CN1240346A - 凝胶组合物及方法 - Google Patents
凝胶组合物及方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1240346A CN1240346A CN97180795A CN97180795A CN1240346A CN 1240346 A CN1240346 A CN 1240346A CN 97180795 A CN97180795 A CN 97180795A CN 97180795 A CN97180795 A CN 97180795A CN 1240346 A CN1240346 A CN 1240346A
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Abstract
通过植入系统地或局部地给予主体所需有益物质的方法和组合物,包括,例如,用于系统应用的崩释指数为8或更小的组合物,及用于局部应用的植入后第一个24小时释放有益物质总剂量的10%或更少的系统。所述组合物包括一种生物相容性聚合物,一种具有低水溶混性与聚合物形成粘性凝胶的限制植入体水摄取的生物相容性溶剂,和一种有益物质。
Description
发明背景
发明领域
本发明涉及一种可植入所需部位并提供控释有益物质的凝胶组合物。本发明也涉及有益物质自组合物的控制释放方法。
现有技术描述
生物降解聚合物在医学中应用已有多年。由生物降解聚合物组成的装置实例包括缝线、外科钳、钩环、植入物和持续释放药物的给药系统。这些生物降解聚合物的大多数是基于乙交酯、丙交酯、己内酯和它们的共聚物。
生物降解聚合物可以是热塑性材料,即它们可被加热并形成各种形状如纤维、夹子、钩环、针、膜,等等。或者,它们是通过生成高分子量材料的交联反应形成的在高温下不熔化或形成可流动液体的热固性材料。
尽管热塑性和热固性生物降解聚合物具有许多有益的生物医学应用,但在将之用于各种动物包括人、动物、鸟、鱼和爬行动物的机体方面存在着一些重要限制。因为这些聚合物通常是固体,涉及它们应用的所有情况都需要在体外最初形成聚合物结构,接着将此固体结构植入机体。例如,缝线、夹子、钩环均是在使用前由热塑性生物降解聚合物制成。在植入机体时,它们保持其最初形状。虽然这种特性是一些应用所必需的,但是当希望材料被塑造或者流动去充塞特别需要充塞的空隙或空腔时就不喜欢这种特性。
使用热塑性或热固性生物降解聚合物的药物释放系统也常常是或不得不在体外制成。在此情况,将药物掺入聚合物并将混合物制成一定的形状如圆柱形、盘状或纤维状以供植入。对于此种固体植入体,必须通过切口将药物释放系统插入机体。这些切口有时大于医学职业所希望的,因而有时导致患者不愿意接受这样的植入体或药物释放系统。不过,生物降解和非生物降解可植入药物释放系统已经成功地被广泛使用。
美国专利5,085,866描述了一种特别为口腔内植入设计的具有速度控制膜和零级释放的物质的贮库装置。该装置是由喷覆了一种含聚合物和由蒸发快、低沸点的第一溶剂与蒸发慢、高沸点的第二溶剂组成的溶剂的溶液的芯而制备的。
其它渗透释药系统的实例包括那些在美国专利3,797,492、3,987,790、4,008,719、4,865,845、5,057,318、5,059,423、5,112,614、5,137,727、5,151,093、5,234,692、5,234,693、5,279,608和5,336,057公开的释药系统。以脉冲方式释放有益物质的搏动性释药装置由于美国专利5,209,746、5,308,348和5,456,679的公开也已公知。
避免植入释药系统所需切口的一种办法是将释药系统以小粒、微球或微胶囊形式注射。例如,美国专利5,019,400描述了通过一种极低温度铸塑过程的控释微球的制备。这些材料可包含或不包含可释入机体的药物。尽管这些材料可用注射器注入机体,但它们并不是总能满足生物降解植入体的需要。因为它们呈微粒性质,因此不能形成某些假体所需的结构完整的连续膜或固体植入体。当植入到具有一定量液流的机体特定空腔如口腔、牙周袋、眼或阴道时,这些小粒、微球或微胶囊则由于其小和不连续的性质而难以停留。还有,这些粒子有聚集倾向因而它们的行为难以预料。再者,由这些聚合物制备的含供释入机体的药物的微球或微胶囊有时难以大量生产,并且它们的储存和注射特性存在问题。更进一步,这些微胶囊或小粒系统另一主要限制是,如果没有广泛的手术干预,它们缺乏恢复性。也就是,如果它们被注射后有并发症,在将它们从机体取出时与固体植入体相比就更困难。对于微粒或微胶囊还有一个限制是蛋白质和DNA药物制成胶囊而不被在胶囊化过程中所用的溶剂和极限温度引起变性是困难的。
为迎接前述的挑战,该领域已经发展了不同的释药系统。例如,美国专利4,938,763和它的分案美国专利5,278,201涉及一种供用于动物的可注射性、在原位点形成固体生物降解植入体的生物降解聚合物的应用。在一实例中,使用了热塑性系统,其中不反应聚合物溶于水溶性的生物相容性溶剂形成一种液体,该液体被置入动物体内,其中的溶剂消散而产生固体植入体。或者,使用一种热固性系统,其中一种有效量的末端为丙烯酸乙酯的液状生物降解预聚物和一种固化剂形成液体混合物,该液体混合物置入动物体内,其中预聚物固化形成固体植入体。该专利声称,给动物注射前向液体中加入有效量的生物活性物质,该系统提供了一种可注射性、固体生物降解的释药系统。
美国专利5,599,552描述了使用与水混溶和在水中分散的溶剂如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮的热塑性和热固性聚合物的组合物,导致聚合物溶液能自周围组织快速吸收水分。据记载,所述溶剂的极性为能提供大约至少10%的水中溶解度。所述聚合物基质系统是由多孔表面环绕形成的多孔芯。
美国专利5,242,910描述了一种含有治疗牙周疾病药物的持续释放组合物。该组合物包括丙交酯和乙交酯的共聚物、甘油三乙酸酯(作为溶剂/增塑剂)和一种用于缓解口腔疾病的物质。该组合物可呈凝胶形式并可通过使用针头或者导管的注射器被植入牙周袋内。作为其它的任选组分,该组合物可含有表面活性剂、调味剂、粘度控制剂、络合剂、抗氧化剂、其它聚合物、树胶、蜡/油和着色剂。在一实施例中指出的一种粘度控制剂的实例是聚乙二醇400。
美国专利5,620,700描述了一种聚合物-药物基质,任选地包括含量高达约30重量%的增塑剂,用于药物的牙周腔局部应用。所列出的增塑剂特别是柠檬酸三乙酯、乙酰柠檬酸三乙酯、柠檬酸三丁酯、乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、酒石酸二乙酯、乳酸乙酯、甘油三乙酸酯、甘油二乙酸酯。聚合物基质在给药前为非流动性的,经加热变为流动性的,这样它可分散进入牙周腔,在牙周腔处固化。虽然该专利讨论了通过眼睛的眼液囊或阴道内释放的系统应用的可能性,但它未解决有关药物崩释(burst)或控制崩释方法的问题。
美国专利3,923,939描述了一种减少活性物质自释放装置的起始崩释的方法,该方法是通过植入前去除释放装置外表面的活性剂,和从装置外表面延伸出至少整个装置厚度的5%的一层。
美国专利5,556,905描述了用增塑剂改性的由柠檬酸各种部分酯组成的可降解热塑性组合物。
现有技术中可注射植入体的聚合物组合物已经使用了非常或相对易溶于含水体液的溶剂/增塑剂以促进聚合物在植入点的快速固化和促进药物自植入体的扩散。然而,现已观察到与现有技术使用水溶性聚合物溶剂的高分子植入体有关的一个严重问题:当植入体置入机体并暴露于含水体液中,水迅速迁移进入聚合物组合物。这种特性常引起有益物质的失控释放,即表现为有益物质自聚合物组合物的最初、迅速释放,相当于有益物质的自植入体“崩释”。这种崩释常引起大部分(如果不是全部)有益物质在短时间如数小时或1-2天内释放。这种结果是不能接受的,特别是那些期望持续释放的情形,即在一周或一个月或更长期间内释放有益物质,或那些治疗安全范围窄而有益物质的过量释放可引起接受治疗者副作用的药物,或者需要模拟有益物质如激素等在接受治疗者机体内的每日自然呈现曲线。
试图控制崩释和调节与稳定有益物质释放,现有技术已将有益物质颗粒包衣以阻滞释入含水环境并延长有益物质的释放时间。或者使用各种稳定剂或释放调节剂,如美国专利5,656,297、5,654,010、4,985,404和4,853,218中已使用的金属盐。尽管有一些成功,但那些方法还不能完全满足通过植入体有效释放的大量的有益物质,因为在许多情况下调节和稳定作用是金属离子与有益物质形成络合物的结果。当络合物不能形成时,稳定/调节效果将不足以预防不希望的有益物质自基于其引入的植入点的“崩释”。
此外,对于由溶于溶剂的聚合物组成的惯用低粘性、基于溶剂的贮库组合物,常存在的另一问题是:由于溶剂自贮库扩散和水迁移进入贮库而使组合物在注射后固化缓慢。既然这些组合物微粒为了能被注射而相对不粘,由于该系统是通过溶剂扩散形成的,很大比率的药物会迅速释放,特别是当有益物质溶于溶剂系统和溶剂迅速扩散进入体液时。快速溶剂释放造成“崩释”效果,同时由于水摄取使贮库变硬。这方面,对常规基于溶剂的组合物而言,典型的情况是具有一个药物崩释,组合物所含药物的30-75%在最初注射的一天内释放。
现有技术装置显示出的迅速吸收水进入聚合物植入体和溶剂扩散进入体液,经常导致具有孔结构的植入体在大小和形状上的非均质性。典型地,表面孔呈指状孔结构自植入体表面向植入体内延伸1/3毫米或更多,此指状孔在植入体表面的开口开向使用环境。内部的孔趋向于更小和极少有使用环境的液体进入。因此,当此种装置被植入时,指状孔随后立即允许含水体液极迅速进入植入体内,以及大量有益物质的快速溶解和被动扩散进入使用环境,产生上面所讨论的崩释作用。
还有,快速水吸收可引起早熟的聚合物沉淀以致于产生硬的或具有坚硬表面的植入体。包含有益物质的聚合物的内孔和内部大部分被关闭而失去与体液的接触,结果在一个不可忽视的期间(“滞后时间”)内有益物质的释放显著减少。从为接受治疗主体提供控释、持续释放的有益物质的角度讲,滞后时间是不希望出现的。那么,可观测到的是,植入后立即出现短时间的有益物质崩释、一个无或几乎没有有益物质释放的滞后时间、和随后有益物质继续释放(假如崩释后余留有益物质)直至有益物质的供应被耗竭。
发明简述
本发明提供向主体系统和局释放有益物质的方法和可植入系统。该方法和系统向接受治疗主体提供控释的有益物质和受限制有益物质自植入系统的起始崩释。另外,本发明提供具有有限有益物质起始崩释的植入系统的制备方法。
一方面,本发明包括一种局部地或系统地给予主体有益物质的给药方法,它包括植入一个系统,该系统包括基本上分散或溶解于整个粘性凝胶的有益物质,该系统在植入主体后第一个24小时内释放粘性凝胶中活性物质的20重量%或更少。优选植入后第一个24小时内释放10重量%或更少的活性物质。
另一方面,本发明包括给予一主体有益物质的系统给药方法,它包括植入一个系统,该系统包括基本上分散或溶解于整个粘性凝胶的有益物质,该系统的崩释指数是8或更少。
再一个方面,本发明包括一种以接近零级释放的控释方式给予主体有益物质的系统给药方法,该方法植入一种凝胶组合物,其包括一种生物降解聚合物、一种生物相容性溶剂,该溶剂在水中溶解度小于7%并能与该聚合物和有益物质形成一种粘性凝胶,其中有益物质于聚合物凝胶内部的负载量高于有益物质在水中饱和所需的量。
还有一个方面,本发明包括一种用于给主体系统释放有益物质的可植入性生物降解组合物,该组合物包括一种聚合物、一定量的与聚合物形成凝胶的溶剂、和一种溶于或分散于凝胶的有益物质,其中所述溶剂包括单一溶剂或其中至少一种溶剂水溶混性小于7重量%的溶剂混合物,并且溶剂的量占凝胶载体重量的40%或更多。
更一方面,本发明包括用于给主体持续释放有益物质的可植入性生物降解组合物,该组合物包括一种聚合物、一种与聚合物形成粘性凝胶的有效增塑量的溶剂、和一种溶于或分散于凝胶的有益物质,其中所述溶剂包括其中至少一种溶剂的水溶混性小于7重量%的溶剂混合物。优选溶剂混合物的水溶混性为20重量%或更少,更优选10重量%或更少。
还有一方面,本发明包括一种用于给主体释放有益物质的可植入性生物降解组合物,该组合物包括一种聚合物、一种与聚合物形成粘性凝胶的有效增塑量的溶剂、和一种溶于或分散于凝胶中的有益物质,其中所述溶剂包括单一溶剂或者其中至少一种溶剂水溶混性小于7重量%并选自苯甲酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯的溶剂混合物。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种用于给主体系统释放有益物质的可植入凝胶组合物,包括:
A)一种生物相容性聚合物
B)一种生物相客性溶剂,其水溶混性小于7重量%并能够溶解聚合物形成粘性凝胶,所述溶剂选自具有如下结构式的化合物:和其中R1为低级烷基、芳基或芳烷基和R2为芳烷基或低级烷基;R1与R2可相同或不同;当R1与R2均为低级烷基时,R1与R2所代表的碳原子总数加起来为4或更多;
C)一种有益物质;和,任选的,一种或多种下列组分:
D)一种乳化剂;
E)一种成孔剂;
F)一种有益物质的溶解调节剂;和
G)一种渗透剂。
再一方面,本发明提供一种植入性凝胶组合物,包括:
A)一种生物相容性聚合物;
B)一种生物相容性溶剂,其与水的溶混性小于7重量%并能溶解聚合物形成一种粘性凝胶,所述溶剂选自具有如下结构式的化合物:其中R1和R2的定义同上。
还有一方面,本发明提供一种通过凝胶组合物限制水摄取的方法,包括由一种聚合物和一种与该聚合物形成粘性凝胶的溶剂制成凝胶组合物,所述溶剂与水的溶混性小于7重量%,优选地,溶剂与水的溶混性小于6重量%或更少,更优选5重量%或更少。
再一方面,本发明提供一种可注射凝胶组合物的制备方法,包括:
A)将一种生物相容性聚合物与一种水溶混性为7重量%或更少并选自苯甲酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯的溶剂进行混合,形成一种粘性凝胶;
B)将有益物质分散或溶解于一种乳化剂中形成含有乳化剂的有益物质,所述有益物质任选地与有益物质溶解调节剂联合;和
C)将含有乳化剂的有益物质与粘性凝胶混合,在粘性凝胶中形成分散的小滴相,及任选地,
D)将一种或多种成孔剂和一种渗透剂与所述粘性凝胶混合。
另一方面,本发明提供一种可植入凝胶组合物的制备方法,包括:
A)一种生物相容性聚合物与水溶混性小于7重量%或更少并选自苯甲酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯的溶剂进行混合,形成一种粘性凝胶;
B)将有益物质分散或溶解于粘性凝胶,任选地与有益物质的溶解调节剂联合;和
C)任选地将一种或多种下列组分与含有益物质的凝胶混合:一种乳化剂、一种成孔剂、有益物质的溶解调节剂和一种渗透剂。
还有一方面,本发明提供一种凝胶组合物,包括:
A)一种生物相容性聚合物;
B)一种水溶混性小于7重量%生物相容性溶剂;
C)一种有益物质,其选自cDNA、DNA、肽、蛋白质及它们的片段和衍生物,以及任选地,一种或多种下列组分:
D)一种乳化剂;
E)一个成孔剂;
F)一种有益物质的溶解调节剂;和
G)一种渗透剂;所述组合物的崩释指数小于8。
还有一个方面,本发明包括一种用于给予主体有益物质的药盒,包括:
A)一种生物相容性聚合物;
B)一种适宜溶解聚合物并形成粘性凝胶的水溶混性为7重量%或更小的溶剂;
C)一种有益物质;和任选地,一种或多种如下组分:
D)一种乳化剂;
E)一个成孔剂;
F)一种有益物质的溶解调节剂,任选地与有益物质联合;以及
G)一种渗透剂;其中至少有益物质与溶剂保持分离直到将有益物质给予主体之时,所述有益物质任选地与溶解调节剂联合。
还有一方面,本发明包括一种用于系统释放有益物质的可植入组合物,包括一种聚(丙交酯-乙交酯)共聚物;一种有效增塑量的与聚合物形成粘性凝胶的溶剂;和一种选自cDNA、DNA、肽、蛋白质及它们的片段和衍生物的有益物质,所述组合物的崩释指数为8或更小。
另一方面,本发明包括一种用于持续释放有益物质的可植入组合物,包括一个聚(丙交酯-乙交酯)共聚物;一种选自苯甲酸低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯并与聚合物形成粘性凝胶的有效增塑量的溶剂;以及一种有益物质。
还有一方面,本发明包括一种可植入组合物,包括一种粘性凝胶和一种分散或溶解于粘性凝胶的有益物质,所述粘性凝胶在植入后至少第一个24小时内保持小于37℃的玻璃化温度。
再一方面,本发明包括一种给予主体有益物质的给药方法,该方法包括植入一个系统,所述系统包括基本上完全溶解或分散于一种粘性凝胶的有益物质和有益物质溶解调节剂,所述粘性凝胶由一种生物相容性聚合物和一种水溶混性为7重量%或更小的溶剂形成,系统的崩释指数为8或更小。
更一方面,本发明包括一个可植入系统,该系统包括基本上彻底溶解或分散于粘性凝胶的有益物质和有益物质溶解调节剂,所述粘性凝胶由一种生物相容性聚合物和一种水溶混性为7重量%或更小的溶剂形成,系统崩释指数为8或更小。
附图简介
结合附图阅读下面的详述将很容易理解上述和其它主题、本发明的特性和优点,其中的附图:
图1描述使用20号针头以2ml/分钟配出乳化和非乳化粘性凝胶组合物所需配出力(psig)曲线图;
图2描述体外试验时溶菌酶在数日内自三种不同组合物的释放曲线图;
图3描述不同剪切速率下单独水、含水乙醇混合物、和不含乳化剂粘性凝胶的粘度曲线图;
图4A和4B描述各种聚合物-溶剂混合物的水摄取程度曲线图,其中一些构成本发明的一部分,并显示出随着溶剂的水溶混性下降,摄取进入植入体的水量减少;和
图5A和5B描述体内试验时未稳定化的和锌稳定化的人生长激素分别自PLGA和溶剂甘油三乙酸酯、苯甲酸苄酯形成的凝胶中释放速度的曲线图。
发明详述
本发明涉及通过给主体植入一种可植入系统的系统性或局部给予主体有益物质的方法,该系统由一种生物相容性聚合物与一种生物相容性溶剂形成的粘性凝胶,和基本上完全溶解或分散于粘性凝胶的有益物质构成。经适当选择溶剂,水自植入系统的含水周边环境的迁移受限,有益物质在一个更长的期间内向主体释放,由此提供控制了有益物质崩释并随后持续释放有益物质的释放方式。
已经发现,当本发明系统中溶剂与水的溶混性小于7重量%时,就可达到适宜控制崩释和持续释放有益物质的效果,无论本发明系统中是否存在有益物质溶解调节剂。典型地,适于本发明的植入系统将在植入后第一个24小时内从植入系统向主体释放有益物质总量的20%或更少,优选15%或更少,更优选10%或更少。所形成的粘性凝胶优选生物易蚀的,这样在有益物质自植入体耗竭后就不必使用手术方式取出植入系统。
使用聚合物-溶剂组合物可以控制水摄取和崩释,所述溶剂基本上不与水溶混,即在水中溶解小于7重量%,由此控制水向聚合物植入体迁移的速度从而最终控制有益物质崩释和持续释放有益物质。通常,本发明组合物呈凝胶样并在植入和药物释放期间形成基本上贯穿植入体的均质小孔结构,即使在它变硬时。更进一步讲,尽管聚合物凝胶植入体与含水环境接触后会慢慢变硬,但由于低于37℃的玻璃化温度,变硬的植入体可以保持一种橡胶样(非刚性)组合物。
由于组合物在植入前呈高度粘性,当准备通过注射植入组合物时,粘度可任选地通过乳化剂改性以获得一种粘性低到足以通过针头的凝胶组合物。也可以将成孔剂和有益物质溶解调节剂加入植入系统以提供所需的自植入系统的释放特性,可联合典型的药物赋形剂和其它不改变本发明有益效果的添加剂。向植入系统加入溶解调节剂,使得溶解度为7%或更大的溶剂得以在特定环境下在具有小崩释和持续释放的植入系统中使用。但本发明优选植入系统使用至少一种水溶混性小于7重量%的溶剂,无论该溶剂单独存在或作为溶剂混合物的一部分。也已发现当使用包括水溶解度为7重量%或更少的溶剂和一种或多种溶混性溶剂的溶剂混合物(任选地具有更大的溶解度)时,植入系统获得了明显地水摄取受到限制和崩释小及持续释放的特性。
定义
“有益物质”一词指无论单独还是与其它药物赋形剂或惰性成分结合施予人或动物后产生预期有益效果的物质,常常是药理效应。
“AUC”一词指在主体的体内试验分析得到的曲线下面积,该曲线通过主体内有益物质的血浆浓度对时间作图而得来,自组合物植入时开始计量,到植入后的时间“t”为止。时间t代表有益物质向主体的释放时间。
“崩释指数”,涉及用于系统释放有益物质的特定组合物,是(i)组合物植入主体后第一个24小时的AUC除以24所得商,(ii)有益物质释放期间的AUC除以释放总期间的小时数所得商。
短语“溶解或分散”,旨在囊括各种有益物质在凝胶组合物中的存在方式,包括溶解、分散、悬浮等等。
“系统性”一词,与给予主体有益物质的释放或给药方式有关,指在主体血浆中可测到生物学显著水平的有益物质。
“局部的”一词,与给予主体有益物质的释放或给药方式有关,指有益物质释放到主体的局部位点,但在主体血浆中测不到生物学显著水平的有益物质。
“凝胶载体”一词指聚合物和溶剂形成的不含有益物质的组合物。
“长期间”指有益物质自本发明植入体释放的期间,一般是约一周或更长,优选约30天或更长。
“起始崩释”,与本发明的特定组合物有关,是指用(i)植入后预定的起始时段内从组合物释出的有益物质的重量除以(ii)从植入的组合物中释出的有益物质总量而得到的商。起始崩释非常依赖于植入体的形状和表面积是可以理解的。相应地,这里描述的与起始崩释有关的百分比和崩释指数将用作由一个标准注射器分散的组合物的测试指标。
“溶解调节剂”,涉及有益物质,指改变有益物质溶解度的物质,溶解度指无调节剂时有益物质在聚合物溶剂或水中的溶解度。调节剂可以增加或妨碍有益物质在溶剂或水的溶解。然而,有益物质呈高度水溶性的情况下,溶解调节剂通常是妨碍有益物质在水中的溶解。有益物质溶解调节剂的作用,是溶解调节剂与溶剂相互作用,或者与有益物质本身相互作用如形成络合物,或者与二者相互作用的结果。为此目的,当“联合”使用溶解度调节剂与有益物质时,所有这些相互作用或络合物形成可以按照预计出现。溶解调节剂可适当地在有益物质与粘性凝胶结合之前与有益物质混合,或者在加入有益物质之前加入到粘性凝胶中。
“主体”一词,涉及本发明组合物的给药,指动物或人。
由于所有溶剂,至少在分子水平,以非常有限的程度溶于水(即,与水溶混),这里使用“不混溶”一词指7重量%或更少的溶剂溶于水或与水溶混。在本公开说明书中,溶剂在水中的溶解度值被认为是在20℃测定的。由于通常认为报道的溶解度值不总是在相同条件下测得的,这里所述作为与水溶混或溶于水的重量百分范围的一部分或上限的溶解度限度不是绝对的。例如,如果所述溶剂在水中溶解度上限为“7重量%”,并且没有提供对溶剂的进一步限定,溶剂“甘油三乙酸酯”,据报道它在100ml水中溶解7.17克,被认为包括在7%限度之内。本发明使用的小于7重量%的水中溶解度限度,不包括溶剂甘油三乙酸酯或水中溶解度等于或大于甘油三乙酸酯的溶剂。
本发明中聚合物、溶剂和其它物质必须是生物相容性的;即:它们必须在使用环境中不引起刺激或坏死。使用环境是液体环境并可能包括皮下或肌内部分或人或动物的机体空腔。
本发明中适用的聚合物是生物降解的并可包括但不限于聚乙交酯、聚丙交酯、聚己内酯、聚酐、聚胺、聚氨酯、聚酰胺酯、聚原酸酯、聚二噁烷酮、聚缩醛、聚缩酮、聚碳酸酯、聚原碳酸酯、聚磷腈、琥珀酸、聚苹果酸、聚氨基酸、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、聚羟基纤维素、壳多糖、脱乙酰壳多糖、和它们的共聚物、三元共聚物及混合物。
本发明优选的聚合物是聚丙交酯,即乳酸聚合物,可以是基于单一乳酸或是基于乳酸和羟基乙酸的共聚物,可包括少量其它基本上不影响本发明所达到有益效果的共聚单体。此处“乳酸”一词包括异构体L-乳酸、D-乳酸、DL-乳酸和丙交酯,同时术语“羟基乙酸”包括乙交酯。特别优选聚(丙交酯-乙交酯)共聚物,一般称为PLGA。聚合物的乳酸/羟基乙酸的单体比值大约为100∶0~约15∶85,优选约60∶40~约75∶25,以及特别适用的共聚物的乳酸/羟基乙酸的单体比值大约为50∶50。
用气相色谱测定,乳酸基聚合物的平均分子量为约1,000~约120,000,优选约5,000~约30,000。如前面提到的美国专利5,242,910所指出,可参照美国专利4,443,340公开的技术制备这些聚合物。或者,乳酸基聚合物可参照美国专利5,310,865阐述的技术由乳酸或乳酸和羟基乙酸混合物(有或没有其他共聚单体)直接制备。所有这些专利的内容在此引入作为参考。适宜的乳酸基聚合物可购自市售商品。例如,分子量5,000、10,000、30,000和100,000,优选约8,000~13,000,最优选约10,000的50∶50乳酸∶羟基乙酸共聚物,和影响水解敏感性和聚合物链断裂的各种末端基团可购自Boehringer Ingelheim(Petersburg,VA)。
凝胶组合物中生物相容性聚合物的含量范围为粘性凝胶重量的约5~80重量%,优选约30~70重量%,经常是40~60重量%,所述粘性凝胶包括一定量结合的生物相容性聚合物和溶剂。该溶剂将按下述量加入聚合物,以提供可植入或可注射的粘性凝胶。
溶剂必须是生物相容性的,应能够与聚合物形成粘性凝胶,以及限制摄取水进入植入体。溶剂可是单一溶剂或具有前述性质的溶剂混合物。除非另外特指,“溶剂”一词指单一溶剂或者溶剂混合物。适宜的溶剂是显著限制植入体摄取水和具有与水不溶混的性质,即水溶解度小于7重量%。优选地,水中溶解5重量%或更少的溶剂,更优选水中溶解3重量%或更少;更更优选溶解1重量%或更少。最优选水中溶解度等于或小于0.5重量%的溶剂。
水溶混性可按下述实验测定:在约20℃的温控下,将水(1-5克)放入洁净容器中,称重,滴加备选溶剂。涡动溶液观察分相。通过分相观察,溶液要达到饱和点时,将溶液留置过夜并于次日重新检查。通过分相观察,如果溶液仍呈饱和态,从而可确定加入溶剂的百分比(重量/重量)。否则加入更多的溶剂并重复此过程。溶解度或溶混性是由加入的溶剂总重量除以溶剂/水混合物的终重量决定的。当使用溶剂混合物时,例如20%甘油三乙酸酯和80%苯甲酸苄酯,在加入水之前进行预混合。
如上所述,适用于本发明的溶剂在水中的溶解一般小于7重量%。具有上述溶解度参数的溶剂可选自芳酸如苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、水杨酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯,柠檬酸的低级烷基酯如柠檬酸三乙酯和柠檬酸三丁酯等,及芳基、芳烷基和低级烷基酮。优选的溶剂是那些溶解度在前述范围之内的选自下述化合物的溶剂:(i)下式结构的化合物:和其中R1为芳基或芳烷基,R2为低级烷基或芳烷基,R1与R2任选地相同或不同,条件是当R1与R2均为低级烷基时,R1与R2所代表的碳原子总数加起来为4或更多,和(ii)邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸和对苯二甲酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯,以及(iii)柠檬酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯。这里,低级烷基指具有1~6个碳原子的直链或支链烃,任选地用非干涉性取代基取代;芳烷基指(低级烷基)苯基,如苄基、苯乙基、1-苯基丙基、2-苯基丙基等,其中烷基部分包含1~6碳原子;芳基指苯基,任选地用非干涉性取代基取代。适宜于本发明的许多溶剂是市售的(Aldrich化学品公司,Sigma化学品公司)或者可由相应的芳链烷酸按传统的酯化反应制备,使用酰卤和任选的酯化催化剂,如美国专利5,556,905中描述的,后者在此引入作为参考,以及对酮的情况,通过氧化相应的仲醇前体制备。
本领域技术人员知道,可从苯甲酸衍生物中选择具有所需溶解度的溶剂,包括:1,4-环己烷二甲醇二苯甲酸酯、二甘醇二苯甲酸酯、二丙二醇二苯甲酸酯、聚丙二醇二苯甲酸酯、丙二醇二苯甲酸酯、二甘醇苯甲酸酯和二丙二醇苯甲酸酯的混合物、聚乙二醇(200)二苯甲酸酯、苯甲酸异癸基酯、新戊基二醇二苯甲酸酯、甘油三苯甲酸酯、季戊四醇四苯甲酸酯、苯甲酸枯基苯基酯、三甲基戊二醇二苯甲酸酯。
本领域技术人员认识到,苯二甲酸衍生物中具有所需溶解度者选作溶剂,包括:邻苯二甲酸烷基苄基酯、间苯二甲酸二-枯基-苯基酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁氧基乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基辛基酯、邻苯二甲酸二异庚基酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基辛基酯、邻苯二甲酸二异壬基酯、邻苯二甲酸壬烷基十一烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二癸酯、邻苯二甲酸混合醇酯、邻苯二甲酸二-(2-乙基庚基)酯,邻苯二甲酸直链庚基酯、壬烷基酯,邻苯二甲酸直链庚基酯、壬烷基酯、十一烷基酯,邻苯二甲酸直链壬烷基酯,邻苯二甲酸直链壬烷基十一烷基酯,邻苯二甲酸直链二壬烷基酯、二癸酯(邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯),邻苯二甲酸双十一烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸双十三烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸十一烷基十二烷基酯、邻苯二甲酸癸基十三烷基酯,邻苯二甲酸二辛酯和邻苯二甲酸二癸酯混合物(50/50),邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯和邻苯二甲酸二环己基酯。
优选的溶剂包括上述芳酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯。代表性的酸是苯甲酸和苯二甲酸,如邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸和对苯二甲酸。最优选的溶剂是苯甲酸衍生物,包括但不限于,苯甲酸甲酯、苯甲酸乙酯、苯甲酸正丙酯、苯甲酸异丙酯、苯甲酸丁酯、苯甲酸异丁酯、苯甲酸仲丁酯、苯甲酸叔丁酯、苯甲酸异戊基酯和苯甲酸苄酯,特别最优选苯甲酸苄酯。优选的溶剂混合物是以苯甲酸苄酯为主要溶剂的混合物,和由苯甲酸苄酯与甘油三乙酸酯、柠檬酸三丁酯、柠檬酸三乙酯或N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮组成的混合物。优选的混合物是那些苯甲酸苄酯占总溶剂重量50%或更多,更优选60%或更多及最优选80%或更多的混合物。特别优选的混合物是苯甲酸苄酯/甘油三乙酯和苯甲酸苄酯/N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮的80/20重量比的混合物。
已经惊奇地发现上述溶剂的水溶混性小于7重量%,可以与一种或多种其它混溶性溶剂(“组分溶剂”)混和。与主要溶剂适配并溶混的组分溶剂可具有较高的水溶混性,得到的混合物可仍显示出明显限制摄取水进入植入体的特性。这种混合物称作“组分溶剂混合物”。适用的组分溶剂混合物可显示出较主要溶剂本身更大的水溶解度,而对本发明植入体所具有的限制水摄取的效果无损害性影响,典型地,水溶解度为0.1重量%到高达并包括50重量%,优选高达并包括30重量%,和最优选高达并包括10重量%。特别优选组分溶剂混合物的水溶解度为约0.1%~约7重量%。
适用于组分溶剂混合物的组分溶剂是那些与主要溶剂或溶剂混合物溶混的溶剂,包括但不限于,甘油三乙酸酯、甘油二乙酸酯、甘油三丁酸酯、柠檬酸三乙基酯、柠檬酸三丁基酯、乙酰柠檬酸三乙基酯、乙酰柠檬酸三丁基酯、三乙基甘油酯、磷酸三乙基酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙基酯、酒石酸二乙基酯、矿物油、聚丁烯、聚硅氧烷液、甘油、乙二醇、聚乙二醇、辛醇、乳酸乙酯、丙二醇、碳酸丙二醇酯、碳酸乙二醇酯、丁内酯、环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、2-吡咯烷酮、甘油缩甲醛、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、甲乙酮、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜、四氢呋喃、己内酰胺、癸基甲基亚砜、油酸、和1-十二烷基氮杂环庚-2-酮、和它们的混合物。
在一特别优选的实施方案中,主要溶剂选自苯甲酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯,聚合物是乳酸基聚合物,最优选PLGA,平均分子量约8,000~约13,000,优选约10,000。目前,最优选溶剂是苯甲酸苄酯和苯甲酸的低级烷基酯。苯甲酸酯可以单独使用或者与其它溶混性溶剂如上述的甘油三乙酸酯的混合物。将植入体制备成粘性凝胶,有益物质基本上完全溶解或分散于粘性凝胶中,这样的组合物既适用于系统地也适于局部地给予有益物质,不论是否将起始崩释作为重点考虑。另外,使用苯甲酸酯可起到增强控制水迁移并导致有益物质稳定性增加的效果。低的水摄取,即限制植入后水迁移进入凝胶组合物,允许本发明实施者限制有益物质的扩散转移和通过控制聚合物的生物蚀性而增加对有益物质释放特性的控制。优选的组合物允许聚合物内部有益物质的负载量高于有益物质在水中饱和所需的量,从而便于有益物质以零级释放。此外,优选的组合物提供具有低于37℃玻璃化温度的粘性凝胶,这样凝胶可以在植入后24小时或更长期间内保持非刚性状态。
溶剂或溶剂混合物能够溶解聚合物形成粘性凝胶,粘性凝胶可使溶解或分散的及在释放前与环境隔离的有益物质保持颗粒状态。本发明组合物提供具有低崩释指数的植入体。通过使用溶解或增塑聚合物但实质上限制摄取水进入植入体的溶剂或组分溶剂混合物来控制水摄取。
结合附图4A-4B描述的各种组合物作为时间函数的水摄取情况和表1所示的各种制剂崩释指数测定结果,可以更好地理解限制水摄取的重要性。
测定了不同聚合物载体即不含有益物质的50%聚合物-50%溶剂组合物的水摄取。如图4A所示,与高水溶混性溶剂N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)形成的凝胶载体,其水摄取比任何其它溶剂-聚合物联合的水摄取高4倍或更多。载体溶剂部分联合使用80重量%苯甲酸苄酯和20重量%NMP时的水摄取小于单独使用NMP时水摄取的三分之一。无论是与其它溶剂单独比较还是与苯甲酸苄酯混合物比较,使用苯甲酸苄酯的植入体的水摄取量最小。另外,可以看到,80/20苯甲酸苄酯和甘油三乙酸酯混合物载体吸收水少于10重量%,并显示出小于单独甘油三乙酸酯时的水摄取。图4B提供各种单一溶剂的比较,也显示出苯甲酸酯的优点,特别是苯甲酸苄酯。将各种溶剂组合物的水摄取值与表1所示起始崩解进行相关比较,显示出低水摄取值和低崩释指数之间的相关性。通过本文描述的水迁移实验测定,本发明凝胶组合物在前7天内水占它自身整体重量的25%或更少,前14天占30%和前21天占40%。
表1
1所有凝胶储库含10%hGH2所有凝胶储库,hGH负载到(50/50)溶剂/聚合物载体中3 L=冷冻干燥;SD=喷雾干燥
溶剂 | 水溶混性 | 凝胶储库1 | 聚合物2 | 醋酸锌(mM) | 处理过程3 | 动物编号 | 崩释指数 |
苯甲酸苄酯 | 不溶于水(Merck) | D | PLGA-502 | 0 | L | 78 | 4.22.4 |
K | PLGA-502 | 0 | SD | 2122 | 3.62.4 | ||
E | PLGA-502 | 7.5 | L | 910 | 4.52.3 | ||
L | PLGA-502 | 7.5 | SD | 2324 | 2.62.1 | ||
F | PLGA-502 | 15 | L | 1112 | 1.52.0 | ||
F | PLGA-502 | 15 | L | 2526 | 2.20.64 | ||
甘油三乙酸酯 | 7%溶于水(Merck) | A | PLGA-502 | 0 | L | 12 | 8.513 |
I | PLGA-502 | 0 | SD | 1718 | 1210 | ||
B | PLGA-502 | 7.5 | L | 34 | 4.12.1 | ||
J | PLGA-502 | 7.5 | SD | 1920 | 6.33.5 | ||
C | PLGA-502 | 15 | L | 56 | 4.83.5 | ||
NMP | 与水溶混(Merck) | G | PLGA-502 | 0 | L | 1314 | 1314 |
H | PLGA-502 | 15 | L | 1516 | 6.15.5 |
除了通过选择溶剂来控制水摄取和相关的起始崩解,也可将调节有益物质溶解度的成分与优选溶剂结合使用,以控制有益物质自植入体的脉冲释放。与有益物质配合使用溶解调节剂,可使崩释指数和植入后第一个24小时内有益物质释放百分比减少三分之一到三分之二。所述调节剂典型地使用那些与有益物质形成络合物或以其他方式结合的物质,或者稳定有益物质的物质,如金属离子、其它稳定剂、蜡、脂、油、非极性乳化剂,等等。使用这些溶解调节剂可允许使用水溶解度更高的溶剂或溶剂混合物并在系统应用时获得崩释指数为8或更小的效果,或者,局部应用时,植入后第一个24小时内释放的有益物质不超过所给予有益物质的20%,优选释放不超过15%和更优选不超过10%。
本发明组合物的限制水摄取特性常使得可以制备不含溶解调节剂的组合物,而在制备其它组合物时该调节剂是必要的。例如参见表1,PLGA、苯甲酸苄酯和不含锌离子的人生长激素组合物获得了适宜的崩释指数。相似的结果可在其它有益物质组合物中获得,如干扰素,包括α-2a干扰素、α-2b干扰素和保守干扰素。
在选择溶剂和聚合物而使组合物本身严格限制水摄取的情况下,可能希望加入渗透剂或其它物质和水吸引剂以便于水摄取达到所需水平。此类物质可以是,例如,糖等,这是本领域公知的。使用现有技术处理方法在植入体表面形成指状孔。典型地,本发明组合物基本上呈均质的、海绵样凝胶,植入体内部具有与植入体表面小孔相同量的小孔。与现有技术装置比较,本发明组合物可在更长期间内保持凝胶样稠度,并且允许有益物质在更长期间释放。这可能是由于本发明植入体一般具有低于主体体温如人的体温37℃的玻璃化温度,Tg。由于适用于本发明的溶剂与水不溶混,植入体对的水摄取受限,孔倾向于呈现类似于关闭的细胞结构,没有大量大孔或者从表面伸向植入体内部的开放于植入体表面的孔。更进一步,表面孔给体液的水在植入后立即进入植入体的机会有限,由此控制崩释现象。由于植入前组合物常常是高粘性的,当打算经注射植入组合物时,粘度任选地通过使用降低粘度的溶混性溶剂或乳化剂,或者通过加热改变,以得到具有足够低的粘度或剪切阻力的组合物以使凝胶组合物可以通过针头。
不论期望还是需要的第一个24小时内有益物质释放限量依赖于如释放期间总时段、有益物质治疗安全范围、过量引起的潜在副作用、有益物质价格、和所需的作用类型如系统或局部等情况。优选20%或更少的有益物质在植入后第一个24小时内释放,该百分比是基于释放期间所释放有益物质的总量。典型地,如果释放的持续时间较短如小于7-14天,或者如果有益物质的治疗安全范围宽而副作用小,或者有益物质仅在局部起作用,则在第一个24小时内较高百分比的释放是可以耐受的。
依赖于选择的特别溶剂或溶剂混合物、聚合物和有益物质,和任选地有益物质溶解调节剂,用于系统释放的本发明组合物可提供崩释指数为8或更少的凝胶组合物,优选6或更少,更优选4或更少,最优选2或更少。PLGA与水溶混性小于7重量%的溶剂的组合物,任选地联合其它溶剂,对于提供用于系统释放有益物质的具有崩释指数10或更少,优选7或更少,更优选5或更少和最优选3或更少的植入体是特别有利的。这里讨论的溶剂混合物的使用,对于提供充分的聚合物增塑作用而形成粘性凝胶并且同时满足期望的崩释指数和达到本发明组合物释放百分比目标是特别有益的。
用于局部释放有益物质的组合物按照与那些用于系统使用的组合物相同的方法制备。然而,由于有益物质在主体是局部释放的,所以不能测到有益物质的血浆水平,此系统不得不以在预定起始时间内有益物质释放百分比来表征,而不是文中所定义的崩释指数。最典型地,时间定为植入后第一个24小时,百分比等于一定期间(如24小时)内释放的有益物质重量除以释放期间内将要释放的有益物质重量;再乘以100。对多数应用而言,本发明组合物的起始崩解为20%或更少,优选15%或更少,最优选10%或更少。特别优选植入系统的起始崩释为5%或更少。
多数情况下,希望减少有益物质在局部给药过程中的起始崩解以避免副作用。例如,本发明含有化疗剂的植入体适于直接注射到肿瘤中。然而,许多化疗剂在系统给药时显示出毒副作用。于是,对肿瘤局部给药可能成为挑选的治疗方法。但,如果化疗剂有进入血管或淋巴系统从而表现出副作用的可能,则避免化疗剂大量崩释给药是必要的。因此,这种情况下,本发明可植入系统具有的所述有限崩释作用是有益的。
基于粘性凝胶重量即聚合物和溶剂重量之和计算,溶剂或溶剂混合物的典型用量是约95~约20重量%,优选用量约70~约30重量%,常用量为60~40重量%。聚合物和溶剂混合形成的粘性凝胶所显示的粘度,典型地为约1,000~约200,000泊,优选约5,000~约50,000泊,粘度测定是在混合完成后约1-2天,使用Haake Rhemometer在25℃以每秒1.0切速进行的。聚合物和溶剂的混合,可使用常规低切力设备如Ross双行星混合器混合约10分钟到约1小时完成,当然,本领域技术人员可以根据所制备组合物的特有物理性状而选择较短或较长时间。由于常常希望植入体以注射组合物形式给予,当制备植入体时,需要同时考虑聚合物/溶剂/有益物质组合物粘性凝胶具有足够低的粘度,以使凝胶能够被推注通过小直径如18-20号针头。如果必要,可以使用本发明所述乳化剂完成注射凝胶粘度的调整。但是,此种组合物应当具有足够的尺寸稳定性,使其可停留在局部和能够在必要时被移走。本发明的特定凝胶或凝胶样组合物满足这样的需求。
如果聚合物组合物以注射凝胶形式给予,聚合物溶解量就需要在所形成的凝胶粘度和潜在的崩释作用之间进行平衡,粘度要允许粘性凝胶在适当推力下通过针头配出。高粘性凝胶能够使有益物质释放而不表现出明显的崩释作用,但使得凝胶通过针头配出变得困难。此种情况,可以任选地向组合物中加入乳化剂。由于粘度通常随着组合物温度增加而降低,在特定应用中通过加热降低凝胶粘度而制备更便利的可注射组合物是有益的。
例如,如图1所示,一种由40重量%的50∶50乳酸∶羟基乙酸聚合物和60重量%的甘油三乙酸酯制备的凝胶,要以2ml/分钟通过标准的20号针头配出凝胶需要的力为40psig,而以同样量的聚合物和60重量%N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮制备的凝胶仅需要8psig。图1进一步显示加入乳化剂(此例中占10%乙醇溶液重量的33%)至本发明粘性凝胶,所需配出力仅为2psig。本发明储库凝胶组合物的剪切稀化特性,允许使用标准型号针头直接给动物包括人注射凝胶组合物而不需要过度的配出压力。
当使用常规的静力或机械混合装置如孔流混合器将乳化剂与由聚合物和溶剂形成的粘性凝胶进行混合时,乳化剂形成由分散的微细小滴组成的单独相,小滴的典型平均直径小于约100微米。连续相由聚合物和溶剂形成。有益物质微粒可溶解或分散于连续相或者小滴相。在形成的触变性组合物中,乳化剂小滴在切力方向伸延,大大降低了由聚合物和溶剂形成的粘性凝胶的粘度。例如,25℃下每秒1.0测定的粘度为5,000~50,000泊的粘性凝胶,用10%乙醇/水溶液进行乳化,使用Haake Rhemometer在25℃测得粘度降至低于100泊。
当使用时,乳化剂典型的用量为基于可注射储库凝胶组合物重量的约5~约80%,优选20~约60%,经常是30~50%,储库凝胶组合物的重量是聚合物、溶剂、乳化剂和有益物质重量之和。乳化剂包括,例如,不与聚合物溶剂或溶剂混合物完全溶混的溶剂。乳化剂的例子有水、醇、多元醇、酯、羧酸、酮、醛和它们的溶液和混合物。优选的乳化剂是醇、丙二醇、乙二醇、甘油、水和它们的混合物。特别优选的是水、乙醇、和异丙醇和它们的溶液和混合物。乳化剂的类型影响分散小滴的大小。例如,乙醇提供的小滴的平均直径大约为21℃0.9重量%氯化钠等渗溶液得到的小滴直径的10倍。
图3显示不同剪切速率下以2∶1(凝胶∶乳化剂)重量比单独使用水和使用含10%(体积)乙醇的水性混合物的粘性凝胶的粘度,与不含乳化剂的粘性凝胶的粘度进行比较,所述粘性凝胶由50重量%的50∶50乳酸∶羟基乙酸共聚物和50重量%的甘油三乙酸酯形成。
可以理解,乳化剂并不是仅仅通过单纯地降低组合物组分的浓度而降低粘度的稀释剂。应用常规的稀释剂可以降低粘度,但注射稀释后的组合物又引起前面提到的崩释作用。相反,本发明通过选择溶剂和乳化剂可以制备避免崩释作用的可注射储库组合物,以致于一旦被注射到位,乳化剂极少影响原始系统的释放特性。
既然本发明植入系统优选制成粘性凝胶,那么植入体的给药方式就不局限于注射,尽管这种给药方式常常是优选的。当植入体作为留置产品而被给予时,形成的植入体填在外科手术之后留在机体中的空腔中,或者它以流动性凝胶形式使用,将凝胶刷涂或垫衬到残余的组织或骨骼上。这种应用允许凝胶负载有益物质的浓度高于典型的注射性组合物中的浓度。
有益物质可以是任何生理或药理活性物质,任选地与药学可接受载体及与基本上不会对本发明取得的有益效果带来负面影响的其它成分如抗氧化剂、稳定剂、渗透增强剂等结合。有益物质可以是已知的可释入人或动物机体的任何物质,优选的是溶于水而不是溶于聚合物溶解性溶剂中。这些物质包括药剂、药物、维生素、营养剂,等等。满足所述条件的物质是低分子量化合物、蛋白质、多肽、遗传物质、营养剂、维生素、食物添加剂、性不育剂、抑制生育剂和促进生育剂。
可按本发明释放的药物包括作用于外周神经、肾上腺受体、胆碱能受体、骨骼肌、心血管系统、平滑肌、血液循环系统、突触位点、神经效应器接合点、内分泌和激素系统、免疫系统、生殖系统、骨骼系统、内分泌物系统、饮食和排泄系统、组胺系统和中枢神经系统的药物。适宜的物质可选自,例如,蛋白质、酶、激素、多核苷酸、核蛋白、多糖、糖蛋白、脂蛋白、多肽、类固醇、镇痛剂、局麻药、抗生素、皮质类固醇类抗炎药、眼药和这些药物的合成类似物。
可以用本发明组合物释放的药物例子包括,但不限于乙二磺酸甲哌氯丙嗪、硫酸亚铁、氨基己酸、盐酸美加明、盐酸普鲁卡因、硫酸苯丙胺、盐酸脱氧麻黄碱、盐酸benzamphetamine、硫酸异丙肾上腺素、盐酸芬美曲嗪、氯贝胆碱、盐酸乙酰甲胆碱、盐酸匹罗卡品、硫酸阿托品、溴化东茛菪碱、碘化异丙胺、三环氯铵、盐酸苯乙双胍、盐酸苯哌啶醋酸甲酯、胆碱茶碱、盐酸头孢氨苄、二苯哌啶丁醇、盐酸美其敏、马来酸甲哌氯丙嗪、苯氧苄胺、马来酸硫乙拉嗪、茴茚二酮、二苯茚酮、丁四硝酯、地高辛、异氟磷、乙酰唑胺、甲醋唑胺、苄氟噻嗪、chloropromaide、妥拉磺脲、醋酸氯地孕酮、非那二醇、别嘌呤醇、铝阿司匹林、氨甲蝶呤、乙酰磺胺异噁唑、红霉素、氢化可的松、醋酸氢化可的松、醋酸可的松、地塞米松和它的衍生物如倍他米松、曲安西龙、甲基睾丸酮、17-S-雌二醇、乙炔基雌二醇、乙炔基雌二醇3-甲基醚、泼尼松龙、17α-羟孕酮乙酸酯、19-去甲-孕酮、炔诺孕酮、炔诺酮、炔诺酮、norethiederone、孕酮、诺孕酮、异炔诺酮、阿司匹林、消炎痛、萘普生、非诺洛芬、舒林酸、吲哚洛芬、硝酸甘油、硝酸异山梨醇酯、普萘洛尔、噻吗洛尔、阿替洛尔、阿普洛尔、西密替丁、可乐定、丙咪嗪、左旋多巴、氯丙嗪、美多巴、二羟苯基丙氨酸、茶碱、葡萄糖酸钙、酮洛芬、布洛芬、头孢氨苄、红霉素、氟哌啶醇、佐美酸、乳酸亚铁、长春蔓胺、地西泮、苯氧苄胺、地尔硫卓、米力农、mandol、quanbenz、氢氯噻嗪、雷尼替丁、氟比洛芬、fenufen、fluprofen、托美丁、阿氯芬酸、甲芬那酸、氟芬那酸、difuinal、尼莫地平、尼群地平、尼索地平、尼卡地平、非罗地平、利多氟嗪、噻帕米、加洛帕米、氨氯地平、米氟嗪、赖诺普利、依那普利、依那普利拉、卡托普利、雷米普利、法莫替丁、尼那替丁、硫糖铝、依汀替丁、tetratolol、米诺地尔、chlordiazepoxide、地西泮、阿米替林和丙咪嗪。进一步的例子是蛋白质和多肽,包括但不限于:骨形态发生蛋白质、胰岛素、秋水仙碱、高血糖素、甲状腺刺激激素、甲状旁腺素和垂体激素、降钙素、肾素、催乳激素、促肾上腺皮质激素、促甲状腺激素、卵泡刺激素、绒毛膜促性腺激素、绒毛膜促性腺激素释放激素、牛生长激素、猪生长激素、催产素、后叶加压素、GRF、生长素、赖氨加压素、促胰酶素、促黄体生成激素、LHRH、LHRH激动剂和拮抗剂、leuprolide、干扰素如α-2a-干扰素、α-2b-干扰素和保守干扰素、白介素、生长激素如人生长激素和它的衍生物如蛋氨酸-人生长激素和脱-苯丙氨酸生长激素、牛生长激素、和猪生长激素、生殖抑制剂如前列腺素、生殖促进剂、生长因子如胰岛素样生长因子、凝血因子、人胰腺激素释放因子和这些化合物的类似物和衍生物,以及这些化合物的药学可接受盐或它们的类似物或衍生物。
本发明还可用于化疗药物局部应用以避免或减少系统性副作用。本发明含化疗药物凝胶可直接注射到肿瘤组织使化疗药在一定时间内持续释放。一些情况下,特别是肿瘤切除术之后,凝胶直接植入手术造成的空腔或作为包衣用于残留组织。对于术后植入凝胶的情况,使用较高粘度的凝胶是可能的,因为凝胶不需要通过细直径针头。根据本发明的实践,可被释放的代表性的化疗药包括,例如,卡铂、顺铂、紫杉酚、BCNU、长春新碱、喜树碱、依托泊苷、细胞因子、核酶、干扰素、寡核苷酸和抑制肿瘤基因翻译或转录的寡核苷酸序列、前述物质的功能性衍生物,和通常已知的化疗药如在美国专利5,651,986中描述的那些化疗药。本发明特别适用于溶于水的化疗药持续释放的应用,例如,顺铂和卡铂和紫杉酚溶于水的衍生物。在给予任何水溶性有益物质时,本发明减少崩释作用的特性是特别有益的,特别是那些临床疗效好但具有副作用的化合物。
也可使用上述未提到的在美国专利5,242,910作过描述的有益物质。特别适于本发明的物质是,如蛋白质例如溶菌酶,和cDNA及与病毒性载体或非病毒性载体整合的DNA,这些物质难以制成微胶囊或微球,可掺入本发明组合物中,且没有使用其它技术时被暴露于高温和使用变性溶剂造成的降解水平。
有益物质优选以颗粒形式掺入由聚合物和溶剂形成的粘性凝胶中,所述颗粒典型的平均直径为约0.1~约100微米,优选约1~约25微米,经常是2~10微米。例如,通过将含50%蔗糖和50%鸡溶菌酶(以干重计)的含水混合物和10-20%hGH与15-30mM乙酸锌的混合物喷雾干燥或冷冻干燥,制备平均直径约5微米的颗粒。在附图中描述的一些实施例中使用的这种颗粒。使用合适的冷冻-干燥循环,常用的冷冻干燥过程也可用于制备各种大小的有益物质颗粒。
为使有益物质悬浮或分散于由聚合物和溶剂形成的粘性凝胶中,可以在常温常压条件下使用任何常用的低剪切装置如Ross双行星混合器。采取这种方式,可取得有益物质的有效分布而基本不出现有益物质降解。
有益物质典型地溶解或分散于组合物中,其用量为占聚合物、溶剂和有益物质总重量的约1~约50%,优选用量约5~约30%和经常用量10~20%。根据组合物中有益物质的不同含量,可以得到不同的释放曲线和崩释指数。特别是,对于给定的聚合物和溶剂,通过调整这些组分的用量和有益物质的用量,可以得到与有益物质自组合物的扩散相比更依赖于聚合物降解的释放特性,或者相反。在这方面,有益物质负载率低,通常得到释放速率随着时间而增加的反映聚合物降解的释放特性。有益物质负载率高,通常得到随时间而释放速率递减的有益物质扩散的释放特性。有益物质中等负载率时,则可得到所期望的兼顾型释放特性,可获得基本上恒定的释放速率。为了减少崩释,优选有益物质负载量占凝胶组合物即聚合物、溶剂和有益物质总重量的30%或更少,更优选20%或更少。
调整释放速率和有益物质负载量以提供在预期的持续释放期间内治疗有效量的有益物质的释放。优选地,聚合物凝胶中有益物质的浓度高于有益物质在水中的饱和浓度以提供药物储库,有益物质从所述药物储库中分散。虽然有益物质释放速率依赖于特定环境,如所给予的有益物质,可获得约0.1~约100μg/天,优选约1~约10μg/天的释放速率,和约7~约90天的释放期间。如果释放发生在更短期间,则释放的量更大。通常,如果可以耐受更大的崩释,则更高的释放速率是可能的。对于手术植入凝胶组合物或者手术治疗疾病时用作“留置”储库或者其它同时处理的情形,提供高于正常注射植入方式给药时的剂量是可能的。而且,有益物质的量可通过调整植入的凝胶体积或注射的注射性凝胶体积来控制有益物质的剂量。由图2中使用溶菌酶的情况可以看到,利用高粘性系统,可以避免崩释作用,在第一天内释放组合物中1重量%的有益物质。
图5A和5B描述了人生长激素(“hGH”)以不同速率从本发明优选的组合物中释放的代表性释放曲线。对照显示出苯甲酸苄酯的优点。无论hGH未经稳定(图5A)还是hGH经过锌离子稳定(5B),hGH-苯甲酸苄酯植入体均显示低崩释和在释放期间接近零级持续释放hGH的特性。
凝胶组合物中可含有其它组分,以使组合物达到所需目的或提供有用的性质,如聚乙二醇、吸湿剂、稳定剂、小孔成形剂等。当组合物包含溶于水或在含水环境中不稳定的肽或蛋白质时,可能非常期望包含溶解调节剂,这可能是例如组合物中的稳定剂。美国专利5,654,010和5,656,297描述的各种调节剂在此引入作为参考。例如,对于hGH,包括一定量的二价金属盐是优选的,尤其是锌。这种调节剂和稳定剂的例子包括金属阳离子,优选组合物中含有如碳酸镁、碳酸锌、碳酸钙、醋酸镁、硫酸镁、醋酸锌、硫酸锌、氯化锌、氯化镁、氧化镁、氢氧化镁、其它抗酸剂等等二价离子,所述调节剂和稳定剂可能与有益物质形成络合物或者与提供稳定作用或释放调节作用有关。这些调节剂和稳定剂的用量将取决于所形成的络合物的性质(若形成的话),或者取决于有益物质与调节剂和稳定剂结合的性质。典型地使用溶解调节剂或稳定剂与有益物质的摩尔比约100∶1~1∶1,优选10∶1~1∶1。
成孔剂包括与体液接触即溶解、分散或降解而在凝胶基质中产生孔或通道的生物相容性材料。典型地,水溶性的有机或无机材料如糖(例如蔗糖、葡萄糖)、水溶性盐(如氯化钠、磷酸钠、氯化钾和碳酸钠)、水溶性溶剂如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮和聚乙二醇以及水溶性聚合物(如羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素等)可方便地用作成孔剂。这些材料的含量占聚合物重量的约0.1%到约100%不等,典型地低于聚合物重量的50%,和更典型地低于10-20%。
不含有益物质的本发明组合物适用于伤口愈合、骨骼修复和其它结构支持目的。
结合下面的实施例可以更好地理解本发明的各个方面和前面所陈述的附图中的结果。实施例1
将50%蔗糖和50%鸡溶菌酶(以干重计)喷雾干燥制备溶菌酶颗粒。
加热60重量%的甘油三乙酸酯和40重量%的50∶50乳酸∶羟基乙酸共聚物到37℃过夜制得粘性凝胶材料。将粘性凝胶降至室温。按照溶菌酶颗粒∶凝胶(重量比)为20∶80的比例加入溶菌酶颗粒。加入后混合5分钟。使用前,即时加入作为乳化剂的10%乙醇、90%等渗盐水溶液。乳化剂占整个注射储库凝胶组合物的1/3。制得的组合物适宜于注射。
图2显示图1描述的组合物在体外试验中的释放速率。由40重量%的50∶50乳酸∶羟基乙酸聚合物和60重量%甘油三乙酸酯制备的凝胶粘稠并难以注射但显示出极小崩释(小于2%的有益物质在前8天释放)。由40重量%的50∶50乳酸∶羟基乙酸聚合物和60重量%N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮制备的凝胶稀并可注射但显示出大的崩释(大于70%的有益物质在前8天释放)。由27重量%的50∶50乳酸∶羟基乙酸聚合物、40重量%甘油三乙酸酯和33重量%的10%乙醇、90%的等渗盐水溶液制备的凝胶稀、可注射并显示出小的崩释(小于10%的有益物质前8天释放)。在各种情形中,有益物质是溶菌酶,并且溶菌酶占有益物质、聚合物和溶剂制剂总重量的20重量%。实施例2-hGH颗粒制备
人生长激素(hGH)颗粒(任选地含有醋酸锌)按如下制备:
使用Concentration/Dialysis Selector渗滤器将hGH水溶液(5mg/ml)(BresaGen公司,Adelaide,澳大利亚)浓缩到10mg/ml。然后用5倍体积的Tris或磷酸缓冲液(pH7.6)洗涤渗滤后的hGH溶液。使用常规的技术经喷雾干燥或冷冻干燥制备hGH颗粒。使用YamatoMini喷雾干燥器按照如下参数设置将含hGH(5mg/ml)和不同量醋酸锌(0~30mM)的磷酸缓冲液(5或50mM)喷雾干燥:
喷雾干燥器参数 | 设置 |
雾化空气 | 2psig |
入口温度 | 120℃ |
抽吸器刻度 | 7.5 |
溶液泵 | 2-4 |
主风阀 | 40-45psi |
得到大小在2-100微米范围的hGH颗粒。
使用一个Durastop μP冷冻干燥器按照如下冷冻和干燥周期由含有GH(5mg/ml)和不同量醋酸锌(0~30mM)的Tris缓冲液(5或50mM∶pH7.6)制备冷冻干燥hGH颗粒:
冷冻周期 | 以2.5℃/分梯度降至-30℃并保持30分钟以2.5℃/分梯度由-30℃降至-50℃并保持60分钟 |
干燥周期 | 以0.5℃/分梯度升至10℃并保持960分钟以0.5℃/分梯度升至20℃并保持480分钟以0.5℃/分梯度升至25℃并保持300分钟以0.5℃/分梯度升至30℃并保持300分钟以0.5℃/分梯度降至5℃并保持5000分钟 |
得到大小在2-100微米范围的hGH颗粒。hGH锌络合物溶液的制备
用Tris缓冲液和磷酸缓冲液配制醋酸锌溶液。分别配制所需摩尔体积的盐酸氨基丁三醇和氨基丁三醇碱(5或50mM)。测定氨基丁三醇碱溶液的pH值,加入一定量的盐酸氨基丁三醇溶液以调节氨基丁三醇碱溶液的pH值,使终pH值为7.6。向缓冲液中加入所需摩尔体积的醋酸锌。分别制备所需摩尔体积的磷酸二氢钠和磷酸氢二钠溶液(5或50mM)。每个磷酸缓冲液中加入叠氮化钠(0.2%重量比〕。测定磷酸氢二钠溶液的pH值,加入一定量的磷酸二氢钠溶液以调节磷酸氢二钠溶液的pH值,使得终pH值为7.6。向缓冲液中加入所需摩尔体积的醋酸锌。将含有醋酸锌的Tris缓冲液或磷酸缓冲液加到渗滤后的hGH溶液中,获得所需终摩尔体积的醋酸锌(5~30mM)。hGH终浓度为5mg/ml。凝胶载体制备
用Mettler PJ3000上部承载天平称玻璃容器的重量。将聚(D,L-丙交酯-乙交酯)50∶50 RESOMERRG502(PLGA-502)称入玻璃容器。含有PLGA-502的玻璃容器称重并加入相应的溶剂。以百分比表示的各种聚合物/溶剂组合的量列在下面的表2中。使用不锈钢方铲手动搅拌聚合物/溶剂混合物,得到含白色聚合物颗粒的粘的琥珀色糊状物质。封闭含聚合物/溶剂混合物的容器并置入温控39℃的恒温箱中。当聚合物/溶剂混合物变为清琥珀色均一凝胶时,从温箱中取出。孵育时间为1~4天,取决于溶剂和聚合物类型和溶剂与聚合物比值。用如下聚合物:聚(D,L-丙交酯-乙交酯)50∶50 RESOMERL104,PLGA-L104,编号33007、聚(D,L-丙交酯-乙交酯)50∶50 RESOMERRG206,PLGA-206,编号8815、聚(D,L-丙交酯-乙交酯)50∶50RESOMERRG502,PLGA-502,编号0000366、聚(D,L-丙交酯-乙交酯)50∶50 RESOMERRG502H,PLGA-502H,编号260187、聚(D,L-丙交酯-乙交酯)50∶50 RESOMERRG503,PLGA-503,编号0080765、聚(D,L-丙交酯-乙交酯)50∶50 RESOMERRG506,PLGA-506,编号95051、聚(D,L-丙交酯-乙交酯)50∶50 RESOMERRG755,PLGA-755,编号95037(Boehringer Ingelheim Chemicals,Inc.,Petersburg,VA),和下列溶剂或溶剂混合物:三乙酸甘油酯(Eastman Chemical Co.,Kingsport,TN),苯甲酸苄酯(“BB”)、苯甲酸乙酯(“EB”)、苯甲酸甲酯(“MB”)、甘油三乙酸酯(“TA”)、和柠檬酸三乙酸酯(“TC”)(Adrich Chemical Co.,St Louis,MO)制备其它储库凝胶载体。当溶剂联合使用时,如20%甘油三乙酸酯和80%苯甲酸苄酯,将预称重的干聚合物直接加到溶剂混合物中。典型的聚合物分子量为14,400-39,700(Mw)[6,400-12,200(Mn)]。下面表2描述了代表性的凝胶载体。
表2:凝胶载体
药物负载
溶剂/聚合物 | 溶剂 | 聚合物 | 溶剂量 | 聚合物量 | 凝胶重 | 比值 |
50/50 | BB | PLGA-502 | 5g | 5g | 10g | 1.0 |
50/50 | TA/BB混合物 | PLGA-502 | 5g | 5g | 10g | 1.0 |
60/40 | TA/BB混合物 | PLGA-502 | 6g | 4g | 10g | 1.5 |
70/30 | TA/BB混合物 | PLGA-502 | 7g | 3g | 10g | 2.3 |
80/20 | TA/BB混合物 | PLGA-502 | 8g | 2g | 10g | 4.0 |
50/50 | EB | PLGA-502 | 5g | 5g | 10g | 1.0 |
50/50 | TA/BB混合物 | PLGA-502 | 5g | 5g | 10g | 1.0 |
50/50 | BB | PLGA-502 | 25g | 25g | 50g | 1.0 |
55/45 | BB | PLGA-502 | 27.5g | 22.5g | 50g | 1.2 |
50/50 | BB | PLGA-502 | 50g | 50g | 100g | 1.0 |
50/50 | TA/BB混合物 | PLGA-502 | 50g | 50g | 100g | 1.0 |
50/50 | BB | PLGA-502H | 5g | 5g | 10g | 1.0 |
50/50 | BB | PLGA-503 | 50g | 50g | 100g | 1.0 |
按照上述方法制备的喷雾或冷冻干燥的含或不含醋酸锌的hGH颗粒(10-20%重量比),加到特定的清琥珀色储库凝胶载体中,手动混合直至干粉末彻底湿透。然后,使用一种附带金属方铲的Caframo机械搅拌器按常规混合将此乳状淡黄色颗粒/凝胶混合物彻底混合。制得的制剂在下面表3和表4中描述。“L”代表冷冻干燥的hGH颗粒,SD代表喷雾干燥的hGH颗粒。将最终的均质凝胶制剂转移到3、10或30ml的一次性注射器中以备储存或配出用。表3:hGH体内试验
表4:hGH体内试验(所有例子中锌含量水平均是15mM)
实施例3-溶菌酶体外研究
制剂 | 聚合物 | 溶剂 | 药物颗粒 | 氨基丁三醇缓冲液(mM) | ||||
含量 | PLGA | 含量 | 类型 | 含量 | 处理方法 | 锌含量mM) | ||
A | 45% | 502 | 45% | TA | 10% | L | 0 | 50 |
B | 45% | 502 | 45% | TA | 10% | L | 7.5 | 50 |
C | 45% | 502 | 45% | TA | 10% | L | 15 | 50 |
D | 45% | 502 | 45% | BB | 10% | L | 0 | 50 |
E | 45% | 502 | 45% | BB | 10% | L | 7.5 | 50 |
F | 45% | 502 | 45% | BB | 10% | L | 15 | 50 |
G | 45% | 502 | 45% | NMP | 10% | L | 0 | 50 |
H | 45% | 502 | 45% | NMP | 10% | L | 15 | 50 |
I | 45% | 502 | 45% | TA | 10% | SD | 0 | 50 |
J | 45% | 502 | 45% | TA | 10% | SD | 7.5 | 50 |
K | 45% | 502 | 45% | BB | 10% | SD | 0 | 50 |
L | 45% | 502 | 45% | BB | 10% | SD | 7.5 | 50 |
制剂 | 聚合物 | 溶剂 | 药物颗粒 | 氨基丁三醇缓冲液(mM) | |||
含量水平 | PLGA | 含量水平 | 类型 | 含量水平 | 处理方法 | ||
F | 45% | 502 | 45% | BB | 10% | L | 50 |
N | 45% | 502 | 45% | 80%BB/20%TA | 10% | L | 5 |
P | 45% | 502H | 45% | TA | 10% | L | 5 |
Q | 45% | 502H | 45% | BB | 10% | L | 5 |
R | 45% | 502 | 45% | EB | 10% | L | 5 |
S | 45% | 502 | 45% | TC | 10% | L | 5 |
T | 45% | 502 | 40% | BB | 20% | L | 5 |
W | 45% | 502-2 | 45% | BB | 10% | L | 5 |
X | 45% | 502 | 45% | TA | 10% | L | 5 |
鸡卵白溶菌酶(Sigma Chemical Co.St Louis,MO)体外释放研究用来检验使用高水溶性溶剂NMP与低水溶性溶剂甘油三乙酸酯和本发明中适用的苯甲酸苄酯的不同载体制剂。用3ml注射器分配储库凝胶制剂并称重,分配到DelrinTM杯板或1平方英寸250μ筛目的聚丙烯网板上。然后,将含有储库凝胶制剂的杯板或筛板浸入盛有10ml受体缓冲液的塑料小瓶中。塑料小瓶盖上揿钮盖以防止蒸发。盛有储库凝胶制剂的小瓶浸到37℃的Haake振动水浴中。在每个时间点,用镊子将含有储库凝胶制剂的DelrinTM杯板或聚丙烯网板转移到新的盛有10ml受体缓冲液的塑料小瓶中。使用移液管将受体缓冲液移至HPLC小瓶。受体缓冲液是pH值调至7.0的含有叠氮化钠(0.2%)的磷酸缓冲盐水,PBS。多数情况受体缓冲液含有吐温-80(0.1%)。典型的采集间隔为2、4、8小时,1、2、3、4、7、10天,和2、3、4、5、6、7、8周。使用冷冻自动采样器(4℃)用梯度洗脱反相高压液相色谱(RP-HPLC)分析所有受体样本的溶菌酶浓度。结果表明,使用苯甲酸苄酯和苯甲酸苄酯溶剂混合物的本发明组合物出现的溶菌酶崩释明显小于使用NMP的凝胶组合物的崩释。实施例4-体外水含量研究
除了去除含有贮库凝胶载体的整个杯板,干印迹,按照特定时间间隔放入干的塑料小瓶中之外,其余过程与实施例3描述的使用DelrinTM杯板的体外药物释放过程相同。受体溶液是无菌水,在每个时间间隔为剩余的样品更换溶液。记录起始和最终的凝胶载体重量以观察重量变化。使用Karl Fischer仪,装有VA-06蒸发器的Mitsubishi湿度计CA-06,测得储库凝胶载体中的水含量。所选择的凝胶的结果示于图4A-4B中。结果表明,本发明凝胶组合物摄取的水量大大少于单独使用NMP形成的凝胶组合物摄取的水量。实施例5-hGH体内研究
在大鼠体内进行体内研究,以公知程序测定通过本分明植入系统系统性给予hGH时的hGH血清水平。喷雾干燥(SD)或冷冻干燥(L)的hHG储库凝胶制剂,盛入安装了16号针头的常用0.5ml注射器中,使用循环浴加热到37℃。将hHG储库凝胶制剂给大鼠注射,在特定时间间隔取血。分析前所有血清样本在4℃储存。使用放免分析法(RIA)分析样本中完整hHG含量。甘油三乙酸酯和苯甲酸苄酯的代表性结果示于图5A和5B,结果表明,本发明组合物具有优越的控制崩释的特性。实施例6
使用等量的α-2a-干扰素、α-2b-干扰素或保守干扰素、蛋氨酸人生长激素、脱-苯丙氨酸人生长激素、卡铂和胰岛素样生长因子,按照实施例2的方法制备本发明植入系统。给予大鼠含药物粘性凝胶的量参照实施例5,考虑每种物质的相对生物活性予以调整。将植入系统植入大鼠以提供系统水平的活性物质。实施例7
含卡铂的植入系统按照实施例6的方法制备,并直接注射到患肿瘤大鼠的实体瘤中。该植入系统适于向肿瘤局部释放卡铂。实施例8
按照实施例2(不加锌)制备100Mg可植入储库凝胶,其含0.5、1.5、和3mgα-2b-干扰素,分别用0.5、1和2mg的蔗糖稳定,其余的是50mg苯甲酸苄酯和45-49mg的适量PLGA 502(平均分子量约10,000)。该植入体显示小的崩释并适于植入。该植入系统被植入大鼠体内以提供系统水平的α-2b-干扰素。
根据本发明的不同方面,可获得一种或多种显著的优点。特别是,含用于系统或局部给药的有益物质的可植入或可注射粘性凝胶,在植入后取得了低或小的崩释效果。更进一步,使用简单的加工步骤,获得了可手术植入动物或者不作手术而是通过使用低配出力、经标准针头注射到动物一定部位的粘性凝胶组合物。一旦到达部位,组合物基本上避免了崩释作用并提供所需的有益物质释放曲线。还有,有益物质被完全给予后,不需要取出组合物,因为他们可完全生物降解。还有一个优点,本发明避免使用可降解某些有益物质如多肽和核苷酸药物的微粒或微胶囊技术,所述微粒或微胶囊将很难从使用环境取出。由于粘性凝胶的形成不需要水、极限温度或其它溶剂,有益物质的悬浮颗粒保持干燥和原始构型,这有助于其稳定。再者,由于形成团块,如果需要可以从使用环境取出这种可注射的储库凝胶组合物。
上面描述的示范性实施例旨在说明本发明的各个方面,而不是限制性的。因此,本领域技术人员由本发明描述可得出许多不同的具体实施变化方案。所有这些不同和改进被认为在本发明权利要求限定的范围之内。
Claims (62)
1.一种给予主体有益物质的系统给药方法,该方法包括植入一个包含基本上溶解或分散于整个粘性凝胶的有益物质的系统,该系统的崩释指数为8或更小。
2.权利要求1所述方法,其中粘性凝胶包含一种生物相容性聚合物和一种溶剂。
3.权利要求2所述方法,其中粘性凝胶任选地包括一种或多种下列组分:一种乳化剂、一种成孔剂、一种有益物质的溶解调节剂和一种渗透剂。
4.权利要求2所述方法,其中溶剂包括一种水溶混性小于7重量%的溶剂。
5.权利要求4所述方法,其中溶剂选自芳酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯;芳基、芳烷基和低级烷基酮;和柠檬酸的低级烷基酯。
6.权利要求2所述方法,其中聚合物选自聚丙交酯、聚乙交酯、聚己内酯、聚酐、聚胺、聚氨酯、聚酰胺酯、聚原酸酯、聚二噁烷酮、聚缩醛、聚缩酮、聚碳酸酯、聚原碳酸酯、聚磷腈、琥珀酸酯、聚苹果酸、聚氨基酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、聚羟基纤维素、壳多糖、脱乙酰壳多糖、和它们的共聚物、三元共聚物及混合物。
7.权利要求5所述方法,其中聚合物是乳酸聚合物,溶剂选自苯甲酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯。
8.一种给予主体有益物质的局部给药方法,该方法包括植入一个包含基本上溶解或分散于整个粘性凝胶的有益物质的系统,在植入后24小时内释放的有益物质不大于整个释放期间所释放有益物质总量的20重量%。
9.权利要求8所述方法,其中粘性凝胶包括一种生物相容性聚合物和一种溶剂。
10.权利要求9所述方法,其中粘性凝胶任选地包括一种或多种下列组分:一种乳化剂、一种成孔剂、一种有益物质的溶解调节剂和一种渗透剂。
11.权利要求10所述方法,其中溶剂包括一种水溶混性小于7重量%的溶剂。
12.权利要求11所述方法,其中溶剂选自芳酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯;芳基、芳烷基和低级烷基酮;和柠檬酸的低级烷基酯。
13.权利要求9所述方法,其中聚合物选自聚丙交酯、聚乙交酯、聚己内酯、聚酐、聚胺、聚氨酯、聚酰胺酯、聚原酸酯、聚二噁烷酮、聚缩醛、聚缩酮、聚碳酸酯、聚原碳酸酯、聚磷腈、琥珀酸酯、聚苹果酸、聚氨基酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、聚羟基纤维素、壳多糖、脱乙酰壳多糖、和它们的共聚物、三元共聚物及混合物。
14.权利要求12所述方法,其中聚合物是乳酸聚合物,溶剂选自苯甲酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯。
15.一种通过植入一个凝胶组合物以接近零级释放的控释方式给予主体有益物质的给药方法,所述凝胶组合物包括一种生物降解聚合物、一种水中溶解度小于7%的生物相容性溶剂,和一种有益物质,其中有益物质于聚合物凝胶内部的负载量高于有益物质在水中饱和所需的量。
16.一种给予主体有益物质的给药方法,该方法包括植入一个系统,该系统包括基本上溶解或分散于整个粘性凝胶的有益物质和有益物质溶解调节剂,所述粘性凝胶由生物相容性聚合物和水中溶解度为7%或更小的溶剂形成,系统的崩释指数为8或更小。
17.权利要求16所述方法,其中聚合物是乳酸聚合物。
18.一种用于向主体系统释放有益物质的可植入组合物,该组合物包括一种聚合物、一种与聚合物形成粘性凝胶的一定量溶剂,和一种溶解或分散于凝胶的有益物质,所述溶剂包括单一溶剂或者其中至少一种溶剂的水溶混性小于7重量%的溶剂混合物,溶剂总重量占凝胶载体重量的40%或更多,所述组合物的崩释指数为8或更小。
19.一种用于向主体持续释放有益物质的可植入的、生物降解性组合物,该组合物包括一种聚合物;一种有效增塑量的与聚合物形成粘性凝胶的溶剂;和一种溶解或分散于凝胶的有益物质,其中所述溶剂包括其中至少一种溶剂的水溶混性小于7重量%的溶剂混合物。
20.权利要求19所述组合物,其中溶剂混合物的水溶混性为10重量%或更少。
21.一种用于向主体释放有益物质的可植入的、生物降解性组合物,该组合物包括一种聚合物;一种有效增塑量的与聚合物形成粘性凝胶的溶剂;和一种溶解或分散于凝胶的有益物质,其中所述溶剂包括单一溶剂或其中至少一种溶剂的水溶混性小于7重量%并选自苯甲酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯的溶剂混合物。
22.一种用于向主体释放有益物质的可植入凝胶组合物,包括:
A)一种生物相容性聚合物;
D)一种乳化剂;
E)一种成孔剂;
F)一种有益物质的溶解调节剂;和
G)一种渗透剂。
24.权利要求23所述组合物,其中R1为苯基。
25.权利要求23所述组合物,其中R2为苄基。
26.一种可注射性储库凝胶组合物的制备方法,包括:
A)将一种生物相容性聚合物和一种水溶混性为7重量%或更少选自苯甲酸的低级烷基酯和芳烷基酯的溶剂进行混合,形成一种粘性凝胶;
B)将有益物质分散或溶解于一种乳化剂中形成含有乳化剂的有益物质,所述有益物质任选地与有益物质溶解调节剂联合;和
C)将含有乳化剂的有益物质与粘性凝胶混合,在粘性凝胶中形成分散的小滴相,及任选地,
D)将一种或多种成孔剂和一种渗透剂与所述粘性凝胶混合,提供可注射的凝胶组合物。
27.一种用于系统给药的凝胶组合物,包括:
A)一种生物相容性聚合物;
B)一种水溶混性小于7重量%的生物相容性溶剂;
C)一种选自cDNA、DNA、肽、蛋白质及它们的片段和衍生物的有益物质,以及任选地,一种或多种下列组分:
D)一种乳化剂;
E)一种成孔剂;
F)一种有益物质溶解调节剂;和
G)一种渗透剂;其中所述组合物的崩释指数小于8。
28.一种用于给予主体有益物质的药盒,包括:
A)一种生物相容性聚合物;
B)一种适宜溶解聚合物并形成粘性凝胶的水溶混性为7重量%或更小的溶剂;
C)一种有益物质;和任选地,一种或多种下列组分:
D)一种乳化剂;
E)一种成孔剂;
F)一种有益物质溶解调节剂,任选地与有益物质联合;和
G)一种渗透剂;其中至少有益物质,任选地与溶解调节剂联合,与溶剂保持分离直至将有益物质给予主体之时。
29.一种用于系统释放有益物质的可植入组合物,包括一种聚(丙交酯-乙交酯)共聚物;一种有效增塑量的与聚合物形成粘性凝胶的溶剂;和选自cDNA、DNA、肽、蛋白质及它们的片段和衍生物的有益物质,所述组合物崩释指数等于或小于8。
30.一种用于持续释放有益物质的可植入组合物,包括一种聚(丙交酯-乙交酯)共聚物;一种有效增塑量的包括苯甲酸低级烷基酯或芳烷基酯的与该聚合物形成粘性凝胶的溶剂;和一种有益物质。
31.权利要求30所述组合物,其中溶剂与水的溶混性小于7重量%。
32.权利要求30所述组合物,其中溶剂是苯甲酸苄酯。
33.权利要求30所述组合物,包含一种有益物质的溶解调节剂。
34.权利要求30所述组合物,包含一种成孔剂。
35.权利要求30所述组合物,包含一种乳化剂。
36.权利要求30所述组合物,包含一种渗透剂。
37.权利要求33所述组合物,其中溶解调节剂选自二价金属盐。
38.权利要求34所述组合物,其中成孔剂是水溶性的。
39.权利要求34所述组合物,其中成孔剂选自水溶性糖、盐、溶液和聚合物。
40.权利要求35所述组合物,其中乳化剂能够在所述粘性凝胶中形成分散的小滴相。
41.权利要求35所述组合物,其中乳化剂选自醇、丙二醇、乙二醇、甘油、水和它们的溶液和混合物。
42.权利要求35所述组合物,其中乳化剂选自乙醇、异丙醇、水、它们的溶液和它们的混合物。
43.权利要求30所述组合物,其中共聚物单体乳酸与羟基乙酸的比值范围为10∶0~15∶85。
44.权利要求30所述组合物,其中共聚物的平均分子量为1,000~120,000。
45.权利要求30所述组合物,其中溶剂包含一种与溶剂溶混的组分溶剂。
46.权利要求45所述组合物,其中组分溶剂选自甘油三乙酸酯、甘油二乙酸酯、甘油三丁酸酯、柠檬酸三乙基酯、柠檬酸三丁基酯、乙酰柠檬酸三乙基酯、乙酰柠檬酸三丁基酯、三乙基甘油酯、磷酸三乙基酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙基酯、酒石酸二乙基酯、矿物油、聚丁烯、聚硅氧烷液、甘油、乙二醇、聚乙二醇、辛醇、乳酸乙酯、丙二醇、碳酸丙二醇酯、碳酸乙二醇酯、丁内酯、环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、2-吡咯烷酮、甘油缩甲醛、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、甲乙酮、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜、四氢呋喃、己内酰胺、癸基甲基亚砜、油酸、和1-十二烷基氮杂环庚-2-酮、和它们的混合物。
47.权利要求45所述组合物,其中组分溶剂选自甘油三乙酸酯和N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮,以及它们的混合物。
48.权利要求45所述组合物,其中组分溶剂是甘油三乙酸酯。
49.权利要求2所述方法,其中有益物质的量占聚合物、溶剂和有益物质总重量的1~50%。
50.权利要求1所述方法,其中有益物质是cDNA、DNA、肽、蛋白质及它们的片段和衍生物,或一种化疗药。
51.权利要求50所述方法,其中有益物质是人生长激素、蛋氨酸-人生长激素、脱苯丙氨酸人生长激素、α-2a-干扰素、α-2b-干扰素或保守干扰素。
52.权利要求8所述方法,其中有益物质是cDNA、DNA、肽、蛋白质及它们的片段和衍生物,或一种化疗药。
53.权利要求1所述方法,其中有益物质在长时期内从系统释放。
54.权利要求8所述方法,其中有益物质在长时期内从系统释放。
55.权利要求1所述方法,其中系统在植入后不坚硬。
56.权利要求55所述方法,其中系统在植入后至少24小时内保持低于37℃的玻璃化温度。
57.权利要求9所述方法,其中系统在植入后不坚硬。
58.权利要求57所述方法,其中系统在植入后至少24小时内保持低于37℃的玻璃化温度。
59.权利要求18所述组合物,其中凝胶在植入后不坚硬。
60.权利要求59所述组合物,其中凝胶在植入后至少24小时内保持低于37℃的玻璃化温度。
61.一种可植入性凝胶组合物,包括一种生物相容性聚合物、一种与聚合物形成粘性凝胶的生物相容性溶剂和一种有益物质,该组合物在植入后前21天内吸收的水占其自身总重量的40%或更少。
62.权利要求61所述组合物,其中组合物在植入后前14天内吸收的水小于其自身总重量的30%或更少。
63.权利要求62所述组合物,其中组合物在植入后前7天内吸收的水小于其自身总重量的25%或更少。
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US3343996P | 1996-12-20 | 1996-12-20 | |
US60/033,439 | 1996-12-20 |
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EP (2) | EP0949905B1 (zh) |
JP (4) | JP2002512597A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100616793B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1146402C (zh) |
AT (2) | ATE203157T1 (zh) |
AU (2) | AU5609798A (zh) |
CA (3) | CA2591581C (zh) |
DE (2) | DE69735384T2 (zh) |
DK (2) | DK0959873T3 (zh) |
ES (2) | ES2256898T3 (zh) |
GR (1) | GR3036599T3 (zh) |
HK (2) | HK1020009A1 (zh) |
IL (1) | IL130532A0 (zh) |
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