CN1105413C - 旋转电机设备 - Google Patents
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- H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks via a high-tension dc link
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- H02K3/46—Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure
- H02K3/48—Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure in slots
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- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
- H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
- H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
- H01F2027/329—Insulation with semiconducting layer, e.g. to reduce corona effect
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- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
- H01F29/14—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias
- H01F2029/143—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias with control winding for generating magnetic bias
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H02K2203/00—Specific aspects not provided for in the other groups of this subclass relating to the windings
- H02K2203/15—Machines characterised by cable windings, e.g. high-voltage cables, ribbon cables
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K9/00—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating
- H02K9/19—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating for machines with closed casing and closed-circuit cooling using a liquid cooling medium, e.g. oil
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- Y10S174/13—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention
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- Y10S174/19—High voltage cable, e.g. above 10kv, corona prevention having a particular cable application, e.g. winding in a dynamo-electric machine
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于HVDC的无变压器发电的设备,其中,该设备包括一个旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机和一个变换器。该单绕组/多绕组电机包括一个具有一个或多个导磁铁芯和一个或多个在空间上相位移动了的绕组的磁路,该绕组包括一个具有一个或多个载流导体(2)的电缆,每个导体包括大量的导线束,围绕每个导体布置一个内半导电层(3),围绕内半导电层布置一个固体绝缘的绝缘层(4),围绕绝缘层布置一个外半导电层(5)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及HVDC(高压直流电流)的无变压器发电设备,其中,该设备包括一个旋转高压单绕组或多绕组电机和一个变换器。本发明还包括用于可变速的高压电机运行的装置。实际上,本发明涉及把机械转矩变换成直流电流和直流电压而不需要中间变压器的设备,以及涉及把直流电流和直流电压变换成机械转矩而不需要中间变压器的设备。
该单绕组或多绕组电机包括一个磁路,该磁路包括一个或多个叠装的、普通或取向的叠片铁心、一个或多个绕组系统、冷却系统,等等。上述铁心也可以是例如非晶或粉末基的材料,或者任何其他的具有允许交变磁通通过的作用的材料,该磁路可以放置在电机的定子或转子中,也可以放置在两者中。
该单绕组或多绕组电机也可以被制成为没有磁性材料或者仅在其后部具有磁性材料的气隙绕制电机。
本发明还包括用于制造旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机的磁路的方法。
本发明的装置主要涉及高压直流电流的无变压器发电设备和高压电机装置。本发明中的设备将被普通地用于1MW到15GW的功率范围,并且包括一个或几个旋转电机。
背景技术
其中电力电子技术是通常被称为电力电子的技术领域。其定义参见德语“Leistungselektronik”,在德语中有时叫做“Stromrichtertechnik”。该领域包括不同形式之间的电功率的变换,例如,以下几种状态之间的变换:
--DC和AC,逆变器运行;
--AC和DC,整流器运行;
AC和AC,涉及在电压的频率、幅值、相位和相数之间具有任意比率的ac变换/ac变换;
DC和DC,涉及dc变换/dc变换。
本领域中的该术语不是完全一致的。但是,在“国际机电字典(International Electro-technical Dictionary)”和Publ.IEC60050-551IEV,“电力电子学(Power Electronics)”中可找到一个IEC概要。
现有技术中具有大量的包括在专利申请的领域中的不同半导体元件。在由Bose等所著的“现代电力电子学(Modern Power Electronics)”,IEEE Industrial Electronics Society,ISBN:0-87942-282-3中可以找到一个例子。在上述元件中具有:
--晶闸管、二极管、三端双向晶闸管、栅极可关断晶闸管(GTO)、双极晶体管(BJT)、PWM晶体管、MOSFET、绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)、静电感应晶体管(SIT)、静电感应晶闸管(SITH)、MOS控制晶闸管(MCT)等等。
用于逆变器运行和整流器运行的半导体连接在英语中通常被称为“变换器”。没有相对应的清楚的瑞典解释。由于本发明中的一部分涉及包括逆变器运行和整流器运行两者的HVDC功率变换,则在下面的讨论中半导体连接被称为变换器。
为了能够说明通过使用本发明的装置所得到的技术上和经济上的优点和利益,将描述如何根据现有技术来设计HVDC发电设备和具有可变速的高压电机装置。
图1表示了传统的HVDC输电站。原理上,其包括许多根据现有技术的ac发电机G1...Gn,具有25~30kV的电压。通过变压器A1...An,最好是D/Y连接的,该发电机电压被逐步提高到适当的ac输电电压上,并且在高压ac电网中通过ac输电线进行远距离输电。整流的流行的方法被用于所谓的12半周整流。ac电网中的正弦形由变换器附近的整流器所获得。该12半周整流假设连续串联连接的变换器桥B1...Bn由相互布置成相差30电角度的ac系统进行馈电。这可以通过连接到高压ac电网Y/Y连接的变换器变压器Y1...Yn和相应的Y/D连接的变换器变压器D1...Dn上来获得,他们被允许连接变换器。
这样的传统的HVDC输电站包括两个变压器级、ac整流器、ac断路器和一个ac母线系统。由于变压器一般用于大功率的输电,他们一般是油冷却和油绝缘的。由于串联连接的变换器,变换变压器的绕组和套管应经受从地算起的上升的dc电压。这对这些变压器的套管和绝缘有很高的要求。这些内容描述在由E.Uhlmann所著的“Power Transmissionby Direct Current”,Springer Verlag1975,pp.327~328,ELECTRANo.141,四月,1992,pp.34~39和ELECTRA No.155,八月,1994,pp.6~30中。
根据上述一个方案的HVDC输电站描述在:Asea Journal 1980,Vol.53,Nos.1~2,pp.3~12中的标题为“The world’s longest HVDCsubmarine cable link”,“The Skagerack transmission”的文章中,以及ELECTRA No.149,August1993中的“Direct connection of generators toHVCD converters”的文章中。
最近,讨论了HVDC输电站的一个实施例,其中包括从每个发电机到Y/Y连接和Y/D连接的变换变压器的直接连接。这样的设备描述在ELECTRA的上述文章中,并且在其中被称为“直接连接”。
这样的连接表示在图2中。来自发电机G1...Gn的电压分别直接馈给变换变压器Y1...Yn和D1...Dn。这样的连接对变换变压器产生更大的要求,因为它们目前必须负担发电机的电压逐步升压到与所需要的直流电压等级相对应的等级。
这样的连接中的一个问题是变换谐波会使发电机的定子绕组中的损耗提高。
在图3中表示了一种特别的中间相变压器变换连接。与图1和图2相一致,变换器S1和S2的供电由两个布置成相差30电角度的三相电压经过变压器T1和T2来发生。如果该连接另外包括电抗器R1和R2,则dc电位应力在馈电变压器或发电机上不会发生。经常用普通铁心和绕组以及中间抽头来设计R1和R2。
现有技术的多绕组电机的一个例子描述在US4,132,914的标题为“电机定子的六相绕组”的说明书中。该绕组特别形成以便于在外部连接之间获得尽可能低的电压。这样和相似电机中的六相绕组形成为两个三相绕组,这两个三相绕组一般布置成相差30电角度。这就允许能够用一个Y连接和一个D连接变压器来连续获得一个单一三相电压。
根据现有技术的上述电机和相似的电机被设计成用于25kV以下的电压。具有两个布置成相差30电角度的三相绕组的电机可以根据上述内容而用于变换器的12半周整流,而不需要中间变压器。但是,在现有电机的最高电压的情况下,整流电压可以等于大约30kV的最大值,相对于地电位对称地分布为约+/-15kV。
从用于获得所谓HVDC即100kV以上的直流电压的几个发电机所馈电的变换器的串联连接不可能根据用云母基绝缘技术的现有技术的发电机来实现,因为它们不能耐受施加在一般使用的变换器连接的发电机绕组上的dc分量。
电机可以用根据现有技术所述的ac电机的可变速度驱动,由于各种实际的理由,该电机具有布置成相差30电角度的两个三相绕组。为了进行速度控制,该电机必须被以可变频率供电。根据现有技术的供电的电压等级大致为5kV的幅值。
上述这种电动机驱动已经公开在大量的论文和文章中,例如“高速同步电动机。可调速驱动”,Asea pamphlet OG135-101E,“Freqsyn-用于大功率应用的新的驱动系统”,Asea Journal59(1986):4,pp.16-19。根据ABB Review9/1995,p.38,用于驱动风洞风扇的100MW可调速电动机已经由NASA所订购。
这样的电动机驱动的供电可以用不同方法实现,例如,可以使用纯AC/AC功率变换或从直流电压电网通过可控变换器进行供电。这样的设备的结构已经描述在ICEM 94中所公开的标题为“Synchronousmachines with single or double3-phase star-connected winding fed by12-pulse load commutated inverter”的文章中,International Conference onElectrical Machines,Part Vol.1,pp.267-272。
具有可变速的电机驱动也可以由具有一个绕组系统的电机获得,若利用最新的技术开发,所谓PWM技术即脉宽调制和自换向变换器来产生供电,其中也可以使用六相连接。
对于较小的旋转电机,可以使用所谓的磁阻电机,目前已经设计到几百千瓦,其中定子和转子都具有凸极。这样的电动机已经描述在IEEProc.B,Vol.127,Nov.1980,pp.253-265中的“Variable speed switchedreluctance motors”中。该电机目前是低压电机,该绕组以多层绕在定子凸极上。这些磁阻电机是可以进一步开发成通过变换器与高dc电压相连接的电机的例子。
下面以同步电机为基础从具有大约25-30kV的电压等级的传统单绕组电机开始来描述现有技术。该说明实际上涉及这样的电机的磁路和根据传统技术如何组成该磁路。由于磁路在很多情况下布置在定子中,下面将说明该磁路作为具有叠片铁心的定子的情况,该绕组被称为定子绕组,用于该绕组的叠片铁心中的槽被称为定子槽或简称为槽。
大部分同步电机具有转子上的励磁绕组,通过直流电流来产生主磁通;和定子中的ac绕组。该同步电机一般是三相设计。有时该同步电机以凸极来设计。该凸极在转于中具有ac绕组。有时,该电机被设计成在定子和转子中都具有多相绕组,被称为所谓的同步磁通电机,以允许在除了同步速度外的速度下运转。
用于大同步电机的定子体一般由具有焊接结构的片钢制成。该叠片铁心一般由浸渍0.35或0.5mm电工钢片制成。由于是大电机,该钢板被冲成多个部分,通过焊接/鸠尾榫接合而联结成定子体。该叠片铁心通过压纸和压板来进行固定。
为了冷却同步电机的绕组,有三种不同的冷却系统可以使用。
在空气冷却的情况下,可以通过空气流通冷却来对定子绕组和转子绕组进行冷却。在定子叠片组和转子中设置空气冷却通道。为了借助于空气来进行通风和冷却,至少用于中型和大型电机的叠装铁心被分成多个具有设置在铁心中的径向和轴向通风道的叠片组。
冷却空气可以由环境空气组成,但是当功率超过1MW时,实际上就需使用具有热交换器的封闭冷却系统。空气是用于水力发电机的实用媒质。
氢冷一般用于400MW左右的涡轮发电机和大型同步冷凝器。冷却方法以与具有热交换器的空气冷却相同的方式进行,只是使用氢气来取代空气作为制冷剂。氢气具有比空气更好的制冷容量,但是在密封和监测泄露上更加困难。
对500~1000MW功率范围的涡轮发电机,应用定子绕组和转子绕组的水冷是公知的技术。冷却通道是放置在定子绕组中的导体内部的管道的形式。
大型电机中的一个问题是冷却会变得不均匀,因此,电机不同部位的温差升高了。
定子绕组放置在叠装铁心的槽中。槽一般具有矩形或梯形的截面。每相绕组包括大量的串联连接的线圈组,每个线圈组包括大量的串联连接的线圈。线圈的不同部分被设计成:放置在定子中的那部分的线圈边和放置在定子外部的那部分的线圈端部。一个线圈包括一个导体或者多个在高度和/或宽度上汇集在一起的导体。在每个导体之间设置薄的绝缘,例如,环氧/玻璃纤维。线圈通过线圈绝缘与槽之间进行绝缘,即,可以经受电机与地之间的额定电压的绝缘。作为绝缘材料,可以使用各种塑料、清漆和玻璃纤维材料。通常,使用所谓的云母带,该云母带是云母和硬塑料的混合物,被专门制造来提供防止局部放电,该放电会迅速破坏绝缘。通过围绕线圈绕制几层云母带来把该绝缘加到线圈上。该绝缘被进行浸渍,然后用煤基涂料来涂敷该线圈边,以改善同与地电位相连的环绕定子的接触。
由相应电流密度和所使用的冷却方法来确定绕组的导体面积。导体和线圈一般由矩形形状形成,以使槽中的导体材料的量成为最大。一个典型的线圈由所谓的Roebel线棒形成,其中,在一些线棒的内部被制成用于冷却介质的空心槽。Roebel线棒包括多个矩形的并联连接的铜导体,该铜导体沿着槽被换位360度。具有540度换位和其他换位的Ringland线棒已经出现。设置该换位以避免在导体材料的截面中所产生的环流的出现,如从磁场所看到的那样。
关于这点,下面将指出:当与变换器的运行连接时,电流中的谐波上升。这些谐波不是均匀地分布在矩形截面中,其引起了集肤效应并提高了损耗。
从机械和电气的原因上,电机不能被制成任何尺寸。电机功率实际上由三个因素决定:
--绕组的导体面积。在正常的运行温度下,例如,铜具有3~3.5A/mm2的最大值。
--定子和转子材料中的最大磁通密度(磁通量)。
--绝缘材料中最大电场强度,所谓的介电强度。
多相ac电机被设计成单层或两层绕组。在单层绕组的情况下,每个槽中仅有一个线圈边,而在两层绕组的情况下,在每槽中具有两个线圈边。两层绕组一般被设计成菱形绕组,而在该连接中相应的单层绕组可以被设计成菱形绕组或同心式绕组。在菱形绕组的情况下,仅一个线圈跨距(或者也可以两个线圈跨距)产生,而平面绕组被设计成同心绕组,即,具有大大不同的线圈宽度。线圈宽度是指属于同一个线圈的两个线圈边之间的环形测量的距离,可以与相应极距或中间槽的节距数量相关。一般,使用不同的弦变量,例如,分数节距,以使绕组得到所需要特性。这种类型的绕组实际上描述了槽中的线圈即线圈边如何在定子的外部即线圈端部被连接起来。
在定子的叠片组外部,线圈没有碳基涂料涂敷的半导电接地电位层。线圈端部一般以所谓防电晕清漆形式具有一个E场控制,以把径向场变换为轴向场,这是指在线圈端部上的绝缘出现了对地的更高电位。这有时在线圈端部区域中引起电晕,该电晕具有破坏性。在线圈端部上的所谓场控制点会给旋转电机的设计带来问题。
一般,所有大型电机都被设计成具有两层绕组和相等的大线圈。每个线圈的一边放置在一层中而另一个边放置在另一层中。这意味着所有线圈在线圈端部相互交叉。如果使用两层以上,这些交叉会引起绕组工作困难并损坏线圈端部。
在最近几十年,对于电压高于以前能够设计和制造的旋转电机的需求不断上升。根据现有技术,已经能够由具有线圈生产中高产量的同步电机来获得的最大电压等级约为25~30kV。
在J.Elektrotechnika,No.1,1970,pp.6-8的标题为“水和油冷却涡轮发电机TVM-300”;在US4,429,244中的“发电机的定子”以及在俄罗斯专利文献CCCP955369中都描述了同步电机的最新设计。
在J.Elektrotechnika中所描述的水和油冷却涡轮发电机把电压提高到了20kV。该文章描述了一种由油/纸绝缘组成的新的绝缘系统,能够把定子整体浸渍在油中。油可以被用作冷却媒质,同时其也被用作绝缘。为了防止定子中的油不会泄露到转子上,在铁心的内表面上设置一个介电隔油环。定子绕组由具有提供了油和纸绝缘的椭圆空心槽形状的导体所制成。带有这些绝缘的线圈边借助楔形被固定在矩形截面的槽上。作为冷却媒质的油被用于空心槽导体和定子壁的孔中。但是,这样的冷却系统在线圈端部需要大量的油和电的连接。厚绝缘也需要导体的更大的曲率半径,这又会导致绕组伸出部分的尺寸增大。
上述US4,429,244涉及同步电机的定子部分,该电机包括具有供定子绕组用的梯形槽的叠片的导磁铁心。该槽是锥形的,因为相对于转子内部来说定子绕组的绝缘的需要是较小的,在此放置了距中性点最近的绕组的部分。另外,定子部分包括距铁心内表面最近的介电隔油筒。相对于没有该环的电机,该部分会提高磁化要求。定子绕组由具有对每个线圈层相同的直径的油浸电缆制成。在槽中借助分隔片来相互隔开这些层并通过楔形来进行固定。绕组的特殊之处是其包括两个串联连接的所谓半绕组。两个半绕组中的一个被对中放置在一个绝缘护套的内部。定子绕组的导体由环绕的油进行冷却。该系统中的如此大量的油所存在的缺点是泄露的危险和可能导致故障条件时的非常大量的清洁工作。位于槽外侧的绝缘护套的这些部分具有一个筒形部分和一个由载流层补强的锥形端部,该载流层的作用是在电缆进入端部绕组所在的区域中控制电场强度。
从CCCP955369可以看出,另一个方案是提高同步电机的额定电压,油冷定子绕组包括一个对所有层相同尺寸的传统的高压电缆。该电缆放置在形成为圆形的定子槽中,径向放置与电缆的截面区域和用于固定以及用于冷却媒质的必须空间相对应的开口。绕组的不同径向放置层由绝缘管所围绕并且固定在绝缘管中。绝缘分隔片把该管固定在定子槽中。因为油冷却,也需要一个内部介电环来相对于内部气隙密封该油冷却媒质。上述系统中的油的缺点也存在于该设计中。该设计在不同定子槽之间呈现出了一个非常窄的径向腰部,这意味着会产生大大影响电机的磁化要求的很大的槽漏磁通。
来自Electric Power Research Isstitute的EPRI,EL-3391,1984的一份报告描述了一个用于获得旋转电机的更高电压的电机概念,能够把一个电机连接到一个电网上而没有中间变压器。这样的解决方案被认为能提供良好的效率和大的经济利益。在1984年已经能够认识到开始开发用于直接连接到电网上的发电机,其主要的理由是在那时已经生产出了超导转子。超导磁场的很大磁化容量使其能够使用具有足够厚度以耐受电气应力的气隙绕组。
根据这个项目,通过结合该最有前途的概念,即设计具有绕组的磁路、所谓整体筒形电枢、以及两个导体圆筒被包围在三个绝缘圆筒且整个结构被固定在一个没有齿的铁心上,结论为:高电压的旋转电机能够直接连接到电网上。该解决方案意味着主绝缘必须被制成足够的厚度以克服相间和相-地电位。而上述解决方案的缺点是额外需要一个超导转子,这要求一个提高了电机尺寸的非常厚的绝缘。线圈端部必须被绝缘并且用油或者氟立昂来进行冷却,以控制端部中的大电场。整个电机必须密封地包住以防止液体电介质不会吸收来自大气的湿气。
当制造根据现有技术的旋转电机时,分几步来用导体和绝缘系统制造绕组,由此,该绕组必须在安装到磁路上之前来完成。用于准备绝缘系统的浸渍在绕组安装在磁路上之后来完成。
如果使用图1和图2的变换器连接,该固体绝缘层将经受ac和dc电势。另一方面,如果使用图3的变换器连接,该固体绝缘层将只经受ac电势。
当在目前制造旋转电机时,绝缘绕组和线圈的浸渍也是过于复杂和昂贵的技术。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是为了解决上述的电应力问题,这必须使用根据本发明的电机中的带有绕组的电缆。根据本发明,提供一种HVDC的无变压器发电设备,该设备包括:一个具有图1和图2所示变压器级的高电压的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,把发电机电压首先逐步升高到ac传输高电压上,能够分别取消用变换器获得12半周整流的Y/Y连接和Y/D连接变压器。该电机直接给变换器供给获得HVDC电网所需要的高电压。关于这点,相对于在ELECTRA中所描述的上述“直接连接”的不同之处应该引起注意。
从上述可以看出,本发明的另一个目的是提供用于高电压可变速电机驱动的设备。
实际上,上述两个目的意味着该设备把机械转矩通过变换器变换为直流电流和直流电压而不需要中间变压器,以及该设备把直流电流和直流电压通过变换器变换为机械转矩而不需要中间变压器。
对于本发明中涉及具有可变速的高压电机装置的那部分,将使用上述的AC/AC功率变换。这样的电机装置将与现有技术的描述和根据本发明的应用相关地进行描述。
为了把本发明与现有技术相区别,将特别指出:在ELECTRANo1.149中的上述文章中所涉及的用于对发电机的直接连接的“HVDC变换器”分别包括Y/Y连接和Y/D连接的变换变压器和变换器。
在本说明书的序言部分已经提到:根据本发明的装置包括一个单绕组/多绕组电机。根据本发明的设备中所包括的旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机可以从高压dc电网通过半导体连接的馈电来作为一个变速电动机运转,也可以作为一个发电机来通过半导体连接和变压器而产生ac电网。
从上述内容可以看出,本发明包括一个旋转高电压单绕组/多绕组电机,用于使电压等级大大超过施加在根据现有技术的电机上的电压等级。这也使在非常高电压下具有可变速的电机驱动成为可能,而且,在电机功率等等方面也有优越性。
根据本发明的单绕组/多绕组电机涉及一种能够用相应的绕组系统发出一个电压系统或多个在空间上进行了相移的电压系统的电机。在所有本质方面,根据本发明的旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机不取决于电机是否被制成为单绕组电机或是否被制成为多绕组电机以及是否被用于HVDC发电或用于高压可变速电动机驱动。
上述变换器也可以包括一个或多个上述“背景技术”中所述的半导体器件。
这样的单绕组/多绕组电机的引入需要相当低的投资成本,并减小了与现有技术中的相应的HVDC设备相关的空间上的需要。根据本发明的HVDC设备也使设备的总效率得以提高。同样,在高电压可变速电机驱动方面,根据下述内容的电机/变换器的概念得到了相对于现有技术的非常大的优点。
旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机作为本发明的整体部分会大大减小定子上的热应力。这样电机的瞬时过载的危险性变小,因而能够在较长的时间期间中以过载来驱动电机而不会冒损坏可能性上升的危险。这意味着对发电厂的所有者具有非常大的优点,而在目前,在运行故障的情况下,发电厂被强行地立即切换到其他的设备上,以便于保证法规规定的供电需要。
在作为本发明的整体部分的旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机中,维护成本可以大大减少,因为在系统中不必包括变压器、负载中的抽头变换装置、电路断路器、滤波器、传输线、电抗器等。
为了提高旋转电机的功率,公知的措施是提高ac线圈中的电流。这已经通过优化导电材料的数量来获得,即,通过在矩形转子槽中紧密封装矩形导体来获得。目的是控制因此而导致的温度上升,这可以通过提高绝缘材料的数量并使用更好的阻温材料来实现,但使绝缘材料变得昂贵起来。绝缘上的高温和场负荷也会对绝缘的寿命产生问题。在用于高压设备的相对厚的厚壁绝缘层中,例如云母带的浸渍层中,局部放电、PD构成了一个严重的问题。当制造这些绝缘层时容易产生空腔、微孔等,当绝缘经受高电场强度时,内部电晕放电容易增加。这些放电逐渐使该材料老化,而会导致电击穿该绝缘。
在本发明的实施例与现有技术的旋转电机之间的最大并且本质的区别是:旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机的磁路包括一个或多个空间相移了的绕组,该绕组是具有一个或多个固体绝缘导体的绞合或绕制电缆,该固体绝缘导体在导体和外套上都具有一个半导电层,在两个半导电层之间,是具有固体绝缘的一层。外部半导电层可以被连接到地电位上。
本发明的基础是实现这样的目的:能够用技术和经济可行的方法来提高旋转电机的功率,这必须通过保证绝缘不会因上述现象而破坏来获得。根据本发明,这可以这样获得:通过使用使产生空腔和微孔的风险最小的绝缘层,例如适当固体绝缘材料的固体挤压绝缘层,该绝缘材料可以是例如热塑性树脂、或交链材料如XLPE或橡胶,例如EP橡胶或硅橡胶,也可以是交链的。另外,绝缘包括具有半导电特性的围绕导体的内层是重要的,并且,该绝缘至少具有一个具有半导电特性的围绕导体的附加外部部分也是重要的。仅使用具有最小缺陷的一个固体绝缘层,并且另外使固体层具有内和外部半导电部分,由此,能够保证热和电负载被减小。在温度梯度下,具有半导电层的绝缘部分将构成一个整体部分,并且在固体层和环绕的半导电层中的不同温度扩展所产生的缺陷不会增加。在材料上的电负载会减小,因为绕在固体绝缘层上的半导电部分将构成等电位表面并且在固体绝缘层中电场将在该层的整个厚度上均匀分布。外部半导电层可以被连接到地电位上。这意味着对于这样的一个电缆来说在其整个长度上的绕组的外套可以保持在地电位上。
也可以沿着导体的长度在适当位置上切断外层,每个切断部分的长度可以直接连接到一个选择的电位上,即地电位上。围绕该外部半导电层可以布置其他的层、外套等,例如金属护套和保护外套。
与本发明相联系的进一步的知识是:上升的电流负载对线圈的截面上的拐角处的电压(E)场集中引起问题,这会导致在此处的绝缘上产生较大的局部负荷。同样,转子齿中的磁场(B)将集中在该拐角处。这意味着磁饱和局部产生并且导磁铁心不能被全部利用,所发出的电压/电流的波形将变差。而且,在导体中因导体相对于B场的几何形状而产生的由感应的涡流所产生的涡流损耗,会给上升的电流密度带来附加的缺点。
通过使线圈和其中放置了线圈的槽成为圆形而不是矩形来获得本发明的一个进一步的改善。通过使线圈为圆形的,则它们由一个恒定的B场所围绕,而没有会产生磁饱和的场集中。线圈中的E场也将在整个截面上均匀分布,而大大降低绝缘上的局部负载。而且,可以容易地把圆形线圈放置到槽中,并可以提高每线圈组的线圈边数量,电压的升高能够实现而不必提高导体中的电流。其原因是通过较低的电流密度以及绝缘中的较低温度梯度来有助于导体的冷却,另一方面,通过使整个截面上具有更均匀的温度分布的槽的圆形形状也有助于导体的冷却。也可以通过用更小的部分即所谓绞线来组成导体而获得进一步改善。该绞线相互绝缘,但仅有少量的绞线处于不绝缘的状态而与内半导电层接触,以保证其与导体处于相同的电位上。
由绞线组成的导体的一个进一步的发展能够把绞线相互绝缘,以便于减少导体中的涡流损耗的量。一个或几个绞线可以处于不绝缘的状态下以保证围绕该导体的半导电层处于与导体相同的电位上。
圆形导体形状和分成绞线的一个优点是谐波电流很好地分布。因此,当谐波电流升到高于电流是更正弦形时的情况下时,在导体中具有更多的绞线是有优点的。
由具有带有内和外半导电部分的挤压绝缘的导体所组成的用于电能传输的高压电缆是公知的。在电能传输期间,开始点较长,则应避免绝缘出现缺陷。
用于根据本发明的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机的导体的绝缘可以通过挤压之外方法来制造,例如喷敷等。但是,绝缘应当在整个截面上具有相似的热特性是重要的。半导电层可以施加在绝缘上,而与加在导体上的绝缘相连接。
最好,使用具有圆形截面的电缆。在其他的情况下,为了获得更好的包封密度,可以使用具有不同截面的电缆。
为了在旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机中产生电压,电缆以几个连续匝放置在磁芯中的槽中。
当旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机被设计为一个单绕组电机时,可以正常作为六半周整流来使用。最近,可以使用滤波器和调制方法来使整流后的六半周电压上的脉动被保持在可以接受的极限之内。
在原理上,能够用一个任选数目的绕组系统和一个任选的相数来设计旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机。一个优选的实施例包括一个2×3相系统,而在电气上相互移动30度电角度,以供12半周整流使用。其他的可行的组合是2×2相系统、4×3相系统等。
根据本发明的旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机可以在一个宽的频率范围内运转。对于大电机,几百Hz也许会有困难,而对于在较低功率范围中的电机,会产生升到几kHz的频率。
绕组可以被设计为一个多层同心电缆,以减小线圈端部交叉量。电缆可以制作有锥形绝缘,以便于以更好的方法来使用该导磁铁心,其中,槽的形状可以做得适合于绕组的锥形绝缘。
具有根据本发明的旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机的一个重要的优点是:在外部半导电层外边的线圈端部区域中E场接近于零,并且外套处于地电位上,则不需要控制电场。这意味着在线圈端部区域中的叠片内以及在其间的过渡区中不会获得场集中。
根据本发明的装置提供了包括例如半导体器件、冷却系统、接地系统等的部件的整体化的可能性。这将在实施例的描述中进行更详细的说明。
本发明也涉及一种制造磁路和绕组的方法。该制造方法包括通过把一个电缆绞合到导磁铁心中的槽中的开口中来把绕组布置在槽中的步骤。由于电缆是可弯曲的,其能够被弯曲并允许电缆长度被布置在线圈中几匝。线圈端部将在电缆中包括弯曲区域。该电缆也可以用其特性在整个电缆长度上保持恒定的方法来进行连接。
该方法与现有技术相比而大大简化。所谓的Roebel线棒是不会弯曲的而必须制成所需要的形状。
根据本发明的旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机能够被设计成一个没有导磁材料的气隙绕制电机或者仅在后部具有导磁材料的电机。
总之,根据本发明的在一个用于速度控制的装置中所包括的具有变换器的旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机相对于现有技术具有非常多的重要优点。高电压可以达到超过10kV的电压和升到用于电网的电压等级上。一个重要的优点是选定的电位例如地电位可以传导到整个绕组,这意味着线圈端部区域能够紧凑制造并且线圈端部区域中的固定装置可以实际上在地电位或任何其他的选定的电位上施加。另一个重要的优点是油基绝缘和冷却系统不见了。这意味着不会发生密封问题,也不需要上述的介电环。一个优点是所有强制冷却系统处于地电位上。从绝缘这点上看,通过本发明的旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机节省了很大的空间和重量,因为其取代了现有的具有两个变压器级的绝缘设计。根据本发明的内容,在变换变压器中所需要的非常大和昂贵的套管被取消,套管和绕组不需要经受高dc电位。本发明不需要具有引起上述由例如维持温度、密封等问题的超导转子。
如从本发明的标题所看到的那样,本发明包括获得一个高压可变速电机驱动。作为替换方案,在AC和AC之间可以使用上述功率变换,即在电压的频率、幅值、相位和相数之间以任意比率进行ac转换/ac转换。这样的结构作为一种能够减小或增大电压、改变频率和/或改变相数的“ac变压器”。其连接可以具有纯的AC/AC变换,例如具有矩阵变换器,但是也可以被设计为一个dc中间环节。
上述特性使得该连接适合于包括在与本发明的旋转高压电机一起的高压可变速电机运行的设备中。
附图说明
图1表示一个传统的HVDC输电站;
图2表示具有所谓的“直接连接”的HVDC输电站;
图3表示所谓的中间相变压器连接;
图4a、4b和4c表示本发明的高压电机装置的连接;
图5表示在改进的标准电缆中所包括的部分;
图6表示本发明的磁路的扇形/极距的轴向视图的实施例。
具体实施方式
能够制造根据本发明的概述的磁路的一个重要的条件是使用具有围绕导体的半导电层的电缆作为绕组,该层由一层固体电绝缘和围绕该固体层的半导电层所围绕。这样的电缆可被用作为其他电力工程领域中所使用的标准电缆。为了能够描述一个实施例,首先对标准电缆进行简短的描述。内部载流导体包括许多非绝缘的绞线。围绕绞线的是一个半导电内套。围绕该半导电内套的是固体绝缘的绝缘层。例如,这样的固体绝缘是XLPE,或所谓EP橡胶如硅橡胶、热塑性树脂或交链热塑性树脂。该绝缘层由一个外部半导电层所围绕,该外部半导电层又由一个金属护套和一个护套所围绕。这样的电缆在下面被称为电力电缆。
根据本发明的电机可以被设计成通过具有相移电压的两个三相系统进行馈电的双绕组电机。从图4a中可以看出用于这样高压电机运行的连接。
图4a表示了能够作为电动机驱动和发电机驱动的设备。由于经济和其他的技术/实用的理由,电机绕组的当前最大适用电压等级为25~30kV。作为电动机驱动,可以从例如132kV电网的ac电网来获得供电。从具有固定电网频率的交流电流到用于速度控制的可变电压和频率的功率变换在所表示的例子中通过具有dc中间环节的AC/AC变换来产生一个高于25~30kV的电压等级。该电网频率通过具有两个副边绕组的变压器T3而获得,以获得两个相差30电角度的电压系统。这两个系统分别馈电给AC/DC变换器AC1和AC2。来自它们的直流电压通过DC/AC变换器AC3和AC4变换为两个相差30电角度的三相电压,这两个三相电压具有以所希望速度驱动电动机M和负载例如泵所需要的电压和频率。
如果根据图4a的连接被描述为一个发电机驱动,发电机GF由一个涡轮机驱动,并通过AC/AC功率变换,变压器T3的绕组可以具有这样的电压以使ac电网被馈入所需电压。
根据图4a的连接具有四个平行的dc导体,这些导体平行地物理延伸一段较短的距离。该dc导体在两个方向上运载相等的电流。在较长传输距离的情况下,最好使用根据图4b的连接,因为当变换器被串联连接时可以取消两个dc连接。根据图4b的连接使单绕组/多绕组电机的绕组能够经受dc电势。
根据图4c的连接是图3中的连接的改进,并联连接变换器,这意味着单绕组/多绕组电机的绕组不会经受dc电势。
旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机具有一个电缆作为绕组,图5中表示了其优选实施例。电缆1在图中被描述为包括一个载流导体2,该载流导体2包括换位的无绝缘绞线和被绝缘的绞线。电气机械地换位的固体绝缘的绞线也是可能的。围绕该导体的是一个半导电内套3,该半导电内套3由一个固体绝缘层4所围绕。该固体绝缘层4由一个外部半导电层5所围绕。在优选实施例中用作为绕组的电缆没有金属护套也没有外部护套。为了避免在外部半导层中的感应电流和相应的损耗,其最好在线圈端部被切断,即,在从叠片组到端部绕组的过渡区中。每个切断部分被接地,由此,外部半导电层在整个电缆长度上被保持或接近于地电位。这意味着:在线圈端部的固体绝缘绕组周围,可接触的表面和在使用了一段时间之后变脏的表面仅相对于地仅具有可忽略不计的电位,因而它们也产生可忽略不计的电场。
为了优化旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机,关于槽和齿的磁路的设计都是决定性的重要的。在具有绞合电缆的实施例中,槽被尽可能接近地连接到线圈边的外套上。这需要在每个径向面上的齿是尽可能宽。把电机的损耗、磁化要求等降低到最小是重要的。
当进入到上述电缆那样的绕组的导体中时,在几个观点上,具有能够优化导磁铁心的很大的可能性。下面涉及到旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机的定子中的磁路。图6表示根据本发明的电机的扇区/极距6的轴向端视图的实施例。具有转子极的转子用7表示。在现有的方法中,定子由连续布置的扇形叠片的电工钢片的叠装铁心所组成。从铁心的后部8,位于径向最外端,许多齿9向着转子径向向内伸出。在齿之间具有相应数量的槽10。根据上述的电缆11的使用使得用于高压电机的槽的深度被制造得大于现有技术中所能够实现的深度。该槽具有向着转子的锥形截面,因为对于向着转子的每个绕组层对电缆绝缘的要求变得更低。如从该图所看到的那样,槽实际上包括一个围绕着绕组的每层圆形截面12,在层之间具有更窄腰部13。从一定程度上讲,这样的槽截面被称为“循环链槽”。由于在这样的高压电机中,需要有相当大量的层,就绝缘和外部半导电层而言相应电缆尺寸的提供受到限制,而实际上难于获得电缆绝缘和定子槽的所需要的连续锥形。在图6所示的实施例中,使用具有三个不同尺寸的电缆绝缘的电缆,布置在三个相应尺寸的截面14、15和16中,即,实际上获得了一个改进的循环链槽。该图也表示了定子齿的形状为沿着整个槽的深度具有一个实际上恒定的径向宽度。
在一个替换实施例中,被用作绕组的电缆可以是象上述那样的传统电力电缆。通过剥离适当位置上的电缆的金属护套和护套来产生外部半导电护套的接地。
本发明的范围包括大量的替换实施例,就绝缘和外部半导体而言取决于使用的电缆的尺寸。具有所谓循环链槽的实施例可以超出上述范围进行修改。
如上述那样,磁路可以位于旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机的定子和/或转子中。但是,磁路的设计应大于上述内容,而与磁路是否位于定子和/或转子中无关。如上述那样,电机可以被设计成一个没有导磁材料或者仅在后部具有导磁材料的气隙绕制电机。
作为绕组,最好使用这样的绕组:多层、同心电缆绕组。这样的绕组表明在线圈端部的交叉数量可以通过把同组中所有线圈相互放置在径向外侧来减到最小。这也得到了一个用于在不同槽中定子绕组的绞合和制造的更简单的方法。如果电机被制成为具有凸极的电机,一个或多个绕组可以绕制在凸极周围。
在旋转单绕组/多绕组电机的一个替换实施例中,电缆可以以这样的方法绕制在凸极周围:类似根据瑞典专利申请9700335-4的高压变压器的实施例。
在上述单绕组/多绕组电机的一个替换实施例中,可以使用具有径向磁通和轴向绕组电流的实施例。具有轴向气隙磁通和径向绕组电流的单绕组/多绕组电机也可以以类似与现有技术中使用的低压电机的方法来进行设计。
在根据本发明的设备的一个实施例中,半导体器件可以构成高压单绕组/多绕组电机的一个整体。
单绕组/多绕组电机和半导体器件可以具有一个共同的冷却系统。
单绕组/多绕组电机和半导体器件可以具有同一的和共同的接地连接。
Claims (32)
1.一种功率范围为1MW至15GW的设备,包括一个旋转单绕组/多绕组电机和一个变换器,其特征在于,该电机是高压电机,并包括一个具有一个或多个导磁铁心和一个或多个在空间上相位移动了的绕组的磁路,其中,该绕组包括一个或多个载流导体(2),在每个导体周围布置一个具有半导电特性的第一层(3),在第一层周围布置一个固体绝缘层(4),在绝缘层周围布置一个具有半导电特性的第二层(5),以及
机械转矩通过变换器被变换为直流电流和直流电压而没有中间变压器和/或电抗器。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其特征在于,变换器包括被连接并作为AC/DC变换器的半导体器件。
3.一种功率范围为1MW至15GW的设备,包括一个旋转单绕组/多绕组电机和一个变换器,其特征在于,该电机是高压电机,并包括一个具有一个或多个导磁铁心和一个或多个在空间上相位移动了的绕组的磁路,其中,该绕组包括一个或多个载流导体(2),在每个导体周围布置一个具有半导电特性的第一层(3),在第一层周围布置一个固体绝缘层(4),在绝缘层周围布置一个具有半导体特性的第二层(5),以及
高压直流电流和直流电压通过变换器被变换为机械转矩而没有中间变压器和/或电抗器。
4.根据权利要求3所述的设备,其特征在于,变换器包括被连接并作为DC/AC变换器的半导体器件。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的设备,其特征在于,在AC/DC整流器上连接与ac电网直接连接而没有中间变压器和/或电抗器的DC/AC变换器。
6.根据权利要求3或4所述的设备,其特征在于,在DC/AC逆变器的dc侧连接与ac电网直接连接而没有中间变压器和/或电抗器的DC/AC整流器。
7.根据权利要求2或4所述的设备,其特征在于,半导体器件是晶闸管、二极管、三端双向晶闸管、栅极可关断晶闸管(GTO)、双极晶体管(BJT)、PWM晶体管、MOSFET、绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)、静电感应晶体管(SIT)、静电感应晶闸管(SITH)、MOS控制晶闸管(MCT)中的一个或由具有半导体特性的类似器件所组成。
8.根据权利要求1、2、3或4所述的设备,其特征在于,变换器构成旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机的整体部分。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的设备,其特征在于,变换器构成旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机的整体部分。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的设备,其特征在于,变换器构成旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机的整体部分。
11.根据权利要求1或2所述的设备,其特征在于,旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机和半导体器件具有一个共同的冷却系统。
12.根据权利要求1或2所述的设备,其特征在于,旋转高压单绕组/多绕组电机和半导体器件具有同一和共同的接地连接。
13.根据权利要求1或3所述的设备,其特征在于,所述设备是一个旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,第一层(3)基本上处于与导体相同的电位上。
14.根据权利要求1或3所述的设备,其特征在于,第二层(5)以使其围绕一个导体或多个导体构成一个等电位表面的方法布置。
15.根据权利要求1或3所述的设备,其特征在于,第二层(5)被连接在地电位上。
16.根据权利要求1或3所述的设备,其特征在于,对于绕组,所有半导电层和绝缘层呈现类似的热特性,以使绕组中的热运动不会使缺陷、断裂等出现在绝缘部分中。
17.根据权利要求1或3所述的设备,其特征在于,载流导体包括大量的导线束,由此仅有少量的导线束是相互不绝缘的。
18.一种旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其中具有的磁路是包括一个具有一个导磁铁心和一个或多个在空间上相位移动了的绕组的磁路,其特征在于,所述绕组包括一个具有一个或多个载流导体(2)的电缆,每个导体包括大量的导线束,围绕每个导体布置一个内半导电层(3),围绕内半导电层布置一个固体绝缘的绝缘层(4),围绕绝缘层布置一个外半导电层(5)。
19.根据权利要求18所述的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,电缆包括一个金属护套和一个护套。
20.根据权利要求18所述的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,磁路布置在旋转电机的定子和/或转子中。
21.根据权利要求20所述的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,外半导电层(5)被切断成大量的被分别连接到地电位上的部分。
22.根据权利要求18、19、20或21所述的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,外半导电层与地电位连接,电机铁心的槽中和线圈端部区域中的半导电层外边的电机的电场接近于零。
23.根据权利要求18或19所述的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,当电缆包括几个导体时,它们被进行换位。
24.根据权利要求18所述的具有磁路的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,一个或多个载流导体(2)包括非绝缘的和绝缘的导线,绞合成许多层。
25.根据权利要求18所述的具有磁路的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,一个或多个载流导体(2)包括非绝缘的和绝缘的导线束,换位成许多层。
26.根据权利要求18所述的具有磁路的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,电机铁心的槽(10)形成为许多筒形开口(12),相互在外侧轴向和径向延伸,具有在筒形开口之间由一个更窄的腰部(13)分隔开的基本为圆形的截面。
27.根据权利要求18或26所述的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,从电机的叠装铁心的后部(8)看,电极铁心的槽的筒形开口(12)的基本圆形的截面被设计成具有连续减小的半径。
28.根据权利要求18或26所述的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,从叠装铁心的后部(8)看,电极铁心的槽的筒形开口(12)的基本圆形的截面被设计成具有间断减小的半径。
29.一种旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,该电机是高压电机,并包括一个具有一个或多个导磁铁心和一个或多个在空间上相位移动了的绕组的磁路,其中,该绕组包括一个或多个载流导体(2),在每个导体周围布置一个具有半导电特性的第一层(3),在第一层周围布置一个固体绝缘层(4),在绝缘层周围布置一个具有半导电特性的第二层(5),以及导磁铁心由凸极形成。
30.一种旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,该电机是高压电机,并包括一个具有一个或多个导磁铁心和一个或多个在空间上相位移动了的绕组的磁路,其中,该绕组包括一个或多个载流导体(2),在每个导体周围布置一个具有半导电特性的第一层(3),在第一层周围布置一个固体绝缘层(4),在绝缘层周围布置一个具有半导电特性的第二层(5),以及该电机是气隙绕制的。
31.根据权利要求30所述的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,气隙磁通是径向的。
32.根据权利要求30所述的旋转单绕组/多绕组电机,其特征在于,气隙磁通是轴向的。
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CNB971966427A Expired - Fee Related CN1257593C (zh) | 1996-05-29 | 1997-05-27 | 电磁装置 |
CN97196554A Expired - Fee Related CN1105413C (zh) | 1996-05-29 | 1997-05-27 | 旋转电机设备 |
CNB971965455A Expired - Fee Related CN1158680C (zh) | 1996-05-29 | 1997-05-27 | 变压器/电抗器 |
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CN97195037A Pending CN1220026A (zh) | 1996-05-29 | 1997-05-27 | Dc变压器/电抗器 |
CNB971966427A Expired - Fee Related CN1257593C (zh) | 1996-05-29 | 1997-05-27 | 电磁装置 |
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CNB971965455A Expired - Fee Related CN1158680C (zh) | 1996-05-29 | 1997-05-27 | 变压器/电抗器 |
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GB2332557A (en) | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-23 | Asea Brown Boveri | Electrical power conducting means |
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1997
- 1997-05-27 CZ CZ983868A patent/CZ386898A3/cs unknown
- 1997-05-27 TR TR1998/02475T patent/TR199802475T2/xx unknown
- 1997-05-27 AU AU29884/97A patent/AU718706B2/en not_active Ceased
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- 1997-05-27 EA EA199801048A patent/EA001096B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 1997-05-27 CA CA002256469A patent/CA2256469A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 1997-05-27 AP APAP/P/1998/001408A patent/AP936A/en active
- 1997-05-27 WO PCT/SE1997/000878 patent/WO1997045907A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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- 1997-05-27 EP EP97925366A patent/EP0888662B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-05-27 EP EP97924471A patent/EP0888627A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-05-27 US US08/952,990 patent/US20020047268A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-05-27 CN CN97195037A patent/CN1220026A/zh active Pending
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- 1997-05-27 JP JP09542198A patent/JP2000511387A/ja not_active Ceased
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- 1997-05-27 PL PL97330216A patent/PL330216A1/xx unknown
- 1997-05-27 CN CN97196554A patent/CN1105413C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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1998
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