つから選択される、請求項18に記載の化合物。
- 請求項1〜19のいずれか一項に記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩と、薬学的に許容できる担体とを含んでなる医薬組成物。
- 請求項20に記載の医薬組成物の治療有効量をそれを必要とする対象に投与するステップを含んでなる、CRM1活性関連障害を治療する方法。
- 前記障害が、増殖性疾患、炎症性疾患、自己免疫障害、ウイルス感染症、眼科疾患、神経変性疾患、異常な組織成長障害、食物摂取量関連障害、アレルギー、および呼吸器疾患から選択される、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、がんである、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記がんが、リンパ腫である、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、がんを治療するのに有用な第2の治療薬と共に投与される、請求項23または24に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、関節炎である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、乾癬である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、肥満である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 請求項20に記載の医薬組成物の治療有効量を対象に投与するステップを含んでなる、それを必要とする対象において創傷治癒を促進する方法。
- 前記創傷が、外傷、外科的創傷、内傷、慢性創傷、潰瘍、火傷であり、または放射線被曝の結果である、請求項29に記載の方法。
- 前記創傷が、火傷、切創、開放創、手術創または手術後創、糖尿病性病変、熱傷、化学火傷、放射線火傷、褥瘡、床擦れ、および糖尿病または芳しくない循環に関連した病状からなる群から選択される、請求項29に記載の方法。
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