CN110062764A - 结肠类器官及其制备和使用方法 - Google Patents
结肠类器官及其制备和使用方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110062764A CN110062764A CN201780073347.0A CN201780073347A CN110062764A CN 110062764 A CN110062764 A CN 110062764A CN 201780073347 A CN201780073347 A CN 201780073347A CN 110062764 A CN110062764 A CN 110062764A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- cell
- hco
- organoid
- colon
- signal transduction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 210000002220 organoid Anatomy 0.000 title claims abstract description 126
- 210000001072 colon Anatomy 0.000 title claims abstract description 113
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 230000019491 signal transduction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 109
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 206010009944 Colon cancer Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 208000011580 syndromic disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 206010009887 colitis Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 208000029742 colonic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 208000002551 irritable bowel syndrome Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 140
- 210000000936 intestine Anatomy 0.000 claims description 97
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 claims description 89
- 102100032883 DNA-binding protein SATB2 Human genes 0.000 claims description 53
- 101000655236 Homo sapiens DNA-binding protein SATB2 Proteins 0.000 claims description 53
- 210000003750 lower gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 claims description 51
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims description 47
- 101000762366 Homo sapiens Bone morphogenetic protein 2 Proteins 0.000 claims description 40
- 102100024506 Bone morphogenetic protein 2 Human genes 0.000 claims description 39
- 102000013814 Wnt Human genes 0.000 claims description 38
- 108050003627 Wnt Proteins 0.000 claims description 38
- 230000000968 intestinal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 210000001161 mammalian embryo Anatomy 0.000 claims description 33
- 210000001671 embryonic stem cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 108010083123 CDX2 Transcription Factor Proteins 0.000 claims description 24
- 102000006277 CDX2 Transcription Factor Human genes 0.000 claims description 24
- 210000002175 goblet cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 22
- JMIFGARJSWXZSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N DMH1 Chemical compound C1=CC(OC(C)C)=CC=C1C1=CN2N=CC(C=3C4=CC=CC=C4N=CC=3)=C2N=C1 JMIFGARJSWXZSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 101000998774 Homo sapiens Insulin-like peptide INSL5 Proteins 0.000 claims description 15
- 102100033266 Insulin-like peptide INSL5 Human genes 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 108060000903 Beta-catenin Proteins 0.000 claims description 9
- 102000015735 Beta-catenin Human genes 0.000 claims description 9
- 102000001267 GSK3 Human genes 0.000 claims description 9
- -1 Wnt2b Proteins 0.000 claims description 9
- 108060006662 GSK3 Proteins 0.000 claims description 8
- 206010061598 Immunodeficiency Diseases 0.000 claims description 8
- NFVJNJQRWPQVOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-[3-(4-ethyl-5-ethylsulfanyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]acetamide Chemical compound CCN1C(SCC)=NN=C1C1CN(CC(=O)NC=2C(=CC=C(C=2)C(F)(F)F)Cl)CCC1 NFVJNJQRWPQVOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 210000002894 multi-fate stem cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 7
- 210000004706 scrotum Anatomy 0.000 claims description 7
- 102100024505 Bone morphogenetic protein 4 Human genes 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001227713 Chiron Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 102100028072 Fibroblast growth factor 4 Human genes 0.000 claims description 6
- 101000762379 Homo sapiens Bone morphogenetic protein 4 Proteins 0.000 claims description 6
- 101001060274 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 4 Proteins 0.000 claims description 6
- 210000001842 enterocyte Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 102100035290 Fibroblast growth factor 13 Human genes 0.000 claims description 5
- 108090000379 Fibroblast growth factor 2 Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- GOJUJUVQIVIZAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde Chemical group NC1=NC(Cl)=C(C=O)C(Cl)=N1 GOJUJUVQIVIZAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 102100028043 Fibroblast growth factor 3 Human genes 0.000 claims description 4
- 101001060280 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 3 Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000283984 Rodentia Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000004039 endoderm cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 4
- IPICFSFUAKDZEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-2-[2-[[3-methyl-2-[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonylamino]propanoyloxy]butanoyl]amino]propanoyloxy]butanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)C(C(O)=O)OC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)OC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)OC(C)(C)C IPICFSFUAKDZEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100022544 Bone morphogenetic protein 7 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000002322 Egg Proteins Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 108010000912 Egg Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 108090000386 Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000003971 Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100028412 Fibroblast growth factor 10 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100028413 Fibroblast growth factor 11 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100028417 Fibroblast growth factor 12 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100035292 Fibroblast growth factor 14 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100035307 Fibroblast growth factor 16 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 108050002072 Fibroblast growth factor 16 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100035308 Fibroblast growth factor 17 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100035323 Fibroblast growth factor 18 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100031734 Fibroblast growth factor 19 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100031361 Fibroblast growth factor 20 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 108090000376 Fibroblast growth factor 21 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000003973 Fibroblast growth factor 21 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100024804 Fibroblast growth factor 22 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100024802 Fibroblast growth factor 23 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100040892 Growth/differentiation factor 2 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 101000899361 Homo sapiens Bone morphogenetic protein 7 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101000917237 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 10 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101000917236 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 11 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101000917234 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 12 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101000878181 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 14 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101000878124 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 17 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101000878128 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 18 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101000846394 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 19 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101000846532 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 20 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101001051971 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 22 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101001051973 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 23 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101000893585 Homo sapiens Growth/differentiation factor 2 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 101100390675 Mus musculus Fgf15 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 108010072083 NSC 668036 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101150010310 WNT-4 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101150109862 WNT-5A gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 101150019524 WNT2 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 108700020987 Wnt-1 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000052547 Wnt-1 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 108700020986 Wnt-2 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000052556 Wnt-2 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000052549 Wnt-3 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 108700020985 Wnt-3 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000052548 Wnt-4 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 108700020984 Wnt-4 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 108700020483 Wnt-5a Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000043366 Wnt-5a Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 101100485097 Xenopus laevis wnt11b gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000003684 fibroblast growth factor 13 Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 108090000047 fibroblast growth factor 13 Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- JESCETIFNOFKEU-SJORKVTESA-N (2s,5r)-5-[4-[(2-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide Chemical compound N1[C@H](C(=O)N)CC[C@@H]1C(C=C1)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1F JESCETIFNOFKEU-SJORKVTESA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 101100230208 Oryza sativa subsp. japonica GSK2 gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000004953 colonic tissue Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- XHBVYDAKJHETMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dorsomorphin Chemical compound C=1C=C(C2=CN3N=CC(=C3N=C2)C=2C=CN=CC=2)C=CC=1OCCN1CCCCC1 XHBVYDAKJHETMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000036737 immune function Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- CWWARWOPSKGELM-SARDKLJWSA-N methyl (2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-5-amino-2-[[(2s)-5-amino-2-[[(2s)-1-[(2s)-6-amino-2-[[(2s)-1-[(2s)-2-amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-5 Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)OC)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H]1N(CCC1)C(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H]1N(CCC1)C(=O)[C@@H](N)CCCN=C(N)N)C1=CC=CC=C1 CWWARWOPSKGELM-SARDKLJWSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QCVGEOXPDFCNHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-oxazolidine-3-carboxamide Chemical group CC1(C)OC(=O)N(C(N)=O)C1=O QCVGEOXPDFCNHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 101710141454 Nucleoprotein Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 235000014103 egg white Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 210000000969 egg white Anatomy 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001820 oxy group Chemical group [*:1]O[*:2] 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 abstract description 17
- 108010007726 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 96
- 102000007350 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 96
- 229940112869 bone morphogenetic protein Drugs 0.000 description 96
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 58
- 210000000130 stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 51
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 47
- 102000045246 noggin Human genes 0.000 description 43
- 108700007229 noggin Proteins 0.000 description 43
- 210000000813 small intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 39
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 36
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 36
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 36
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 35
- 210000002429 large intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 34
- 210000000981 epithelium Anatomy 0.000 description 32
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 27
- 101000819074 Homo sapiens Transcription factor GATA-4 Proteins 0.000 description 24
- 102100021380 Transcription factor GATA-4 Human genes 0.000 description 24
- 238000004043 dyeing Methods 0.000 description 24
- 102000018233 Fibroblast Growth Factor Human genes 0.000 description 23
- 108050007372 Fibroblast Growth Factor Proteins 0.000 description 23
- 229940126864 fibroblast growth factor Drugs 0.000 description 22
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 20
- 239000003102 growth factor Substances 0.000 description 20
- 210000003716 mesoderm Anatomy 0.000 description 19
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 18
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000012925 reference material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 210000003158 enteroendocrine cell Anatomy 0.000 description 16
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 15
- 101150003286 gata4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 13
- 102000009024 Epidermal Growth Factor Human genes 0.000 description 12
- 238000003559 RNA-seq method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 12
- 102100030307 Homeobox protein Hox-A13 Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 11
- 102100021796 Sonic hedgehog protein Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 108010021685 homeobox protein HOXA13 Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 11
- 101000972276 Homo sapiens Mucin-5B Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 101000711846 Homo sapiens Transcription factor SOX-9 Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 102100034263 Mucin-2 Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 102100022494 Mucin-5B Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 102100038553 Neurogenin-3 Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 102100034204 Transcription factor SOX-9 Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 230000000112 colonic effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 102100025805 Cadherin-1 Human genes 0.000 description 9
- 108700005087 Homeobox Genes Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 101001133081 Homo sapiens Mucin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 101000603702 Homo sapiens Neurogenin-3 Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 210000003850 cellular structure Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 238000013139 quantization Methods 0.000 description 9
- 108091007854 Cdh1/Fizzy-related Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 210000003754 fetus Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 238000013518 transcription Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000035897 transcription Effects 0.000 description 8
- VFSUUTYAEQOIMW-YHBQERECSA-N 3-chloro-N-[trans-4-(methylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-[3-(pyridin-4-yl)benzyl]-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C[C@@H](NC)CC[C@@H]1N(C(=O)C1=C(C2=CC=CC=C2S1)Cl)CC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CN=CC=2)=C1 VFSUUTYAEQOIMW-YHBQERECSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229960003722 doxycycline Drugs 0.000 description 7
- XQTWDDCIUJNLTR-CVHRZJFOSA-N doxycycline monohydrate Chemical compound O.O=C1C2=C(O)C=CC=C2[C@H](C)[C@@H]2C1=C(O)[C@]1(O)C(=O)C(C(N)=O)=C(O)[C@@H](N(C)C)[C@@H]1[C@H]2O XQTWDDCIUJNLTR-CVHRZJFOSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 210000001198 duodenum Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 210000004392 genitalia Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 108010082117 matrigel Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- LVRVABPNVHYXRT-BQWXUCBYSA-N 52906-92-0 Chemical compound C([C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(O)=O)C(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 LVRVABPNVHYXRT-BQWXUCBYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 102000002419 Motilin Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 101800002372 Motilin Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 241000269368 Xenopus laevis Species 0.000 description 6
- LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I dipotassium trisodium dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate dichloride Chemical compound P(=O)(O)(O)[O-].[K+].P(=O)(O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[K+].[Cl-].[Na+] LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 6
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 6
- 210000002257 embryonic structure Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000010166 immunofluorescence Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 210000001630 jejunum Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002953 phosphate buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 102000010792 Chromogranin A Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108010038447 Chromogranin A Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 108010004460 Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 229920002527 Glycogen Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 102100021088 Homeobox protein Hox-B13 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 102100040227 Homeobox protein Hox-D13 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 102100040228 Homeobox protein Hox-D3 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 101001041145 Homo sapiens Homeobox protein Hox-B13 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 101001037168 Homo sapiens Homeobox protein Hox-D13 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 101001037158 Homo sapiens Homeobox protein Hox-D3 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102100038454 Noggin Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108010088847 Peptide YY Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102100029909 Peptide YY Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 239000000556 agonist Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001574 biopsy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002771 cell marker Substances 0.000 description 5
- 210000001900 endoderm Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000002496 gastric effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229940096919 glycogen Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000000513 principal component analysis Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 5
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 description 4
- QASFUMOKHFSJGL-LAFRSMQTSA-N Cyclopamine Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H](CC2=C3C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2CC[C@@]13O[C@@H]2C[C@H](C)CN[C@H]2[C@H]1C QASFUMOKHFSJGL-LAFRSMQTSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 101150057663 Foxa2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 101710198884 GATA-type zinc finger protein 1 Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 101800001586 Ghrelin Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000012004 Ghrelin Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 102400000322 Glucagon-like peptide 1 Human genes 0.000 description 4
- DTHNMHAUYICORS-KTKZVXAJSA-N Glucagon-like peptide 1 Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC=1N=CNC=1)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 DTHNMHAUYICORS-KTKZVXAJSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 102100029087 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 101000988619 Homo sapiens Hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 101710183548 Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate synthase subunit PdxS Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 241000251539 Vertebrata <Metazoa> Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000269370 Xenopus <genus> Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 108010023082 activin A Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 210000002459 blastocyst Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000024245 cell differentiation Effects 0.000 description 4
- QASFUMOKHFSJGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopamine Natural products C1C=C2CC(O)CCC2(C)C(CC2=C3C)C1C2CCC13OC2CC(C)CNC2C1C QASFUMOKHFSJGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 210000002919 epithelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 238000010195 expression analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 210000004209 hair Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 210000003405 ileum Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 210000004263 induced pluripotent stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 210000002540 macrophage Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000000664 rectum Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000004614 tumor growth Effects 0.000 description 4
- FWBHETKCLVMNFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4',6-Diamino-2-phenylindol Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=N)N)=CC=C1C1=CC2=CC=C(C(N)=N)C=C2N1 FWBHETKCLVMNFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 206010009900 Colitis ulcerative Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 208000001333 Colorectal Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000006144 Dulbecco’s modified Eagle's medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 201000009051 Embryonal Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 102100040553 FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 3 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 description 3
- 244000060234 Gmelina philippensis Species 0.000 description 3
- 101000893731 Homo sapiens FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 3 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101000967222 Homo sapiens Homeobox protein MSX-2 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101000917858 Homo sapiens Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101000917839 Homo sapiens Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-B Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108090000144 Human Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000003839 Human Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 102100029185 Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-B Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 102100041030 Pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 241000282376 Panthera tigris Species 0.000 description 3
- 208000037062 Polyps Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 108091027967 Small hairpin RNA Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108020004459 Small interfering RNA Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 201000006704 Ulcerative Colitis Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000013020 embryo development Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000002950 fibroblast Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000004966 intestinal stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000002569 neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 229920002113 octoxynol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000035479 physiological effects, processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008672 reprogramming Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000001568 sexual effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 description 3
- ZRKFYGHZFMAOKI-QMGMOQQFSA-N tgfbeta Chemical compound C([C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCSC)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(O)=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 ZRKFYGHZFMAOKI-QMGMOQQFSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001890 transfection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003827 upregulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000013603 viral vector Substances 0.000 description 3
- AQQSXKSWTNWXKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-phenylphenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-3-yl)acetic acid Chemical compound C1(=CC=CC=C1)C1=NC2=C(N1CC(=O)O)C1=CC=CC=C1C=1C=CC=CC=12 AQQSXKSWTNWXKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OCC[NH+]1CCN(CCS([O-])(=O)=O)CC1 JKMHFZQWWAIEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000208340 Araliaceae Species 0.000 description 2
- 102100025423 Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1A Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000252983 Caecum Species 0.000 description 2
- 102100025892 Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000252212 Danio rerio Species 0.000 description 2
- 102100030074 Dickkopf-related protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710099518 Dickkopf-related protein 1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091008794 FGF receptors Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000044168 Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010001483 Glycogen Synthase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000007995 HEPES buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101150111172 HOX13 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100040615 Homeobox protein MSX-2 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101000934638 Homo sapiens Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1A Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000946889 Homo sapiens Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101001067833 Homo sapiens Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A Proteins 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000713666 Lentivirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000016267 Leptin Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010092277 Leptin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100035877 Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100025744 Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010069196 Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100027347 Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710096141 Neurogenin-3 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 235000005035 Panax pseudoginseng ssp. pseudoginseng Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000003140 Panax quinquefolius Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229930182555 Penicillin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N Penicillin G Chemical compound N([C@H]1[C@H]2SC([C@@H](N2C1=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JGSARLDLIJGVTE-MBNYWOFBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100034539 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101100247004 Rattus norvegicus Qsox1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000007056 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010008281 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101700032040 SMAD1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000040945 Transcription factor Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091023040 Transcription factor Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004887 Transforming Growth Factor beta Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090001012 Transforming Growth Factor beta Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010076089 accutase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012574 advanced DMEM Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 101150067309 bmp4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 210000004534 cecum Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007673 developmental toxicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000415 developmental toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000020619 endoderm development Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000001647 gastrula Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010353 genetic engineering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000008434 ginseng Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 210000004907 gland Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000003714 granulocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000003128 head Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000003958 hematopoietic stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012744 immunostaining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229940039781 leptin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- NRYBAZVQPHGZNS-ZSOCWYAHSA-N leptin Chemical compound O=C([C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(C)C)CCSC)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(O)=O NRYBAZVQPHGZNS-ZSOCWYAHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008567 mammal embryogenesis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010208 microarray analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000002241 neurite Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000004681 ovum Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000015031 pancreas development Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940049954 penicillin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000026731 phosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006366 phosphorylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013612 plasmid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000001778 pluripotent stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940044601 receptor agonist Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000000018 receptor agonist Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004055 small Interfering RNA Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N streptomycin Chemical compound CN[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@](C=O)(O)[C@H](C)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(N)=N)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O UCSJYZPVAKXKNQ-HZYVHMACSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000001608 teratocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010361 transduction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000026683 transduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002054 transplantation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000003384 transverse colon Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000003954 umbilical cord Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 241000701161 unidentified adenovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003442 weekly effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- OZFAFGSSMRRTDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2,4-dichlorophenyl) benzenesulfonate Chemical compound ClC1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OZFAFGSSMRRTDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSINOMROUCMIEA-FGVHQWLLSA-N (2s,4r)-4-[(3r,5s,6r,7r,8s,9s,10s,13r,14s,17r)-6-ethyl-3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]-2-methylpentanoic acid Chemical compound C([C@@]12C)C[C@@H](O)C[C@H]1[C@@H](CC)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]([C@H](C)C[C@H](C)C(O)=O)CC[C@H]21 HSINOMROUCMIEA-FGVHQWLLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPKVUHPKYQGHMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one;molecular iodine Chemical compound II.C=CN1CCCC1=O CPKVUHPKYQGHMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VFSUUTYAEQOIMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-chloro-n-[4-(methylamino)cyclohexyl]-n-[(3-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)methyl]-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound C1CC(NC)CCC1N(C(=O)C1=C(C2=CC=CC=C2S1)Cl)CC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CN=CC=2)=C1 VFSUUTYAEQOIMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010059616 Activins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000007299 Amphiregulin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010033760 Amphiregulin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000153246 Anteros Species 0.000 description 1
- 108020005544 Antisense RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100394749 Arabidopsis thaliana HSFB2A gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100457311 Arabidopsis thaliana MIP1B gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100454433 Biomphalaria glabrata BG01 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100031102 C-C motif chemokine 4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100031650 C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700012434 CCL3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150047126 CCL4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- AQGNHMOJWBZFQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CT 99021 Chemical compound CC1=CNC(C=2C(=NC(NCCNC=3N=CC(=CC=3)C#N)=NC=2)C=2C(=CC(Cl)=CC=2)Cl)=N1 AQGNHMOJWBZFQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000009030 Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010077544 Chromatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010009269 Cleft palate Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CRDNMYFJWFXOCH-BUHFOSPRSA-N Couroupitine B Natural products N\1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C/1=C1/C2=CC=CC=C2NC1=O CRDNMYFJWFXOCH-BUHFOSPRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004127 Cytokines Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000695 Cytokines Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020004414 DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000001712 DNA sequencing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102100021420 Defensin-5 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000017944 Dishevelled Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050007016 Dishevelled Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000255581 Drosophila <fruit fly, genus> Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100295776 Drosophila melanogaster onecut gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000012591 Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000000579 Epigen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010016906 Epigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000283074 Equus asinus Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010015548 Euthanasia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108090000852 Forkhead Transcription Factors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004315 Forkhead Transcription Factors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100025101 GATA-type zinc finger protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010014905 Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000002927 Hamartoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100032606 Heat shock factor protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000003693 Hedgehog Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000031 Hedgehog Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101800001649 Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102400001369 Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100029284 Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101150094793 Hes3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150029234 Hes5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091016366 Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EHMT1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000922348 Homo sapiens C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000984015 Homo sapiens Cadherin-1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001041589 Homo sapiens Defensin-5 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000867525 Homo sapiens Heat shock factor protein 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001062347 Homo sapiens Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001139130 Homo sapiens Krueppel-like factor 5 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000934372 Homo sapiens Macrosialin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000819088 Homo sapiens Transcription factor GATA-6 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000843556 Homo sapiens Transcription factor HES-1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000652324 Homo sapiens Transcription factor SOX-17 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000642523 Homo sapiens Transcription factor SOX-7 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000854931 Homo sapiens Visual system homeobox 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000029462 Immunodeficiency disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100026818 Inhibin beta E chain Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000005016 Intestinal Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PIWKPBJCKXDKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoflurane Chemical compound FC(F)OC(Cl)C(F)(F)F PIWKPBJCKXDKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100040487 Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 13 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010065070 Keratin-13 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100020680 Krueppel-like factor 5 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930182816 L-glutamine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000008540 L-glutamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 101150017554 LGR5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100025136 Macrosialin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 240000000249 Morus alba Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008708 Morus alba Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108010008705 Mucin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001529936 Murinae Species 0.000 description 1
- 101000874159 Mus musculus Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000012580 N-2 Supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- FABQUVYDAXWUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N N4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2N=C(N)N=C(NCC=3C=C4OCOC4=CC=3)C=2)=C1 FABQUVYDAXWUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101710132867 Noggin-3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091028043 Nucleic acid sequence Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100070550 Oryza sativa subsp. japonica HSFA2C gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000000470 PDZ domains Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050008994 PDZ domains Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091000080 Phosphotransferase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100024616 Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229920000153 Povidone-iodine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102000035554 Proglucagon Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010058003 Proglucagon Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000013614 RNA sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101100016889 Rattus norvegicus Hes2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700008625 Reporter Genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000006146 Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000013959 SATB2-associated syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150106167 SOX9 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100021382 Transcription factor GATA-6 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100030798 Transcription factor HES-1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100027654 Transcription factor PU.1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100030243 Transcription factor SOX-17 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100036730 Transcription factor SOX-7 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000006747 Transforming Growth Factor alpha Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101800004564 Transforming growth factor alpha Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700019146 Transgenes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000677635 Tuxedo Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000018070 Uroplakin Ia Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010066197 Uroplakin Ia Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100020676 Visual system homeobox 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229930003270 Vitamin B Natural products 0.000 description 1
- ITBGJNVZJBVPLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N WAY-316606 Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=C1S(=O)(=O)NC1CCNCC1 ITBGJNVZJBVPLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010047924 Wheezing Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000004156 Wnt signaling pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241000269457 Xenopus tropicalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000001015 abdomen Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000488 activin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108010023079 activin B Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000033115 angiogenesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000002469 basement membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003613 bile acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003851 biochemical process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000090 biomarker Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000086 blastomogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036770 blood supply Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940087828 buprenex Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RMRJXGBAOAMLHD-IHFGGWKQSA-N buprenorphine Chemical compound C([C@]12[C@H]3OC=4C(O)=CC=C(C2=4)C[C@@H]2[C@]11CC[C@]3([C@H](C1)[C@](C)(O)C(C)(C)C)OC)CN2CC1CC1 RMRJXGBAOAMLHD-IHFGGWKQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005907 cancer growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000011712 cell development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036755 cellular response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003483 chromatin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000001134 chromosome 2q32-q33 deletion syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- AGVAZMGAQJOSFJ-WZHZPDAFSA-M cobalt(2+);[(2r,3s,4r,5s)-5-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] [(2r)-1-[3-[(1r,2r,3r,4z,7s,9z,12s,13s,14z,17s,18s,19r)-2,13,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7,12,17-tris(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3,5,8,8,13,15,18,19-octamethyl-2 Chemical compound [Co+2].N#[C-].[N-]([C@@H]1[C@H](CC(N)=O)[C@@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@@H](C)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]3[C@H]([C@H](O[C@@H]3CO)N3C4=CC(C)=C(C)C=C4N=C3)O)\C2=C(C)/C([C@H](C\2(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=N/C/2=C\C([C@H]([C@@]/2(CC(N)=O)C)CCC(N)=O)=N\C\2=C(C)/C2=N[C@]1(C)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]2CCC(N)=O AGVAZMGAQJOSFJ-WZHZPDAFSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003184 complementary RNA Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012790 confirmation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003618 cortical neuron Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N deoxycholic acid Chemical compound C([C@H]1CC2)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C)[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C1 KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003964 deoxycholic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N deoxycholic acid Natural products C1CC2CC(O)CCC2(C)C2C1C1CCC(C(CCC(O)=O)C)C1(C)C(O)C2 KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000378 dietary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000023011 digestive tract development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003981 ectoderm Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002500 effect on skin Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002308 embryonic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 231100001129 embryonic lethality Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 210000003890 endocrine cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003511 endothelial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003979 eosinophil Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002615 epidermis Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003743 erythrocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000646 extraembryonic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012894 fetal calf serum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001605 fetal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000144992 flock Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000001943 fluorescence-activated cell sorting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000003953 foreskin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000011990 functional testing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000232 gallbladder Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000001476 gene delivery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012239 gene modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005017 genetic modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013617 genetically modified food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000001654 germ layer Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019410 glycyrrhizin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000045896 human BMP2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007813 immunodeficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003364 immunohistochemistry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007901 in situ hybridization Methods 0.000 description 1
- CRDNMYFJWFXOCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indirubin Chemical compound N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C1=C1C2=CC=CC=C2NC1=O CRDNMYFJWFXOCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000002313 intestinal cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000004347 intestinal mucosa Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960002725 isoflurane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000366 juvenile effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009940 knitting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011813 knockout mouse model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006651 lactation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000005229 liver cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000031142 liver development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 206010025482 malaise Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000002493 microarray Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003990 molecular pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001616 monocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001002 morphogenetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004660 morphological change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003097 mucus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000653 nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000006576 neuronal survival Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000440 neutrophil Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012758 nuclear staining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000004940 nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000474 nursing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150006608 ox gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000496 pancreas Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007170 pathology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 102000020233 phosphotransferase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000724 poly(L-arginine) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108010011110 polyarginine Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000016833 positive regulation of signal transduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960001621 povidone-iodine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000035935 pregnancy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000004393 prognosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009145 protein modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940076155 protein modulator Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000020978 protein processing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108010008929 proto-oncogene protein Spi-1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000005126 pseudostratified columnar epithelium Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000003753 real-time PCR Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000384 rearing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007634 remodeling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010839 reverse transcription Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003705 ribosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002955 secretory cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002460 smooth muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000329 smooth muscle myocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- TUPFOYXHAYOHIB-YCAIQWGJSA-M sodium;(2s,5r,6r)-6-[[(2r)-2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate;(2s,3s,5r)-3-methyl-4,4,7-trioxo-3-(triazol-1-ylmethyl)-4$l^{6}-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]h Chemical compound [Na+].C([C@]1(C)S([C@H]2N(C(C2)=O)[C@H]1C(O)=O)(=O)=O)N1C=CN=N1.O=C1C(=O)N(CC)CCN1C(=O)N[C@H](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N2[C@@H](C([O-])=O)C(C)(C)S[C@@H]21 TUPFOYXHAYOHIB-YCAIQWGJSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007619 statistical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000528 statistical test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960005322 streptomycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960005404 sulfamethoxazole Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JLKIGFTWXXRPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulphamethoxazole Chemical compound O1C(C)=CC(NS(=O)(=O)C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=N1 JLKIGFTWXXRPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021195 test diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008280 toxic mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000017105 transposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- IEDVJHCEMCRBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoprim Chemical compound COC1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC(CC=2C(=NC(N)=NC=2)N)=C1 IEDVJHCEMCRBQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001082 trimethoprim Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241001430294 unidentified retrovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000002444 unipotent stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002229 urogenital system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003741 urothelium Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000002255 vaccination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019156 vitamin B Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011720 vitamin B Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004885 white matter Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000029663 wound healing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940104666 zosyn Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
- C12N5/0679—Cells of the gastro-intestinal tract
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0697—Artificial constructs associating cells of different lineages, e.g. tissue equivalents
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5082—Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms
- G01N33/5088—Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms of vertebrates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
- C07K14/485—Epidermal growth factor [EGF], i.e. urogastrone
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
- C07K14/50—Fibroblast growth factor [FGF]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
- C07K14/51—Bone morphogenetic factor; Osteogenins; Osteogenic factor; Bone-inducing factor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/11—Epidermal growth factor [EGF]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/113—Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF, FGF-1)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/115—Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/117—Keratinocyte growth factors (KGF-1, i.e. FGF-7; KGF-2, i.e. FGF-12)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/119—Other fibroblast growth factors, e.g. FGF-4, FGF-8, FGF-10
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/155—Bone morphogenic proteins [BMP]; Osteogenins; Osteogenic factor; Bone inducing factor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/16—Activin; Inhibin; Mullerian inhibiting substance
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/40—Regulators of development
- C12N2501/41—Hedgehog proteins; Cyclopamine (inhibitor)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/40—Regulators of development
- C12N2501/415—Wnt; Frizzeled
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/70—Enzymes
- C12N2501/72—Transferases [EC 2.]
- C12N2501/727—Kinases (EC 2.7.)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2503/00—Use of cells in diagnostics
- C12N2503/02—Drug screening
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2506/00—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells
- C12N2506/02—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from embryonic cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2506/00—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells
- C12N2506/45—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from artificially induced pluripotent stem cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2513/00—3D culture
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2533/00—Supports or coatings for cell culture, characterised by material
- C12N2533/90—Substrates of biological origin, e.g. extracellular matrix, decellularised tissue
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
本文公开了通过调节信号传导途径将前体细胞体外分化成定形内胚层的方法,所述定形内胚层可进一步分化成人类结肠类器官(HCO)。进一步公开了HCO和使用HCO的方法,其可以使用,例如,对于HCO可以用于确定潜在治疗剂对选自结肠炎、结肠癌、息肉综合征和/或肠易激综合征的疾病的功效和/或毒性。
Description
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请要求2016年12月5日提交的美国临时申请序列号62/429,948的权益,其全部内容通过引用并入本文用于所有目的。
背景技术
虽然由多能干细胞(PSC)产生胃和小肠类器官已经彻底改变了人类胃肠(GI)发育和疾病的研究,但是产生大肠类器官的努力已经落后,部分原因是由于缺乏对后肠管发育的稳健理解。
发明内容
本文公开了通过调节信号传导途径将前体细胞体外分化成定形内胚层的方法,所述定形内胚层可进一步分化成人类结肠类器官(HCO)。进一步公开了HCO和使用HCO的方法,其可以使用,例如,对于HCO可以用于确定潜在治疗剂对选自结肠炎、结肠癌、息肉综合征和/或肠易激综合征的疾病的功效和/或毒性。
附图说明
本申请文件含有至少一个彩色绘图。具有彩色附图的本专利或专利申请公开的副本将在请求和支付必要费用后由主管局提供。
本领域技术人员将理解,下面描述的附图仅用于说明目的。附图并不旨在以任何方式限制本教导的范围。
图1.Bmp信号传导调节小鼠和青蛙胚胎中的Satb2表达。(A)对e8.5小鼠胚胎进行的整体pSmad158(红色)和Foxa2(绿色)染色,其示出在发育中的后肠周围的核染色(n=6)。(B)来自(A)中的加框区域的光学切片的插图,其示出在后肠中胚层和内胚层(D,背侧;V,腹侧)中进行的pSmad1/5/8染色。(C)在头褶阶段分离并在使用或不用DMH-1进行Bmp抑制的情况下培养2天的小鼠胚胎的示意图。(D,E)在培养48小时后,对DMSO(0)和DMH-1(E)处理的胚胎进行的整体pSmad1/5/8(红色)和Foxa2(绿色)染色。(F)在于DMSO或DMH-1中培养的胚胎中进行的pSmad1/5/8和pSmad2/3染色相对于Cdx2的量化(每种条件,n=3个胚胎)。(G-J)在于DMSO(G,H)或DMH-1(I,J)中培养2天后,对小鼠胚胎进行的Cdx2(绿色)、Satb2(红色)和Foxa2(白色)的整体免疫染色(对于每种条件,n=6)。H-J中的箭头指向卵黄柄的大致位置(BA1,第一臂肱弓)。(K)用DMSO或DMH-1处理的小鼠胚胎中Satb2表达的量化。(L)热带爪蟾胚胎中Bmp抑制的示意图。用DMSO(M)或DMH-1(R)处理的热带爪蟾胚胎中Satb2的原位杂交。(M)和(R)中的白色虚线描绘了使用后续分析的截面平面。mx和md=第一臂肱弓的上颌突和下颌突。Cba=尾侧臂肱弓。来自用DMSO(N-Q)或DMH-1(S-V)处理的热带爪蟾胚胎的Satb2(红色)、pSmad1/5/8(绿色)、DAPI(蓝色)和颜色合并图像的免疫荧光。比例尺在G-H中为=100μm,在所有其它图中为50μm。对于双尾t检验,**p<0.01和***p 0.001。
图2.BMP2在人类肠管球状体中诱导SATB2和后HOX代码。(A)肠管球状体模式化方案的示意图。(B-D)通过对用NOGGIN(B)处理、无处理(C)和BMP2(D)处理12小时的球状体进行的pSMAD1/5/8(红色)染色测量的BMP信号传导水平。(E)对成年小鼠结肠进行的pSmad1/5/8染色,其示出在隐窝顶部处增加的BMP信号传导。(F-H)用NOGGIN(F)处理、无处理(G)和BMP2(H)处理72小时的球状体中的SATB2表达。(I)模式化后SATB2+CDH1+上皮的百分比的量化。(J)新生球状体和模式化3天后的球状体的主成分分析。(K)对在BMP对比NOG处理的球状体之间差异表达基因的基因本体分析。(L)模式化之前和之后的球状体的TPM(每百万中的转录物)值的图。分析的样品是在模式化之前的球状体(n=2),和在模式化后3天的NOGGIN、对照物和BMP2处理的球状体(每组n=4)。为了在I中量化,检查来自至少3个实验的20个类器官。误差线表示SD。比例尺=50微米。****p s 0.0001,通过双尾t检验确定。
图3.在延长的体外培养后,在人类肠类器官中维持区域模式化。(A-D)28天龄的类器官的借助近端标记物ONECUTI(绿色)进行整体免疫荧光和QPCR分析,其中所述28天龄的类器官由最初3天用NOGGIN、对照物或BMP2处理球状体产生。用CDX2(红色)和DAPI(蓝色)染色也用于检测上皮和间充质。(E-H)通过IF和通过QPCR检测的后标记物SATB2(红色)的表达。(I-L)通过IF和通过QPCR分析泛杯状细胞标记物MUC2(红色)。(M-P)通过IF分析结肠特异性杯状细胞标记物MUC5B(红色)。在(P)中量化MUC5B+细胞的数量。(Q-S)在分离的间充质培养物中的图案标记物相对于整个类器官的分析。在完整类器官中和在来源于NOGGIN、对照物或BMP2处理的类器官的间充质培养物中CDH1(Q)、近端HOX基因HOXD3(R)和远端HOX基因HOXA13(S)的QPCR分析。仅在含有上皮细胞的完整类器官中观察到CDH1。误差线表示SEM。对于IF,针对每种条件检查来自至少3个不同实验的最少10个类器官。对于QPCR,检查来自2个独立实验的最少5个生物学重复。比例尺=100微米。**p 5 0.01和****p 5 0.0001,通过双尾t检验确定。
图4.响应于促分泌(proendocrine)转录因子NEUROGENIN 3的表达,HCO而非HIO产生结肠特异性肠内分泌细胞。(A-B)用于产生IPSC72.3诱导型NEUROG3系的多西环素(doxycycline)诱导型NEUROG3慢病毒构建体和多西环素诱导方案的示意图。用NOGGIN(C,F)、未处理(D,G)或BMP(E,H)模式化的35天龄类器官的用嗜铬粒蛋白A(绿色)、CDX2(红色)和INSL5(白色)进行整体染色。(C-E)未处理的类器官(-Dox)和(F-H)具有表达的NEUROG3的类器官(+Dox)。E和H中的插图显示了INSL5染色的放大视图。(I,J)如通过CHGA(I)测量的和对于INSL5(J)表达,在HIO和HCO中肠内分泌细胞的NEUROG3诱导的QPCR分析。数据代表用NOGGIN(n=3)、对照物(n=3)或BMP(n=6)处理的类器官的2个不同实验。误差线表示SEM。比例尺=50微米。*p<0.05,通过双尾t检验确定。
图5.HIO和HCO在体内移植后保持区域特性。(A-E)来自人类空肠和结肠的活组织检查以及移植到小鼠肾囊下并在体内生长8-10周的NOGGIN衍生得到的HIO、对照HIO和BMP2衍生得到的HCO的H&E染色。用近端肠标记物GATA4(F-J)、远端肠标记物SATB2(K-0)、潘氏(Paneth)细胞标记物DEFAS(P-T)和结肠特异性杯状细胞标记物MUC5B(U-Y)染色相同条件的样品。注意,尽管GATA4和SATB2双染色是在不同的通道中进行的,但在图(F-0)的相同载玻片上进行,它们显示为单独的伪彩色(红色)图像。对于人类活组织检查,n=2。对于移植的NOGGIN处理的类器官,n=12,对于对照类器官,n=7,并且对于BMP2处理的类器官,n=16。比例尺=50pm。
图6.体内生长的类器官表达区域特异性激素。在小鼠肾囊下生长8-10周的HIO和HCO中的区域表达激素(A-D)胃饥饿素(GHRL)、胃动素(MLN)、(E-H)GIP、(I-L)GLP-1、(M-P)PYY和(Q-T)INSL5的表达的分析。近端富集的激素GHRL、GIP和MLN富集在NOGGIN和对照HIO(A-H)中。远端富集的激素GLP-1和PYY富集在BMP2衍生得到的HCO(1-0)中。结肠特异性激素INSL5仅存在于HCO(Q-T)中。数据代表每种条件最少5个移植的类器官。(A)和(B)中的插图显示GHRL和MLN双阳性细胞。(D,H,L,P,T)GHRL、MLN、GIP、GLP1、PYY和INSL5的FPKM值来自RNA-seq数据。FPKM值表示每种条件3个生物学重复。比例尺=30微米。
图7.HIO和HCO的全面转录分析以及与人类小肠和结肠的比较。(A)主成分分析,人类成人和胎儿小肠和结肠与移植的HIO和HCO相比较。(B)将人类成人小肠与HIO并将人类成人结肠与HCO进行比较的超几何平均值测试。(C)比较在人类小肠和结肠中与HIO和HCO相比进行差异表达的转录物的4向散点图。
图8.Gata4和Satb2在小肠和大肠发育期间标记离散的区域边界。(A)在e9.5小鼠胚胎中Gata4(绿色)和Satb2(红色)的整体染色,其示出在卵黄柄(n=9)处的表达边界。(B)描绘Gata4和Satb2表达域e11.5肠的模型,其示出低Gata4和低Satb2表达的过渡区。在e11.5小鼠胚胎中Gata4和Satb2的整体染色,其示出在卵黄柄处的Gata4的后边界和Satb2的前边界(n=3)。(F-H)在e12.5小鼠胚胎中Satb2和Foxa2的整体染色,其示出维持了Satb2表达的前边界(n=3)。(I)在从e16.5小鼠胚胎分离的近端肠中Gata4和Satb2的整体染色(n=6)。(J)在从e16.5小鼠胚胎分离的远端小肠和大肠中Gata4和Satb2的整体染色(n=6)。在(K)人类空肠(n=2)和(L)结肠(n=2)的切片中GATA4和SATB2的染色。比例尺=50μm(B-D)和100 1Am(E-M)。(C)和(F)中的虚线表示脐的大致位置。缩写:ys,卵黄柄;cb,盲肠芽;tz,过渡带;mx,第一臂肱弓的上颌部分;和md,第一臂肱弓的下颌部分;ti,末端回肠;icj,回盲部。
图9.SATB2在GATA4阴性人类小肠和大肠中表达。在人类成人十二指肠、小肠、阑尾、结肠和直肠中的SATB2染色显示SATB2表达存在于远端小肠和整个大肠中。从来自人类成人和胎儿肠样品的公开的RNA-seq数据分析GATA4和SATB2。绘制的样品包括人类成人十二指肠(HuSI_Duo_A)、十二指肠远端的人类成人小肠(HuSI_Dist_A)、人类成人结肠(HuColon_A)和人类胎儿小肠(HuSI_F)。(C)由Wang等人2015年针对来自在空气液体界面(ALI)中生长的十二指肠(Duo)、空肠(Jej)、回肠(lle)、升结肠(AC)、横结肠(TC)和降结肠的胎儿肠干细胞生成的微阵列数据分析GATA4和SATB2表达。使用Excel中的CORREL函数确定r2值。
图10.BMP介导后HOX基因的SHH激活。(A)后HOX基因的SHH介导的激活的先前模型。(B)后HOX基因的SHH介导的激活和内胚层HOX基因的BMP介导的激活的新模型。(C)在用NOGGIN、对照物、Smoothened激动剂(SAG)或BMP2处理后的HOX因子的QPCR分析。(D)由SAG诱导的HOX13基因的BMP4依赖性激活的模型。(E)在对照物、5μM SAG、5μM SAG+NOG和BMP2处理的类器官中3天后HOXA13的QPCR分析。(F)由外源重组人类BMP2诱导的HOX13基因的SHH独立激活的模型。(G)在对照物、BMP和BMP+环巴胺(Cyclopamine)处理的类器官中3天后HOXA13的QPCR分析(每种条件n=6)。
图11.延长的体外培养允许杯状细胞成熟。(A)在模式化并随后重新模式化的类器官中CDX2+SATB2+细胞的百分比的量化。在28天龄类器官中的HOXB13(B)和HOXD13(C)的QPCR分析。来自44天龄NOGGIN、对照物和BMP处理的类器官的用CDH1(绿色)、CDX2(红色)和MUC2(白色)进行的(D-F)整体和(G-l)横截面染色。(J-L)来自44天龄BMP2处理的类器官的切片的染色。白色箭头指向处于分泌粘蛋白2的过程中的杯状细胞。对于QPCR,检查来自2个独立实验的最少5个生物学重复。对于IF,检查每种条件最少10个类器官。比例尺=50pm。
图12.类器官的BMP模式化在体外和体内是稳定的。(A)NOGGIN、对照物和BMP模式化的类器官的类器官植入的效率。在移植的模式化类器官中GATA4+CDX2+细胞(B)和SATB2+CDX2+细胞(C)的百分比的量化。对在移植的类器官中的GATA4(D)SATB2(E)DEFAS(F)和MUCSB(G)的FPKM值来自RNA-seq数据。(H-I)人类空肠和结肠活组织检查(每个区域n=2)和(J-L)移植的类器官(每个条件n=5)的MUC2(红色)染色。比例尺=50微米。
图13.体外和体内生长的类器官含有肠祖细胞。来自用NOGGIN、对照物或BMP处理的H9-LGR5-GFP衍生得到的类器官的CDH1和GFP的代表性整体(A,F,K)和切片部分(B,G,L)图像。在来自(C-E)NOGGIN、(H-J)对照物或(M-O)BMP2处理的类器官的切片上的CDX2(红色)和SOX9(绿色)染色。CDX2和LGR5-GFP(P,S,V)、CDX2和SOX9(Q,T,W)以及来源于NOGGIN、对照物或BMP处理的H9-LGR5-GFP类器官的类器官体内染色的CDH1和KI67(R,U,X)的代表性图像。(Y-A')显微照片显示分别来源于NOGGIN、对照物或BMP移植物的类肠(enteroid)。(B'-D')在对照类肠(来自2个移植物的>100个合并的类肠)和BMP2处理的类结肠(来自1个移植物的>50个类结肠)的近端和远端基因的QPCR分析。比例尺=50μm。
图14.核糖体和免疫细胞特征在移植的类器官和原代人类组织之间差异表达。(A)模式化移植的类器官和人类成人和胎儿小肠和结肠的主成分分析。(B)在移植物与人类原代组织中上调的基因的基因本体分析。(C)在人类原代组织与移植物中上调的基因的基因本体分析。
图15.(A)在Matrigel中生长15天后HCO的整体免疫荧光染色。针对内皮标记物CD31(绿色)和后肠上皮标记物CDX2(红色)对HCO培养物进行染色。还针对造血细胞标记物PU.1(红色右图)对培养物进行染色。(B)造血祖细胞分析的示意图。从HCO收集细胞,离心并使用Giemsa Wright染色或接种在Methocult培养基中以分析造血细胞分化。(C)GiemsaWright染色的细胞的代表性图像,其形态与分化为巨噬细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞一致。(D)在Methocult中14天后形成的菌落的代表性图像。红细胞、巨噬细胞和粒细胞菌落存在于来源于HCO的细胞中,但不存在于来源于NOGGIN处理的HIO的细胞中。
图16.(A)人类结肠活组织检查或在Matrigel中生长28天的HCO的免疫荧光染色。对CD68进行染色,其是巨噬细胞的标记物。(B)在HIO和HCO中的CD14和CD16的CYTOF分析图。小百分比的CD14+/CD16+细胞存在于HCO(蓝色方块)中,但不存在于HIO中。另外,CD16单阳性细胞存在于HCO中,表明单核细胞存在于培养物中。(C)从14和28天龄HIO和HCO收集的上清液的Luminex阵列分析。在28天龄HCO(BMP)中检测到IL6和IL8,但在HIO中未检测到。(D)从14和28天龄HIO和HCO收集的上清液的Luminex阵列分析。在14和28天龄HCO(BMP)中检测到巨噬细胞特异性细胞因子MIP1A和MIP1B,但在14或28天龄HIO中未检测到。
具体实施方式
定义。
除非另有说明,否则术语应根据相关领域普通技术人员的常规用法来理解。
术语“约”或“大约”意指在本领域普通技术人员确定的特定值的可接受误差范围内,这将部分取决于如何测量或确定该值,例如,测量系统的限制。例如,根据本领域的实践,“约”可以表示在1或大于1的标准偏差内。替代地,“约”可表示给定值的最多20%、或最多10%、或最多5%、或最多1%的范围。替代地,特别是对于生物系统或过程,该术语可以表示数值的数量级,优选地在5倍内,更优选地在2倍内。在申请和权利要求中描述了特定值的情况下,除非另有说明,否则应当假设术语“约”意味着在特定值的可接受误差范围内。
如本文所用,术语“全能(totipotent)干细胞”(也称为全能(omnipotent)干细胞)是可以分化成胚胎和胚胎外细胞类型的干细胞。这类细胞可以构建完整的、有活力的生物体。这些细胞是由卵子和精子细胞融合而成。由受精卵的前几次分裂产生的细胞也是全能的。
如本文所用,术语“多能干细胞(PSC)”,通常也称为PS细胞,涵盖可以分化成几乎所有细胞的任何细胞,即源自三个胚层(生发上皮)中的任何一个的细胞,所述三个胚层包括内胚层(内部胃壁、胃肠道、肺部)、中胚层(肌肉、骨骼、血液、泌尿生殖器)和外胚层(表皮组织和神经系统)。PSC可以是全能细胞的后代,源自胚胎干细胞(包括胚胎生殖细胞)或通过诱导非多能细胞(如成体体细胞)通过强制某些基因的表达而获得。
如本文所用,术语“诱导的多能干细胞(iPSC)”,也通常缩写为iPS细胞,是指通过诱导某些基因的“强制”表达由正常非多能细胞(如成体体细胞)人工衍生得到的一类多能干细胞。
如本文所用,术语“胚胎干细胞(ESC)”,也通常缩写为ES细胞,是指多能并且源自胚泡的内细胞团(即早期胚胎)的细胞。出于本发明的目的,术语“ESC”有时也广泛用于涵盖胚胎生殖细胞。
如本文所用,术语“前体细胞”涵盖可用于本文所述方法中的任何细胞,通过该细胞,一种或多种前体细胞获得自我更新或分化成一种或多种特化细胞类型的能力。在一些方面,前体细胞是多能的或具有变成多能的能力。在一些方面,前体细胞经受外部因子(例如,生长因子)的处理以获得多能性。在一些方面,前体细胞可以是全能(或全能)干细胞;多能干细胞(诱导或非诱导);多能干细胞;寡能干细胞和单能干细胞。在一些方面,前体细胞可以来自胚胎、婴儿、儿童或成人。在一些方面,前体细胞可以是经受处理的体细胞,使得通过遗传操作或蛋白质/肽处理赋予多能性。
在发育生物学中,细胞分化是较不特化的细胞变成较特化的细胞类型的过程。如本文所用,术语“定向分化”描述了一种过程,通过该过程,较不特化的细胞变成特定的特化靶细胞类型。特化靶细胞类型的特殊性可以通过可用于定义或改变初始细胞命运的任何适用方法来确定。示例性方法包括但不限于遗传操作、化学处理、蛋白质处理和核酸处理。
如本文所用,术语“细胞成分”是单个基因、蛋白质、mRNA表达基因,和/或任何其它可变的细胞组分或蛋白质活性,例如蛋白质修饰程度(例如,磷酸化),其通常本领域技术人员在生物学实验中测量(例如,通过微阵列或免疫组织化学)。涉及有关生命系统、常见人类疾病以及基因发现和结构确定的复杂生化过程网络的重大发现现在可归因于细胞成分丰度数据作为研究过程的一部分的应用。细胞成分丰度数据可以帮助识别生物标记物、区分疾病亚型并鉴定毒性机制。
如本文所述,使用一定时间序列的生长因子操作来建立方法和系统,以模拟培养物中的胚胎肠发育。具体地说,建立了方法和系统以定向人类胚胎干细胞(hESC)和诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)的PSC体外分化成肠组织
由多能干细胞(PSC)产生胃和小肠类器官已经彻底改变了研究人类胃肠道(GI)发育和疾病。然而,产生大肠类器官的努力已经落后,部分原因在于对后肠管发育的稳健分子理解。在这里,申请人已经发现脐带后面的肠上皮在整个发育过程中和出生后表达Satb2。申请人进一步发现BMP信号传导在蛙和小鼠胚胎中建立Satb2+结构域,并且BMP信号传导的短暂激活足以激活后HOX代码并将人类PSC衍生得到的肠管培养物导入结肠类器官(HCO)中。体外生长的HCO具有标记谱和与结肠特性一致的独特细胞类型。在移植到小鼠中后,HCO经历形态发生和成熟,形成具有人类结肠的分子、细胞和形态学特性的组织。所公开的结肠类器官可用于结肠炎和结肠癌的未来研究中。
在一个方面,公开了诱导人类结肠类器官形成的方法。方法可以包含以下步骤:(a)使定形内胚层(DE)与FGF信号传导途径激活物和WNT信号传导途径激活物(例如,CHIRON/GSK2抑制剂)接触持续足以使所述DE形成中-后肠球状体的时间段,和(b)使步骤(a)的中-后肠球状体与BMP激活物和EGF信号传导途径激活物接触持续足以形成所述人类结肠类器官的时间段,其中所述人类结肠类器官表达SATB2。
在一个方面,DE可以源自选自以下的前体细胞:胚胎干细胞、胚胎生殖细胞、诱导多能干细胞、中胚层细胞、定形内胚层细胞、后内胚层细胞、后肠细胞或其组合。
在一个方面,FGF信号传导途径激活物可选自小分子或蛋白质FGF信号传导途径激活物、FGF1、FGF2、FGF3、FGF4、FGF10、FGF11、FGF12、FGF13、FGF14、FGF15、FGF16、FGF17、FGF18、FGF19、FGF20、FGF21、FGF22、FGF23或其组合。WNT信号传导途径激活物可选自小分子或蛋白质Wnt信号传导途径激活物,优选氯化锂;2-氨基-4,6-二取代嘧啶(杂)芳基嘧啶;IQ1;QS11;NSC668036;DCAβ-连环蛋白;2-氨基-4-[3,4-(亚甲二氧基)-苄基-氨基]-6-(3-甲氧基苯基)嘧啶、Wnt1、Wnt2、Wnt2b、Wnt3、Wnt3a、Wnt4、Wnt5a、Wnt5b、Wnt6、Wnt7a、Wnt7b、Wnt8a、Wnt8b、Wnt9a、Wnt9b、Wnt10a、Wnt10b、Wnt11、Wnt16、GSK3抑制剂,优选CHIRON,或其组合。在一个方面,BMP激活物可以选自BMP2、BMP4、BMP7、BMP9、激活BMP途径的小分子、激活BMP途径的蛋白质,并且可以包括以下:Noggin、Dorsomorphin、LDN189、DMH-1、ventromophin及其组合。
在一个方面,对于所述DE足以形成中-后肠球状体的时间段可以通过步骤(a)的所述中-后肠球状体表达CDX2来确定。使用常规方法,这类测量在本领域普通技术人员的能力范围内。
在一个方面,对于中-后肠球状体足以形成人类结肠类器官的时间段通过所述人类结肠类器官的细胞的SATB2和CDX2表达来确定,其中当表达SATB2和CDX2时,中-后肠球状体已形成人类结肠类器官。可以使用这类测量来代替时间测量,因为上面列出的基因的表达表明步骤(a)和(b)已经进行了足够的持续时间。
在一个方面,公开了根据本文描述的方法获得的HCO。本发明的HCO可以以各种不同的方式表征。在一个方面,HCO的特征可在于存在结肠肠内分泌细胞(EEC)。在一个方面,HCO的特征可在于存在隐窝并且基本上不含绒毛。在一个方面,HCO的特征可在于存在结肠特异性杯状细胞。在一个方面,HCO的特征可在于基本上不含潘氏细胞。在一个方面,HCO的特征可在于分泌结肠特异性激素INSL5的能力。肠类器官可以不含免疫功能、神经分布、血管、绒毛和潘氏细胞中的一种或多种。
在一个方面,公开了形成结肠组织的方法,其中所述发明的HCO可以植入哺乳动物,优选啮齿动物,优选免疫受损的啮齿动物,优选免疫受损的小鼠的肾囊下。
在一个方面,本文公开的HCO可用于确定潜在治疗剂对选自结肠炎、结肠癌、息肉综合征和/或肠易激综合征的疾病的功效和/或毒性。方法可包含使潜在治疗剂与如本文所述的HCO接触持续足以确定所述潜在治疗剂的功效和/或毒性的时间段的步骤。
在一个方面,考虑了源自自任何前述权利要求的HCO的肠类结肠。
在一些方面,可以使用多能或可以诱导成为多能的干细胞。在一些方面,多能干细胞源自胚胎干细胞,胚胎干细胞又源自早期哺乳动物胚胎的全能细胞并且能够在体外无限制、未分化的增殖。胚胎干细胞是源自胚泡的内细胞团(即早期胚胎)的多能干细胞。从胚细胞衍生得到胚胎干细胞的方法是本领域熟知的。例如,三种细胞系(H1、H13和H14)具有正常的XY核型,并且两种细胞系(H7和H9)具有正常的XX核型。人类胚胎干细胞H9(H9-hESC)用于本申请中描述的示例性方面,但是本领域技术人员将理解,本文描述的方法和系统适用于任何干细胞。
可以在根据本发明的方面中使用的另外的干细胞包括但不限于由以下提供或在以下中描述的那些:由位于旧金山加利福尼亚大学(UCSF)的人类胚胎干细胞研究中心,国家干细胞库(NSCB)主办的数据库;位于Wi细胞研究所的WISC细胞库;威斯康星大学干细胞与再生医学中心(UW-SCRMC);Novocell公司(Novocell,Inc.)(加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥(SanDiego,California));Cellartis AB(瑞典哥德堡(Sweden));ES CellInternational Pte Ltd(新加坡(Singapore));位于以色列技术学院的以色列理工学院(以色列海法(Haifa,Israel));和由普林斯顿大学和宾夕法尼亚大学主办的干细胞数据库。可以在根据本发明的方面中使用的示例性胚胎干细胞包括但不限于SA01(SA001);SA02(SA002);ES01(HES-1);ES02(HES-2);ES03(HES-3);ES04(HES-4);ES05(HES-5);ES06(HES-6);BG01(BGN-01);BG02(BGN-02);BG03(BGN-03);TE03(I3);TE04(I4);TE06(I6);UC01(HSF1);UC06(HSF6);WA01(H1);WA07(H7);WA09(H9);WA13(H13);WA14(H14)。
在一些方面,进一步修饰干细胞以并入额外的特性。示例性的修饰细胞系包括但不限于H1OCT4-EGFP;H9Cre-LoxP;H9hNanog-pGZ;H9hOct4-pGZ;H9inGFPhES;和H9Syn-GFP。
关于胚胎干细胞的更多细节可以在以下中找到:例如Thomson等人,1998,“源自人类胚泡的胚胎干细胞系(Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from HumanBlastocysts),”《科学(Science)》282(5391):1145-1147;Andrews等人,2005,“胚胎干(ES)细胞和胚胎癌(EC)细胞:同一枚硬币的两面(Embryonic stem(ES)cells and embryonalcarcinoma(EC)cells:opposite sides of the same coin,”《生化学会学报(Biochem SocTrans)》33:1526–1530;Martin1980,“《畸胎癌和哺乳动物胚胎发生(Teratocarcinomasand mammalian embryogenesis),”.《科学》209(4458):768-776;Evans和Kaufman,1981,“在小鼠胚胎中培养多能细胞(Establishment in culture of pluripotent cells frommouse embryos),”《自然(Nature)》292(5819):154–156;Klimanskaya等人,2005,“在无饲养细胞的情况下衍生得到的人类胚胎干细胞(Human embryonic stem cells derivedwithout feeder cells),”《柳叶刀(Lancet)》365(9471):1636–1641;其中每个的全部内容在此通过引用并入本文。
替代地,多能干细胞可以源自胚胎生殖细胞(EGC),胚胎生殖细胞是产生有性繁殖的生物体的配子的细胞。EGC源自存在于晚期胚胎的性腺脊中的原始生殖细胞,具有胚胎干细胞的许多特性。胚胎中的原始生殖细胞发育成在成人体内产生生殖配子(精子或卵子)的干细胞。在小鼠和人类中,有可能在适当的条件下在组织培养物中培养胚胎生殖细胞。EGC和ESC都是多能的。出于本发明的目的,术语“ESC”有时广泛用于涵盖EGC。
诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)
在一些方面,通过将某些干细胞相关基因转染到非多能细胞(例如成体成纤维细胞)中来衍生得到iPSC。转染可以通过病毒载体实现,如逆转录病毒。转染的基因包括主转录调节因子Oct-3/4(Pouf51)和Sox2,但有人提出其它基因可以提高诱导效率。3-4周后,少量转染细胞开始在形态学和生物化学上与多能干细胞变得类似,并且通常通过形态学选择、倍增时间或通过报告基因和抗生素选择来分离。如本文所用,iPSC包括但不限于第一代iPSC、小鼠中的第二代iPSC和人类诱导的多能干细胞。
在一些方面,可以采用基于非病毒的技术来产生iPSC。在一些方面,腺病毒可用于将必需的四种基因转运到小鼠的皮肤和肝细胞的DNA中,产生与胚胎干细胞相同的细胞。由于腺病毒不将其任何自身基因与靶向宿主组合,因此消除了产生肿瘤的危险。在一些方面,重编程可以通过质粒完成,而根本不需任何病毒转染系统,但效率非常低。在其它方面,蛋白质的直接递送用于产生iPSC,因此消除了对病毒或遗传修饰的需要。在一些实施例中,使用类似的方法产生小鼠iPSC是可能的:用通过聚精氨酸锚定引入细胞的某些蛋白质重复处理细胞足以诱导多能性。在一些方面,还可以通过在低氧条件下用FGF2处理体细胞来增加多能性诱导基因的表达。
关于胚胎干细胞的更多细节可以在以下中找到:例如,Kaji等人,2009,“病毒自由诱导多能性并随后切除重编程因子(Virus free induction of pluripotency andsubsequent excision of reprogramming factors),”《自然》458:771-775;Woltjen等人,2009,“piggyBac转座将成纤维细胞重新编程为诱导多能干细胞(piggyBac transpositionreprograms fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells),”《自然》458:766-770;Okita等人,2008,“在没有病毒载体的情况下产生小鼠诱导多能干细胞(Generation ofMouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Without Viral Vectors),”《科学》322(5903):949-953;Stadtfeld等人,2008,“在无病毒整合的情况下产生诱导多能干细胞(InducedPluripotent Stem Cells Generated without Viral Integration),”Science322(5903):945-949;和Zhou等人.,2009,“使用重组蛋白产生诱导多能干细胞(Generation ofInduced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Recombinant Proteins),”《细胞干细胞(CellStem Cell)》4(5):381-384;其中每个的全部内容在此通过引用并入本文。
在一些方面,示例性iPS细胞系包括但不限于iPS-DF19-9;iPS DF19-9;iPS DF4-3;iPS DF6-9;的iPS(包皮);iPS(IMR90);和iPS(IMR90)。
定形内胚层
本公开的HCO可以源自称为定形内胚层(DE)的简单细胞片。如D'Armour等人2005和Spence等人所教导的,用于从前体细胞获得定形内胚层的方法是本领域熟知的。前DE形成前肠及其相关器官,包括肝脏和胰腺,并且后DE形成中肠和后肠,其形成小肠和大肠以及泌尿生殖系统的部分。使用小鼠、小鸡和青蛙胚胎的研究表明,在原肠胚阶段建立DE中的前-后模式是后续前肠和后肠发育的先决条件。Wnt和FGF信号传导途径被认为是该过程的关键,并且起到促进后内胚层和后肠命运并抑制前内胚层和前肠命运的作用。后肠的简单立方形上皮首先发育成假复层柱状上皮,然后发育成绒毛,其含有极化柱状上皮和绒毛基部的增殖区,其对应于假定的祖细胞结构域。
申请人在本文中描述了定向DE体外分化成肠组织,具体地人类结肠组织的稳健且有效的方法。可以通过选择性激活iPSC和/或DE细胞中的某些信号传导途径来实现定向分化。
有关肠发育的途径的另外细节通常可在以下中找到:例如,Sancho等人,2004,“肠道发育和癌症中的信号传导途径(Signaling Pathways in Intestinal Development andCancer),”《细胞和发育生物学年鉴(Annual Review of Cell and DevelopmentalBiology)》20:695-723;Logan和Nusse,2004,“发育和疾病中的Wnt信号途径(The WntSignaling Pathway in Development and Disease),”《细胞和发育生物学年鉴》20:781-810;Taipale1和Beachy1,2001,“癌症中的Hedgehog和Wnt信号途径(The Hedgehog andWnt signalling pathways in cancer),”《自然》411:349-354;Gregorieff和Clevers,2005,“肠上皮中的Wnt信号传导:从内胚层到癌症(Wnt signaling in the intestinalepithelium:from endoderm to cancer),”《基因与生长(Genes&Dev.)》19:877-890;其中每个的全部内容在此通过引用并入本文。关于与DE发育有关的信号传导途径的功能的更多细节可以在以下中找到:例如,Zorn和Wells,2009,“脊椎动物内胚层发育和器官的形成(Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation),”《细胞发育生物学年鉴(Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol)》25:221-251;Dessimoz等人,2006,“FGF信号传导对于在体内沿前后轴建立肠管结构域是必要的(FGF signaling is necessary for establishinggut tube domains along the anterior-posterior axis in vivo),”《发育机理(MechDev)》123:42–55;McLin等人,2007,“在前内胚层中抑制Wnt/{β}–连环蛋白信号传导对于肝脏和胰腺的发育至关重要(Repression of Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling in theanterior endoderm is essential for liver and pancreas development).《发育(Development)》,”134:2207–2217;Wells和Melton,2000,《发育》127:1563-1572;de SantaBarbara等人,2003,“肠上皮的发育和分化(Development and differentiation of theintestinal epithelium),”《细胞和分子生命科学(Cell Mol Life Sci)》60(7):1322-1332;其中每个的全部内容在此通过引用并入本文。
用于从多能细胞(例如,iPSC或ESC)产生定形内胚层的任何方法都适用于本文所述的方法。在一些方面,多能细胞源自桑椹胚。在一些方面,多能干细胞是干细胞。在这些方法中使用的干细胞可包括但不限于胚胎干细胞。胚胎干细胞可以源自胚胎内细胞团或源自胚胎性腺脊。胚胎干细胞或生殖细胞可以源自多种动物物种,包括但不限于包括人类在内的各种哺乳动物物种。在一些方面,人类胚胎干细胞用于产生定形内胚层。在一些方面,人类胚胎生殖细胞用于产生定形内胚层。在一些方面,iPSC用于产生定形内胚层。
在一些方面,一种或多种生长因子用于从多能干细胞到DE细胞的分化过程中。用于分化过程中的一种或多种生长因子可包括来自TGF-β超家族的生长因子。在这类方面,一种或多种生长因子可包含TGF-β超家族生长因子的Nodal/激活素和/或BMP亚组。在一些方面,一种或多种生长因子选自以下组成的组:Nodal、激活素A、激活素B、BMP4、Wnt3a或任何这些生长因子的组合。在一些方面,胚胎干细胞或生殖细胞和iPSC用一种或多种生长因子处理6小时或更长时间;12小时或更长时间;18小时或更长时间;24小时或更长时间;36小时或更长时间;48小时或更长时间;60小时或更长时间;72小时或更长时间;84小时或更长时间;96小时或更长时间;120小时或更长时间;150小时或更长时间;180小时或更长时间;或240或更长时间。在一些方面,胚胎干细胞或生殖细胞和iPSC用一种或多种生长因子以如下浓度处理:10ng/ml或更高;20ng/ml或更高;50ng/ml或更高;75ng/ml或更高;100ng/ml或更高;120ng/ml或更高;150ng/ml或更高;200ng/ml或更高;500ng/ml或更高;1,000ng/ml或更高;1,200ng/ml或更高;1,500ng/ml或更高;2,000ng/ml或更高;5,000ng/ml或更高;7,000ng/ml或更高;10,000ng/ml或更高;或15,000ng/ml或更高。在一些方面,在整个处理过程中,生长因子的浓度维持在恒定水平。在其它方面,在处理过程期间改变生长因子的浓度。在一些方面,生长因子悬浮在包括具有不同HyClone浓度的胎牛血清(FBS)的培养基中。本领域技术人员将理解,本文描述的方案以单独或组合形式适用于任何已知的生长因子。当使用两种或更多种生长因子时,每种生长因子的浓度可以独立地变化。
在一些方面,使用富含定形内胚层细胞的细胞群。在一些方面,定形内胚层细胞是分离的或基本上纯化的。在一些方面,分离的或基本上纯化的定形内胚层细胞表达SOX17、FOXA2和/或CXRC4标记物的程度大于表达OCT4、AFP、TM、SPARC和/或SOX7标记物。还考虑了用定形内胚层富集细胞群的方法。在一些方面,可以通过使细胞与结合存在于定形内胚层细胞表面上但不存在于混合细胞群中的其它细胞表面上的分子的试剂接触,然后分离与试剂结合的细胞,从混合细胞群中分离或基本上纯化定形内胚层细胞。在某些方面,存在于定形内胚层细胞表面上的细胞成分是CXCR4。
用于获得或产生可用于本发明的DE细胞的另外方法包括但不限于以下中描述的那些:D'Amour等人的美国专利第7,510,876号;Fisk等人的美国专利第7,326,572号;Kubo1等人,2004,“从培养的胚胎干细胞形成定形内胚层(Development of definitiveendoderm from embryonic stem cells in culture),”《发育》131:1651-1662;D'Amour等人,2005,“人类胚胎干细胞有效分化成定形内胚层(Efficient differentiation ofhuman embryonic stem cells to definitive endoderm),”《自然生物技术(NatureBiotechnology)23:1534-1541;和Ang等人,1993,“小鼠中定形内胚层谱系的形成和维持:HNF3/叉头蛋白的参与(The formation and maintenance of the definitive endodermlineage in the mouse:involvement of HNF3/forkhead proteins),”《发育》119:1301-1315;其中每个的全部内容在此通过引用并入本文。
定形内胚层到中/后肠球状体
在一些方面,DE的后部内胚层细胞进一步发育成一种或多种特化细胞类型。激活素诱导的定形内胚层(DE)可以进一步经历FGF/Wnt诱导的后内胚层模式化、后肠特化和形态发生,最后是促肠培养系统,其促进肠道生长、形态发生和细胞分化成功能性肠细胞类型,包括肠上皮细胞、杯状细胞、潘氏细胞和肠内分泌细胞。在一些方面,人类PSC被有效地导向体外分化成肠上皮,其可包括分泌细胞、内分泌细胞和吸收细胞类型。应当理解,可以将如生长因子的分子添加到发育的任何阶段以促进特定类型的肠组织形成。
PSC,如ESC和iPSC,以逐步或非逐步的方式经历定向分化,首先分化成定形内胚层(DE),然后分化成中/后肠上皮和间充质(例如,后肠球状体),并且然后分化成肠组织。在一些方面,定形内胚层细胞和hESC用一种或多种生长因子处理。
在一些方面,可溶性FGF和Wnt配体用于模拟培养物中的早期后肠特化,以通过定向分化将从iPSC或ESC形成的DE转化为后肠上皮,其有效地产生所有主要肠细胞类型。在人类中,通过选择性激活对肠发育重要的某些信号传导途径来实现DE的定向分化。本领域技术人员将理解,改变任何Wnt信号传导蛋白与任何FGF配体组合的表达可以产生如本文所述的定向分化。
更多细节在以下中找到:例如,Liu等人,“Wnt信号途径的小分子激动剂(A small-molecule agonist of the Wnt signaling pathway),”《德国应用化学国际版(AngewChem Int Ed Engl.)》44(13):1987-1990(2005);Miyabayashi等人,“Wnt/β-连环蛋白/CBP信号传导维持长期小鼠胚胎干细胞多能性(Wnt/beta-catenin/CBP signaling maintainslong-term murine embryonic stem cell pluripotency),”《美国国家科学院院报(ProcNatl Acad Sci U S A.)》104(13):5668-5673(2007);Zhang等人,“Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号途径的小分子增效剂(Small-molecule synergist of the Wnt/beta-catenin signalingpathway),”《美国国家科学院院报》104(18):7444-7448(2007);Neiiendam等人,“一种NCAM衍生得到的FGF受体激动剂(FGL-肽)在原代大鼠神经元中诱导神经突向外生长和神经元存活(An NCAM-derived FGF-receptor agonist,the FGL-peptide,induces neuriteoutgrowth and neuronal survival in primary rat neurons),”《神经化学杂志(JNeurochem.)》91(4):920-935(2004);Shan等人,“鉴定蓬乱的PDZ结构域的特异性抑制剂(Identification of a specific inhibitor of the dishevelled PDZ domain),”《生物化学(Biochemistry)》44(47):15495-15503(2005);Coghlan等人,“糖原合酶激酶-3的选择性小分子抑制剂调节糖原代谢和基因转录(Selective small molecule inhibitors ofglycogen synthase kinase-3modulate glycogen metabolism and genetranscription),”《生物化学(Chem Biol.)》7(10):793-803(2000);Coghlan等人,“糖原合酶激酶-3的选择性小分子抑制剂调节糖原代谢和基因转录(Selective small moleculeinhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3modulate glycogen metabolism and genetranscription),”《生物化学(Chemistry&Biology)》7(10):793-803;和Pai等人,“脱氧胆酸激活β-连环蛋白信号途径并增加结肠细胞癌的生长和侵袭力(Deoxycholic acidactivates beta-catenin signaling pathway and increases colon cell cancergrowth and invasiveness),”《分子细胞生物学(Mol Biol Cell.)》15(5):2156-2163(2004);其中每个的全部内容在此通过引用并入。
在一些方面,靶向与Wnt和/或FGF信号传导途径相关的细胞成分的siRNA和/或shRNA用于激活这些途径。
Wnt信号传导途径的调节剂/激活物包括Wnt1、Wnt2、Wnt2b、Wnt3、Wnt3a、Wnt4、Wnt5a、Wnt5b、Wnt6、Wnt7a、Wnt7b、Wnt8a、Wnt8b、Wnt9a、Wnt9b、Wnt10a、Wnt10b、Wnt11和Wnt16。在一些方面,途径的调节可以通过使用小分子调节剂或蛋白质调节剂来激活上述途径或激活上述途径的蛋白质。例如,Wnt途径的小分子调节剂包括但不限于氯化锂;2-氨基-4,6-二取代嘧啶(杂)芳基嘧啶;IQ1;QS11;NSC668036;DCAβ-连环蛋白;2-氨基-4-[3,4-(亚甲二氧基)-苄基-氨基]-6-(3-甲氧基苯基)嘧啶。Wnt信号传导的示例性天然抑制剂包括但不限于Dkk1、SFRP蛋白和FrzB。在一些方面,外在分子包括但不限于小分子,如WAY-316606;SB-216763;或BIO(6-溴靛玉红-3'-肟)。在一些方面,靶向与Wnt和/或FGF信号传导途径相关的细胞成分的siRNA和/或shRNA可用于激活这些途径。本领域技术人员将理解,靶细胞成分包括但不限于SFRP蛋白;GSK3、Dkk1和FrzB。另外的调节剂包括抑制GSK3的分子或蛋白质,其激活Wnt信号传导途径。示例性GSK3抑制剂包括但不限于:例如,Chiron/CHIR99021,其抑制GSK3β。本领域普通技术人员将认出适合于实施所公开方法的GSK3抑制剂。GSK3抑制剂可以约1uM至约100uM,或约2uM至约50uM,或约3uM至约25uM的量施用。本领域普通技术人员将容易理解适当的量和持续时间。
成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)是参与血管生成、伤口愈合和胚胎发育的生长因子家族。在一些方面,本领域技术人员将理解,任何FGF可以与来自Wnt信号传导途径的蛋白质结合使用。在一些方面,可溶性FGF包括但不限于FGF4、FGF2和FGF3。在一些实施例中,通过使前体细胞与选自以下组成的组的一种或多种分子接触来激活FGF信号传导途径:FGF1、FGF2、FGF3、FGF4、FGF10、FGF11、FGF12、FGF13、FGF14、FGF15、FGF16、FGF17、FGF18、FGF19、FGF20、FGF21、FGF22和FGF23。在一些实施例中,靶向与FGF信号传导途径相关的细胞成分的siRNA和/或shRNA可用于激活这些途径。本领域技术人员将理解,与Wnt和FGF信号传导途径有关的本文所述的方法和组合物通过实例的方式提供。类似的方法和组合物适用于本文公开的其它信号传导途径。
在一些方面,用本文所述的信号传导途径的一种或多种调节剂处理DE培养物6小时或更长时间;12小时或更长时间;18小时或更长时间;24小时或更长时间;36小时或更长时间;48小时或更长时间;60小时或更长时间;72小时或更长时间;84小时或更长时间;96小时或更长时间;120小时或更长时间;150小时或更长时间;180小时或更长时间;200小时或更长时间、240小时或更长时间;270小时或更长时间;300小时或更长时间;350小时或更长时间;400小时或更长时间;500小时或更长时间;600小时或更长时间;700小时或更长时间;800小时或更长时间;900小时或更长时间;1000小时或更长时间;1,200或更多小时;或者1,500小时或更长时间。
在一些方面,以如下浓度用本文所述的信号传导途径的一种或多种调节剂处理DE培养物:10ng/ml或更高;20ng/ml或更高;50ng/ml或更高;75ng/ml或更高;100ng/ml或更高;120ng/ml或更高;150ng/ml或更高;200ng/ml或更高;500ng/ml或更高;1,000ng/ml或更高;1,200ng/ml或更高;1,500ng/ml或更高;2,000ng/ml或更高;5,000ng/ml或更高;7,000ng/ml或更高;10,000ng/ml或更高;或15,000ng/ml或更高。在一些方面,在整个处理过程中,信号传导分子的浓度保持恒定。在其它方面,在处理过程期间,信号传导途径的调节剂的浓度是变化的。在一些方面,将根据本发明的信号传导分子悬浮在包含DMEM和胎牛血清丝氨酸(FBS)的培养基中。FBS浓度可为2%和更高;5%和更高;10%或更高;15%或更高;20%或更高;30%或更高;或者50%或更高。本领域技术人员将理解,本文描述的方案以单独或组合形式适用于任何已知的本文所述的信号传导途径的调节剂,包括但不限于Wnt和FGF信号传导途径中的任何分子。
在使用两种或更多种信号传导分子来处理DE培养物的方面,信号传导分子可以同时或分开加入。当使用两种或更多种分子时,每种分子的浓度可以独立地变化。
CDX2的表达可用于揭示在DE与FGF信号传导激活物和Wnt信号传导激活物(例如FGF4和Wnt3a)一起温育一段时间之后,后肠形成的趋势,所述一段时间例如12小时或更长时间;18小时或更长时间;24小时或更长时间;36小时或更长时间;48小时或更长时间;60小时或更长时间;或90小时或更长时间。在一些方面,需要更长的温育期以实现稳定的后内胚层表型,如通过CDX2的延长表达所测量。在这类方面,温育期可以是60小时或更长时间;72小时或更长时间;84小时或更长时间;96小时或更长时间;108小时或更长时间;120小时或更长时间;140小时或更长时间;160小时或更长时间;180小时或更长时间;200小时或更长时间;240小时或更长时间;或300小时或更长时间。
替代地,在一些方面,不存在细胞成分,如前肠标记物Sox2、Pdx1、Cldn18和白蛋白,可用于揭示定向后肠形成。在一些方面,肠转录因子CDX2、KLF5和SOX9可用于代表肠发育。在一些方面,GATA6蛋白表达可用于代表肠发育。在这些方面,温育期可以是12小时或更长时间;18小时或更长时间;24小时或更长时间;36小时或更长时间;48小时或更长时间;60小时或更长时间;或90小时或更长时间。替代地,温育期可以是60小时或更长时间;72小时或更长时间;84小时或更长时间;96小时或更长时间;108小时或更长时间;120小时或更长时间;140小时或更长时间;160小时或更长时间;180小时或更长时间;200小时或更长时间;240小时或更长时间;或300小时或更长时间。
在一些方面,通过使用靶向相关信号传导途径中的分子的一抗和/或二抗的免疫组织化学来确定细胞成分的丰度数据,例如蛋白质和/或基因表达水平。在其它方面,通过微阵列分析确定细胞成分的丰度数据,例如蛋白质和/或基因表达水平。
替代地,形态学变化可用于表示定向分化的进展。在一些方面,后肠球状体进一步经受3维培养条件以进一步成熟。在其它方面,在后肠球状体形成后可以观察到被间充质细胞包围的高度卷曲的上皮。另外,在以下时间内观察到肠类器官;极化柱状上皮;杯状细胞;或平滑肌细胞:6天或更长时间;7天或更长时间;9天或更长时间;10天或更长时间;12天或更长时间;15天或更长时间;20天或更长时间;25天或更长时间;28天或更长时间;32天或更长时间;36天或更长时间;40天或更长时间;45天或更长时间;50天或更长时间;或60天或更长时间。
中/后肠球状体到结肠类器官
已经确定,除了FGF和WNT信号传导之外,骨形态发生蛋白(BMP),具体地BMP2和BMP4,能够促进后/后肠命运并抑制前肠命运。另外,BMP信号传导调节不同区域类型的肠的形成。在后肠阶段后用noggin抑制BMP促进近端肠命运(十二指肠/空肠)。在后肠阶段后BMP信号传导的激活促进更远端的肠细胞命运(盲肠/结肠)。
BMP的激活可以通过使中/后肠球状体与BMP激活物和EGF信号传导途径激活物接触持续足以形成所述人类结肠类器官的时间段来进行。温育期的分界可以通过人类结肠器官类型表达SATB2的时间点来限定。本领域普通技术人类员将容易了解合适的BMP激活物和EGF信号传导途径激活物。合适的BMP激活物可包括例如BMP2、BMP4、BMP7、BMP9和蛋白质或小分子激动剂如ventromorphins(Genthe等人2017)或用作激动剂的蛋白质。BMP激活物和EGF信号传导途径激活物可以与中-/后肠球状体接触约1天至约3天。可以在前三天内激活BMP信号传导。在一个方面,BMP激活物和EGF信号传导途径激活物的接触步骤为24小时至约10天、或约48小时至约9天、或约3天至约8天、或约4天至约8天、或约5天至约7天。合适的EGF激活物可包括例如TGFα、HB-EGF、双调蛋白、Epigen、β细胞素和小分子如db-cAMP。EGF激活物可以以约10ng/mL至10,000ng/ML的浓度与中-/后肠球状体接触,持续约24小时至约10天、或约48小时至约9天、或约3天至约8天、或约4天至约8天、或约5天至约7天的时间段。
中/后肠球状体可以与BMP激活物和/或EGF激活物接触,其浓度为5ng/ml或更高;20ng/ml或更高;50ng/ml或更高;75ng/ml或更高;100ng/ml或更高;120ng/ml或更高;150ng/ml或更高;200ng/ml或更高;500ng/ml或更高;1,000ng/ml或更高;1,200ng/ml或更高;1,500ng/ml或更高;2,000ng/ml或更高;5,000ng/ml或更高;7,000ng/ml或更高;10,000ng/ml或更高;或15,000ng/ml或更高,单独或组合使用。在一些实施例中,在整个处理过程中,信号传导分子的浓度保持恒定。在其它实施例中,在处理过程期间,信号传导途径的分子浓度变化。在一些实施例中,将根据本发明的信号传导分子悬浮在包含DMEM和胎牛血清丝氨酸(FBS)的培养基中。FBS浓度可为2%和更高;5%和更高;10%或更高;15%或更高;20%或更高;30%或更高;或者50%或更高。本领域技术人员将理解,本文描述的方案以单独或组合形式适用于任何已知的本文所述的信号传导途径分子。
实例
提供以下非限制性实例以进一步说明本文公开的本发明的方面。本领域技术人员应了解,以下实例中公开的技术代表已经发现在本发明的实践中很好地起作用的方法,因此可以认为是构成其实践的模式的实例。然而,根据本公开,本领域技术人员应了解,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以对所公开的特定方面进行许多改变并仍然获得相同或相似的结果。
胃肠道的上皮来源于定形内胚层,其是在原肠胚形成期间建立的主要胚层之一。肠管形态发生的过程将定形内胚层转化为具有前肠、中肠和后肠的原始肠管。中肠产生小的近端大肠,并且后肠产生远端大肠和直肠(Zorn和Wells,2009)。小肠进一步细分为3段:参与营养物质的吸收和铁的摄取的十二指肠、参与营养物质的消化和吸收的空肠,以及参与吸收胆汁酸和维生素-B12的回肠(Jeejeebhoy,2002)。大肠细分为盲肠、结肠和直肠,它们都参与吸收水和电解质(Jeejeebhoy,2002)。尽管最近的进展已经阐明了小肠的发育(Finkbeiner等人,2015;Spence等人,2011;Watson等人,2014),但对人类大肠/结肠的发育知之甚少。此外,影响胃肠(GI)道这一区域的疾病、结肠炎、结肠癌、息肉综合征和肠易激综合征是普遍的(Molodecky等人,2012;Siegel等人,2014;Zbuk和Eng,2007)。息肉综合症和肠癌的动物模型是有限的,因为息肉和肿瘤优先在小肠中形成,很少在结肠或直肠中形成(Haramis等人,2004;He等人,2004;Moser等人,1990)。
申请人先前描述了一种方法,其中人类多能干细胞可以通过近似小肠胚胎发育的定向分化步骤分化成肠组织。首先,通过用激活素A处理,多能干细胞分化为定形内胚层。定形内胚层暴露于高水平的Wnt和FGF诱导形态发生成中/后肠管球状体。一旦形成,这些中肠/后肠球状体,当在有利于肠生长的条件下在3维培养物中生长时,过渡通过近似体内小肠发育的阶段并形成人类肠类器官(HIO)(Spence等人,2011)。HIO具有小的肠特性并且已证明对小肠生物学建模非常有用(Bouchi等人,2014;Finkbeiner等人,2015;Watson等人,2014;Xue等人,2013)。然而,到目前为止,尚未开发出PSC衍生得到的大肠类器官,并且考虑到大肠中疾病的普遍,这类系统将允许在胃肠道这一区域中询问发育和疾病机制。
为了开发产生大肠类器官的方法,申请人首先将Satb2鉴定为青蛙、小鼠和人类中假定的大肠上皮的确定标记物。使用Satb2作为标记物,申请人已经表明BMP信号传导是青蛙和小鼠的后肠内胚层的特化所必需的,这与BMP在后腹侧发育中的已知作用一致(Kumar等人,2003;Roberts等人,1995;Sherwood等人,2011;Tiso等人,2002;Wills等人,2008)。此外,在PSC衍生得到的肠管培养物中刺激BMP信号传导3天足以诱导后HOX代码和表达SATB2的结肠类器官的形成。人类结肠类器官(HCO)具有标记谱和与大肠一致的细胞类型。此外,HCO,但不是HIO,响应于NEUROG3的表达形成结肠肠内分泌细胞(EEC),证明HCO在功能上致力于结肠区域。此外,HCO植入免疫受损小鼠的肾囊下并在体内生长8-10周,保持其区域识别,形成具有结肠形态的组织,含有结肠特异性细胞类型,具有增殖和分化区,以及形成良好的平滑肌层。源自体内生长的类器官的肠类肠和类结肠保持区域识别。最后,RNA-seq分析表明,HIO和HCO经历了实质性成熟,并分别表达了与小肠和大肠特性相一致的区域标记物。总的来说,申请人在青蛙和小鼠中确定了进化上保守的BMP-HOX途径,并用它来指导后肠模式化和人类结肠类器官的形成。
结果
SATB2表达标记后胚胎和成年肠的肠内胚层。
建立中肠、后肠、假定的小肠和大肠的分子途径知之甚少,部分原因是由于缺乏明确的标记物。这限制了指导人类PSC分化成区域不同的肠类器官,特别是大肠类器官的能力。申请人因此鉴定了区分小鼠胚胎肠管的不同结构域的标记物,并使用它们来询问模仿早期肠的信号传导途径。与先前的报道一致,申请人发现,在e9.5小鼠胚胎中,Gata4标记了从后前肠到卵黄柄的肠内胚层(图8A)(Aronson等人,2014;Battle等人,2008;Beuling等人,2008a;Beuling等人,2007a;Beuling等人,2007b;Beuling等人,2010;Beuling等人,2008b;Bosse等人,2007;Kohlnhofer等人,2016;Patankar等人,2012a;Patankar等人,2012b;Sherwood等人,2009;Walker等人,2014)。在发育的后期阶段(e11.5-e16.5),Gata4继续明显标记前部而不是后部肠(图8B-D、I-J)。该表达结构域在小鼠(未示出)和人类(图8K-L)中保持完整到成年期。
为了鉴定后胎肠的标记物,申请人采用了公共表达数据库,如针对结肠富集的基因的GNCProTM、TiGER和人类蛋白质图谱(在材料和方法部分中描述),并发现Satb2是大肠的潜在标记物。Satb2是同源框基因的CUT类成员(Holland等人,2007),其结合核基质附着区并参与染色质重塑(Gyorgy等人,2008)。免疫染色示出Satb2蛋白首先在e9-9.5的小鼠胚胎的后内胚层中检测到,并且在卵黄柄处与Gata4(图8A)形成离散的表达边界,表明Satb2+结构域标记后肠,比先前鉴定的更广泛的表达域(Dobreva等人,2006)。Satb2表达在整个发育(e11.5-16.5)过程中继续标记后肠内胚层(图8B、C、E、F、H、J)以及在小鼠(未示出)和人类(图8L)的出生后结肠。使用已发表的人类蛋白质组和RNA-seq数据,申请人证实GATA4和SATB2分别差异地标记人类胎儿和成人肠道的近端和远端区域(Bernstein等人,2010;Fagerberg等人,2014)(Wang等人,2015)(图9A-C)。这些数据表明Gata4和Satb2表达边界是在小鼠发育早期建立的,并且标记小鼠和人类中发育的小肠和大肠的未来边界。
在胚胎后肠内胚层中Satb2表达需要BMP信号传导。
申请人接下来使用Satb2作为标记物来鉴定促进胚胎中后肠命运的途径。申请人首先确定BMP信号在后肠管中是否活跃,这是考虑到其在斑马鱼、爪蟾、鸡和小鼠的几个发育阶段中模式化内胚层的已知作用(Kumar等人,2003;Roberts等人,1995;Sherwood等人,2011;Tiso等人,2002;Wills等人,2008)。申请人观察到,通过磷酸化的Smad1/5/8(pSMAD1/5/8)测量,BMP信号传导在e8.5小鼠胚胎的后肠管的内胚层和中胚层中高度活跃(图1A-B)。为了确定后肠管的模式化是否需要BMP信号传导,申请人将早期头褶阶段小鼠胚胎(e7.5)培养在BMP信号传导抑制剂DMH-1中(图1C)。在48小时的DMH-1处理后,申请人发现pSmad1/5/8水平显著降低并且后肠管中Satb2表达丧失(图2D-K)。此外,在DMH-1处理的胚胎的第一臂肱弓中Satb2表达丧失,与之前在斑马鱼中的研究一致(Sheehan-Rooney等人,2013)。如通过pSmad2/3水平测量,DMH-1对TGFβ3信号传导没有影响(图1F)。考虑到Satb2在脊椎动物物种中的进化保守性(Li等人,2006),申请人研究了在青蛙胚胎的后肠中Satb2表达是否需要BMP(图2L)。与小鼠类似,用DMH-1处理爪蟾胚胎(图1M-V),或BMP-拮抗剂Noggin(未显示)的转基因表达导致在后肠和臂肱弓中Satb2表达的丧失。已经示出BMP信号传导通过Smad1/5与保守增强子的直接结合直接调节小鼠胚胎下颌骨中的Satb2表达(Bonilla-Claudio等人,2012),表明Satb2也可能是肠中的直接BMP靶标。综合起来,这些结果揭示了脊椎动物中的保守途径,其中产生远端回肠和大肠的限定发育中的肠管的后部大部分区域需要BMP信号传导。
在人类肠管培养物中BMP信号传导促进后部命运。
申请人接下来使用如前所述的源自人类PSC的新生CDX2+肠管球状体(Spence等人,2011),研究BMP信号传导是否可以用于促进人类的后肠管命运。申请人分别使用BMP抑制剂NOGGIN或BMP2来抑制或激活BMP信号传导(图2A),并通过核pSMAD1/5/8的累积来监测BMP信号传导水平。对照培养物具有低水平的pSMAD1/5/8蛋白质,并且添加NOGGIN消除了该染色(图2B-D)。相比之下,添加BMP2导致pSMAD158在上皮细胞和中胚层细胞中快速累积,表明两种细胞类型对BMP信号的响应类似于申请人在小鼠胚胎中观察到的(图1A-B)。使用成年小鼠结肠确认pSmad1/5/8染色的特异性,其示出pSmad1/5/8染色局限于上部隐窝的分化区室(图2E),如先前报道的(Hardwick等人,2004;van Dop等人,2009;Whissell等人,2014)。对类器官的进一步分析揭示,与NOGGIN和对照培养物相比,3天的BMP2处理足以在上皮中诱导高水平的SATB2蛋白(图2F-I)。这表明BMP活性的短脉冲足以将球状内胚层模式化为后肠管命运。
虽然已知BMP信号传导调节内胚层的前后模式化,但对于最终赋予哺乳动物中沿A-P轴的位置特性的转录网络知之甚少。申请人使用人类肠管球状体和RNA-seq来鉴定BMP信号传导如何在发育中的人类肠道中建立后域。主成分分析揭示用BMP处理3天的肠管球状体与NOGGIN和对照物处理的类器官分开聚类(图2J)。基因本体项(GO项)的检查揭示了BMP信号传导的调节影响多种生物过程,包括器官形态发生、细胞-细胞信号传导、模式特化和对BMP信号传导的细胞应答(图2K)。A-P模式化的最确定的调节剂是HOX基因,并且申请人发现BMP激活导致前HOX基因的下调和后HOX基因的上调(图2L)。具体来说,申请人在HOX10、11、12和13组的多个旁系同源物中观察到BMP介导的增加。这些结果表明BMP信号传导在人类体肠管的模式化期间广泛地调节A-P hox代码,并且提出了远端胃肠道初始特化的机制。
BMP信号在SHH的下游起作用以诱导后HOX代码。
先前的研究表明,Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)在鸡胚胎中的后肠模式化期间在Bmp4和Hox13表达的上游起作用(图10A)(Roberts等人,1995)。然而,由于中肠和后肠中Bmp4过表达引起的胚胎致死性,未研究BMP和Hox13之间的相对上位关系(图10B)(De Santa Barbara等人,2005;Roberts等人,1995)。申请人使用人类肠管培养物来更好地对SHH-BMP-HOX13在后肠管模式化期间的上位关系进行建模。用平滑的激动剂SAG激活hedgehog信号传导导致BMP信号传导靶基因MSX2和间充质HOX因子HOXA13和HOXD13的浓度依赖性激活(图10C)。然而,这些因子的SAG介导的激活仅是BMP2介导的激活的一部分(图10C)。申请人进一步示出HH信号传导激活HOXA13的能力完全依赖于BMP(图10D-E),证实BMP信号传导在SHH下游起作用,如先前报道的那样(Shyer等人,2015;Walton等人,2012;Walton等人,2009;Walton等人,2016)。尚未确定BMP信号是否足以激活HH信号传导下游的后HOX程序。因此,申请人在SHH抑制剂环巴胺的存在下检查了BMP对HOXA13的诱导,并发现当SHH信号被抑制时BMP2足以诱导HOXA13(图10F-G)。与此一致,在BMP模式化期间激活SHH信号传导并不改进SATB2表达(图11A)。爪蟾的实验证实了SHH和BMP之间的这种上位关系(数据未示出),表明这种机制在进化上是保守的。总的来说,申请人的数据表明BMP信号传导足以激活后HOX代码并且在HH信号传导的下游这样做。
体外培养的BMP衍生得到的类器官保持远端特性。
申请人接下来研究了3天的BMP处理是否足以在延长的类器官培养25天后赋予稳定的区域特性(图3)。ONGUT1(近端小肠的标记物)的水平在NOGGIN和对照处物理的类器官中最高,而在BMP2处理的类器官中不存在(图3A-D)。相反,SOGB2在NOGGIN和对照物处理的类器官的上皮中不存在,但在BMP2处理的类器官的几乎所有CDX2+上皮细胞中广泛表达(图3E-H,图11A)。重要的是,BMP信号传导的调节对多种人类PSC系具有相似的近端-远端模式化效应,包括胚胎干细胞系H1和H9以及诱导多能干细胞系(IPSC 54.1和IPSC 72.3)(如下所示)。申请人经常在NOGGIN和对照类器官中观察到非上皮SATB2表达(数据未示成),可能是由于已知存在于体外HIO中的其它细胞类型的存在(Spence等人,2011)。分别在后上皮和间充质中表达的HOXB13和HOXD13的检查进一步揭示BMP处理的类器官在体外延长培养后保持后部模式化(图11B-C)。
杯状细胞以从近端小肠到远端大肠的低至高梯度分布(Rodriguez-Pineiro等人,2013),并且申请人研究了杯状细胞数量是否在近端类器官中较低并且在远端类器官中较高。28天时的MUC2染色分析揭示,与更近端的NOGGIN处理的类器官和对照类器官(其仅具有稀少的细胞内MUC2染色)相比,BMP2处理的类器官具有高数量的高杯状细胞,如通过细胞内MUC2可见(图3I-L)。申请人使用标记物MUC5B进一步证实了杯状细胞的区域特性,所述标记物MUC5B由结肠中的杯状细胞子集表达但不在小肠中表达(van Klinken等人,1998)。在Noggin和对照物处理的28天类器官中不存在MUC5B染色,但存在于BMP2处理的类器官中(图4M-P)。杯状细胞形态在较老的类器官中变得更成熟(图11D-I),其中在44天龄的BMP处理的类器官中,申请人在将粘液分泌到类器官的内腔中的过程中观察到杯状细胞(图11J-L)。在BMP处理的类器官中观察粘液分泌的能力表明该类器官系统可用于研究粘液分泌和粘液在肠道病理生理学中的作用。
虽然类器官的区域模式在培养28天后是稳定的,但申请人想要研究在最初的3天处理后是否完全建立早期模式化。为此,申请人将3天NOGGIN处理的球状体转移至含BMP2的培养基中3天,并相反地将3天BMP处理的球状体转移至含有NOGGIN的培养基中3天。用NOGGIN产生的近端类器官未响应于BMP2表达SATB2,证明在模式化3天后近端命运是稳定的(图11A)。在相反的实验中,虽然3天的BMP2处理足以诱导稳定的远端命运,但是响应于NOGGIN处理,一部分类器官丧失了SATB2表达(图11A)。虽然3天的BMP2处理足以诱导在体外和体内稳定的结肠命运(图12),但在早期后肠管中仍然存在可塑性。这与妊娠中期大鼠胚胎的结肠内胚层比小肠内胚层更具区域性可塑性的观察结果(Ratineau等人,2003)是一致的。
BMP信号途径对类器官间充质的模式化。
虽然BMP信号传导的刺激赋予类器官上皮细胞区域特性,但申请人还在模式化期间观察到BMP2处理的类器官的非上皮区室中的pSMAD1/5/8,以及已知在间充质中表达的后HOX因子的上调。为了确定间充质模式化是否稳定,或是否需要从上皮输入的继续模式化,申请人分离并扩增间充质细胞培养物2-3周并分析它们的区域HOX基因的表达。间充质培养物缺乏表达E-钙粘蛋白的细胞,表明它们主要由间充质构成(图3Q)。对富集在近端肠间充质中的HOXD3的分析(Yahagi等人,2004)证实来自NOGGIN和对照物处理的类器官的间充质具有稳定的近端特性,而BMP处理的类器官具有降低的HOXD3的表达(图3R)和高水平HOXA13(图3S),其继续在人类结肠成纤维细胞中表达(Higuchi等人,2015)。总的来说,这些数据表明BMP信号传导的早期调节模式化上皮和间充质两者,并且即使在没有上皮的情况下,间充质模式化也是稳定的。
结肠肠内分泌细胞的诱导局限于BMP2处理的类器官。
几种ECC亚型的发育在区域上局限于小肠和大肠的特定区段。例如,蛋白质INSL5的表达局限于结肠EEC(Burnicka-Turek等人,2012;Thanasupawat等人,2013)。作为结肠特性的功能测试,申请人确定结肠EEC标记物INSL5的实验诱导是否局限于BMP2处理的远端类器官。为此,申请人使用含有多西环素(DOX)诱导型NEUROG3表达盒的iPSC系诱导地表达促分泌转录因子NEUROG3(图4A),如前所述(McCracken等人,2017;McCracken等人,2014)。申请人进行6小时的DOX脉冲,并且在培养另外7天后观察到通过CHGA阳性细胞测量的EEC的稳健诱导(图4B-I)。然而,申请人仅在BMP2处理的类器官中观察到INSL5阳性细胞,并通过QPCR分析证实了这一点(图4C-H,J)。鉴于INSL5表达细胞仅在结肠中,申请人的数据强烈表明BMP2处理的类器官在功能上致力于结肠命运。远端标记物如SATB2、MUC5B和HOXA13的表达以及产生结肠特异性ECC的能力支持以下结论,即BMP2处理的类器官是结肠的并且因此将被称为人类结肠类器官(HCO)。
在体内维持模式化类器官的区域特性。
先前对小鼠和人类胎儿肠的研究已经证明,在免疫受损小鼠中原位移植和生长后,肠的不同区域的区域特性和组织形态得以维持(Duluc等人,1994;Savidge等人,1995)。为了确定在体外模式化的HIO和HCO是否会保持区域特性并生长成小肠和大肠组织,申请人将它们移植到小鼠肾囊下6-10周,申请人先前已证明其导致HIO成熟为小肠组织(Watson等人,2014)。申请人观察到,NOGGIN和对照物HIO的植入比HCO更有效(图12A)。与其区域特性一致,移植的HIO和HCO分别发育成形态上类似于小肠或大肠的成熟组织(图5A-E)。NOGGIN和对照类器官的上皮形成界限清楚的隐窝和高绒毛,与人类小肠相当。相比之下,BMP2处理的类器官含有隐窝但缺乏绒毛,类似于结肠。
除了它们与小肠或大肠的形态相似外,移植的HIO和HCO表达不同的区域标记物并含有区域富集的细胞类型。例如,NOGGIN和对照HIO的大部分上皮表达近端标记物GATA4并且不表达大肠标记物SATB2(图5F-I,K-N,图12B-E)。相反,HCO上皮细胞均匀地表达SATB2+,但不表达GATA4(图5J,0,图12B-E)。此外,表达DEFA5的潘氏细胞存在于NOGGIN和对照HIO的隐窝中,但是不存在与人类结肠相似的HCO(图5P-T,图12F)(Wehkamp等人,2006)。申请人使用结肠杯状细胞标记物MUC5B(van Klinken等人,1998)进一步证实了HCO的结肠特性,所述MUC5B由HCO的杯状细胞子集表达但在NOGGIN或对照HIO中不可检测(图5U-Y,图12G)。另外,HCO中MUC2+杯状细胞的数量远高于HIO,与人类结肠中看到的杯状细胞的丰度一致(图12H-L)。模式化标记物、表达MUC5B的杯状细胞的存在以及潘氏细胞的缺失都支持移植的HCO具有结肠上皮的结论。
体内成熟的HIO和HCO表达区域肠内分泌激素。
在胃肠道的不同区域中发现至少12种主要的EEC亚型,并且申请人分析了HIO和HCO是否存在区域EEC。发现胃饥饿素和胃动素主要在近端肠中,并且相应地这些激素主要在NOGGIN和对照HIO中表达,但不在HCO中表达(图6A-D)。类似地,在NOGGIN和对照HIO中发现GIP,但在HCO中不存在,所述GIP存在于小肠的K细胞中但在结肠中不存在(图6E-H)。然后申请人通过分析结肠中更丰富的GLP-1和PYY的表达来检查HCO中远端富集的EEC的存在。申请人观察到相较于HIO,HCO中的GLP-1和PYY细胞数量较多,并且前胰高血糖素原和PYY的表达更高(图61-P)。另外,申请人发现结肠特异性激素INSL5(Burnicka-Turek等人,2012;Thanasupawat等人,2013)的表达仅在HCO中(图6Q-T)。
体内外HIO和HCO中干细胞和祖细胞的分析。
为了确定体外衍生得到的HIO和HCO是否表达干细胞和祖细胞的标记物,申请人使用先前已描述的H9-BAC-LGR5-eGFP转基因系(McCracken等人,2014;Watson等人,2014)。在类器官中检查LGR5-eGFP表达揭示了在早期e13.5中与Lgr5-eGFP小鼠中的表达模式相似的广泛上皮结构域中的表达(Shyer等人,2015)(图13A、B、F、G、K、L)。如通过组织学和FACS分析所确定的,GFP表达在类器官上皮外也是明显的,这揭示了GFP+EPCAM-细胞群(数据未示出)。另外,申请人检查了SOX9的表达,SOX9是胎儿和成体肠中祖细胞的标记物,并且发现它在HIO和HCO的上皮中表达(图13C-E,H-J,M-0)。这些数据表明,由LGR5-eGFP和SOX9标记的胚胎/胎儿肠祖细胞在体外存在于HIO和HCO中。
在肠道发育的后期阶段,祖细胞被限制在发育绒毛的基部,在这里它们将最终促成利氏肠腺窝(crypts of Lieberkuhn)的肠干细胞(ISCs)。为了确定申请人体外观察到的祖细胞是否将经历这种发育转变,申请人移植HIO和HCO并监测LGR5-eGFP、SOX9和KI67蛋白。在体内类器官成熟后,申请人观察到LGR5-eGFP、SOX9和KI67限于基部假定隐窝(图13P-X)。此外,在HEC的绒毛中和在结肠上皮移植的HCO的袖带中的EEC中也观察到SOX9,与这些细胞类型中的SOX9表达一致。鉴于Sox9和Lgr5标记能够在小鼠中形成类肠和类结肠的肠和结肠干细胞(Gracz等人,2010;Ramalingam等人,2012),申请人研究了移植的类器官的上皮是否可以被分离并用于产生类肠和类结肠。HIO和HCO均产生上皮类器官的培养物,其生长并且可以传代(图13Y-A')。此外,HCO衍生得到的上皮培养物表达结肠标记物CKB、FXYD3、SATB2和HOXB13,但不表达近端小肠标记物PDX1或GATA4,表明保持了区域特性(图13B'-D')。这些数据表明体内生长的HIO和HCO含有祖细胞和干细胞。
HIO和HCO的全面转录分析。
为了广泛询问HIO和HCO的区域特性和成熟,申请人对体内生长的HIO和HCO进行了RNA-seq分析,并将其与已发表的人类胎儿和成人小肠和大肠的数据集进行了比较。主成分分析揭示,从成人和胎儿肠分离的原代组织沿主成分1(PC1)轴聚集在一起,其占样品之间累积变异的36.5%(图14A)。GO分析揭示,这种变异是由于仅存在于原代组织而非PSC衍生得到的移植物中的细胞类型。例如,存在于人类原代组织中并且在移植物中不存在的前10个生物过程中的6个与免疫细胞相关(图14B-C)。第二主成分(PC2)占累积变异的17.7%并根据成熟度分离样品(图7A)。该成分揭示移植的类器官比人类胎儿肠和胎儿结肠更成熟,但不如成人结肠和肠成熟。第三主成分(PC3)占累积变异的6.7%并根据区域特性分离样品,并且显示HCO与结肠更相似,而HIO与小肠聚类(图7A)。有趣的是,人类胎儿样本并没有根据区域特性(小肠对比结肠)聚类,这表明这些样品可能没有从胃肠道的指定区域干净地分离。
申请人接下来使用超几何平均值测试来确定HIO和HCO共享区域特异性基因表达小肠和结肠的相似模式的概率(图7B)。与结肠或BMP2处理的HCO相比,在小肠和NOGGIN处理的HIO中表达总共341个转录物,这一比例几乎不可能(P=1.5×10-143)。类似地,在对照HIO中上调的基因组与相对于成人结肠在成人小肠中上调的基因组具有高度显著的相似性(P=2.5×10-203)。相反,在HCO中上调的基因组高度富集相对于小肠在结肠中上调的基因(分别地P=4.1×10-53和P=6.0×1073)。该分析得出结论,HIO模式化与人类小肠最相似,HCO模式化是结肠的。为了进一步探索HIO(NOG和对照物处理的)和HCO的性质,申请人进行了差异表达分析(成人小肠对比成人结肠;HIO对比HCO)。申请人产生了4向散点图,这也表明高比例的在结肠中上调的基因在HCO中也上调,并且大多数在小肠中上调的基因在HIO中也上调(图7C,表1)。最后,对富集的生物过程的分析揭示成人结肠和移植的HCO具有高度活跃的Wnt信号传导和类似的HOX代码(图7D)。总的来说,这些数据表明申请人已经开发出一种将PSC分化为人类结肠组织的稳健方法。
表格1。在成人小肠和结肠中上调的基因也分别在HIO和HCO中上调。第1栏,在NOGHIO对比HCO和成人小肠对比成人结肠中通常上调的,第2栏,在对照HIO对比HCOs和成人小肠对比成人结肠中通常上调的,第3栏,在HCO对比NOG HIO和成人结肠对比成人小肠中通常上调的,第4栏,在HCO对比对照HIO和成人结肠对比成人小肠中通常上调的
讨论
从历史上看,前肠、中肠和后肠的分类是基于肠前门和后肠门的发育以及肠系膜血供的来源(Uppal等人,2011)。已经提出了中肠和后肠的替代定义,其中中肠是源自脐前部的肠的部分,并且后肠来源于脐的后部(Johnston,1913;Savin等人,2011)。在任何一种情况下,历史上依赖于解剖学标志,以及缺乏更精确的分子标记物来区分前、中和后肠,使得难以开发从PSC体外产生这些细胞/组织的方法。因此,鉴定清楚划分发育中肠和后肠区域的标记物是必不可少的。
申请人使用CDX2、GATA4、ONECUT1和SATB2的组合来鉴定在爪蟾、小鼠和人类的中肠和后肠发育的早期阶段建立不同的分子边界。有趣的是,GATA4和SATB2表达结构域在小鼠的卵黄柄/假定脐带中形成边界,并且在整个发育过程和成人肠中保持该边界。GATA4表达标记脐的前部的肠,而SATB2表达标记着脐后部的区域,表明脐是中肠和后肠之间的边界(Johnston,1913;Savin等人,2011)。
虽然HIO中的ONECUT1表达和SATB2表达是HCO分别与其近端和远端特性一致,但是GATA4在体外近端HIO中的表达不如其胚胎表达所预期的那样鲁棒(数据未示出)。相比之下,GATA4在HIO的体内成熟后并且在患者活组织检查产生的类肠中鲁棒地表达(数据未示出)。这可能表明GATA4表达中涉及的因子在培养条件下不存在或者体内成熟是GATA4上皮表达所必需的。该数据还表明,高水平的GATA4表达对于肠的早期区域化可能是不必要的,与保持正常Onecut因子表达的肠Gata4敲除小鼠一致(Battle等人,2008)。此外,一小部分BMP处理的类器官丧失了CDX2表达并激活了膀胱标记物角蛋白13和Uroplakin 1a的表达(数据未示出)。这与具有后肠命运的BMP类器官一致,因为尿路上皮组织来源于后肠/泄殖腔(Georgas等人,2015)。
SATB2在远端回肠和大肠的整个发育过程中表达,但是不知道SATB2是否是远端肠发育所必需的。小鼠敲除研究集中于颅面和皮质神经元发育,因为SATB2中的突变与2q32-q33缺失和玻璃综合征相关的腭裂有关(FitzPatrick等人,2003)。然而,有间接证据表明SATB2可能起作用人类结肠生理学。SATB2已在基因组广泛关联研究中被鉴定为溃疡性结肠炎易感基因(McGovern等人,2010)。此外,已显示SATB2表达的丧失与结肠直肠癌患者的不良预后相关(Eberhard等人,2012)。使用HCO进行的未来研究可以允许鉴定发育中的结肠中的SATB2靶标,这可以提供对溃疡性结肠炎和结肠直肠癌的病理学的了解。
模型生物体中的一些研究已经涉及在后肠发育过程中对内胚层进行模式化中的BMP信号途径在(Kumar等人,2003;Roberts等人,1995;Sherwood等人,2011;Tiso等人,2002;Wills等人,2008)。与此一致,申请人已经证明人类定形内胚层的后部模式化依赖于BMP信号传导,因为BMP的抑制消除了WNT和FGF促进后内胚层命运的能力(McCracken等人,2014)。然而,BMP信号传导在肠发育过程中发挥其它暂时不同的作用也就不足为奇了。例如,在建立近端-远端区域性结构域后,BMP信号传导起到在肠和结肠中建立隐窝-绒毛轴的作用(Li,2005)。因此,对于模式化的时间要求允许胚胎使用相同的信号传导途径用于肠道发育的多种目的,如在果蝇中肠中已经报道的(Driver和Ohlstein,2014;Guo等人,2013)。在人类疾病背景下,BMPR1A中的突变与患有少年息肉综合征的患者的子集相关。HCO系统非常适合于在早期发育期间鉴定BMP下游的HOX代码,并且确定具有BMPR1A突变的错构瘤性息肉是否已经改变HOX基因表达可能是有趣的。
申请人先前报道了HIO的体外定向分化和体内移植(Spence等人,2011;Watson等人,2014),其是小肠。鉴于影响大肠的独特生理学和病理学条件,必须开发一种结肠模型系统来询问结肠特有的病理生理学问题。在发展方面,该系统提供了研究如何建立区域特性的基本问题的机会。HIO和HCO形成独特的细胞类型,如HIO中的潘氏细胞和HCO中的结肠特异性杯状细胞。此外,HIO和HCO具有有区别的一组EEC,它们通常分别在小肠和大肠中富集。区域化类器官应为未来研究肠道的不同区域如何产生区域化干细胞提供平台。此外,HCO的产生将允许对影响结肠的疾病(如溃疡性结肠炎和结肠直肠癌)进行建模。
材料和方法
动物。8-16周龄的免疫缺陷型NOD-SCID IL-2Rynu"(NSG)小鼠用于移植实验(获自综合小鼠和癌症核心机构(Comprehensive Mouse and Cancer Core Facility),俄亥俄州辛辛那提(Cincinnati,Ohio))。野生型小鼠用于研究小鼠胎儿肠。将所有小鼠圈养在辛辛那提儿童医院医疗中心(Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center,CCHMC)的动物机构中。所有实验均在CCHMC的机构动物护理和使用委员会的批准下进行。
青蛙和小鼠胚胎中的BMP抑制。如前所述进行热带爪蟾胚胎培养和小分子处理(Rankin等人,2012;Rankin等人,2015)。将DMH-1(Sigma D8946)溶解在DMSO中,并以20pM的终浓度使用;在同胞胚胎上使用等浓度的DMSO载体。将抑制剂处理实验重复两次,对所分析的标记物具有类似的效果。对于爪蟾原位杂交分析,使用线性化的全长cDNA质粒模板产生DIG标记的反义RNA探针(X.tropicalis satb2购自ATCC,克隆7720194;HinDIII,T7用于探针;X.laevis satb2是Tyler Square和Daniel Medeiros的赠品,科罗拉多大学博尔德分校(University of Colorado-Boulder);Xbal,Sp6用于探测器。)Xenbase上提供了描述探针合成和原位杂交方案的完整细节(hftp://wiki.xenbase.orq/xenwiki/index.php/Protocols)。
对于小鼠全胚胎培养物,将e7.5胚胎在Ham's F12培养基和含有N-2补充物(英杰(Invitrogen))的全胚胎培养大鼠血清(哈伦实验室(Harlan Labs))的1:1混合物中培养。将容器置于辊式培养装置(BTC工程(BTC Engineering),英国剑桥(Cambridge,UK))上并在37℃下保持2天并用20%02和5%CO2充气。用5pM DMH-1处理抑制BMP信号传导,其中DMSO用作载体对照。
生成人类中肠/后肠球状体。如前所述产生并维持人类肠类器官(Watson等人,2014)。人类胚胎干细胞和诱导的多能干细胞在涂有Matrigel(基底膜基质,BD生物科学(BDBiosciences))的六孔Nunclon表面板(Nunc)中在无饲养条件下生长,并保持在mTESR1培养基(干细胞技术(Stem Cell Technologies))中。为了诱导定形内胚层(DE),用Accutase(英杰)传代人类ES或iPS细胞,并以每孔100,000个细胞的密度接种在涂布Matrigel的Nunclon表面24孔板中。对于Accutase分裂细胞,第一天将10pM Y27632化合物(西格玛(Sigma))加入培养基中。第一天后,将培养基更换为mTESR1,并使细胞再生长24小时。然后如前所述(Spence等人,2011),用100ng/mL激活素A处理细胞3天。然后用后肠诱导培养基(RPMI1640,2mM L-谷氨酰胺,2%去补体FBS,青霉素(penicillin)-链霉素(streptomycin)和100ng/mL激活素A)处理DE4天,用50 0ng/mL FGF4(R&D)和3pM Chiron 99021(托克里斯(Tocris))处理以诱导形成中-后肠球状体。
将中肠/后肠球状体模式化为HIO和HCO。从24孔板收集球状体并接种在Matrigel(BD)中。为了产生近端HIO,用补充有单独100ng/mL EGF(R&D)或者100ng/mL EGF和100ng/ml NOGGIN(R&D)的肠生长培养基(Advanced DMEM/F-12,N2,B27,15mM HEPES,2mM L-谷氨酰胺,青霉素-链霉素)覆盖球状体。为了产生HCO,用100ng/mL EGF加100ng/mL BMP(R&D)覆盖球状体。对于SHH实验,将1pM SAG(托克里斯)、5pM SAG或2.5pM环巴胺(托克里斯)加入对照培养基中持续最初3天,之后收集RNA样品。在3天时更换培养基,对于所有模式化条件,仅EGF保持在培养基中。然后每周更换培养基两次。每14天将HIO和HCO重新接种在新鲜的Matrigel中。
NEUROGENIN3诱导系的产生。为了产生多西环素诱导型NEUROG3系,申请人用pINDUCER21-NEUROG3慢病毒转导IPSC 72.3细胞,并使用250g/mL的G418进行选择。IPSC72.3细胞系和诱导型NEUROG3都已在前面描述过(McCracken等人,2014)。将稳定转导的细胞分化成中/后肠球状体,然后模式化成HIO或HCO。使球状体生长28天,并用0.5ug/mL多西环素脉冲8小时。在第35天,收集类器官并通过QPCR和IF进行分析。
类器官间充质的生长。来自附着于24孔板底部的类器官的间充质细胞附着并以2维生长。为了扩展来自类器官的间充质细胞,将DMEM 10%FBS+L-谷氨酰胺+青霉素-链霉素加入已在14天收获类器官的孔中。每周更换培养基两次,持续共2-3周,直至达到接近100%汇合。
人类肠道类器官的移植。将NSG小鼠保持抗生素食物(275p.p.m.磺胺甲恶唑和1,365ppm甲氧苄啶;测试饮食)。在手术前后随意提供食物和水。从Matrigel中取出单个HIO,在体外成熟28天的,用冷的磷酸盐缓冲盐水(DPBS;Gibco)洗涤,并在手术前12小时包埋到纯化的I型胶原蛋白(大鼠尾胶原蛋白;BD生物科学)中以允许用于形成凝固的凝胶塞。然后将这些塞子在补充有100ng/mL EGF(R&D)的肠生长培养基(Advanced DMEM/F-12,B27,15mMHEPES,2mM L-谷氨酰胺,青霉素-链霉素)中放入标准生长培养基中过夜。然后如先前报道,将HIO移植到肾囊下(Watson等人,2014)。简单来说,用2%吸入的异氟烷(Butler Schein)麻醉小鼠,然后用异丙醇和聚维酮碘以无菌方式准备小鼠的左侧。做一个小的左后肋下切口以暴露肾脏。产生囊下袋,然后将胶原蛋白包埋的HIO置于袋中。然后将肾返回腹膜腔并给予小鼠IP冲洗Zosyn(100mg/kg;辉瑞公司(Pfizer Inc.))。以双层方式闭合皮肤,给小鼠皮下注射Buprenex(0.05mg/kg;中西部兽医供应(Midwest Veterinary Supply))。在植入后8-10周,然后对小鼠进行人道安乐死或进行进一步的实验。
组织处理、免疫荧光和显微镜检查。根据组织的大小,将组织在冰上在4%多聚甲醛(PFA)中固定1-3小时。在OCT中冷冻类器官和移植植入物。使用驴血清(1X PBS中加0.5%Triton-X的5%血清)封闭OCT切片30分钟,并在4℃下与一抗一起温育过夜。然后将载玻片用1X PBS加0.5%Triton-X洗涤3次,并在二抗中与于封闭缓冲液中的DAPI一起在室温下温育2小时。有关抗体和相应稀释度的列表,请参见表2。然后将载玻片用1X PBS加0.5%Triton-X洗涤2次,然后在1X PBS中最后洗涤。然后使用Fluoromount-(SouthernBiotech)安装盖玻片。在Nikon Al共聚焦显微镜上捕获图像并使用Imaris成像软件(Bitplane)进行分析。对于整体染色,如上类似地处理组织,然后在Murray溶液中清除。用Nikon Al共聚焦显微镜进行成像。
表2.使用的QPCR引物。参见图3和4。
基因 | 序列 |
CDH1 FWD | GACCGGTGCAATCTTCAAA |
CDH1 REV | TTGACGCCGAGAGCTACAC |
CHGA FWD | TGTGTCGGAGATGACCTCAA |
CHGA REV | GTCCTGGCTCTTCTGCTCTG |
CKB FWD | CCCACACCAGGAAGGTCTTA |
CKB REV | CCTCTTCGACAAGCCCGT |
FXYD3 FWD | AGGGTCACCTTCTGCATGTC |
FXYD3 REV | CTTCGGATAAACGCAGGACT |
GATA4 FWD | TAGCCCCACAGTTGACACAC |
GATA4 REV | GTCCTGCACAGCCTGCC |
HOXA13 FWD | GCACCTTGGTATAAGGCACG |
HOXA13 REV | CCTCTGGAAGTCCACTCTGC |
HOXB13 FWD | GCTGTACGGAATGCGTTTCT |
HOXB13 REV | AACCCACCAGGTCCCTTTT |
HOXD13 FWD | CCTCTTCGGTAGACGCACAT |
HOXD13 REV | CAGGTGTACTGCACCAAGGA |
HOXD3 FWD | CACCTCCAATGTCTGCTGAA |
HOXD3 REV | CAAAATTCAAGAAAACACACACA |
INSL5 FWD | GAAGGTTTTGCGCTGGATT |
INSL5 REV | GATCCCTCAAGCTCAGCAAG |
MSX2 FWD | GGTCTTGTGTTTCCTCAGGG |
MSX2 REV | AAATTCAGAAGATGGAGCGG |
MUC2 FWD | TGTAGGCATCGCTCTTCTCA |
MUC2 REV | GACACCATCTACCTCACCCG |
ONECUT1 Fwd | TTTTTGGGTGTGTTGCCTCT |
ONECUT1 Rev | AGACCTTCCGGAGGATGTG |
PDX1 FWD | CGTCCGCTTGTTCTCCTC |
PDX1 REV | CCTTTCCCATGGATGAAGTC |
PPIA(CPHA)FWD | CCCACCGTGTTCTTCGACATT |
PPIA(CPHA)REV | GGACCCGTATGCTTTAGGATGA |
SATB2 FWD | CCACCTTCCCAGCTTGATT |
SATB2 REV | TTAGCCAGCTGGTGGAGACT |
免疫荧光图像的量化。通过将图像分成分离的通道并且然后使用ImageJ(NIH)测量像素面积来完成整个胚胎的图像量化。确定每个通道的像素面积,确定通道之间的比率,并将对照处理的胚胎的比率表示为100。如上所解释,在捕获图像的切片上进行体外和体内生长的类器官的量化。使用在用人类活组织检查样品校准后的[marls中的斑点函数量化CDX2、GATA4和SATB2阳性细胞核的数量。
RNA分离和QPCR。使用RNA提取试剂盒(Macharey-Nagel)提取RNA,并根据制造商的方案使用Superscript VILO(英杰)逆转录成cDNA。使用qPrimerDepot网络工具(primerdepot.nci.nih.gov)设计QPCR引物。引物序列列于表3中。使用QuantitectGreenPCR试剂盒(凯杰(Qiagen))和QuantStudio TM 6Flex Real-Time PCR系统(应用生物系统(Applied Biosystems))进行QPCR。
表3.使用的抗体。参见图1-6。
鉴定SATB2作为大肠标记物。
为了鉴定大肠的标记物,申请人首先使用GNCPro http://gncpro.sabiosciences.comigncpro/expression_grapherphp基于东京大学数据库来鉴定结肠中上调的转录因子(与其它组织相比)。基于此搜索,SATB2是结肠中排名第6的基因。为了证实SATB2确实在结肠中上调,申请人使用TiGER数据库(hftp://bioinfo.wilmer.ihu.edu/tiger/db gene/SATB2-index.html)搜索SATB2表达。为了进一步证实SATB2在结肠中的表达,并检查多种组织中的蛋白质表达,申请人使用了人类蛋白质图谱(http://www.proteinatlas.org/search/satb2)。类似的方法用于鉴定大肠/结肠的其它标记物。
公共RNA-seq登录号。从公共数据库E-MTAB-1733下载成人小肠和大肠RNA-seq数据。这些数据集代表整个器官组织,其包括上皮和肌肉层。小肠样品的登录号:ERR315344、ERR315381、ERR315409、ERR315442、ERR315461。大肠样品的登录号:ERR315348、ERR315357、ERR315484。对于图9B,从https://qithub.com/hilldr/Finkbeiner StemCellReports2015下载处理的FPKM数据。这些数据包括来自E-MTAB-1733的上文所列的成人十二指肠(ERS326992、ERS326976)和小肠样品以及来自GSE18927的人类胎儿肠(也是整个器官)样品。人类胎儿小肠的登录号是GSM1059508、GSM1059521、GSM1059486、GSM1059507、GSM1059517、GSM1220519。对于图9C,数据从GEO登录号GSE66749平台GLP5175获得。使用以下样品:GSM1385160、GSM1385161、GSM1385162、GSM1385163、GSM1385164、GSM1385165、GSM1385166、GSM1385167、GSM1385168、GSM1385169、GSM1385170、GSM1385171、GSM1614646、GSM1614646。使用GEO2R“轮廓图”功能并通过其ID号(分别为3086100和2594089)搜索GATA4和SATB2来确定样品值。
RNA-seq序列组装丰度估计。使用Illumina HiSeq2500平台,由辛辛那提儿童医院DNA测序核心进行RNA文库构建和RNA测序。通过使用FastQC版本0.10.1http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc分析每个样品的FASTQ数据来评估Illumina测序运行的质量,以鉴定可能指示质量问题的数据的特征(例如,低质量分数、过度代表的序列、不适当的GC含量等)。QC分析未发现重大问题。申请人使用软件包Tuxedo Suite进行比对、差异表达分析和后分析诊断。简言之,申请人使用TopHat版本2.0.13和Bowtie版本2.2.5(Langmead等人,2009)对参考转录组(UCSC hg19)进行比对读数。申请人使用默认参数设置进行比对,但“—b2-非常-灵敏(—b2-very-sensitive)”除外,以最大化读数比对的准确性,以及“—非-覆盖-搜索(—no-coverage-search)”和“—非-新颖-juncs(—no-novel-juncs)”将读数映射限制为已知的转录本。Cufflinks 2.2.1版(Trapnell等,2012)用于RNA丰度估计。UCSC hgl9.fa用作参考基因组序列,并且UCSC hgl9.gtf用于转录组注释。申请人在Cufflinks中应用以下参数:“—多次-读数校正(—multi-read-correct)”以调整映射在多个基因座中的读数的表达计算,并使用“—相容-命中-范数(—compatible-hits-norm)”和“—上-四分点—范数(—upper-quartile—norm)”进行标准化表达值。使用CuffNorm函数生成标准化的FPKM表。使用64位Debian Linux稳定版本7.10(“Wheezy”)平台进行RNA序列组装和转录分析。
差异表达分析。
所有图和统计分析均在R版本3.3.1(2016-06-21)中进行。使用R包‘ggplot2’(Ginestet,2011)生成图。用R包‘SeqRetriever’‘SeqRetriever’版本0.6https://github.com/hilldr/SeqRetrieyer完成对Cufflinks输出的差异表达分析和统计测试。超几何平均值测试使用R包‘GeneOverlap’http://shenlab-sinai.cithub.io/shenlab-sinai/,用于评估组间共享基因表达特征的相对富集。完整的RNA-seq FASTQ处理流水线和分析脚本可在https://qithub.com/hilldr/Munera2016获得。
参考文献
Aronson,B.E.,Aronson,S.R.,Berkhout,R.P.,Chavoushi,S.F.,He,A.,Pu,W.T.,Verzi,M.P.和rasinski,S.D.(2014).GATA4通过抑制组蛋白H3、赖氨酸27的乙酰化来抑制近端小肠中基因表达的回肠程序(GATA4represses an ileal program of geneexpression in the proximal small intestine by inhibiting the acetylation ofhistone H3,lysine 27).《生物化学和生物物理学报-基因调控机制(Bba-Gene RegulMech 1839)》,1273-1282。
Battle,M.A.,Bondow,B.J.,Iverson,M.A.,Adams,S.J.,Jandacek,R.J.,Tso,P.和Duncan,S.A.(2008).GATA4对于小鼠中的空肠!功能至关重要(GATA4is essential forjejuna!function in mice).《胃肠病学(Gastroenterology)》135,1676-1686e1671。
Bernstein,B.E.,Stamatoyannopoulos,J.A.,Costello,J.F.,Ren,B.,Milosavljevic,A.,Meissner,A.,Kellis,M.,Marra,M.A.,Beaudet,A.L.,Ecker,J.R.等人(2010).NIH路线图表观基因组学映射协会(The NIH Roadmap Epigenomics MappingConsortium).《国家生物科技(Nat Biotechnol)》28,1045-1048。
Beuling,E.,Bosse,T.,aan de Kerk,D.J.,Piaseckyj,C.M.,Fujiwara,Y.,Katz,S.G.,Orkin,S.H.,Grand,R.J.和Krasinski,S.D.(2008a).GATA4通过与GATA(FOG)辅因子的朋友的相互作用介导成熟小鼠小肠中的基因抑制(GATA4mediates gene repression inthe mature mouse small intestine through interactions with friend of GATA(FOG)cofactors).《发展生物学(Dev Biol)》322,179-189。
Beuling,E.,Bosse,T.,Buckner,M.A.和Krasinski,S.D.(2007a).Gata4和Hnflα在胃肠道中的共定位限于远端胃和近端小肠(Co-localization of Gata4and Hnfl alphain the gastrointestinal tract is restricted to the distal stomach andproximal small intestine).《胃肠病学》132,A586-A586。
Beuling,E.,Bosse,T.,de Kerk,D.A.,Piaseckyj,C.M.,Fujiwara,Y.,Orkin,S.H.和Krasinski,S.D.(2007b).Fog辅因子部分介导成年小鼠小肠中的Gata4功能(Fogcofactors partially mediate Gata4function in the adult mouse smallintestine).《胃肠病学》132,A692-A693。
Beuling,E.,Kerkhof,I.M.,Nicksa,G.A.,Giuffrida,M.J.,Haywood,J.,aan deKerk,D.J.,Piaseckyj,C.M.,Pu,W.T.,Buchmiller,T.L.,Dawson,P.A.等人(2010).小鼠中的条件性Gata4缺失诱导近端小肠中的胆汁酸吸收(Conditional Gata4deletion in miceinduces bile acid absorption in the proximal small intestine).《肠道(Gut)》59,888-895。
Beuling,E.,Kerkhof,I.M.,Piaseckyj,C.M.,Dawson,PA.,Pu,W.T.,Grand,R.J.和Krasinski,S.D.(2008b).远端小肠中缺乏GATA4限定回肠!表型(The absence ofGATA4in the distal small intestine defines the ilea!phenotype).《胃肠病学》134,A83-A84。
Bonilla-Claudio,M.,Wang,J.,Bai,Y.,Klysik,E.,Selever,J.和Martin,J.F.(2012).Bmp信号调节剂量依赖性转录程序以控制面部骨骼发育(Bmp signalingregulates a dose-dependent transcriptional program to control facial skeletaldevelopment).《发育(Development)》139,709-719。
Bosse,T.,Fialkovich,J.J.,Piaseckyj,C.M.,Beuling,E.,Broekman,H.,Grand,R.J.,Montgomery,R.K.和Krasinski,S.D.(2007).Gata4和Hnflα是发育期间特定肠基因表达的部分需要的(Gata4and Hnflalpha are partially required for the expressionof specific intestinal genes during development).《美国生理学杂志-胃肠道及肝脏生理学(Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol)》292,G1302-1314。
Bouchi,R.,Foo,K.S.,Hua,H.,Tsuchiya,K.,Ohmura,Y.,Sandoval,P.R.,Ratner,L.E.,Egli,D.,Leibel,R.L.和Accili,D.(2014).FOXO1抑制在人类肠道类器官培养物中产生功能性胰岛素生成细胞(FOXO1inhibition yields functional insulin-producingcells in human gut organoid cultures).《自然通讯(Nat Commun)》5,4242。
Burnicka-Turek,0.,Mohamed,B.A.,Shirneshan,K.,Thanasupawat,T.,Hombach-Klonisch,S.,Klonisch,T.和Adham,I.M.(2012).缺乏INSL5的小鼠显示葡萄糖内稳态改变和生育能力受损(INSL5-deficient mice display an alteration in glucosehomeostasis and an impaired fertility).《内分泌学(Endocrinology)》153,4655-4665。
De Santa Barbara,P.,Williams,J.,Goldstein,A.M.,Doyle,A.M.,Nielsen,C.,Winfield,S.,Faure,S.和Roberts,D.J.(2005).骨形态发生蛋白信号传导途径在胃肠道发育过程中起着多重作用(Bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway playsmultiple roles during gastrointestinal tract development).《发育动态:美国解剖学家协会的官方出版物》234,312-322。
Dobreva,G.,Chahrour,M.,Dautzenberg,M.,Chirivella,L.,Kanzler,B.,Farinas,I.,Karsenty,G.和Grosschedl,R.(2006).SATB2是颅面模式化和成骨细胞分化的多功能决定因素(SATB2is a multifunctional determinant of craniofacialpatterning and osteoblast differentiation).《细胞(Cell)》125,971-986。
Driver,I.和Oh!stein,B.(2014).果蝇变态期间区域肠干细胞特性的特化(Specification of regional intestinal stem cell identity during Drosophilametamorphosis).《发育》141,1848-1856。
Duluc,I.,Freund,J.N.,Leberquier,C.和Kedinger,M.(1994).胎儿内胚层主要保存哺乳动物肠道发育所需的时间和位置信息(Fetal endoderm primarily holds thetemporal and positional information required for mammalian intestinaldevelopment).《细胞生物学杂志(J Cell Biol)》126,211-221。
Eberhard,J.,Gaber,A.,Wangefjord,S.,Nodin,B.,Uhlen,M.,EricsonLindquist,K.和Jirstrom,K.(2012).一项关于在结直肠癌中SATB2表达的预后和治疗预测价值的定群研究(A cohort study of the prognostic and treatment predictivevalue of SATB2expression in colorectal cancer).《英国癌症杂志(Br J Cancer)》106,931-938。
Fagerberg,L.,Hallstrom,B.M.,Oksvold,P.,Kampf,C.,Djureinovic,D.,Odeberg,J.,Habuka,M.,Tahmasebpoor,S.,Danielsson,A.,Edlund,K.等人(2014).通过全基因组整合转录组学和基于抗体的蛋白质组学分析人类组织特异性表达(Analysis ofthe human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration oftranscriptomics and antibody-based proteomics).《分子细胞蛋白质组学(Mol CellProteomics)》13,397-406。
Finkbeiner,S.R.,Hill,D.R.,Altheim,C.H.,Dedhia,P.H.,Taylor,M.J.,Tsai,Y.H.,Chin,A.M.,Mahe,M.M.,Watson,C.L.,Freeman,J.J.等人(2015).全转录组分析揭示了人类体肠道发育和体外和体内成熟的标志(Transcriptome-wide Analysis RevealsHallmarks of Human Intestine Development and Maturation In Vitro and InVivo).《干细胞报告(Stem Cell Reports)》。
FitzPatrick,D.R.,Carr,I.M.,McLaren,L.,Leek,J.P.,Wightman,P.,Williamson,K.,Gautier,P.,McGill,N.,Hayward,C.,Firth,H.等人(2003).鉴定SATB2作为2q32-q33上的腭裂基因(Identification of SATB2as the cleft palate gene on2q32-q33).《人类分子遗传学(Hum Mol Genet)》12,2491-2501。
Georgas,K.M.,Armstrong,J.,Keast,J.R.,Larkins,C.E.,McHugh,K.M.,Southard-Smith,E.M.,Cohn,M.J.,Batourina,E.,Dan,H.,Schneider,K.等人(2015).发育中的小鼠下泌尿生殖道的示例性解剖学本体(An illustrated anatomical ontology ofthe developing mouse lower urogenital tract).《发育》142,1893-1908。
Ginestet,C.(2011).ggplot2:用于数据分析的优雅图形(ggplot2:ElegantGraphics for Data Analysis).《皇家统计学学会-A系列统计学(J R Stat Soc a Stat)》174,245-245。
Gracz,A.D.,Ramalingam,S.和Magness,S.T.(2010).Sox9表达标志着表达CD24的在体外形成类器官的小肠上皮干细胞的子集(Sox9expression marks a subset of CD24-expressing small intestine epithelial stem cells that form organoids invitro).《美国生理学-胃肠和肝脏生理学杂志(Am J Physiol-Gastr L)》298,G590-G600。
Guo,Z.,Driver,I.和Ohlstein,B.(2013).损伤诱导的BMP信号传导负调节果蝇中肠内稳态(Injury-induced BMP signaling negatively regulates Drosophila midguthomeostasis).《细胞生物学杂志》201,945-961。
Gyorgy,A.B.,Szemes,M.,de Juan Romero,C.,Tarabykin,V.和Agoston,D.V.(2008).SATB2与染色质重塑分子相互作用以区分皮质神经元(SATB2interacts withchromatin-remodeling molecules in differentiating cortical neurons).《欧洲神经系统科学杂志(Eur J Neurosci)》27,865-873。
Haramis,A.P.G.,Begthel,H.,van den Born,M.,van Es,J.,Jonkheer,S.,Offerhaus,G.J.A.和Clevers,H.(2004).从头隐窝形成和少年息肉病对小鼠肠道BMP的抑制作用(De novo crypt formation and juvenile polyposis on BMP inhibition inmouse intestine).《科学(Science)》303,1684-1686。
Hardwick,J.C.,Van Den Brink,G.R.,Bleuming,S.A.,Ballester,I.,Van DenBrande,J.M.,Keller,J.J.,Offerhaus,G.J.,Van Deventer,S.J.和Peppelenbosch,M.P.(2004).骨形态发生蛋白2由结肠中的成熟上皮细胞表达并作用于其上(Bonemorphogenetic protein 2is expressed by,and acts upon,mature epithelial cellsin the colon).《胃肠病学》126,111-121。
He,X.C.,Zhang,J.W.,Tong,W.G.,Tawfik,0.,Ross,J.,Scoville,D.H.,Tian,Q.,Zeng,X.,He,X.,Wiedemann,L.M.等人(2004).BMP信号传导通过抑制Wnt-β-连环蛋白信号传导抑制肠干细胞自我更新(BMP signaling inhibits intestinal stem cell self-renewal through suppression of Wnt-beta-catenin signaling).《自然遗传学(NatureGenetics)》36,1117-1121。
Higuchi,Y.,Kojima,M.,Ishii,G.,Aoyagi,K.,Sasaki,H.和Ochiai,A.(2015).胃肠道成纤维细胞具有特殊的、多样的转录表型:人类成纤维细胞的综合基因表达分析(Gastrointestinal Fibroblasts Have Specialized,Diverse TranscriptionalPhenotypes:A Comprehensive Gene Expression Analysis of Human Fibroblasts).Plos One 10。
Holland,P.W.H.,Booth,H.A.F.和Bruford,E.A.(2007).所有人类同源框基因的分类和命名(Classification and nomenclature of all human homeobox genes).《Bmc生物学(Bmc Biol)》5。
Jeejeebhoy,K.N.(2002).短肠综合征:一种营养和医学方法(Short bowelsyndrome:a nutritional and medical approach).CMAJ 166,1297-1302。
Johnston,T.B.(1913).被在外向区域的表面上的肠道开口的存在复杂化的膀胱外向(Extroversion of the Bladder,complicated by the Presence of IntestinalOpenings on the Surface of the Extroverted Area).《解剖学生理学杂志(J AnatPhysiol)48,89-106。
Kohlnhofer,B.M.,Thompson,C.A.,Walker,E.M.和Battle,M.A.(2016).GATA4调节上皮细胞增殖以控制小鼠的肠道生长和发育(GATA4regulates epithelial cellproliferation to control intestinal growth and development in mice).《细胞和分子胃肠病学和肝病学(Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol)》2,189-209。
Kumar,M.,Jordan,N.,Melton,D.和Grapin-Botton,A.(2003).来自侧板中胚层的信号指导内胚层朝向胰腺命运(Signals from lateral plate mesoderm instructendoderm toward a pancreatic fate).《发育生物学(Dev Biol)》259,109-122。
Langmead,B.,Trapnell,C.,Pop,M.和Salzberg,S.L.(2009).短DNA序列与人类基因组的超快速和有记忆效率的比对(Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment ofshort DNA sequences to the human genome).《基因组生物学(Genome Biol)》10,R25。
Li,H.,Coghlan,A.,Ruan,J.,Coin,L.J.,Heriche,J.K.,Osmotherly,L.,Li,R.,Liu,T.,Zhang,Z.,Bolund,L.等人(2006).TreeFam:动物基因家族系统发育树的精选数据库(TreeFam:a curated database of phylogenetic trees of animal gene families).《核酸研究(Nucleic Acids Res)》34,D572-580。
Li,L.H.(2005).BMP信号传导通过拮抗Wnt信号传导来抑制肠干细胞自我更新(BMP signaling inhibits intestinal stem cell self-renewal throughantagonizing Wnt signaling).《胃肠病学》128,A702-A702。
McCracken,K.W.,Aihara,E.,Martin,B.,Crawford,C.M.,Broda,T.,Treguier,J.,Zhang,X.,Shannon,J.M.,Montrose,M.H.和Wells,J.M.(2017).Wnt/β-连环蛋白促进小鼠和人类的胃底特化(Wnt/beta-catenin promotes gastric fundus specification inmice and humans).《自然》541,182-187。
McCracken,K.W.,Cata,E.M.,Crawford,C.M.,Sinagoga,K.L.,Schumacher,M.,Rockich,B.E.,Tsai,Y.H.,Mayhew,C.N.,Spence,J.R.,Zavros,Y.等人(2014).在多能干细胞衍生得到的胃类器官中模拟人类发育和疾病(Modelling human development anddisease in pluripotent stem-cell-derived gastric organoids).《自然》516,400-404。
McGovern,D.P.,Gardet,A.,Torkvist,L.,Goyette,P.,Essers,J.,Taylor,K.D.,Neale,B.M.,Ong,R.T.,Lagace,C.,Li,C.等人(2010).全基因组关联鉴定多个溃疡性结肠炎易感基因位点(Genome-wide association identifies multiple ulcerative colitissusceptibility loci).《自然遗传学》42,332-337。
Molodecky,NA.,Soon,I.S.,Rabi,D.M.,Ghali,W.A.,Ferris,M.,Chernoff,G.,Benchimol,E.I.,Panaccione,R.,Ghosh,S.,Barkema,H.W.等人(2012).根据系统评价,随着时间的推移,炎症性肠病的发病率和患病率不断增加(Increasing incidence andprevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time,based on systematicreview).《胃肠病学》142,46-54e42;测验e30。
Moser,A.R.,Pitot,H.C.和Dove,W.F.(1990).在小鼠中主导多种肠瘤变的显性突变(A Dominant Mutation That Predisposes to Multiple Intestinal Neoplasia inthe Mouse).《科学》247,322-324。
Patankar,J.,Obrowsky,S.,Hoefler,G.,Battle,M.,Kratky,D.和Levak-Frank,S.(2012a).Gata4的肠道缺陷通过抑制小鼠的从头脂肪生成和糖异生来防止饮食诱发的肝脂肪变性(Intestinal Deficiency of Gata4Protects from Diet-Induced HepaticSteatosis by Suppressing De Novo Lipogenesis and Gluconeogenesis in Mice).《肝病学杂志(J Hepatol)》56,S496-S496。
Patankar,J.V.,Obrowsky,S.,Doddapattar,P.,Hoefler,G.,Battle,M.,Levak-Frank,S.和Kratky,D.(2012b).肠道GATA4缺乏防止饮食诱发的肝脏脂肪变性(IntestinalGATA4deficiency protects from diet-induced hepatic steatosis).《肝病学杂志》57,1061-1068。
Ramalingam,S.,Daughtridge,G.W.,Johnston,M.J.,Gracz,A.D.和Magness,S.T.(2012).不同水平的Sox9表达标记在培养物中形成类结肠的结肠上皮干细胞(Distinctlevels of Sox9expression mark colon epithelial stem cells that form colonoidsin culture).《美国生理学杂志-胃肠道及肝脏生理学》302,G10-20。
Rankin,S.A.,Gallas,A.L.,Neto,A.,Gomez-Skarmeta,J.L.和Zorn,A.M.(2012).锌指阻遏物Osr1和Osr2抑制Bmp4信号传导是爪蟾中Wnt/β-连环蛋白介导的肺特化所必需的(Suppression of Bmp4signaling by the zinc-finger repressors Osrl and Osr2isrequired for Wnt/beta-catenin-mediated lung specification in Xenopus).《发育》139,3010-3020。
Rankin,S.A.,Thi Tran,H.,Wlizla,M.,Mancini,P.,Shifley,E.T.,Bloor,S.D.,Han,L.,Vleminckx,K.,Wert,S.E.和Zorn,A.M.(2015).爪蟾呼吸系统发育的分子图谱(AMolecular atlas of Xenopus respiratory system development).《发育动态:美国解剖学家协会的官方出版物》244,69-85。
Ratineau,C.,Duluc,I.,Pourreyron,C.,Kedinger,M.,Freund,J.N.和Roche,C.(2003).分化的上皮细胞类型在大鼠发育中的肠道中的内胚层和间充质依赖性作用(Endoderm-and mesenchyme-dependent commitment of the differentiatedepithelial cell types in the developing intestine of rat).《分化(Differentiation)》71,163-169。
Roberts,D.J.,Johnson,R.L.,Burke,A.C.,Nelson,C.E.,Morgan,B.A.和Tabin,C.(1995).Sonic Hedgehog是一种在Chick Hindtut的诱导和分区过程中诱导Bmp-4和Hox基因的内胚层信号(Sonic Hedgehog Is an Endodermal Signal Inducing Bmp-4and HoxGenes during Induction and Regionalization of the Chick Hindgut).《发育》121,3163-3174。
Rodriguez-Pineiro,A.M.,Bergstrom,J.H.,Ermund,A.,Gustafsson,J.K.,Schutte,A.,Johansson,M.E.和Hansson,G.C.(2013).对小鼠胃、小肠和结肠中的粘液的研究.II.胃肠粘液蛋白质组揭示Muc2和Muc5ac伴随着一组核心蛋白(Studies of mucus inmouse stomach,small intestine,and colon.II.Gastrointestinal mucus proteomereveals Muc2and Muc5ac accompanied by a set of core proteins).《美国生理学杂志-胃肠道及肝脏生理学》305,
Savidge,T.C.,Morey,A.L.,Ferguson,D.J.,Fleming,K.A.,Shmakov,A.N.和Phillips,A.D.(1995).在严重联合免疫缺陷异种移植模型中的人类肠道发育(Humanintestinal development in a severe-combined immunodeficient xenograft model).《分化》58,361-371。
Savin,T.,Kurpios,N.A.,Shyer,A.E.,Florescu,P.,Liang,H.,Mahadevan,L.和Tabin,C.J.(2011).关于肠道的生长和形态(On the growth and form of the gut).《自然》476,57-62。
Sheehan-Rooney,K.,Swartz,M.E.,Lovely,C.B.,Dixon,M.J.和Eberhart,J.K.(2013).Bmp和Shh信号传导介导satb2在咽弓中的表达(Bmp and Shh signaling mediatethe expression of satb2in the pharyngeal arches).PLoS One 8,e59533。
Sherwood,R.I.,Chen,T.Y.和Melton,D.A.(2009).内胚层器官形成的转录动力学(Transcriptional dynamics of endodermal organ formation).《发育动态:美国解剖学家协会的官方出版物》238,29-42。
Sherwood,R.I.,Maehr,R.,Mazzoni,E.O.和Melton,D.A.(2011).Wnt信号传导指示和模式化肠内胚层(Wnt signaling specifies and patterns intestinal endoderm).《发育机理》128,387-400。
Shyer,A.E.,Huycke,T.R.,Lee,C.,Mahadevan,L.和Tabin,C.J.(2015).弯曲梯度:肠干细胞如何回家(Bending gradients:how the intestinal stem cell gets itshome).《细胞》161,569-580。
Siegel,R.,Desantis,C.和Jemal,A.(2014).2014年结直肠癌统计(Colorectalcancer statistics,2014).《临床肿瘤杂志(CA Cancer J Clin)》64,104-117。
Spence,J.R.,Mayhew,C.N.,Rankin,S.A.,Kuhar,M.F.,Valiance,J.E.,Tolle,K.,Hoskins,E.E.,Kalinichenko,V.V.,Wells,Si.,Zorn,A.M.等人(2011).人类多能干细胞体外定向分化为肠组织(Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stemcells into intestinal tissue in vitro).《自然》470,105-109。
Thanasupawat,T.,Hammje,K.,Adham,I.,Ghia,J.E.,Del Bigio,M.R.,Krcek,J.,Hoang-Vu,C.,Klonisch,T.和Hombach-Klonisch,S.(2013).INSL5是大肠和神经内分泌肿瘤的人类肠内分泌细胞的新标记物(INSL5is a novel marker for humanenteroendocrine cells of the large intestine and neuroendocrine tumours).《肿瘤学报告(Oncol Rep)》29,149-154。
Tiso,N.,Filippi,A.,Pauls,S.,Bortolussi,M.和Argenton,F.(2002).BMP信号传导调节斑马鱼的前后内胚层模式化(BMP signalling regulates anteroposteriorendoderm patterning in zebrafish).《发育机理》118,29-37。
Trapnell,C.,Roberts,A.,Goff,L.,Pertea,G.,Kim,D.,Kelley,D.R.,Pimentel,H.,Salzberg,S.L.,Rinn,J.L.和Pachter,L.(2012).用TopHat和Cufflinks进行RNA-seq实验的差异基因和转录物表达分析(Differential gene and transcript expressionanalysis of RNA-seq experiments with TopHat and Cufflinks).《自然实验手册(NatProtoc)》7,562-578。
Uppal,K.,Tubbs,R.S.,Matusz,P.,Shaffer,K.和Loukas,M.(2011).梅克尔的憩室:综述(Meckel's diverticulum:a review).《临床解剖学(Clin Anat)》24,416-422。
van Dop,W.A.,Uhmann,A.,Wijgerde,M.,Sleddens-Linkels,E.,Heijmans,J.,Offerhaus,G.J.,Weerman,M.A.V.,Boeckxstaens,G.E.,Hommes,D.W.,Hardwick,J.C.等人(2009).Hedgehog途径条件激活后结肠上皮前体细胞室的消耗(Depletion of theColonic Epithelial Precursor Cell Compartment Upon Conditional Activation ofthe Hedgehog Pathway).《胃肠病学》136,2195-2203。
van Klinken,B.J.,Dekker,J.,van Gool,S.A.,van Marie,J.,Buller,H.A.和Einerhand,A.W.(1998).MUCSB是人类胆囊中的突出粘蛋白,并且还在结肠杯状细胞的子集中表达(MUCSB is the prominent mucin in human gallbladder and is alsoexpressed in a subset of colonic goblet cells).《美国生理学杂志(The Americanjournal of physiology)》274,G871-878。
Walker,E.M.,Thompson,C.A.和Battle,M.A.(2014).GATA4和GATA6在发育过程中调节肠上皮细胞分化(GATA4and GATA6regulate intestinal epithelialcytodifferentiation during development).《发育生物学》392,283-294。
Walton,K.D.,Kolterud,A.,Czerwinski,M.J.,Bell,M.J.,Prakash,A.,Kushwaha,J.,Grosse,A.S.,Schnell,S.和Gumucio,D.L.(2012).Hedgehog反应性间充质簇指导肠绒毛的模式化和出现(Hedgehog-responsive mesenchymal clusters directpatterning and emergence of intestinal villi).《美国国家科学院进展(Proc NatlAcad Sci USA)》109,15817-15822。
Walton,K.D.,Kolterud,A.,Grosse,A.S.,Hu,C.B.,Czerwinski,M.,Richards,N.和Gumucio,D.L.(2009).上皮Hedgehog信号通过BMP指导间充质绒毛模式化(EpithelialHedgehog signals direct mesenchymal villus patterning through BMP).《发育生物学》331,489-489。
Walton,K.D.,Whidden,M.,Kolterud,A.,Shoffner,S.K.,Czerwinski,M.J.,Kushwaha,J.,Parmar,N.,Chandhrasekhar,D.,Freddo,A.M.,Schnell,S.等人(2016).小鼠中的绒毛形成:Bmp信号控制肠绒毛模式化(Villification in the mouse:Bmp signalscontrol intestinal villus patterning).《发育》143,427-436。
Wang,X.,Yamamoto,Y.,Wilson,L.H.,Zhang,T.,Howitt,B.E.,Farrow,M.A.,Kern,F.,Ning,G.,Hong,Y.,Khor,C.C.等人(2015).基态肠干细胞的克隆与变异(Cloningand variation of ground state intestinal stem cells).《自然》522,173-178。
Watson,C.L.,Mahe,M.M.,Munera,J.,Howell,J.C.,Sundaram,N.,Poling,H.M.,Schweitzer,J.l.,Valiance,J.E.,Mayhew,C.N.,Sun,Y.等人(2014).使用多能干细胞的人类小肠体内模型(An in vivo model of human small intestine using pluripotentstem cells).《自然医学(Nat Med)》20,1310-1314。
Wehkamp,J.,Chu,H.,Shen,B.,Feathers,R.W.,Kays,R.J.,Lee,S.K.和Bevins,C.L.(2006).潘氏细胞抗微生物肽:人类胃肠道组织中的地形分布和量化(Paneth cellantimicrobial peptides:topographical distribution and quantification in humangastrointestinal tissues).《FEBS快报(FEBS Left)》580,5344-5350。
Whissell,G.,Montagni,E.,Martinelli,P.,Hernando-Momblona,X.,Sevillano,M.,Jung,P.,Cortina,C.,Caton,A.,Abuli,A.,Castells,A.等人(2014).转录因子GATA6通过抑制BMP基因表达实现结肠腺瘤干细胞的自我更新(The transcription factorGATA6enables self-renewal of colon adenoma stem cells by repressing BMP geneexpression).《自然细胞生物学(Nat Cell Biol)》16,695-707。
Wills,A.,Dickinson,K.,Khokha,M.和Baker,J.C.(2008).Bmp信号传导对于爪蟾的腹外侧内胚层特化是必要且充分的(Bmp signaling is necessary and sufficientfor ventrolateral endoderm specification in Xenopus).《发育动态:美国解剖学家协会的官方出版物》237,2177-2186。
Xue,X.,Ramakrishnan,S.,Anderson,E.,Taylor,M.,Zimmermann,E.M.,Spence,J.R.,Huang,S.,Greenson,J.K.和Shah,Y.M.(2013).内皮PAS结构域蛋白1激活肠上皮中的炎性应答以促进小鼠的结肠炎(Endothelial PAS domain protein 1activates theinflammatory response in the intestinal epithelium to promote colitis inmice).《胃肠病学》145,831-841。
Yahagi,N.,Kosaki,R.,Ito,T.,Mitsuhashi,T.,Shimada,H.,Tomita,M.,Takahashi,T.和Kosaki,K.(2004).Hox基因沿胃肠道的位置特异性表达(Position-specific expression of Hox genes along the gastrointestinal tract).《先天性异常(Congenit Anom)》(东京)44,18-26。
Zbuk,K.M.和Eng,C.(2007).错构瘤性息肉综合征(Hamartomatous polyposissyndromes).《自然临时实践胃肠病学和肝病学(Nat Clin Pract Gastr)》4,492-502。
Zorn,A.M.和Wells,J.M.(2009).脊椎动物内胚层发育和器官形成(Vertebrateendoderm development and organ formation).《细胞发育生物学年鉴(Annu Rev CellDev Biol)》25,221-251。
除非另有说明,否则所有百分比和比率均按重量计算。除非另有说明,否则所有百分比和比率均基于总组合物计算。
应理解,在整个说明书中给出的每个最大数值限制包括每个较低的数值限制,如同这类较低的数值限制在本文中明确写出一样。在整个说明书中给出的每个最小数值限制将包括每个较高的数值限制,如同这类较高的数值限制在本文中明确写出一样。在整个本说明书中给出的每个数值范围将包括落入这类较宽的数值范围内的每个较窄的数值范围,如同这类较窄的数值范围都在本文中明确写出一样。
本文公开的尺寸和值不应理解为严格限于所述的精确数值。相反,除非另有说明,否则每个这类尺寸旨在表示所述值和围绕所述值的功能等效范围。例如,公开为“20mm”的尺寸旨在表示“约20mm”。
除非明确排除或以其它方式限制,否则本文引用的每个文件,包括任何交叉引用的或相关的专利或申请,其全部内容通过引用的方式并入本文。任何文件的引用并不是承认它是关于本文公开或要求保护的任何发明的现有技术或者单独或与任何其它参考文献的任何组合,教导、暗示或公开任何这类发明。此外,如果本文件中术语的任何含义或定义与通过引用并入的文件中的相同术语的任何含义或定义相冲突,则以本文件中赋予该术语的含义或定义为准。
虽然已经说明和描述了本发明的特定实施例,但是对于本领域技术人类员来说显而易见的是,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以进行各种其它变化和修改。因此,旨在在所附权利要求中覆盖在本发明范围内的所有这类变化和修改。
Claims (18)
1.一种诱导人类结肠类器官形成的方法,其包含以下步骤:
a.使定形内胚层(DE)与FGF信号传导途径激活物和WNT信号传导途径激活物(例如,CHIRON/GSK2抑制剂)接触持续足以使所述DE形成中-后肠球状体的时间段;
b.使步骤(a)的所述中-后肠球状体与BMP激活物和EGF信号传导途径激活物接触持续足以形成所述人类结肠类器官的时间段,其中所述人类结肠类器官表达SATB2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述DE源自选自以下的前体细胞:胚胎干细胞、胚胎生殖细胞、诱导多能干细胞、中胚层细胞、定形内胚层细胞、后内胚层细胞、后肠细胞或其组合。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述FGF信号传导途径激活物选自小分子FGF信号传导途径激活物、基于蛋白质的FGF信号传导途径激活物、FGF1、FGF2、FGF3、FGF4、FGF10、FGF11、FGF12、FGF13、FGF14、FGF15、FGF16、FGF17、FGF18、FGF19、FGF20、FGF21、FGF22、FGF23或其组合。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述WNT信号传导途径激活物选自蛋白质Wnt信号传导途径激活物、小分子Wnt信号传导途径激活物,优选氯化锂;2-氨基-4,6-二取代嘧啶(杂)芳基嘧啶;IQ1;QS11;NSC668036;DCA β-连环蛋白;2-氨基-4-[3,4-(亚甲二氧基)-苄基-氨基]-6-(3-甲氧基苯基)嘧啶、Wnt1、Wnt2、Wnt2b、Wnt3、Wnt3a、Wnt4、Wnt5a、Wnt5b、Wnt6、Wnt7a、Wnt7b、Wnt8a、Wnt8b、Wnt9a、Wnt9b、Wnt10a、Wnt10b、Wnt11、Wnt16、GSK3抑制剂,优选CHIRON,或其组合。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述BMP激活物选自BMP2、BMP4、BMP7、BMP9、激活BMP途径的小分子、激活BMP途径的蛋白质Noggin、Dorsomorphin、LDN189、DMH-1、ventromophin及其组合。
6.据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中足以使所述DE形成中-后肠球状体的所述时间段通过步骤(a)的所述中-后肠球状体的CDX2表达来确定。
7.据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中足以使所述中-后肠球状体形成所述人类结肠类器官的所述时间段通过所述人类结肠类器官的细胞的SATB2和CDX2表达。
8.据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述HCO的特征在于存在结肠肠内分泌细胞(EEC)。
9.据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述HCO的特征在于存在隐窝并且基本上不含绒毛。
10.据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述HCO包含结肠特异性杯状细胞。
11.据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述HCO基本上不含潘氏(Paneth)细胞。
12.据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述HCO分泌结肠特异性激素INSL5。
13.一种HCO,其根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法获得。
14.一种形成结肠组织的方法,其包含在哺乳动物,优选啮齿动物,优选免疫受损的啮齿动物,优选免疫受损的小鼠的肾囊下植入根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的HCO。
15.一种确定潜在治疗剂对选自结肠炎、结肠癌、息肉综合征和/或肠易激综合征的疾病的功效和/或毒性的方法,其包含使所述潜在治疗剂与根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的HCO接触持续足以确定所述潜在治疗剂的功效和/或毒性的时间段。
16.一种免疫受损的啮齿动物,其包含根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的HCO。
17.一种肠类结肠(intestinal colonoid),其源自根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的HCO。
18.根据权利要求17的所述肠类器官,其中所述肠类器官不含免疫功能、神经分布、血管、绒毛和潘氏细胞中的一种或多种。
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN202410839175.5A CN118909916A (zh) | 2016-12-05 | 2017-12-05 | 结肠类器官及其制备和使用方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201662429948P | 2016-12-05 | 2016-12-05 | |
US62/429,948 | 2016-12-05 | ||
US201762478962P | 2017-03-30 | 2017-03-30 | |
US62/478,962 | 2017-03-30 | ||
PCT/US2017/064600 WO2018106628A1 (en) | 2016-12-05 | 2017-12-05 | Colonic organoids and methods of making and using same |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN202410839175.5A Division CN118909916A (zh) | 2016-12-05 | 2017-12-05 | 结肠类器官及其制备和使用方法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN110062764A true CN110062764A (zh) | 2019-07-26 |
CN110062764B CN110062764B (zh) | 2024-07-02 |
Family
ID=62492104
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN202410839175.5A Pending CN118909916A (zh) | 2016-12-05 | 2017-12-05 | 结肠类器官及其制备和使用方法 |
CN201780073347.0A Active CN110062764B (zh) | 2016-12-05 | 2017-12-05 | 结肠类器官及其制备和使用方法 |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN202410839175.5A Pending CN118909916A (zh) | 2016-12-05 | 2017-12-05 | 结肠类器官及其制备和使用方法 |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US11767515B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP3548507A4 (zh) |
JP (3) | JP7068305B2 (zh) |
KR (2) | KR102558606B1 (zh) |
CN (2) | CN118909916A (zh) |
AU (3) | AU2017373767B2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA3045145A1 (zh) |
IL (1) | IL267109A (zh) |
NZ (1) | NZ753873A (zh) |
SG (1) | SG10202105768WA (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2018106628A1 (zh) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN111849860A (zh) * | 2020-06-01 | 2020-10-30 | 浙江大学 | 一种利用铁元素调控肠道干细胞分化的方法及应用 |
CN113009155A (zh) * | 2021-03-05 | 2021-06-22 | 温州医科大学慈溪生物医药研究院 | Fgf20在制备诊断溃疡性结肠炎试剂的应用 |
CN113388572A (zh) * | 2021-08-17 | 2021-09-14 | 天九再生医学(天津)科技有限公司 | 高效人多能干细胞体外诱导分化为多谱系小肠类器官方法 |
CN118240750A (zh) * | 2024-05-28 | 2024-06-25 | 淇嘉科技(苏州)有限公司 | 具有免疫细胞的结肠类器官构建方法 |
CN118374446A (zh) * | 2024-06-26 | 2024-07-23 | 淇嘉科技(苏州)有限公司 | 巨噬细胞包含型结肠类器官批量制备方法 |
CN118374432A (zh) * | 2024-06-26 | 2024-07-23 | 淇嘉科技(苏州)有限公司 | 匀质化肠道类器官制备方法 |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2011140441A2 (en) | 2010-05-06 | 2011-11-10 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Methods and systems for converting precursor cells into intestinal tissues through directed differentiation |
EP3712254A1 (en) | 2014-05-28 | 2020-09-23 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Methods and systems for converting precursor cells into gastric tissues through directed differentiation |
CA2963704A1 (en) | 2014-10-17 | 2016-04-21 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | In vivo model of human small intestine using pluripotent stem cells and methods of making and using same |
EP4177335A1 (en) | 2016-05-05 | 2023-05-10 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Methods for the in vitro manufacture of gastric fundus tissue and compositions related to same |
CA3045145A1 (en) * | 2016-12-05 | 2018-06-14 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Colonic organoids and methods of making and using same |
CA3064086A1 (en) * | 2017-05-19 | 2018-11-22 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Systems and methods for growth of intestinal cells |
CA3112026A1 (en) * | 2018-09-12 | 2020-03-19 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Organoid compositions for the production of hematopoietic stem cells and derivatives thereof |
EP3968767A4 (en) * | 2019-05-15 | 2023-07-26 | The Cleveland Clinic Foundation | ORGANOIDS OF INDUCED HUMAN COLITIS |
EP4051782A4 (en) * | 2019-10-31 | 2023-12-06 | University Health Network | MEDIUM AND METHOD FOR CULTIVATION OF ORGANOIDS |
CA3190424A1 (en) * | 2020-07-30 | 2022-02-03 | Riken | Bladder organoid and method for producing same |
IL281561A (en) | 2021-03-16 | 2022-10-01 | Yeda Res & Dev | Methods and devices for growing mouse embryos outside the uterus |
CN114107208A (zh) * | 2021-11-12 | 2022-03-01 | 复旦大学附属中山医院 | 一种人源性类器官库的制备方法 |
KR20240109474A (ko) * | 2023-01-04 | 2024-07-11 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | 불일치 복구 유전자 기능 결핍 환자에서 환자 유래 오가노이드를 이용한 개인별 dna 손상 반응 평가 및 암 위험도 예측 |
WO2024192567A1 (zh) * | 2023-03-17 | 2024-09-26 | 北京大学 | 建立新型人肠道及结直肠肿瘤类器官培养体系 |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101855554A (zh) * | 2007-09-07 | 2010-10-06 | 儿童医院医学中心 | 分泌者、Lewis和唾液酸化抗原水平作为疾病预测指标的用途 |
US20110231942A1 (en) * | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-22 | Xi He | Tiki1 and tiki2, wnt inhibitors |
WO2012168930A2 (en) * | 2011-06-10 | 2012-12-13 | Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen (Knaw) | Culture media for stem cells |
US20130137130A1 (en) * | 2010-05-06 | 2013-05-30 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Methods and systems for converting precursor cells into intestinal tissues through directed differentiation |
WO2014062138A1 (en) * | 2012-10-19 | 2014-04-24 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | Methods of differentiating stem cells into one or more cell lineages |
WO2015183920A2 (en) * | 2014-05-28 | 2015-12-03 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Methods and systems for converting precursor cells into gastric tissues through directed differentiation |
Family Cites Families (307)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1992007615A1 (en) | 1990-10-29 | 1992-05-14 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | A bioartificial liver |
US5523226A (en) | 1993-05-14 | 1996-06-04 | Biotechnology Research And Development Corp. | Transgenic swine compositions and methods |
US5912227A (en) | 1995-01-27 | 1999-06-15 | North Carolina State University | Method of enhancing nutrient uptake |
WO1998021312A1 (en) | 1996-11-08 | 1998-05-22 | Rpms Technology Limited | Human hepatocytes in three-dimensional support systems |
AU748044B2 (en) | 1997-01-16 | 2002-05-30 | Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem | A device and method for performing a biological modification of a fluid |
US7291626B1 (en) | 1998-04-09 | 2007-11-06 | John Hopkins University School Of Medicine | Inhibitors of hedgehog signaling pathways, compositions and uses related thereto |
US20020010550A1 (en) | 1998-09-14 | 2002-01-24 | George M. Grass | Pharmacokinetic-based drug design tool and method |
US7759113B2 (en) | 1999-04-30 | 2010-07-20 | The General Hospital Corporation | Fabrication of tissue lamina using microfabricated two-dimensional molds |
US6607501B2 (en) | 2001-05-14 | 2003-08-19 | Reynolds G. Gorsuch | Process and apparatus for utilization of in vivo extracted plasma with tissue engineering devices, bioreactors, artificial organs, and cell therapy applications |
AU2002367580A1 (en) | 2001-05-16 | 2003-09-22 | Tracy C. Grikscheit | Tissue-engineered organs |
CN101240262A (zh) | 2001-12-07 | 2008-08-13 | 杰龙公司 | 源自人胚胎干细胞的胰岛细胞 |
US20050170506A1 (en) | 2002-01-16 | 2005-08-04 | Primegen Biotech Llc | Therapeutic reprogramming, hybrid stem cells and maturation |
US20030187515A1 (en) | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-02 | Hariri Robert J. | Collagen biofabric and methods of preparing and using the collagen biofabric |
US7160719B2 (en) | 2002-06-07 | 2007-01-09 | Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research | Bioartificial liver system |
AU2003261798A1 (en) | 2002-08-28 | 2004-03-19 | Asahi Medical Co., Ltd. | Cell-filled device of modified cross-section hollow fiber membrane type |
TW571101B (en) | 2003-01-21 | 2004-01-11 | Ind Tech Res Inst | Fluid analysis apparatus |
EP1596926A2 (en) | 2003-02-07 | 2005-11-23 | The Johns Hopkins University | Hypoxia induced mitogenic factor |
CA2515717A1 (en) | 2003-02-10 | 2004-08-19 | Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor antagonists containing piperidine derivatives as the active ingredient |
DE10362002B4 (de) | 2003-06-23 | 2006-10-12 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Adulte pluripotente Stammzellen |
US7985585B2 (en) | 2004-07-09 | 2011-07-26 | Viacyte, Inc. | Preprimitive streak and mesendoderm cells |
NZ547920A (en) | 2003-12-23 | 2009-06-26 | Cythera Inc | Definitive endoderm |
US20050266554A1 (en) | 2004-04-27 | 2005-12-01 | D Amour Kevin A | PDX1 expressing endoderm |
US7625753B2 (en) | 2003-12-23 | 2009-12-01 | Cythera, Inc. | Expansion of definitive endoderm cells |
US8647873B2 (en) | 2004-04-27 | 2014-02-11 | Viacyte, Inc. | PDX1 expressing endoderm |
US7541185B2 (en) | 2003-12-23 | 2009-06-02 | Cythera, Inc. | Methods for identifying factors for differentiating definitive endoderm |
US8586357B2 (en) | 2003-12-23 | 2013-11-19 | Viacyte, Inc. | Markers of definitive endoderm |
WO2005081970A2 (en) | 2004-02-24 | 2005-09-09 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Self-assembling cell aggregates and methods of making engineered tissue using the same |
DE102004017476B4 (de) | 2004-04-08 | 2009-03-26 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Epithelzellen enthaltenden Zellzusammensetzung |
MXPA06012445A (es) | 2004-04-27 | 2007-03-28 | Cythera Inc | Endodermo que expresa pdx1. |
JP4650608B2 (ja) | 2004-05-18 | 2011-03-16 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | フォトマスクブランク及びフォトマスクの製造方法 |
WO2005113747A2 (de) | 2004-05-21 | 2005-12-01 | Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Multizelluläre gewebe- und organkultursysteme |
AU2005265098B2 (en) | 2004-06-17 | 2012-02-23 | Thrasos Innovation, Inc. | TDF-related compounds and analogs thereof |
CA2966883A1 (en) | 2004-07-09 | 2006-02-16 | Cythera, Inc. | Methods for identifying factors for differentiating definitive endoderm |
CA2573512C (en) | 2004-07-12 | 2014-09-23 | Emisphere Technologies, Inc. | Compositions for delivering peptide yy and pyy agonists |
US7638299B2 (en) | 2004-07-21 | 2009-12-29 | Ambrx, Inc. | Biosynthetic polypeptides utilizing non-naturally encoded amino acids |
CA2576872C (en) | 2004-08-13 | 2013-11-12 | University Of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. | Compositions and methods for self-renewal and differentiation in human embryonic stem cells |
US20060236415A1 (en) | 2005-03-09 | 2006-10-19 | Silversides David W | Neural crest cells specific promoters; isolated neural crest cells; and methods of isolating and of using same |
US7604929B2 (en) | 2005-04-21 | 2009-10-20 | In Vitro Technologies, Inc. | Cellular compositions and methods for their preparation |
US8435787B2 (en) | 2005-05-10 | 2013-05-07 | Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey | Alginate polyelectrolyte encapsulation of embryonic stem cells |
WO2006126219A1 (en) | 2005-05-26 | 2006-11-30 | Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland G.M.B.H. | Liver progenitor cells |
GB0517382D0 (en) | 2005-08-26 | 2005-10-05 | Plasticell Ltd | Cell culture |
WO2007027905A2 (en) | 2005-08-31 | 2007-03-08 | Science And Technology Corporation @ Unm | Human renal stem cells |
PL1957636T3 (pl) | 2005-10-27 | 2018-12-31 | Viacyte, Inc. | Grzbietowa i brzuszna endoderma jelita przedniego wykazująca ekspresję pdx1 |
WO2007065095A2 (en) | 2005-11-29 | 2007-06-07 | Spencer Rosero | System and method for supporting a biological chip device |
US20070239083A1 (en) | 2006-01-18 | 2007-10-11 | Axel Voss | Shock wave generators |
US20070238169A1 (en) | 2006-04-11 | 2007-10-11 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Cell sorter and culture system |
US8685730B2 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2014-04-01 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Methods and devices for differentiating pluripotent stem cells into cells of the pancreatic lineage |
US9012419B2 (en) | 2006-05-17 | 2015-04-21 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | Methods and compositions related to eosinophil regulation |
EP2040713B1 (en) | 2006-06-27 | 2014-06-18 | Intercept Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Bile acid derivatives as fxr ligands for the prevention or treatment of fxr-mediated deseases or conditions |
WO2008011561A2 (en) | 2006-07-21 | 2008-01-24 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | End-modified poly(beta-amino esters) and uses thereof |
US8497240B2 (en) | 2006-08-17 | 2013-07-30 | Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Llc | DPP-IV resistant GIP hybrid polypeptides with selectable properties |
WO2008075339A2 (en) | 2006-12-18 | 2008-06-26 | Ben Gurion University Of The Negev | Scaffolding for tissue regeneration or repair |
FR2917425B1 (fr) | 2007-06-18 | 2010-11-19 | Univ Nancy 1 Henri Poincare | Procede de proliferation de cellules sur des multicouches de polyelectrolytes et son application, notamment a la preparation de biomateriaux cellularises |
GB2450761B (en) | 2007-07-06 | 2010-08-04 | Univ London | Multi-functional chamber for housing a biological component |
EP2022848A1 (en) | 2007-08-10 | 2009-02-11 | Hubrecht Institut | A method for identifying, expanding, and removing adult stem cells and cancer stem cells |
US7695963B2 (en) | 2007-09-24 | 2010-04-13 | Cythera, Inc. | Methods for increasing definitive endoderm production |
EP2235161A1 (en) | 2007-12-11 | 2010-10-06 | Research Development Foundation | Small molecules for neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells |
US8569060B2 (en) | 2008-01-08 | 2013-10-29 | The University Of Queensland | Method of producing a population of cells |
EP2318031A4 (en) | 2008-06-03 | 2012-09-12 | Aethlon Medical Inc | IMPROVED METHODS AND DEVICES FOR ANTIVIRAL THERAPY |
RU2517046C2 (ru) | 2008-06-04 | 2014-05-27 | Тиссюз Гмбх | Устройство "орган-на-чипе" |
AU2009271223B2 (en) | 2008-06-24 | 2013-05-16 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Self-assembling multicellular bodies and methods of producing a three-dimensional biological structure using the same |
ITRM20080342A1 (it) | 2008-06-26 | 2009-12-27 | Univ Degli Studi Udine | Cellule di polpa dentale midollo-simili, metodi per isolamento ed uso. |
US20130115673A1 (en) | 2008-07-16 | 2013-05-09 | Biotime, Inc. | Methods of Screening Embryonic Progenitor Cell Lines |
US20110305672A1 (en) | 2008-07-25 | 2011-12-15 | University Of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc. | COMPOSITIONS FOR MESODERM DERIVED ISL1+ MULTIPOTENT CELLS (IMPs), EPICARDIAL PROGENITOR CELLS (EPCs) AND MULTIPOTENT CD56C CELLS (C56Cs) AND METHODS OF PRODUCING AND USING SAME |
US8895300B2 (en) | 2008-11-04 | 2014-11-25 | Viacyte, Inc. | Scalable primate pluripotent stem cell aggregate suspension culture and differentiation thereof |
JP2012507558A (ja) | 2008-11-05 | 2012-03-29 | メルク・シャープ・エンド・ドーム・コーポレイション | ニューロメジンuの作用メカニズムおよびその用途 |
JP5351601B2 (ja) | 2008-12-26 | 2013-11-27 | 矢崎総業株式会社 | 絶縁キャップの製造方法及び絶縁キャップの製造装置 |
US9752124B2 (en) | 2009-02-03 | 2017-09-05 | Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen | Culture medium for epithelial stem cells and organoids comprising the stem cells |
PL3441458T3 (pl) | 2009-02-03 | 2023-11-06 | Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen | Podłoże do hodowli nabłonkowych komórek macierzystych i organoidów zawierających wspomniane komórki macierzyste |
EP2412800A1 (en) | 2010-07-29 | 2012-02-01 | Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen | Liver organoid, uses thereof and culture method for obtaining them |
WO2010094694A1 (en) | 2009-02-23 | 2010-08-26 | F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag | Assays to predict cardiotoxicity |
WO2010105204A2 (en) | 2009-03-13 | 2010-09-16 | Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research | Bioartificial liver |
MX2011009757A (es) | 2009-03-17 | 2012-02-28 | Axcan Pharma Inc | Metodo para tratar esteatohepatitis no alcoholica con elevadas dosis de acido ursodeoxicolico. |
WO2010127399A1 (en) | 2009-05-06 | 2010-11-11 | Walter And Eliza Hall Institute Of Medical Research | Gene expression profiles and uses thereof |
NZ596162A (en) | 2009-05-20 | 2014-06-27 | Cardio3 Biosciences Sa | Pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of heart diseases |
US20120135519A1 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2012-05-31 | Cellartis Ab | INDUCED DERIVATION OF SPECIFIC ENDODERM FROM hPS CELL-DERIVED DEFINITIVE ENDODERM |
WO2010143747A1 (ja) | 2009-06-10 | 2010-12-16 | 公立大学法人奈良県立医科大学 | 人工腸管の作製法 |
JP5722885B2 (ja) | 2009-06-18 | 2015-05-27 | セレクティス アーベー | ヒト多能性幹(hPS)細胞の成長および分化のための3D培養システム |
KR101704666B1 (ko) | 2009-07-16 | 2017-02-08 | 바이오타임, 인코포레이티드 | 시험관내 및 생체내 연골형성을 위한 방법 및 조성물 |
US8641671B2 (en) | 2009-07-30 | 2014-02-04 | Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. | Infusion pump system with disposable cartridge having pressure venting and pressure feedback |
US8501476B2 (en) | 2009-10-07 | 2013-08-06 | Brown University | Assays and methods for fusing cell aggregates to form proto-tissues |
CN101696396A (zh) | 2009-10-27 | 2010-04-21 | 中国人民解放军军事医学科学院卫生学环境医学研究所 | 乙型肝炎病毒体外感染模型的构建方法及应用 |
US9724410B2 (en) | 2009-11-24 | 2017-08-08 | Alderbio Holdings Llc | Anti-IL-6 antibodies or fragments thereof to treat or inhibit cachexia, associated with chemotherapy toxicity |
US20130031645A1 (en) | 2009-11-25 | 2013-01-31 | Thomas Touboul | Method for hepatic differentiation of definitive endoderm cells |
BR112012015727A2 (pt) | 2009-12-23 | 2015-11-24 | Janssen Bitech Inc | diferenciacao de celulas-tronco embrionarias humanas |
US9394522B2 (en) | 2010-03-22 | 2016-07-19 | Takara Bio Europe Ab | Directed differentiation and maturation of pluripotent cells into hepatocyte like cells by modulation of Wnt-signalling pathway |
EP2380920A1 (en) | 2010-04-22 | 2011-10-26 | QGel SA | Hydrogel precursor formulation and production process thereof |
JP2013524836A (ja) | 2010-04-25 | 2013-06-20 | マウント・シナイ・スクール・オブ・メディスン | 多能性細胞からの前部前腸内胚葉の生成 |
DK2582794T4 (da) | 2010-06-15 | 2024-07-22 | Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics Inc | Generering af inducerede pluripotente stamceller fra små volumener af perifert blod |
CN103237886B (zh) | 2010-08-24 | 2018-10-30 | 明尼苏达大学董事会 | 细胞集合体的非静态悬浮培养 |
JP6133776B2 (ja) | 2010-08-31 | 2017-05-24 | ヤンセン バイオテツク,インコーポレーテツド | 多能性幹細胞の分化 |
US9574173B2 (en) | 2010-11-15 | 2017-02-21 | Accelerated Biosciences Corp. | Generation of neural stem cells from human trophoblast stem cells |
BR112013016592B1 (pt) | 2010-12-31 | 2022-03-15 | Universitãt Für Bodenkultur Wien | Método de geração de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas e células diferenciadas |
US8951781B2 (en) | 2011-01-10 | 2015-02-10 | Illumina, Inc. | Systems, methods, and apparatuses to image a sample for biological or chemical analysis |
US9200258B2 (en) | 2011-01-27 | 2015-12-01 | University Of Maryland, Baltimore | Multicellular organotypic model of human intestinal mucosa |
EP2484750A1 (en) | 2011-02-07 | 2012-08-08 | Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) | Monitoring system for cell culture |
SG192931A1 (en) | 2011-02-28 | 2013-09-30 | Harvard College | Cell culture system |
GB201106395D0 (en) | 2011-04-14 | 2011-06-01 | Hubrecht Inst | Compounds |
US20140158233A1 (en) | 2011-05-09 | 2014-06-12 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Aerosol delivery to a microfluidic device |
WO2012155110A1 (en) | 2011-05-11 | 2012-11-15 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Microgels and microtissues for use in tissue engineering |
EP2714892B1 (en) | 2011-06-02 | 2018-02-21 | President and Fellows of Harvard College | Methods and uses for ex vivo tissue culture systems |
JP2014519854A (ja) | 2011-06-23 | 2014-08-21 | ザ チルドレンズ ホスピタル オブ フィラデルフィア | ヒト多能性幹細胞から生じる自己複製する内胚葉前駆細胞株とその使用方法 |
EP2755599B1 (en) | 2011-09-12 | 2020-04-01 | Organovo, Inc. | Platform for engineered implantable tissues and organs and methods of making the same |
JP2013066414A (ja) | 2011-09-22 | 2013-04-18 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology | 胃前駆細胞の表面マーカー |
US20190209690A9 (en) | 2011-10-12 | 2019-07-11 | The Johns Hopkins University | Bioreducible Poly (Beta-Amino Ester)s For siRNA Delivery |
US20140302491A1 (en) | 2011-10-28 | 2014-10-09 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Ex Vivo Culture, Proliferation and Expansion of Primary Tissue Organoids |
JP2014532431A (ja) | 2011-11-04 | 2014-12-08 | テンジオン, インク. | 薬物スクリーニングおよび有効性アッセイ |
EP2788476B1 (en) | 2011-12-08 | 2019-05-22 | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center | Compositions and methods for enhanced generation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells |
WO2013086486A1 (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2013-06-13 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Integrated human organ-on-chip microphysiological systems |
WO2013086502A1 (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2013-06-13 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Organ chips and uses thereof |
BR112014014756B1 (pt) | 2011-12-19 | 2022-12-06 | Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen | Método in vitro, e, uso in vitro de um ou mais organoides |
CN113699105A (zh) | 2011-12-23 | 2021-11-26 | 人类起源公司 | 包含脱细胞并再群体化的胎盘血管支架的类器官 |
CA3210893A1 (en) | 2012-01-13 | 2013-07-18 | The General Hospital Corporation | Isolated human lung progenitor cells and uses thereof |
US9675646B2 (en) | 2012-01-31 | 2017-06-13 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Tubular bioengineered smooth muscle structures |
AU2013222188A1 (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2014-09-11 | Amgen Inc. | Autologous mammalian models derived from induced pluripotent stem cells and related methods |
EP2634251A1 (en) | 2012-02-29 | 2013-09-04 | Technische Universität Berlin | 3D in vitro bi-phasic cartilage-bone construct |
EP2836585A4 (en) | 2012-04-09 | 2015-12-23 | Thomas J Goodwin | ALTERNATIVE ION MAGNETIC RESONANCE MULTIPLE CHAMBER CULTURE APPARATUS (AIMR) AND METHODS OF USE |
US20170002313A1 (en) | 2012-05-23 | 2017-01-05 | Genentech Inc. | Compositions and methods of obtaining and using endoderm and hepatocyte cells |
SG10201607230SA (en) | 2012-06-19 | 2016-10-28 | Intercept Pharmaceuticals Inc | Preparation, Uses And Solid Forms Of Obeticholic Acid |
US20140099709A1 (en) | 2012-06-19 | 2014-04-10 | Organovo, Inc. | Engineered three-dimensional connective tissue constructs and methods of making the same |
DE102012105540A1 (de) | 2012-06-26 | 2014-04-24 | Karlsruher Institut für Technologie | Gefäßmodell, Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung und seine Verwendung |
CN104641237B (zh) | 2012-07-20 | 2017-04-05 | 新加坡科技研究局 | 预测肾近曲小管细胞毒性的体外试验 |
WO2014018691A1 (en) | 2012-07-24 | 2014-01-30 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Generation of airway and lung progenitors and epithelial cells and three-dimensional anterior foregut spheres |
GB201216796D0 (en) | 2012-09-20 | 2012-11-07 | Cambridge Entpr Ltd | In vitro pancreatic differentiation |
PT2712918E (pt) | 2012-09-28 | 2015-02-17 | Tissuse Gmbh | Chip-multi-órgãos com melhor tempo de vida e homeostase |
EP2716298A1 (en) | 2012-10-03 | 2014-04-09 | Institut Pasteur | A nod2-dependant pathway of cytoprotection of stem cells |
WO2014082096A1 (en) | 2012-11-26 | 2014-05-30 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Method for culture of human and mouse prostate organoids and uses thereof |
EP2735326B1 (en) | 2012-11-26 | 2017-03-08 | Gambro Lundia AB | Liver support system |
BR112015013784A2 (pt) | 2012-12-12 | 2017-07-11 | Massachusetts Inst Technology | aplicação, manipulação e otimização de sistemas, métodos e composições para manipulação de sequência e aplicações terapêuticas |
EP2743345A1 (en) | 2012-12-13 | 2014-06-18 | IMBA-Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie GmbH | Three dimensional heterogeneously differentiated tissue culture |
WO2014121083A1 (en) | 2013-01-31 | 2014-08-07 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Methods of increasing neuronal connectivity and/or treating a neurodegenerative condition |
EP2956538B1 (en) | 2013-02-13 | 2018-11-14 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Bioengineered liver constructs and methods relating thereto |
GB201304245D0 (en) | 2013-03-08 | 2013-04-24 | Inst Quimic De Sarria | Chemical compounds |
WO2014165056A1 (en) | 2013-03-12 | 2014-10-09 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | High throughput mechanical strain generating system for cell cultures and applications thereof |
SG11201507275TA (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2015-10-29 | Wisconsin Alumni Res Found | Methods and materials for hematoendothelial differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells under defined conditions |
EP2970897B1 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2019-11-27 | The Regents of The University of California | In vitro production of medial ganglionic eminence precursor cells |
US20160022873A1 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2016-01-28 | Research Institute At Nationwide Children's Hospital, Inc. | Tissue engineered intestine |
EP4056677A1 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2022-09-14 | The Brigham & Women's Hospital, Inc. | Compositions and methods for epithelial stem cell expansion and culture |
US8859286B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2014-10-14 | Viacyte, Inc. | In vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to pancreatic endoderm cells (PEC) and endocrine cells |
US9442105B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2016-09-13 | Organovo, Inc. | Engineered liver tissues, arrays thereof, and methods of making the same |
US20160237400A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2016-08-18 | The Jackson Laboratory | Isolation of non-embryonic stem cells and uses thereof |
WO2014153294A1 (en) | 2013-03-17 | 2014-09-25 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method to expand and transduce cultured human small and large intestinal stem cells |
WO2014153346A1 (en) | 2013-03-18 | 2014-09-25 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Engineering a heterogeneous tissue pluripotent stem cells |
EP2796873A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 | 2014-10-29 | QGel SA | Method for a cell-based drug screening assay and the use thereof |
US20160245653A1 (en) | 2013-04-30 | 2016-08-25 | Sangtae Park | Cylindrical resonator gyroscope |
JP6490669B2 (ja) | 2013-05-08 | 2019-03-27 | インリージェン | 単離腎細胞を含有するオルガノイド及びその使用 |
US10545133B2 (en) | 2013-05-13 | 2020-01-28 | The Johns Hopkins University | Molecular signatures of invasive cancer subpopulations |
WO2014197622A2 (en) | 2013-06-04 | 2014-12-11 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Liver-mimetic device and method for simulation of hepatic function using such device |
JP6253265B2 (ja) | 2013-06-05 | 2017-12-27 | 学校法人関西医科大学 | 食道上皮幹細胞の単離方法 |
CA2913559C (en) | 2013-06-10 | 2024-05-28 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Tissue structure and preparation method thereof |
SG11201510238TA (en) | 2013-06-14 | 2016-01-28 | Univ Queensland | Renal progenitor cells |
KR102184473B1 (ko) | 2013-07-23 | 2020-11-30 | 고리츠다이가쿠호진 요코하마시리츠다이가쿠 | 생물학적 조직에 혈관계를 부여하는 방법 |
EP3884935B1 (en) | 2013-08-09 | 2023-06-14 | Ardelyx, Inc. | Compounds and methods for inhibiting phosphate transport |
AU2014314152B2 (en) | 2013-08-28 | 2020-02-06 | Promethera Therapeutics Sa | Method for producing adult liver progenitor cells |
GB201317869D0 (en) | 2013-10-09 | 2013-11-20 | Cambridge Entpr Ltd | In vitro production of foregut stem cells |
EP3060650A4 (en) | 2013-10-25 | 2017-04-19 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | Culturing pluripotent stem cells |
US11198850B2 (en) | 2013-11-22 | 2021-12-14 | Riken | Method for manufacturing telencephalon or progenitor tissue thereof |
US10357515B2 (en) | 2013-11-22 | 2019-07-23 | Cellectis | Method for generating batches of allogeneic T-cells with averaged potency |
EP2876441B1 (en) | 2013-11-26 | 2017-10-25 | Bergen Teknologioverforing AS | Quantitative analysis of contact-depending cell-to-cell transfer and disease transmission |
CA3209762A1 (en) | 2013-12-20 | 2015-09-17 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Organomimetic devices and methods of use and manufacturing thereof |
ES2891134T3 (es) | 2014-01-14 | 2022-01-26 | Univ Yale | Composiciones y métodos de preparación de células de vías respiratorias |
US11648335B2 (en) | 2014-01-31 | 2023-05-16 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Organ/tissue decellularization, framework maintenance and recellularization |
US20160354408A1 (en) | 2014-02-11 | 2016-12-08 | Anthrogenesis Corporation | Micro-organoids, and methods of making and using the same |
US10369254B2 (en) | 2014-02-26 | 2019-08-06 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method and apparatus for in vitro kidney organogenesis |
BR112016019677A8 (pt) | 2014-02-27 | 2021-07-13 | Public Univ Corp Yokohama City Univ | método de preparação de um condensado celular in vitro, condensado celular, método de preparação de uma estrutura tissular tridimensional e suporte de cultura semelhante a gel |
DE102014003465A1 (de) | 2014-03-11 | 2015-09-17 | NeuroProof GmbH | Gewinnung von Gehirnregion-spezifischen neuronalen Kulturen aus dreidimensionalen Gewebekulturen von Stammzellen |
WO2015140257A1 (en) | 2014-03-19 | 2015-09-24 | INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) | A method for inducing human cholangiocyte differentiation |
JP6556825B2 (ja) | 2014-03-21 | 2019-08-07 | トビラ セラピューティクス, インコーポレイテッド | 線維症を処置するためのセニクリビロック |
EP3126490B1 (en) | 2014-04-04 | 2020-09-30 | Organovo, Inc. | Engineered three-dimensional breast tissue, adipose tissue, and tumor disease model |
US10222370B2 (en) | 2014-04-07 | 2019-03-05 | Rush University Medical Center | Screening assay for choice of prebiotic to prevent/treat gastrointestinal and systemic diseases |
WO2015156929A1 (en) | 2014-04-07 | 2015-10-15 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Method for culture of human bladder cell lines and organoids and uses thereof |
EA036704B1 (ru) | 2014-04-11 | 2020-12-10 | Саймабэй Терапьютикс, Инк. | Способ лечения неалкогольной жировой болезни печени и неалкогольного стеатогепатита |
EP3137096B1 (en) | 2014-04-27 | 2021-03-31 | The Research Foundation for The State University of New York | Method for generating enamel products in vitro |
CA2949171A1 (en) | 2014-05-16 | 2015-11-19 | Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen | Improved culture method for organoids |
US10426757B2 (en) | 2014-05-29 | 2019-10-01 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Compositions and methods for promoting intestinal stem cell and/or non-stem progenitor cell function |
EP3149147B1 (en) | 2014-05-29 | 2019-08-21 | Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai | Method and apparatus to prepare cardiac organoids in a bioreactor system |
US20170107498A1 (en) | 2014-06-05 | 2017-04-20 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Novel and efficient method for reprogramming immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines to induced pluripotent stem cells |
DK3152296T3 (da) | 2014-06-06 | 2021-11-08 | Univ Brussel Vrije | Human hepatisk 3d-samkulturmodel og anvendelser deraf |
CA2953122A1 (en) | 2014-06-20 | 2015-12-23 | Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey | Single cell-derived organoids |
US10487314B2 (en) | 2014-06-26 | 2019-11-26 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Inhibition of serotonin expression in gut enteroendocrine cells results in conversion to insulin-positive cells |
EP3169811A4 (en) | 2014-07-17 | 2017-12-27 | Celmatix Inc. | Methods and systems for assessing infertility and related pathologies |
BR112017001623B1 (pt) | 2014-07-29 | 2022-11-29 | Shenzhen Hightide Biopharmaceutical, Ltd | Sal de adição ácido-base em uma forma substancialmente pura, composição farmacêutica compreendendo uma quantidade do referido sal e seus usos |
US20170267977A1 (en) | 2014-07-30 | 2017-09-21 | University Health Network | Organoids for drug screening and personalized medicine |
EP3183336B1 (en) | 2014-08-22 | 2020-11-25 | Cambridge Enterprise Limited | Resetting pluripotent stem cells |
DK3140393T3 (da) | 2014-08-28 | 2023-09-18 | Cellaion Sa | Fremstillingsmetode for voksne leverstamceller |
EP3186365A4 (en) | 2014-08-29 | 2018-04-25 | Immunomedics, Inc. | Identification of cancer genes by in-vivo fusion of human cancer cells and animal cells |
WO2016040860A1 (en) | 2014-09-12 | 2016-03-17 | Tobira Therapeutics, Inc. | Cenicriviroc combination therapy for the treatment of fibrosis |
RU2017110275A (ru) | 2014-10-06 | 2018-11-15 | Органово, Инк. | Сконструированные ткани почки, матрицы на их основе и способы их получения |
US20170304369A1 (en) | 2014-10-08 | 2017-10-26 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | Methods of differentiating stem cells into liver cell lineages |
JP6581655B2 (ja) | 2014-10-14 | 2019-09-25 | フジフィルム セルラー ダイナミクス,インコーポレイテッド | 多能性幹細胞由来ケラチノサイトの生成およびケラチノサイト培養の維持 |
CA2963704A1 (en) | 2014-10-17 | 2016-04-21 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | In vivo model of human small intestine using pluripotent stem cells and methods of making and using same |
WO2016069897A1 (en) | 2014-10-30 | 2016-05-06 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Materials and methods for rescue of ischemic tissue and regeneration of tissue integrity during restriction, engraftment and transplantation |
US10479977B2 (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2019-11-19 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Osteochondroreticular stem cells for bone and cartilage regeneration |
US20170260501A1 (en) | 2014-11-25 | 2017-09-14 | International Stem Cell Corporation | Derivation of neural crest stem cells and uses thereof |
GB2548740A (en) | 2014-11-25 | 2017-09-27 | Harvard College | Methods for generation of podocytes from pluripotent stem cells and cells produced by the same |
GB201421092D0 (en) | 2014-11-27 | 2015-01-14 | Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen | Culture medium |
GB201421094D0 (en) | 2014-11-27 | 2015-01-14 | Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen | Culture medium |
AU2014277667B2 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2022-07-14 | The University Of Queensland | Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to form renal organoids |
DK3237597T3 (da) | 2014-12-22 | 2021-03-15 | Ecole Polytechnique Fed Lausanne Epfl | Indretninger til højgennemløbsaggregering og manipulation af pattedyrsceller |
WO2016103269A1 (en) | 2014-12-23 | 2016-06-30 | Ramot At Tel-Aviv University Ltd. | Populations of neural progenitor cells and methods of producing and using same |
BR112017014341A2 (pt) | 2015-01-09 | 2018-03-27 | Gilead Apollo, Llc | método e sistema para tratamento, estabilização, ou redução da gravidade ou progressão de uma doença de fígado gorduroso não alcoólica, e, composição. |
EP3252144A4 (en) | 2015-01-28 | 2018-08-08 | Public University Corporation Yokohama City University | Method for preparing bone marrow cell aggregate |
US20160256672A1 (en) | 2015-02-10 | 2016-09-08 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte based bioartificial liver device |
CN105985395A (zh) | 2015-02-13 | 2016-10-05 | 江苏奥赛康药业股份有限公司 | 一种奥贝胆酸化合物及含有该化合物的药物组合物 |
WO2016140716A1 (en) | 2015-03-02 | 2016-09-09 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Injectable microtissue systems, devices, and methods |
US11214768B2 (en) | 2015-03-03 | 2022-01-04 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Methods of generating functional human tissue |
CA2978729A1 (en) | 2015-03-06 | 2016-09-15 | Tsunekazu Oikawa | Human fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinomas (hfl-hccs) |
JP6800875B2 (ja) | 2015-03-06 | 2020-12-16 | マイクロマス ユーケー リミテッド | 急速蒸発イオン化質量分析(「reims」)装置に連結されたイオンアナライザのための流入器具 |
CN107683135A (zh) | 2015-03-09 | 2018-02-09 | 因特克林医疗有限公司 | 用于治疗非酒精性脂肪肝疾病和/或脂肪营养不良的方法 |
WO2016154330A1 (en) | 2015-03-23 | 2016-09-29 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Reporter of genomic methylation and uses thereof |
US10894054B2 (en) | 2015-04-07 | 2021-01-19 | Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | FXR agonist compositions for combination therapy |
US10087417B2 (en) | 2015-04-22 | 2018-10-02 | William J. Freed | Three-dimensional model of human cortex |
US10557124B2 (en) | 2015-04-22 | 2020-02-11 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Compositions and methods for obtaining stem cell derived lung tissue, and related uses thereof |
CN104877964A (zh) | 2015-04-24 | 2015-09-02 | 赵振民 | 一种唾液腺类器官和类腺泡的体外构建方法 |
PE20180690A1 (es) | 2015-04-27 | 2018-04-23 | Intercept Pharmaceuticals Inc | Composiciones de acido obeticolico y metodos de uso |
WO2016174604A1 (en) | 2015-04-30 | 2016-11-03 | Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH) | Means and methods for generation of breast stem cells |
US11299714B2 (en) | 2015-05-11 | 2022-04-12 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Engineered adult-like human heart tissue |
WO2016193441A2 (en) | 2015-06-03 | 2016-12-08 | Takara Bio Europe Ab | Maturation of mammalian hepatocytes |
GB201510950D0 (en) | 2015-06-22 | 2015-08-05 | Cambridge Entpr Ltd | In vitro Production of Cholangiocytes |
WO2016210313A1 (en) | 2015-06-24 | 2016-12-29 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Culture medium for generating microglia from pluripotent stem cells and related methods |
EP3313416A4 (en) | 2015-06-26 | 2019-02-20 | The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York | GENETICALLY MODIFIED IPS CELLS HAVING A MARKER FOR SIGNALING THE EXPRESSION OF NEUROGENIN3, TPH2, FOXO1 AND / OR INSULIN GENES |
US12065673B2 (en) | 2015-07-10 | 2024-08-20 | Etablissement Francais Du Sang | Method for obtaining human brown/beige adipocytes |
US10449221B2 (en) | 2015-07-29 | 2019-10-22 | Trustees Of Boston University | Differentiation of stem cells into thyroid tissue |
WO2017036533A1 (en) | 2015-09-03 | 2017-03-09 | Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne (Epfl) | Three-dimensional hydrogels for culturing adult epithelial stem cells and organoids |
EP3344264B1 (en) | 2015-09-03 | 2023-03-15 | The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc. | Three-dimensional differentiation of epiblast spheroids to kidney organoids models stage-specific epithelial physiology, morphogenesis, and disease |
CN110582564A (zh) | 2015-09-15 | 2019-12-17 | 新加坡科技研究局 | 从人类多能干细胞衍生肝类器官 |
RU2018113437A (ru) | 2015-09-16 | 2019-10-17 | Тобира Терапьютикс, Инк. | Комбинированная терапия с использованием ценикривирока для лечения фиброза |
JP2018527007A (ja) | 2015-09-17 | 2018-09-20 | ザ ブリガム アンド ウィメンズ ホスピタル インコーポレイテッドThe Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Inc. | ヒト多能性幹細胞からネフロンを生成する方法 |
US20180273904A1 (en) | 2015-10-02 | 2018-09-27 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Spontaneously beating cardiac organoid constructs and integrated body-on-chip apparatus containing the same |
LU92845B1 (en) | 2015-10-08 | 2017-05-02 | Univ Du Luxembourg Campus Belval | Means and methods for generating midbrain organoids |
EP3362076B1 (en) | 2015-10-15 | 2024-07-03 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Methods of producing in vitro liver constructs and uses thereof |
US10993433B2 (en) | 2015-10-15 | 2021-05-04 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Method of producing in vitro testicular constructs and uses thereof |
JP7011828B2 (ja) | 2015-10-16 | 2022-01-27 | ウェイク・フォレスト・ユニヴァーシティ・ヘルス・サイエンシズ | 多層気道オルガノイドならびにそれを調製および使用する方法 |
WO2017066659A1 (en) | 2015-10-16 | 2017-04-20 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Jag1 expression predicts therapeutic response in nash |
AU2016341880B2 (en) | 2015-10-19 | 2021-01-21 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Microfluidic model of the blood brain barrier |
US20180057788A1 (en) | 2016-08-29 | 2018-03-01 | EMULATE, Inc. | Development of spinal cord on a microfluidic chip |
CN108431211A (zh) | 2015-10-20 | 2018-08-21 | 富士胶片细胞动力公司 | 通过遗传编程的多谱系造血前体细胞产生 |
WO2017070506A1 (en) | 2015-10-21 | 2017-04-27 | Indiana University Research And Technology Corporation | Derivation of human skin organoids from pluripotent stem cells |
CN108291197B (zh) | 2015-10-21 | 2022-09-16 | 印第安纳大学研究与技术公司 | 生成人内耳感觉上皮和感觉神经元的方法 |
SG11201803419PA (en) | 2015-10-30 | 2018-05-30 | The Regents Of The Universtiy Of California | Methods of generating t-cells from stem cells and immunotherapeutic methods using the t-cells |
WO2017077535A1 (en) | 2015-11-02 | 2017-05-11 | Carmel-Haifa University Economic Corporation Ltd. | Apoptosis related protein in the tgf-beta signaling pathway (arts) mimetic compounds, compositions, methods and uses thereof in induction of differentiation and/or apoptosis of premalignant and malignant cells, thereby restoring their normal-like phenotype |
WO2017079632A1 (en) | 2015-11-04 | 2017-05-11 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Patient-derived ctc-xenograft models |
WO2017079748A1 (en) | 2015-11-06 | 2017-05-11 | Gemphire Therapeutics, Inc. | Treatment of mixed dyslipidemia |
KR20190020286A (ko) | 2015-11-12 | 2019-02-28 | 바이오스테이지, 인크. | 문합 또는 다른 생리학적 위치에서 위장 조직을 생성하기 위한 시스템 및 방법 |
WO2017083705A1 (en) | 2015-11-13 | 2017-05-18 | The Johns Hopkins University | Cell culture system and method of use thereof |
US20170158997A1 (en) | 2015-12-04 | 2017-06-08 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Devices for simulating a function of a liver tissue and methods of use and manufacturing thereof |
CN108699528A (zh) | 2015-12-23 | 2018-10-23 | 纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心 | 在先天性巨结肠症中通过衍生自多能干细胞的人肠神经嵴谱系可行的基于细胞的治疗和药物开发 |
WO2017117333A1 (en) | 2015-12-30 | 2017-07-06 | Cellular Dynamics International, Inc. | Microtissue formation using stem cell-derived human hepatocytes |
KR101733137B1 (ko) | 2015-12-30 | 2017-05-08 | (주)엑셀세라퓨틱스 | 연골조직 제조를 위한 3차원 오가노이드 블록 제작 방법 |
WO2017117547A1 (en) | 2015-12-31 | 2017-07-06 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Methods for generating neural tissue and uses thereof |
US20190367868A1 (en) | 2015-12-31 | 2019-12-05 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Neurons and compositions and methods for producing the same |
AU2017205194A1 (en) | 2016-01-08 | 2018-07-19 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Production of differentiated enteroendocrine cells and insulin producing cells |
EP3190176A1 (en) | 2016-01-11 | 2017-07-12 | IMBA-Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie GmbH | Method for tissue culture development on scaffold and differentiated tissue culture |
WO2017123791A1 (en) | 2016-01-14 | 2017-07-20 | Ohio State Innovation Foundation | A neural organoid composition and methods of use |
US20170205396A1 (en) | 2016-01-15 | 2017-07-20 | Salk Institute For Biological Studies | Systems and methods for culturing nephron progenitor cells |
AU2017214468B2 (en) | 2016-02-01 | 2020-09-17 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Systems and methods for growth of intestinal cells in microfluidic devices |
US20200377863A1 (en) | 2016-02-10 | 2020-12-03 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Model system of liver fibrosis and method of making and using the same |
EP3442543A4 (en) | 2016-02-11 | 2020-01-22 | The Johns Hopkins University | COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR NEUROGENESIS |
JP6947739B2 (ja) | 2016-02-16 | 2021-10-13 | ザ ボード オブ トラスティーズ オブ ザ レランド スタンフォード ジュニア ユニバーシティー | 既存のヒト中和抗体に対して耐性である新規組換えアデノ随伴ウイルスカプシド |
JP6376578B2 (ja) | 2016-02-18 | 2018-08-22 | 学校法人慶應義塾 | 細胞培養培地、培養方法、及びオルガノイド |
JP7097814B2 (ja) | 2016-02-19 | 2022-07-08 | プロセラ セラピューティクス アーベー | ヒト心室前駆細胞の生着のための遺伝子マーカー |
US20170267970A1 (en) | 2016-02-29 | 2017-09-21 | Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research | Three-Dimensional Hydrogels that Support Growth of Physiologically Relevant Tissue and Methods of Use Thereof |
GB201603569D0 (en) | 2016-03-01 | 2016-04-13 | Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen | Improved differentiation method |
EP3426766B1 (en) | 2016-03-08 | 2022-12-28 | Yissum Research and Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ltd. | Method for continuous biosensing |
EP3430132A4 (en) | 2016-03-14 | 2019-12-25 | Agency for Science, Technology and Research | GENERATION OF SPECIES-SPECIFIC ORGANOIDS FROM MENENCEPHALUS FROM HUMAN PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS |
US20190076482A1 (en) | 2016-03-15 | 2019-03-14 | The Johns Hopkins University | Enhanced organoid formation and intestinal stem cell renewal |
US10772863B2 (en) | 2016-03-15 | 2020-09-15 | Yissum Research Development Company Of The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem Ltd | Methods of inducing metabolic maturation of human pluripotent stem cells— derived hepatocytes |
JP6960140B2 (ja) | 2016-03-16 | 2021-11-05 | 公立大学法人横浜市立大学 | 腫瘍組織再現法 |
WO2017172638A1 (en) | 2016-03-29 | 2017-10-05 | Smsbiotech, Inc. | Compositions and methods for using small mobile stem cells |
AU2017246580A1 (en) | 2016-04-04 | 2018-10-11 | Biotime, Inc. | Pluripotent stem cell-derived 3D retinal tissue and uses thereof |
EP3228306A1 (en) | 2016-04-04 | 2017-10-11 | ratiopharm GmbH | Complex compound comprising obeticholic acid and cyclodextrin and pharmaceutical formulation comprising the complex compound |
WO2017174609A1 (en) | 2016-04-04 | 2017-10-12 | Humeltis | Diagnostic methods for patient specific therapeutic decision making in cancer care |
JP6935101B2 (ja) | 2016-04-05 | 2021-09-15 | 学校法人自治医科大学 | 幹細胞を再樹立する方法 |
WO2017184586A1 (en) | 2016-04-18 | 2017-10-26 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Therapeutic targets involved in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (nash) |
CA3021788C (en) | 2016-04-22 | 2021-08-03 | Taiwanj Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. | Use of nalmefene in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis |
US20170321188A1 (en) | 2016-05-04 | 2017-11-09 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Methods of generating retinal progenitor cell preparations and uses thereof |
EP4177335A1 (en) | 2016-05-05 | 2023-05-10 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Methods for the in vitro manufacture of gastric fundus tissue and compositions related to same |
AU2017269364B2 (en) | 2016-05-25 | 2023-08-31 | Salk Institute For Biological Studies | Compositions and methods for organoid generation and disease modeling |
US20170349659A1 (en) | 2016-06-03 | 2017-12-07 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Wnt signaling agonist molecules |
RU2739327C2 (ru) | 2016-06-14 | 2020-12-23 | Селплай С.Р.Л. | Набор и способ скрининга |
WO2017218287A1 (en) | 2016-06-15 | 2017-12-21 | Children's Medical Center Corporation | Methods and compositions relating to lung cell differentiation |
US10221395B2 (en) | 2016-06-16 | 2019-03-05 | Cedars-Sinai Medical Center | Efficient method for reprogramming blood to induced pluripotent stem cells |
GB201610748D0 (en) | 2016-06-20 | 2016-08-03 | Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen | Improved diffrentation method |
GB201611982D0 (en) | 2016-07-11 | 2016-08-24 | Cellesce Ltd | Cell culture |
EP3275997A1 (en) | 2016-07-28 | 2018-01-31 | QGel SA | Hydrogel precursor formulation and the use thereof |
CA3029653A1 (en) | 2016-08-02 | 2018-02-08 | Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center | Treating metastatic cancer and model systems for metastatic disease |
CA3032411A1 (en) | 2016-08-03 | 2018-02-08 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Cancer modeling platforms and methods of using the same |
US11230702B2 (en) | 2016-08-04 | 2022-01-25 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | Blood brain barrier model and methods of making and using the same |
US20200087617A1 (en) | 2016-08-24 | 2020-03-19 | Keio University | 2d organoid for infection and culture of human diarrhea virus, and use of said 2d organoid |
EP3504321A4 (en) | 2016-08-26 | 2020-03-11 | The University of Queensland | MATURATION OF CARDIOMYOCYTES |
WO2018044685A1 (en) | 2016-08-28 | 2018-03-08 | Baylor College Of Medicine | A novel chicken egg-based metastasis model for cancer |
US20210277102A1 (en) | 2016-08-30 | 2021-09-09 | Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Inc. | Compositions and methods for treating a tumor suppressor deficient cancer |
JP2019532096A (ja) | 2016-08-30 | 2019-11-07 | ベス イスラエル デアコネス メディカル センター インコーポレイティッド | 腫瘍抑制因子欠損がんを処置するための組成物および方法 |
JP7244418B2 (ja) | 2016-11-04 | 2023-03-22 | チルドレンズ ホスピタル メディカル センター | 肝臓オルガノイド疾患モデルおよびその作製方法 |
EP3545087A4 (en) | 2016-11-23 | 2019-11-06 | Valorisation-HSJ, Limited Partnership | ENCAPSULATED HÉPATIC FABRIC |
CA3045145A1 (en) * | 2016-12-05 | 2018-06-14 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Colonic organoids and methods of making and using same |
GB201622222D0 (en) | 2016-12-23 | 2017-02-08 | Cs Genetics Ltd | Reagents and methods for molecular barcoding of nucleic acids of single cells |
US20200040309A1 (en) | 2017-04-14 | 2020-02-06 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Multi donor stem cell compositions and methods of making same |
US20210115366A1 (en) | 2017-04-24 | 2021-04-22 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Methods of making improved human intestinal organoid compositions via application of strain and human intestinal organoid compositions thereof |
EP3395942A1 (en) | 2017-04-25 | 2018-10-31 | IMBA-Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie GmbH | Bi- or multi-differentiated organoid |
US20200199537A1 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2020-06-25 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Liver organoid compositions and methods of making and using same |
WO2019074793A1 (en) | 2017-10-10 | 2019-04-18 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | OESOPHAGIAN TISSUE COMPOSITIONS AND / OR ORGANOIDS AND METHODS OF MAKING SAME |
WO2019126626A1 (en) | 2017-12-21 | 2019-06-27 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Digitalized human organoids and methods of using same |
JP7506657B2 (ja) | 2018-07-26 | 2024-06-26 | チルドレンズ ホスピタル メディカル センター | 肝胆膵組織およびその作製方法 |
CA3112026A1 (en) | 2018-09-12 | 2020-03-19 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Organoid compositions for the production of hematopoietic stem cells and derivatives thereof |
SG11202102999QA (en) | 2018-09-27 | 2021-04-29 | Childrens Hospital Med Ct | Liver support system comprising liver organoids and methods of making and using same |
WO2020160371A1 (en) | 2019-02-01 | 2020-08-06 | The University Of Hong Kong | Innervated organoid compositions and methods of making same |
-
2017
- 2017-12-05 CA CA3045145A patent/CA3045145A1/en active Pending
- 2017-12-05 US US16/461,147 patent/US11767515B2/en active Active
- 2017-12-05 WO PCT/US2017/064600 patent/WO2018106628A1/en active Application Filing
- 2017-12-05 SG SG10202105768WA patent/SG10202105768WA/en unknown
- 2017-12-05 KR KR1020197018724A patent/KR102558606B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2017-12-05 AU AU2017373767A patent/AU2017373767B2/en active Active
- 2017-12-05 NZ NZ753873A patent/NZ753873A/en unknown
- 2017-12-05 CN CN202410839175.5A patent/CN118909916A/zh active Pending
- 2017-12-05 JP JP2019527862A patent/JP7068305B2/ja active Active
- 2017-12-05 CN CN201780073347.0A patent/CN110062764B/zh active Active
- 2017-12-05 KR KR1020237024207A patent/KR20230110839A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2017-12-05 EP EP17877781.9A patent/EP3548507A4/en active Pending
-
2019
- 2019-06-05 IL IL267109A patent/IL267109A/en unknown
-
2021
- 2021-12-14 AU AU2021286289A patent/AU2021286289B2/en active Active
-
2022
- 2022-04-28 JP JP2022074275A patent/JP7464652B2/ja active Active
-
2023
- 2023-09-25 US US18/473,619 patent/US20240240154A1/en active Pending
-
2024
- 2024-03-06 AU AU2024201465A patent/AU2024201465A1/en active Pending
- 2024-03-28 JP JP2024052990A patent/JP2024096732A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101855554A (zh) * | 2007-09-07 | 2010-10-06 | 儿童医院医学中心 | 分泌者、Lewis和唾液酸化抗原水平作为疾病预测指标的用途 |
US20110231942A1 (en) * | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-22 | Xi He | Tiki1 and tiki2, wnt inhibitors |
US20130137130A1 (en) * | 2010-05-06 | 2013-05-30 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Methods and systems for converting precursor cells into intestinal tissues through directed differentiation |
WO2012168930A2 (en) * | 2011-06-10 | 2012-12-13 | Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen (Knaw) | Culture media for stem cells |
WO2014062138A1 (en) * | 2012-10-19 | 2014-04-24 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | Methods of differentiating stem cells into one or more cell lineages |
CN104995294A (zh) * | 2012-10-19 | 2015-10-21 | 新加坡科技研究局 | 使干细胞分化成一种或多种细胞谱系的方法 |
WO2015183920A2 (en) * | 2014-05-28 | 2015-12-03 | Children's Hospital Medical Center | Methods and systems for converting precursor cells into gastric tissues through directed differentiation |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
TOSHIROSATO等: "Long-term Expansion of Epithelial Organoids From Human Colon, Adenoma, Adenocarcinoma, and Barrett"s Epithelium", 《GASTROENTEROLOGY》 * |
ZHONGWU LI等: "SATB2 is a sensitive marker for lower gastrointestinal well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors", 《INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY》 * |
余元勋: "《中国疾病信号通路与靶向治疗学》", 31 May 2013, 安徽科学技术出版社 * |
陈跃磊等: "BMP信号通路与结肠癌", 《细胞生物学杂志》 * |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN111849860A (zh) * | 2020-06-01 | 2020-10-30 | 浙江大学 | 一种利用铁元素调控肠道干细胞分化的方法及应用 |
CN111849860B (zh) * | 2020-06-01 | 2021-12-21 | 浙江大学 | 一种利用铁元素调控肠道干细胞分化的方法及应用 |
CN113009155A (zh) * | 2021-03-05 | 2021-06-22 | 温州医科大学慈溪生物医药研究院 | Fgf20在制备诊断溃疡性结肠炎试剂的应用 |
CN113009155B (zh) * | 2021-03-05 | 2022-03-25 | 温州医科大学慈溪生物医药研究院 | Fgf20在制备诊断溃疡性结肠炎试剂的应用 |
CN113388572A (zh) * | 2021-08-17 | 2021-09-14 | 天九再生医学(天津)科技有限公司 | 高效人多能干细胞体外诱导分化为多谱系小肠类器官方法 |
CN113388572B (zh) * | 2021-08-17 | 2021-11-19 | 天九再生医学(天津)科技有限公司 | 高效人多能干细胞体外诱导分化为多谱系小肠类器官方法 |
CN118240750A (zh) * | 2024-05-28 | 2024-06-25 | 淇嘉科技(苏州)有限公司 | 具有免疫细胞的结肠类器官构建方法 |
CN118374446A (zh) * | 2024-06-26 | 2024-07-23 | 淇嘉科技(苏州)有限公司 | 巨噬细胞包含型结肠类器官批量制备方法 |
CN118374432A (zh) * | 2024-06-26 | 2024-07-23 | 淇嘉科技(苏州)有限公司 | 匀质化肠道类器官制备方法 |
CN118374446B (zh) * | 2024-06-26 | 2024-10-01 | 淇嘉科技(苏州)有限公司 | 巨噬细胞包含型结肠类器官批量制备方法 |
CN118374432B (zh) * | 2024-06-26 | 2024-10-01 | 淇嘉科技(苏州)有限公司 | 匀质化肠道类器官制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP7068305B2 (ja) | 2022-05-16 |
KR102558606B1 (ko) | 2023-07-26 |
WO2018106628A1 (en) | 2018-06-14 |
US20190367882A1 (en) | 2019-12-05 |
AU2017373767A1 (en) | 2019-06-13 |
US20240240154A1 (en) | 2024-07-18 |
EP3548507A1 (en) | 2019-10-09 |
KR20230110839A (ko) | 2023-07-25 |
AU2017373767B2 (en) | 2021-09-16 |
EP3548507A4 (en) | 2020-07-15 |
SG10202105768WA (en) | 2021-06-29 |
CN110062764B (zh) | 2024-07-02 |
NZ753873A (en) | 2023-01-27 |
AU2021286289A1 (en) | 2022-01-06 |
KR20190088527A (ko) | 2019-07-26 |
IL267109A (en) | 2019-08-29 |
AU2024201465A1 (en) | 2024-03-28 |
JP2020501534A (ja) | 2020-01-23 |
CA3045145A1 (en) | 2018-06-14 |
JP7464652B2 (ja) | 2024-04-09 |
CN118909916A (zh) | 2024-11-08 |
AU2021286289B2 (en) | 2023-12-14 |
JP2022115925A (ja) | 2022-08-09 |
US11767515B2 (en) | 2023-09-26 |
JP2024096732A (ja) | 2024-07-17 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN110062764A (zh) | 结肠类器官及其制备和使用方法 | |
US20230365928A1 (en) | Cortical interneurons and other neuronal cells produced by the directed differentiation of pluripotent and multipotent cells | |
JP7420860B2 (ja) | 前駆細胞を指向性分化によって胃組織に変換するための方法及びシステム | |
Jia et al. | TGFβ family signaling and development | |
CN104755607B (zh) | 多能哺乳动物细胞的体外胰腺分化 | |
Cornett et al. | Wntless is required for peripheral lung differentiation and pulmonary vascular development | |
Rabata et al. | 3D cell culture models demonstrate a role for FGF and WNT signaling in regulation of lung epithelial cell fate and morphogenesis | |
CN109415685B (zh) | 用于体外制造胃底组织的方法和与其相关的组合物 | |
JP2021531018A (ja) | 肝胆膵組織およびその作製方法 | |
Chen et al. | Directed differentiation of pancreatic δ cells from human pluripotent stem cells | |
Kaymak et al. | Zrf1 controls mesoderm lineage genes and cardiomyocyte differentiation | |
Abdullah | SUFU in SHH signalling mediated myogenesis | |
Guo et al. | Signaling Pathways Regulating Stem Cells |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: HK Ref legal event code: DE Ref document number: 40011804 Country of ref document: HK |
|
GR01 | Patent grant |