JP2021531018A - 肝胆膵組織およびその作製方法 - Google Patents
肝胆膵組織およびその作製方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2019年7月26日に出願された「ヒトの前腸と中腸の境界からの肝胆膵器官形成のモデリング」と題する62/703,559の優先権および利益を主張し、その内容はすべての目的のためにその全体が組み込まれる。
特に断りのない限り、用語は、関連技術の当業者による従来の使用法に従って理解されるべきである。矛盾する場合は、定義を含む本文書が優先される。本明細書に記載されるものと同様または同等の方法および材料を、本発明の実施または試験に使用し得るが、好ましい方法および材料を以下に記載する。本明細書で言及されるすべての刊行物、特許出願、特許および他の参考文献は、参照によりそれらの全体が組み込まれる。本明細書に開示される材料、方法、および実施例は、例示にすぎず、限定することを意図するものではない。
いくつかの態様において、1つの工程は、多能性であるか、または多能性になるように誘導されることができる幹細胞を取得することを含み得る。いくつかの態様において、多能性幹細胞は、胚性幹細胞から誘導され、これは次に、初期哺乳動物胚の全能性細胞から誘導され、インビトロで無制限の未分化増殖が可能である。胚性幹細胞は、初期胚である胚盤胞の内部細胞塊から誘導される多能性幹細胞である。胚盤胞から胚性幹細胞を誘導するための方法は、当技術分野でよく知られている。ヒト胚性幹細胞H9(H9−hESC)は、本出願に記載の例示的な実施形態で使用されるが、本明細書に記載の方法および系は、任意の幹細胞に適用可能であることが当業者によって理解される。
いくつかの態様において、iPSCを、特定の幹細胞関連遺伝子の、成体線維芽細胞などの非多能性細胞内へのトランスフェクションによって誘導する。トランスフェクションを、レトロウイルスなどのウイルスベクターを介して達成し得る。トランスフェクトされる遺伝子には、マスター転写調節因子Oct−3/4(Pouf51)およびSox2が含まれるが、他の遺伝子が誘導の効率を高めることは示唆される。3〜4週間後、少数のトランスフェクトされた細胞は、形態学的および生化学的に多能性幹細胞と同様になり始め、通常、形態学的選択、倍加時間、またはレポーター遺伝子および抗生物質性選択によって単離される。本明細書で使用される場合、iPSCには、第1世代のiPSC、マウスにおける第2世代のiPSC、およびヒト人工多能性幹細胞が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。いくつかの態様において、レトロウイルス系を使用して、4つの極めて重要な遺伝子であるOct3/4、Sox2、Klf4、およびc−Mycを使用して、ヒト線維芽細胞を多能性幹細胞に形質転換する。別の態様において、レンチウイルス系を使用して、体細胞をOCT4、SOX2、NANOG、およびLIN28で形質転換する。iPSCで発現が誘導される遺伝子には、Oct−3/4(例えば、Pou5fl)、Sox遺伝子ファミリーの特定のメンバー(例えば、Sox1、Sox2、Sox3、およびSox15)、Klfファミリーの特定のメンバー(例えば、Klf1、Klf2、Klf4、およびKlf5)、Mycファミリーの特定のメンバー(例えば、C−myc、L−myc、およびN−myc)、Nanog、およびLIN28が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。
PSCの維持
ヒトPSC系を、以前に記載したとおり維持した。未分化hPSCを、1/30希釈のMatrigel Growth Factor Reduced(Corning Inc.,New York,NY,USA)または0.25ug/cm2のiMatrix−511(Nippi、Japan)のいずれかでコーティングされたプレート上で、mTeSR1培地(StemCell technologies,Vancouver,Canada)またはStem Fit培地(Ajinomoto Co,Japan)におけるフィーダーフリー条件で、37℃の5% CO2/95% 空気のインキュベーター内で維持した。
hPSCの胚体内胚葉への分化を、以前に記載された方法18、19を変更して使用して誘導した。簡単に説明すると、hiPSCのコロニーを、Accutase(Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.,Waltham,MA,USA)で単離し、150,000細胞/mLを、Matrigelでコートされた組織培養プレート(VWR Scientific Products,West Chester,PA))上にプレートした。培地を、1日目に100ng/mL Activin A(R&D Systems,Minneapolis,MN)および50ng/mL 骨形態形成タンパク質4(BMP4;R&D Systems)を含むRPMI 1640培地(Life Technologies,Carlsbad,CA)に、2日目に100ng/mL Activin Aおよび0.2%ウシ胎児血清(FCS;Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.)に、3日目に100ng/mL Activin Aおよび2% FCSに変更した。4〜7日目で細胞を、前腸細胞誘導のために200ng/mL Noggin(NOG;R&D Systems)、500ng/ml 線維芽細胞成長因子4(FGF4;R&D Systems)および2μM CHIR99021(Stemgent,Cambridge,MA,USA)を、腸細胞誘導のために500ng/ml FGF4および3μM CHIR99021を補充した、15mM HEPES、2mM L−グルタミン、ペニシリン−ストレプトマイシン、B27(Life Technologies)およびN2(Gibco,Rockville,MD)を含む腸成長培地(Advanced DMEM/F12(Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.))で培養した。細胞分化のための培養物を、37℃で5% CO2/95% 空気の雰囲気中で維持し、培地を毎日交換した。
7日目に、37℃でTrypLE Express(Life Technologies)でインキュベートすることによって、前腸または後腸細胞を単一細胞に解離させた。細胞を1000rpmで3分間遠心分離し、上清を除去した後、ペレットを10μMのY−27632二塩酸塩(Tocris Bioscience,Bristol,United Kingdom)を含む腸成長培地に再懸濁した。前腸または後腸細胞懸濁液を、96ウェル丸底超低付着プレート(Corning Inc)上に10,000細胞/ウェルの密度でプレートし、37℃で24時間インキュベートしてスフェロイドを形成させた。8日目に、生成された単一の前腸スフェロイドおよび後腸スフェロイドを、腸成長培地における96ウェル丸底超低不着プレート上で24時間ミックスして、融合境界スフェロイド(A−Pスフェロイド)を形成させた。
9日目に、A−PスフェロイドをMatrigelドロップに包埋し、腸成長培地で培養して、多器官HBPオルガノイドを生成させた。より長期の培養のために、13日目に、HBPオルガノイドを解剖し、および/または気液界面培養のためのTranswellに移送した。スフェロイドの培養物を、37℃で5% CO2/95% 空気の雰囲気で維持し、腸成長培地を4日ごとに交換した。13日目の単一のHBPオルガノイドを、12週齢の雄の免疫不全NSG(NOD.Cg−Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ)マウスの腎臓の被膜下に移植した。すべての実験を、CCHMCの動物実験委員会(Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)の承認の下に実施した(プロトコルIACUC2018−0096)。
スフェロイドおよびオルガノイドをMatrigelから収集し、4% パラホルムアルデヒド(PFA)で固定し、パラフィンに包埋した。切片をH&Eおよび免疫組織化学的染色の対象とした。一次抗体を表1に示した。免疫組織化学的染色を、ultraView Universal DAB Detection Kit(Roche Diagnostics,Basel,Switzerland)を使用して実施した。標本を顕微鏡下で観察した。
RNeasyミニキット(Qiagen,Hilden,Germany)を使用して、RNAを単離した。逆転写を、RT−PCR用のSuperScript IV First−Strand Synthesis System(Invitrogen,CA,USA)を使用して、製造元のプロトコルに従って実行した。qPCRを、QuantStudio3Real−Time PCR System(Thermo)でTaqMan遺伝子発現マスターミックス(Applied Biosystems)を使用して実行した。各標的遺伝子のすべてのプライマーおよびプローブ情報を、Universal ProbeLibrary Assay Design Center(https://qpcr.probefinder.com/organism.jsp)から取得し、表2に示した。
RNA配列決定のサンプル準備を、製造元のユーザーマニュアルに従って、SMART−seq v4 Ultra Low Input RNA Kit for Sequencing(Clontech Laboratories)を使用して実施した。
フローサイトメトリーのために、前腸細胞をGFP標識iPSCから分化させ、後腸細胞をmCherry標識iPSCから分化させた。13日目に、A−Pスフェロイドを、TrypLE Expressの37℃10分間処理によって単一細胞に解離させた。PBS洗浄後、単一細胞を、BV421結合EpCAM抗体(BioLegend)と室温で30分間インキュベートした。PBS洗浄後、細胞選別をBD FACS AriaII(BD Biosciences)によって実施した。分析を、BD FACS DIVAソフトウェアおよびFlowJo(FlowJo,LLC)によって実施した。
Cas9−2A−GFPをコードするプラスミドを、addgene(#44719、doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.03.006)から獲得した。PROX1またはHES1のN末端を標的とするガイドRNAを、Integrated DNA Technologiesによって合成し、pGL3−U6−sgRNA−PGK−ピューロマイシンベクター(addgene#51133,doi:10.1038/nmeth.2857)にクローン化し、RV3ユニバーサルプライマーを使用して配列決定した。HDRテンプレートを構築するために、PROX1開始コドンに隣接する相同性アームをゲノムDNAから独立して増幅し、高忠実度taqポリメラーゼiProof(Bio−Rad)を使用するオーバーラップエクステンションPCRを介してtdTomatoに融合させた。次に、得られたPCR産物を、pCR−Blunt II−TOPOクローニングベクター(Invitrogen)にクローン化し、サンガー配列決定によって確認した。
オルガノイドのアミラーゼ分泌レベルを測定するために、200μLの培養上清を、Matrigelに包埋されたオルガノイドから収集した。培養後48時間の時点で培養上清を回収し、使用するまで−80℃で保存した。上清を1,500rpmで3分間遠心分離し、破片をペレット化し、得られた上清を製造元の指示に従ってHuman Amylase ELISA Kitで検定した。
統計分析を、対応のない両側スチューデントのt検定、Dunn−Holland−Wolfe検定、またはWelchのt検定を使用して実施した。結果を平均±sdで示した。0.05未満のP値を統計的に有意であると見なした。N値は、特記しない限り、生物学的に独立した反復を指す。対になっていない2つのグループ間の比較のために、2つのサンプルが独立し、かつサンプルの分散が等しくない場合に、ノンパラメトリックBrunner−Munzel検定を実施した。2つより多いサンプル間の比較のために、ノンパラメトリックKruskal−Wallis検定および事後Dunn−Holland−Wolf検定を実施した。
多器官三次元オルガノイドの培養を、成長が改善された全胚培養系(Ikemoto Scientific Technology,Tokyo,Japan)を使用して実行し得る。多器官三次元オルガノイドを、培養培地を含む滅菌ガラスローラーボトル内に移送し、フラスコをシリコンプラグによって閉じ得る。移送されるオルガノイドの数は、培養期間に依存する。培養ボトルを、回転子ドラムに取り付け、ガス混合物(主に20% O2、5% CO2および75% N2であるが、O2濃度をN2とのバランスで変更することができる)を連続的に供給しながら、暗所で20rpmで37℃で回転させ得る。オルガノイドを数週間培養することができる(最長の試験は10週間である)。培養培地を、5〜7日ごとに変更し、オルガノイドの長さおよびAlb、Amy、C−ペプチドレベルなどの培地成分に基づいて生存率および成長を監視することができる。
1 Smith,D.M.,Nielsen,C.,Tabin,C.J.& Roberts,D.J.Roles of BMP signaling and Nkx2.5 in patterning at the chick midgut−foregut boundary.Development 127,3671−3681(2000).
Claims (52)
- 肝胆膵オルガノイド(「HBPO」または「HBPオルガノイド」)であって、前記HBPOが、肝組織機能、胆組織機能、外分泌膵機能、および内分泌膵組織機能から選択される2つ以上の機能を有する、肝胆膵オルガノイド。
- 前記多器官三次元オルガノイド組成物が、前部領域、後部領域、および境界領域を含み、前記境界領域が、膵および十二指腸ホメオボックス1(PDX1)および造血的に発現されるホメオボックスタンパク質(HHEX)を発現する、請求項1に記載のHBPO。
- 前記HBPOが、胆管組織および膵組織を含む、請求項1または請求項2に記載のHBPO。
- 前記胆管組織および前記膵組織が結合される、請求項3に記載のHBPO。
- 前記HBPOが、肝細胞、膵細胞、胆管細胞、および腸(intestinal)細胞を含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のHBPO。
- 前記オルガノイドが内皮細胞を含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のHBPO。
- 前記オルガノイドが間葉細胞を含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載のHBPO。
- 前記HBPOが内胚葉および中胚葉を含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載のHBPO。
- 前記HBPOが分岐構造を有する、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載のHBPO。
- 前記オルガノイドが、機能的な外分泌マーカー、好ましくはアミラーゼ、および内分泌マーカー、好ましくはインスリンを発現する、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載のHBPO。
- 前記オルガノイドが、ホルモンに応答して、好ましくはコレシストキニン(CCK)に応答してアミラーゼを分泌する、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載のHBPO。
- 前記組成物が、粘膜下腺、移行帯、血管系、免疫細胞、または粘膜下層のうちの1つ以上を実質的に含まない、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載のHBPO。
- 前記HBPOが、1つ以上の前駆細胞の拡張によって取得される、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載のHBPO。
- 肝胆膵オルガノイド(「HBPO」または「HBPオルガノイド」)を作製する方法であって、
第1の胚体内胚葉を、Wntシグナル伝達経路活性化剤、FGFシグナル伝達経路活性化剤、およびBMPシグナル伝達経路阻害剤と接触させて、前腸スフェロイドを形成させることと、
第2の胚体内胚葉を、Wntシグナル伝達経路活性化剤およびFGFシグナル伝達経路活性化剤と接触させて、後腸スフェロイドを形成させることと、
前記前腸スフェロイドおよび前記後腸スフェロイドが融合して前腸と中腸の境界を有する境界オルガノイドを形成するまで、前記前腸スフェロイドを前記後腸スフェロイドと接触させることと、
前記前腸と中腸の境界を有する前記境界オルガノイドを培養して、前記HBPOを形成させることと、を含み、
前記HBPOが、胆組織および膵組織を含む、方法。 - 前記HBPOが、肝組織、膵組織、胆管組織、および腸組織を含む、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記前腸スフェロイドが、SRYボックス2(SOX2)を発現する細胞を含む、請求項14または15に記載の方法。
- 前記前腸スフェロイドが、膵および十二指腸ホメオボックス1(PDX1)発現細胞を実質的に含まない、請求項14〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記後腸スフェロイドが、膵および十二指腸ホメオボックス1(PDX1)を発現する細胞を含む、請求項14〜17のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記後腸スフェロイドが、Caudal型ホメオボックス2(CDX2)を発現する細胞を含む、請求項14〜18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記境界オルガノイドが、膵および十二指腸ホメオボックス1(PDX1)を発現する細胞、造血的に発現されるホメオボックスタンパク質(HHEX)を発現する細胞、ならびにProspero関連ホメオボックス1(PROX1)を発現する細胞を含む、請求項14〜19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記後腸スフェロイドが、CDX2を発現する、請求項14〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記境界オルガノイドが、形態形成因子、好ましくは基底膜マトリックス、より好ましくはMatrigel内に包埋されている、請求項14〜21のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- PROX1陽性領域を前記境界オルガノイドから切除し、前記切除された境界オルガノイドを培養して、陥入上皮および分岐構造を形成させることをさらに含む、請求項14〜22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記HBPOを回転培養する、請求項14〜23のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記HBPOを、非ヒト哺乳動物などの哺乳動物内に一定期間移植し、前記HBPOの成長および成熟を増加させ、好ましくは、前記HBPOを移植し、器官機能不全を救済する、請求項14〜24のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前腸スフェロイドが、SRYボックス2(SOX2)発現によって特徴付けられる、請求項14〜25のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記後腸スフェロイドが、Caudal型ホメオボックス2(CDX2)発現によって特徴付けられる、請求項14〜26のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記融合した前腸スフェロイドおよび前記後腸スフェロイドが、SOX2、CDX2、HHEX、およびPDX1の発現によって特徴付けられる胆膵原基を含み、PDX1発現が、前記融合した前腸スフェロイドおよび前記後腸スフェロイドの境界領域に局在する、請求項14〜27のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記多器官三次元オルガノイドが、内胚葉および中胚葉を含む、請求項14〜28のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記胚体内胚葉が、胚性幹細胞、胚性生殖細胞、人工多能性幹細胞、中胚葉細胞、胚体内胚葉細胞、後部内胚葉細胞、後部内胚葉細胞、および後腸細胞から選択される前駆細胞、好ましくは多能性幹細胞から誘導される胚体内胚葉、より好ましくは胚性幹細胞、成体幹細胞、または人工多能性幹細胞から選択される多能性幹細胞から誘導される胚体内胚葉、から誘導される、請求項14〜29のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記胚体内胚葉が、多能性幹細胞を、成長因子のTGF−ベータスーパーファミリーのBMPサブグループであるActivin、Nodal、Activin A、Activin B、BMP4、Wnt3a、およびそれらの組み合わせから選択される1つ以上の分子と接触させることから誘導される、請求項14〜30のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記WNTシグナル伝達経路活性化剤が、Wnt1、Wnt2、Wnt2b、Wnt3、Wnt3a、Wnt4、Wnt5a、Wnt5b、Wnt6、Wnt7a、Wnt7b、Wnt8a、Wnt8b、Wnt9a、Wnt9b、Wnt10a、Wnt10b、Wnt11、Wnt16、GSKβ阻害剤(例えば、CHIR99021、すなわち「CHIRON」)、BIO、LY2090314、SB−216763、リチウム、ヤマアラシ阻害剤IWP、LGK974、C59、SFRP阻害剤WAY−316606、ベータカテニン活性化剤DCAからなる群から選択される1つ以上の分子から選択される、請求項14〜31のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記FGFシグナル伝達経路活性化剤が、FGF1、FGF2、FGF3、FGF4、FGF10、FGF11、FGF12、FGF13、FGF14、FGF15、FGF16、FGF17、FGF18、FGF19、FGF20、FGF21、FGF22、FGF23、およびそれらの組み合わせ、好ましくはFGF4またはFGF10、またはそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される1つ以上の分子から選択される、請求項14〜32のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記BMPシグナル伝達経路阻害剤が、Noggin、Dorsomorphin、LDN189、DMH−1、およびそれらの組み合わせから選択され、好ましくは、前記BMPシグナル伝達経路阻害剤がNogginである、請求項14〜33のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記方法がインビトロで実施される、請求項14〜34のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記方法の少なくとも1つの工程が、固体支持体上で実行される、請求項14〜35のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記固体支持体が、コラーゲン、基底膜マトリックス(Matrigel)、またはそれらの組み合わせから選択される、請求項36に記載の方法。
- 内皮を有するHBPOを作製するための方法であって、請求項1に記載のHBPOを、人工多能性幹細胞から誘導される内皮細胞と培養する工程を含む、方法。
- 前記HBPOとの前記培養の前に、前記内皮細胞が、内皮細胞(EC)スフェロイドに形成される、請求項38に記載の方法。
- 間葉を有するHBPOを作製するための方法であって、請求項1に記載のHBPOを、人工多能性幹細胞から誘導される間葉細胞と培養する工程を含む、方法。
- 前記HBPOとの前記培養の前に、前記間葉細胞が、間葉細胞(MC)スフェロイドに形成される、請求項40に記載の方法。
- 肝胆膵オルガノイド(「HBPO」)を作製する方法であって、
前腸細胞から前腸スフェロイドを誘導し、後腸細胞から後腸スフェロイドを誘導して、境界オルガノイドを作製することと、
前記境界オルガノイドを腸成長培地で培養して、前記HBPOを作製することと、を含む、方法。 - 肝胆膵オルガノイド(「HBPO」)を作製する方法であって、
前腸細胞および後腸細胞から、前腸スフェロイドを誘導し、後腸スフェロイドを誘導して、前記HBPOを誘導因子の非存在下で作製することと、
前記境界オルガノイドを、腸成長培地で培養して、HBPOを作製することと、を含む、方法。 - 肝胆膵オルガノイド(「HBPO」)を作製する方法であって、
多能性幹細胞(PSC)から分化した胚体内胚葉(DE)を腸成長培地で培養して、前腸細胞および後腸細胞を作製することと、
前腸細胞から前腸スフェロイドを作製し、後腸細胞から後腸スフェロイドを作製して、境界オルガノイドを誘導因子の非存在下で作製することと、
(iii)境界オルガノイドを腸(intestinal)成長培地で培養して、HBPOを作製することと、を含む、方法。 - 前記腸成長培地が、ROCK阻害剤を含む培地である、請求項42〜44のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記ROCK阻害剤が、Y−27632である、請求項45に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜46のいずれか一項によって生産されたHBPOまたは境界オルガノイド。
- HBPOまたは境界オルガノイドを生産するための機械であって、
BMPシグナル伝達経路阻害剤の存在または非存在下での、Wntシグナル伝達経路活性化剤およびFGFシグナル伝達経路活性化剤を含む腸成長培地と、
ROCK阻害剤を含む腸成長培地と、を含む、機械。 - HBPOまたは境界オルガノイドの生産のための、複数の培養培地の使用であって、
前記複数の培養培地が、Wntシグナル伝達経路活性化剤およびFGFシグナル伝達経路活性化剤、任意選択で、BMPシグナル伝達経路阻害剤を含む腸成長培地と、
ROCK阻害剤を含む腸(intestinal)成長培地とを含む、使用。 - 個体を処置する方法であって、請求項1〜49のいずれか一項に記載のHBPOを、前記個体に移植することを含む、方法。
- 前記個体が、肝不全および先天性肝疾患などの肝疾患、糖尿病などの膵疾患、または胆疾患から選択される病状を有する、請求項50に記載の方法。
- 胆炎症性疾患および、膵炎などの膵炎症性疾患の1つ以上のための処置を同定する方法であって、対象の潜在的な治療剤を、請求項1〜51のいずれか一項に記載のオルガノイドと接触させることと、器官活性の測定値を検出することと、前記対象の潜在的な治療剤が、前記病状の前記測定値を改善するか否かを決定することと、を含む、方法。
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