CN101720227A - 细胞毒性抗lag-3单克隆抗体及其在治疗或预防器官移植排斥和自身免疫病中的用途 - Google Patents
细胞毒性抗lag-3单克隆抗体及其在治疗或预防器官移植排斥和自身免疫病中的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及结合LAG-3蛋白并导致LAG-3+活化T细胞被清除的分子,特别地所述分子是细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段。还涉及治疗或预防哺乳动物中器官移植排斥或自身免疫病的方法,包括向所述哺乳动物施用治疗有效量的所述抗体。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于免疫治疗领域。更具体地,其涉及治疗或预防器官移植排斥或治疗自身免疫病。本发明涉及结合LAG-3蛋白并导致LAG-3+活化T细胞被清除的分子。更具体地,其涉及细胞毒性LAG-3特异性单克隆抗体或其片段。
背景技术
淋巴细胞活化基因-3(lymphocyte activation gene-3,LAG-3,CD223)在T细胞活化早期上调。本发明基于对急性心脏同种异体移植排斥(体内动物研究)中和体外实验中抗LAG-3细胞毒性抗体作用的分析,其中所选LAG-3单克隆抗体在低剂量下(<0.1μg/ml)有效清除LAG-3+活化的效应T细胞。
选择性清除活化T淋巴细胞可代表免疫抑制性诱导治疗,其能够导致支持小鼠和灵长类动物中同种异体器官长期存活的调节性细胞发育(1)。事实上,这已通过抗CD40L抗体得到了证实,该抗体通过Fc依赖性机制在体内清除活化T细胞(2)。然而,抗CD40L抗体还靶向人的活化血小板,并影响动脉血栓的稳定性(3)。因此,促使尝试开发特异性针对T细胞活化的其它分子的单克隆抗体,以实现免疫抑制。一种这样的分子是LAG-3,其以高亲合力募集树突细胞(DC)上的II型分子,使得DC活化(4-6)。LAG-3蛋白在体内表达于位于发炎的次级淋巴器官或组织中(但不在脾、胸腺或血液中)活化的CD4+和CD8+淋巴细胞中(7)。另外,LAG-3可通过抑制初级活化的早期事件而用作活化的人CD4和CD8T细胞的负调控因子(8)。
发明内容
本发明提供一种结合LAG-3蛋白并导致LAG-3+活化T细胞被清除的分子。所述清除可通过组织或器官中外周血淋巴细胞数的变化来测量。
在一个优选实施方案中,所述结合LAG-3蛋白的分子是导致LAG-3+活化T细胞被清除的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段,所述抗体包含来自人IgG1或IgM(或小鼠IgG2a)亚类的Fc片段以及结合LAG-3蛋白的Fab片段,所述抗体表现补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)和/或抗体依赖性细胞毒性(ADCC)。
本发明还提供了用于治疗或预防器官移植排斥或治疗自身免疫病的方法。所述方法包括向哺乳动物对象施用治疗有效量的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段。
附图说明
图1:LAG-3mRNA在心脏同种异体移植(A)、脾(B)和淋巴结(C)中的表达。利用定量RT-PCR测量心脏移植物在第5天时的LAG-3mRNA表达,并与看家基因HPRT转录物的表达进行比较。排斥:未进行处理的同种异体移植。同基因:同基因移植。耐受:接受致耐受性处理(CsA+抗CD28抗体)的受体中的同种异体移植。**:针对同基因和耐受对比排斥,p<0.05。
图2:在补体依赖性细胞毒性测定中表征抗LAG-3抗体。用51Cr标记经ConA刺激的靶细胞,并与兔补体和抗LAG-3血清(实线)或免疫前血清(虚线)以所示稀释度进行混合。如下计算细胞毒性百分比:(该测定的CPM-自发CPM释放)/细胞裂解后所获得的最大释放CPM。
图3:抗LAG-3抗体的体外清除活性。用ConA使来自脾的T细胞活化48小时以诱导LAG-3的表达,并用CFSE进行标记。向已在3天前接受辐照(4.5Gy)的受体静脉内注射105个细胞。注射后24小时,处死受体,并通过流式细胞术分析脾的CD4+和CD8+区室中CFSE+细胞的存在情况。
图4:施用抗LAG-3抗体后的心脏移植存活。通过在第0天和第3天注射200μl(点划线)或600μl(实线)的兔抗LAG-3血清或600μl免疫前血清(虚线)来处理具有完全同种异体之Lew.1W心脏(I型和II型不匹配)的Lew.1A受体。通过每天评估心跳来评价移植存活。对于600μl兔抗LAG-3血清对比免疫前血清,P<0.002。
图5:对移植物浸润细胞(Graft infiltrating cell,GIC)进行分析。在第5天从对照治疗或抗LAG-3抗体治疗的受体的心脏同种异体移植物中提取GIC。对细胞计数,并通过流式细胞术来分析LAG-3的表达。白色柱:GIC总数。黑色柱:流式细胞术所测量的LAG-3+GIC(p<0.01)。从GIC中还提取出总RNA,通过qPCR定量INFγ的mRNA相对于HPRT的表达水平(斜线柱;p<0.05)。
图6:使用LAG-3+CHO和人活化T细胞对A9H12的结合和参考LAG-3特异性17B4mAb的结合进行比较。
A)使用含有阳离子螯合剂的Versene缓冲液将经hLAG-3转染的CHO从塑料培养皿上剥离下来,与所示浓度的A9H12或17B4mAb在4℃一起孵育30分钟,洗涤,然后与缀合有FITC的山羊抗小鼠IgG+M(H+L)二抗(5μg/ml,Coulter)在4℃一起孵育30分钟。洗涤后,使用FACSCanto(BD Biosciences)通过流式细胞术分析细胞,将平均荧光强度作为抗体浓度的函数进行作图。
B)用SEB(1μg/ml,Sigma Aldrich)刺激来自健康志愿者的PBMC两天,以诱导T细胞上LAG-3的表达。如上所述对PBMC染色。数据代表加权百分比,计算如下:PBMC中LAG-3+细胞的百分比×LAG-3+细胞的荧光强度平均值,作为抗体浓度的函数进行作图。
图7:由A9H12LAG-3mAb诱导的补体依赖性细胞毒性。
A)用缀合有FITC的抗LAG-3mAb(17B4)标记经hLAG-3转染的细胞和野生型CHO细胞,使用FACSCanto通过流式细胞术分析细胞表面上的LAG-3表达。直方图代表野生型CHO(灰色)和LAG-3+CHO(黑色)的平均荧光强度。
B)在完全培养基(添加有10%热灭活胎牛血清(FCS)的MEM)中洗涤经hLAG-3转染的细胞和野生型CHO细胞,与0.1μg/ml的A9H12LAG-3mAb或mIgG2a同种型对照mAb(Southern Biotechnologies)在完全培养基中于4℃一起孵育30分钟。然后洗涤细胞,在完全培养基(不含补体)或在添加了10%新近重悬兔血清(Cerdalane Inc.)(含补体)的MEM中于37℃孵育1小时。洗涤后,在室温下用7-AAD(Coulter Inc.)对细胞染色15分钟,立即通过流式细胞术分析,以确定对应于死细胞的7-AAD阳性细胞的百分比。数据代表经hLAG-3转染的细胞和野生型CHO细胞在所示每种条件下的死细胞百分比。
C)将LAG-3+CHO细胞与所示浓度的A9H12LAG-3mAb于4℃一起孵育30分钟,然后与添加有25%兔血清的MEM于37℃一起孵育1小时。洗涤后,用7-AAD(Coulter Inc.)对细胞染色,通过流式细胞术进行分析。根据下述公式计算特异性细胞毒性百分比:
其中样品死亡是指每种条件下的7-AAD阳性细胞百分比,自发死亡是指不使用mAb时的7-AAD阳性细胞百分比,最大死亡是指使用10μg/ml mAb时的7-AAD阳性细胞百分比。
D)将LAG-3+CHO细胞与0.1μg/ml A9H12、17B4或31G11LAG-3mAb或者与其相应的同种型对照(分别为IgG2a、IgG1或IgM)于4℃一起孵育30分钟,然后与添加有25%兔血清的MEM于37℃一起孵育1小时。如上所述测定特异性细胞毒性,其中最大死亡对应于10μg/ml A9H12(左图)和0.1μg/ml A9H12(右图)。
E)用SEB(1μg/ml)刺激PBMC以诱导T细胞上LAG-3表达,然后在A9H12或31G11LAG-3mAb或其同种型对照存在下将其用作CDC测定中的靶细胞。在用缀合有荧光染料的CD3、CD4、CD8、CD25和17B4对细胞染色后,对所示T细胞亚群分析7-AAD阳性细胞的百分比。数据代表在每个群体中死细胞的百分比(减去不存在mAb时的自发死亡)。
图8:由A9H12LAG-3mAb诱导的抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性。
A)用IL-2(100IU/ml,BD Biosciences)刺激效应细胞(PBMC)1天。用CFSE(一种荧光活体染料)标记靶细胞(经hLAG-3转染的CHO细胞),并与1μg/ml A9H12、mIgG2a、17B4或mIgG1在室温下一起孵育20分钟。然后将效应细胞和靶细胞以所示E∶T比混合(E∶T,效应细胞∶靶细胞),在37℃孵育16小时。使用Versene试剂收获非贴壁和贴壁细胞,用7-AAD染色,并且立即通过流式细胞术分析以确定7-AAD阳性细胞在CFSE阳性群体中的百分比。数据代表死细胞的百分比(减去存在同种型对照时的非特异性细胞死亡)。
B)经CFSE标记的野生型或LAG-3+CHO靶细胞与所示浓度的A9H12或mIgG2a一起孵育,以50∶1的E∶T比加入经IL-2刺激的PBMC,在37℃孵育16小时。如上所述分析细胞死亡,数据代表A9H12或其相应的同种型IgG2a对照mAb存在时CFSE阳性细胞中死细胞的百分比。
图9:关节炎发病率(发生CIA的小鼠百分比)
对雄性DBA/1小鼠(n=22)皮内(i.d.)注射含有250μg结核分枝杆菌(M.tuberculosis)的在CFA中乳化的牛II型胶原(200μg)。
图10:嵌合IMP731治疗性抗体的构建。
图11:IMP731轻链(A图)和重链(B图)的表达质粒。
图12:用于稳定转染CHO细胞的最终的双顺反子质粒的结构。
图13:IMP731与LAG-3+CHO以及活化的人T细胞的结合
A)使用含有阳离子螯合剂的Versene缓冲液将经hLAG-3转染的CHO从塑料培养皿上剥离下来,用所示浓度的IMP731抗体或其同种型对照hIgG1(Chemicon)于4℃一起孵育30分钟,洗涤,然后与缀合有FITC的F(ab)′2山羊抗人IgG1二抗(5μg/ml,SBA)于4℃一起孵育30分钟。洗涤后,使用FACSCanto(BD Biosciences)通过流式细胞术分析细胞,将平均荧光强度作为抗体浓度的函数进行作图。
B)用SEB(1μg/ml,Sigma Aldrich)刺激来自健康志愿者的PBMC2天,以诱导T细胞上LAG-3的表达。如上所述对PBMC染色。数据代表加权百分比,如下计算:PBMC中LAG-3+细胞百分比×LAG-3+细胞的平均荧光强度,作为抗体浓度的函数作图。
图14:由IMP731LAG-3mAb诱导的补体依赖性细胞毒性,
经hLAG-3转染的CHO细胞与1μg/ml IMP731抗体或hIgG1同种型对照mAb(Chemicon)在完全培养基(添加了10%热灭活胎牛血清(FCS)的MEM)中于4℃一起孵育30分钟。然后洗涤细胞,在完全培养基(不含补体)或添加了25%新近重悬兔血清(含补体)(Cerdalane Inc.)的MEM中于37℃孵育1小时。洗涤后,用7-AAD(BD,Biosciences)在室温下对细胞染色15分钟,立即通过流式细胞术分析,以确定对应于死细胞的7-AAD阳性细胞百分比。数据代表所示每种条件下的死细胞百分比。
图15:由IMP731诱导的抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性。
A)用IL-2(100IU/ml,BD Biosciences)刺激效应细胞(PBMC)1天。用CFSE(一种荧光活体染料)标记靶细胞(经hLAG-3转染的CHO细胞),并与1μg/ml IMP731或hIgG1一起在室温下孵育10分钟。然后以所示E∶T比(E∶T,效应细胞∶靶细胞)混合效应细胞和靶细胞,在37℃孵育16小时。用7-AAD对细胞染色,并且立即通过流式细胞术分析以确定7-AAD阳性细胞在CFSE阳性群体中的百分比。数据代表死细胞的百分比。
B)经CFSE标记的LAG-3+CHO靶细胞与所示浓度的IMP731或hIgG1一起孵育,以50∶1的E∶T比加入经IL-2刺激的PBMC,并于37℃孵育16小时。如上所述在CFSE阳性细胞群中分析细胞死亡。根据下述公式计算特异性细胞毒性百分比:
其中样品死亡是指每种条件下的7-AAD阳性细胞百分比,自发死亡是指不使用抗体时的7-AAD阳性细胞百分比,最大死亡是指使用1μg/ml IMP731时的7-AAD阳性细胞百分比。
C)用IL-2(100IU/ml,BD Biosciences)刺激效应细胞(PBMC)1天。用CFSE(一种荧光活体染料)标记靶细胞(hLAG-3+CHO细胞或hLAG-3-CHO细胞),并与1μg/mlIMP731或hIgG1一起在室温下孵育10分钟。然后以所示E∶T比(E∶T,效应细胞∶靶细胞)混合效应细胞和靶细胞,在37℃孵育16小时。用7-AAD对细胞染色,并且立即通过流式细胞术分析以确定7-AAD阳性细胞在CFSE阳性群体中的百分比。数据代表死细胞的百分比。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了结合LAG-3蛋白并导致LAG-3+活化T细胞被清除的分子。所述清除可通过组织或器官中外周血淋巴细胞数的变化来测量。
本发明优选涉及人LAG-3蛋白(hLAG-3,下文也称作LAG-3)。在一个优选实施方案中,所述结合LAG-3蛋白的分子是导致LAG-3+活化T细胞被清除的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段,所述抗体包含来自人IgG1或IgM(或小鼠IgG2a)亚类的Fc片段和结合LAG-3蛋白的Fab片段,所述抗体表现补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)和/或抗体依赖性细胞毒性(ADCC)。
淋巴细胞活化基因-3(LAG-3,CD223)在T细胞活化早期被上调。本发明基于对抗LAG-3的细胞毒性抗体在急性心脏同种异体移植排斥和类风湿性关节炎(体内动物研究)中以及在体外实验中之作用的分析,其中所选LAG-3单克隆抗体在低剂量下(<0.1μg/ml)有效清除LAG-3+活化的效应T细胞。
在大鼠中克服MHC完全不匹配屏障(full-MHC mismatch barrier)进行完全血管化的异位同种异体心脏移植(从LEW.1W移植进LEW.1A)。受体接受两次注射(第0天和第3天),分别是针对LAG-3额外环(extraloop)结构域的抗体或对照抗体。测试移植存活、组织学、mRNA转录物和淋巴细胞的同种异体反应性。
首先注意到,LAG-3mRNA分子在发生排斥的心脏同种异体移植物中积累,但是不在外周淋巴器官中积累。施用抗LAG-3抗体抑制效应单核细胞的移植物浸润,并将同种异体移植物的存活从对照抗体处理之受体的6天延长到平均27天。
发现表达LAG-3的细胞浸润被排斥的心脏同种异体移植物,并且使用细胞毒性抗体靶向LAG-3作为诱导单药疗法(induction monotherapy)通过降低T细胞和单核细胞的移植物浸润来延迟急性排斥反应。
实验所显示的短期CD40L抗体治疗可在小鼠和灵长类动物中实现移植物长期存活最初被解释为共刺激阻断的作用。但是,Monk等人(2)显示抗CD40L治疗的大部分效力并非源于共刺激阻断,而是源于对活化T细胞的破坏。其结果是选择性清除已接触了抗原的潜在侵袭性T细胞。
胶原诱导的关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis,CIA)是类风湿性关节炎的描述较多的动物模型。胶原诱导的关节炎是可通过异源的II型胶原免疫而在大鼠、小鼠和灵长类动物中诱导的自身免疫病。所得到的关节病理类似于类风湿性关节炎,其具有滑膜增生、细胞浸润、软骨病损以及最严重病例中的骨吸收(12)。
使用特别的免疫方案,早期研究已建立了与H-2单体型相关的对CIA反应性的分级,其中H-2q(例如DBA/1小鼠)是最大反应性的品系,H-2b(例如C57BL/6小鼠)是最小反应性品系之一。但是,一些研究显示MHCII型分子对CIA反应性的限制可能比先前认为得要小,所述反应性可能仅取决于免疫条件(13)。来自不同物种的多种II型胶原(CII)以及用不同浓度的结核分枝杆菌制备完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)是发生关节炎的重要参数。Inglis等人已显示,鸡(而非牛)的CII能够诱导C57BL/6小鼠患病,发病率为50%~75%。这与DBA/1小鼠相反,在这种小鼠中,牛、小鼠和鸡的CII均诱发疾病,发病率为80%~100%。C57BL/6小鼠中的关节炎表型比DBA/1小鼠中缓和,前者肿胀较小,临床评分的增加更平缓(14)。另外,在CIA研究中通常更优选使用雄性小鼠,因为雄性小鼠中发病率略高于雌性小鼠。
在小鼠中,通过如下方法诱导CIA:皮内(i.d.)注射含有CFA的II型胶原(CII),通常在21天后腹膜内(i.p.)加强注射不含佐剂的CII。但是,对于免疫方法的几乎每个方面的变化都有报道,甚至在高度易感的DBA/1品系中,发作时间、CIA的严重程度和发病率都是可变的(13,15)。
用于治疗自身免疫病的治疗性抗体已有记载,例如治疗类风湿性关节炎的TNFαmAb。根据定义,LAG-3(淋巴细胞活化基因-3)是近期活化的效应T细胞的标志物。清除这些LAG-3+效应T细胞会导致靶向免疫抑制(即仅抑制活化的T细胞,而不像类皮质激素或环孢菌素那样抑制所有T细胞)。与经典的免疫抑制剂或者阻断TNFα的治疗性抗体(例如Humira、Remicade)或可溶性受体(例如Enbrel)相比,这种非常特异性的免疫抑制应导致更高的治疗指数。因此,LAG-3是可用于治疗性清除之mAb方法(以消除自身反应性已活化效应T细胞)的有前景靶标。
根据本发明,结合LAG-3蛋白并导致LAG-3+活化T细胞清除的分子包括抗体(单克隆或多克隆抗体,优选单克隆抗体)及其片段、肽和有机小分子。
本发明的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段导致超过30%、优选超过50%的LAG-3+活化T细胞清除。
本发明的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段包括具有强CDC或ADCC性质的小鼠IgG2a或人IgG1Fc区域的抗体。
本发明的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段表现出(i)在mAb浓度小于0.1μg/ml时超过50%的最大CDC活性和/或(ii)在mAb浓度小于0.1μg/ml时超过50%的最大ADCC活性。
可通过本领域技术人员公知的方法生产导致LAG-3+活化T细胞和抗体被清除的结合LAG-3蛋白的分子,更特别地细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体。
可通过向动物(优选非人动物)施用(特别是直接注射)CD223多肽来获得抗CD223多肽的抗体。如此获得的抗体会结合CD223多肽本身。以这种方式,甚至可使用仅编码CD223多肽片段的序列来得到结合整个天然CD223多肽的抗体。
对于单克隆抗体的制备,可使用通过培养连续传代细胞系来产生抗体的任何技术。实例包括杂交瘤技术(9)、三源杂交瘤技术(triomatechnique)、人B细胞杂交瘤技术(10)。
可容易地使用所述用于生产单链抗体的技术(美国专利No.4,946,778)来生产针对CD223多肽的单链抗体。另外,可使用转基因小鼠来表达针对免疫原性CD223多肽的人源化抗体。
本发明的第一单克隆抗体(称为A9H12)由2007年4月27日保藏于CNCM、登记号为CNCM I-3755的杂交瘤产生。
本发明的第二单克隆抗体(称为31G11)由2007年4月27日保藏于CNCM、登记号为CNCM I-3756的杂交瘤产生。
本发明还涉及细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段在制备用于治疗或预防器官移植排斥或治疗自身免疫病的药物中的用途。
本发明还提供了用于治疗或预防器官移植排斥或治疗自身免疫病的方法。所述方法包括向哺乳动物对象施用治疗有效量的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段。
器官移植排斥涉及同种异体宿主中的器官移植物。其可用于治疗患有导致异常高T细胞群或有害T细胞活性之病症的生物体,例如由宿主T细胞介导的移植排斥、移植物抗宿主病和T细胞介导的自身免疫病以及炎性疾病(例如类风湿性关节炎、I型糖尿病、肌肉硬化等)。本发明的方法可适用于任何含有表达CD223之T细胞的生物体。这包括但不限于任何哺乳动物,特别包括人和小鼠。
自身免疫病是对象自身的免疫系统与对象细胞发生反应的疾病。可利用本发明进行治疗的自身免疫病包括自身免疫性溶血性贫血、自身免疫性血小板减少性紫癜、古德帕斯丘综合征(Goodpasture’s syndrome)、寻常天疱疮、急性风湿热、混合型自发性冷球蛋白血症、系统性红斑狼疮、胰岛素依赖性糖尿病、类风湿性关节炎、格雷夫斯病(Grave’s disease)、桥本甲状腺炎、重症肌无力和多发性硬化。
根据本发明用于从来自患者的样品中清除LAG-3+活化T细胞的方法包括使所述样品与包含上述抗体的抗体组合物反应。
本发明的药物组合物包含30~300mg/剂量的上述细胞毒性单克隆抗体以及用于施用给哺乳动物的一种或多种可药用载体和/或稀释剂。本发明的药物组合物针对施用可特别地配制成固体或液体形式。
实施例1:用细胞毒性抗体靶向LAG-3阳性细胞
材料和方法
动物和移植
8~12周龄的雄性Lewis.1W(LEW.1W,单体型RT1u)和Lewis.1A(LEW.1A,单体型RT1a)同系大鼠(Centre d′Elevage Janvier,LeGenest-Saint-Isle,France)在整个MHC区域上具有不同。如上所述进行异位LEW.1W心脏移植(11)。通过对腹壁的触摸检查评价移植物存活。
抗LAG-3抗体
将对应于大鼠LAG-3蛋白(NCBI登记号DQ438937;肽DQPASIPALDLLQGMPSTRRHPPHR)额外环结构域的合成肽与卵清蛋白相连,用于免疫两只兔子。在第63天(第4次免疫后)收集的免疫前血清和免疫血清针对免疫原和肽进行ELISA测定,并针对Con-A活化的大鼠脾细胞进行流式细胞术测定。在两个测定中,免疫前血清都是阴性的。合并的免疫血清表现出:针对ELISA来说1/60000的效价(针对50%信号的稀释度),针对FACS来说1/1000的效价,并表现出针对活化T细胞的特异性。
补体依赖性细胞毒性测定
在51Cr释放测定中,使用抗Lewis 1A T细胞的兔血清测试补体介导的抗体依赖性细胞毒性。在37℃,在含有10%FCS的RPMI(GIBCO)中用30μCi的51Cr标记总共2×106个Lewis 1AT细胞90分钟。洗涤三次后,将T细胞分在96孔V形底板中,并与兔补体和系列稀释的热灭活兔血清一起孵育。在37℃,4小时后,使用闪烁计数器测量上清液中的51Cr释放。根据如下公式计算特异性细胞毒性:(实验释放-自发释放)×100/(最大释放-自发释放)。
抗体诱导的体内细胞毒性
在体内评价抗LAG-3抗体对LAG-3+细胞的细胞毒性。用CFSE标记经ConA活化(48h)的LEW.1W脾细胞,并将其与抗LAG-3抗体一起转移(108个细胞)进经辐照(4.5Gy,3天)的LEW.1A受体。在第1天,处死受体,通过流式细胞术评价淋巴器官和血液中CFSE阳性细胞的存在情况。
免疫染色
将移植物样品包埋进Tissue Tek(OCT Compound,Torrance,CA,USA),在液氮中速冻,切成5μm切片并在丙酮中固定。使用Dako生物素封闭系统(Dako,Trappes,France)封闭内源生物素活性。然后通过三步间接免疫过氧化物酶显色法标记切片。通过定量形态测定分析来测定被细胞浸润的每个经免疫过氧化物酶标记之组织切片的区域。使用显微镜目镜中的121交叉方格,通过利用点计数分析(14)进行形态测定分析来对每个玻片上阳性染色的细胞计数。简言之,如下计算每个移植物切片被特定抗原特异性细胞所占据(区域浸润)之区域的百分比:[交叉方格中的阳性细胞数/(交叉方格总数=121)]×100。在400×放大倍数下检查移植物切片。该技术的精确度与所计数点的数目成比例。因此,为了保持SE<10%,针对每个经标记的切片对15个视野计数。结果表示为组织切片被白细胞浸润(由OX1、OX30标记所确定)之区域的百分比,以及浸润物和亚群的表型组成(其与总白细胞百分比相关并表示为白细胞百分比)。
移植物浸润细胞提取染色
在37℃用胶原酶D(2mg/ml;Boehringer Mannheim)消化经撕碎的心脏10分钟。然后,通过不锈钢网筛提取收集细胞。然后利用Ficoll分离澄清所得悬液.
定量RT-PCR
在Applied Biosystems GenAmp 7700测序系统中使用SYBR GreenPCR Core试剂(Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA)进行实时定量PCR。该研究使用下列寡核苷酸:大鼠LAG-3:上游引物5′-ATATGAATTCACAGAGGAGATGAGGCAG-3′,下游引物5′-ATATGAATTCTCCTGGTCAGAGCTGCCT-3′。大鼠INF-g:上游引物5′-TGGATGCTATGGAAGGAAAGA-3′,下游引物5′-GATTCTGGTGACAGCTGGTG-3′。大鼠HPRT:上游引物5′-CCTTGGTCAAGCAGTACAGCC-3′和下游引物5′-TTCGCTGATGACACAAACATGA-3′。在含有300nM每种引物,200μMdATP、dGTP、dCTP,400μM dUTP,3mM MgCl2,0.25U尿嘧啶-N-糖基化酶,0.625U AmpliTaq Gold DNA聚合酶的25μl PCR混合物中,扩增相当于100ng总RNA逆转录的恒定量cDNA。将该混合物进行40轮扩增。以ΔRn荧光信号针对循环数对实时PCR数据作图。使用如下公式,利用Applied Biostystems 7700序列检测软件来计算ΔRn值:ΔRn=(Rn +)-(Rn -),其中Rn +是任何给定时间的产物荧光信号,Rn -是第3~13轮循环期间的平均荧光信号(其被称为基线)。Ct值被定义为ΔRn超过阈值的循环数。该阈值被设在背景荧光之上,以与阳性反应扩增曲线的指数部分相交。Ct与PCR中模板的对数值成反比。
统计学分析
为比较两个组,使用Mann-Whitney检验来评价统计学显著性。使用时序检验(log rank test),利用Kaplan-Meier分析来评价移植物存活。
结果
LAG-3mRNA在受排斥的同种异体移植物和淋巴器官中的表达
LAG-3在发炎的淋巴器官和组织的活化T细胞中表达(7)。为了研究LAG-3是否在受排斥的同种异体移植物中也表达,在第5天(在第6天发生排斥)分析从LEW.1W移植至LEW.1A大鼠受体的心脏移植物。分析LAG-3的mRNA,并与接受耐受诱导方案(抗CD28抗体+CSA,如(16)所述)的同种异体移植以及与同基因移植进行比较。与经耐受移植物和同基因移植物相比,受排斥的同种异体移植物分别显示出7倍和25倍的LAG-3mRNA积累(图1A)。在淋巴结中(图1B)或在排斥受体的脾脏中(图1C)未检测到这种积累。
抗LAG-3抗体的作用机制
通过用来自LAG-3Ig样N端结构域之额外环的合成肽来免疫兔,产生抗LAG-3抗体,所述结构域参与LAG-3与II型分子的相互作用(参考PNAS Huard 1997)。免疫后血清以及IgG级分对<1%的大鼠脾细胞和40%的用ConA、PMA+离子霉素或PHA活化48小时的大鼠脾细胞染色。免疫前血清是阴性的(数据未显示)。为了表征抗LAG-3抗体对LAG-3+细胞的作用,在体外测定补体依赖性细胞毒性和ADCC依赖性细胞毒性。在补体依赖性细胞毒性测定中,15%的经ConA活化脾细胞被裂解(图2)。假定仅有40%的经ConA活化靶细胞表达LAG-3,则该测定显示制备物中存在的约37%的LAG-3+脾细胞由于补体活化而在体外被裂解。
在体内,通过测量获得性转移到受辐照大鼠受体的经CFSE标记的活化T细胞的结局来估计抗LAG-3抗体的清除活性。在注射治疗剂量的抗LAG-3免疫血清一天后,与用免疫前血清的类似注射相比,仅可从脾中回收一半量的CFSE+/CD4+和CFSE+/CD8+细胞(图3)。
抗LAG-3抗体延迟心脏同种异体移植排斥
从初步的药代动力学观察,我们得出在第0天和第3天两次静脉内注射600μl抗LAG-3兔血清导致受体血清中抗LAG-3抗体结合活性保持至少两周。该处理使心脏同种异体移植排斥从未接受处理和经对照处理的受体中的6天延迟到平均27天。但是,所有受体最终在10周内排斥其移植物(图4)。在第5天,来自经对照处理之受体的移植物被活化T细胞严重浸润,而在接受抗LAG-3抗体处理的受体中这种浸润不太严重。然而,该处理并未改变CD25+细胞和NK细胞的浸润。由于我们的抗LAG-3抗体在免疫组织学分析中不识别LAG-3,因此通过在提取后进行流式细胞术来分析移植物浸润细胞(GIC)的LAG-3表达。从对照排斥移植物中可回收平均8.5×106±0.76的GIC。从接受抗LAG-3抗体处理之对象的心脏同种异体移植物中,仅可回收3.16±0.44×106个GIC(n=3;p<0.005)。对照中的GIC含有41.17±1%的LAG-3+细胞(即3.5×106个细胞),而经处理动物中的GIC则含有22.2±0.9%的LAG-3+细胞(即0.7×106个细胞;n=3;p<0.0005;图5)。对mRNA转录物的分析再次印证了这些结果,即单核细胞对心脏移植物的浸润减少,这是因为我们在经处理移植物中测得少四倍的INFγmRNA分子(图5)。
抗LAG-3抗体抑制进行中的急性心脏同种异体移植物延迟排斥
为了研究抗LAG-3抗体是否可用于治疗进行中的急性同种异体移植物排斥,我们将LEW.1W心脏移植进LEW.1A同种异体受体,我们在3或4天中不对其进行处理。此时,受体接受600微升对照或抗LAG-3兔血清的注射。经对照处理的受体在第5天排斥所述同种异体移植物,而接受抗LAG-3抗体处理的受体则在第11天发生排斥(表1)。
表1
处理 | 排斥日 | 平均中值 |
对照血清,在第3天 | 5,5,5 | 5 |
对照血清,在第4天 | 5,5,5 | 5 |
抗LAG-3血清,在第3天 | 12,13,9 | 12(与对照相比,p<0.05) |
处理 | 排斥日 | 平均中值 |
抗LAG-3血清,在第4天 | 10,13,13,19 | 12.5(与对照相比,p<0.05) |
表1:在第3天或第4天用对照或抗LAG-3抗体处理心脏移植受体。通过每天心脏触诊来监测排斥。
实施例2:新的高亲合力hLAG-3mAb的产生
材料和方法
用经hLAG-3转染的CHO细胞(107个细胞,腹膜内注射)免疫小鼠3次,随后静脉内注射10μgIMP321(临床级hLAG-3Ig重组蛋白)进行加强。加强后3天,将脾细胞与X63.AG8653融合伴侣融合产生杂交瘤细胞。针对与经hLAG-3转染的CHO(相对于野生型CHO细胞)的特异性结合(FACS分析)来筛选杂交瘤的上清液。
选出一种小鼠IgG2a抗体(580.1E9H3A9H12,称为A9H12),对其进行亚克隆以产生稳定细胞系,另外对其通过CDC(补体依赖性细胞毒性)和ADCC(抗体依赖性细胞毒性)清除LAG-3+细胞的效力进行表征,这是考虑到已知小鼠IgG2a Fc区域是小鼠中最有效递送这些活性的Fc同种型,甚至对于异源细胞(即CHO细胞或人PBMC)也是如此。类似地,还选出了另一种IgM抗体(31G11E8,称为31G11)。
结果
首先,将A9H12对经hLAG-3转染的CHO细胞和对LAG-3+体外活化的人T细胞的剂量依赖性结合与参考LAG-3特异性17B4mAb进行比较(图6)。与参考17B4mAb相比,A9H12显示出对所述两种细胞类型的更强结合。例如,当浓度低至0.01μg/ml时,观察到A9H12与活化的人T细胞的显著结合。
对于CDC测试而言,用于该测定的靶细胞是与野生型CHO细胞相比较的LAG-3+CHO细胞(图7A)。将这两种类型的细胞在37℃与A9H12、其小鼠同种型匹配的IgG2a阴性对照mAb、31G11、其小鼠同种型匹配的IgM阴性对照或参考17B4(IgG1)mAb以及含有活性补体的兔血清一起孵育1小时。然后使用7-氨基-放线菌素D(7-AAD,一种标记失去膜完整性的细胞的荧光染料)来评估细胞生存力,其中膜完整性的失去在细胞死亡后迅速出现。通过流式细胞术分析来测定7-AAD阳性CHO细胞(即死亡的靶细胞)的百分比。A9H12在CDC测定中显示出强且特异性的细胞毒性,在补体存在下其仅杀伤LAG-3+CHO细胞(图7B)。向下滴定抗LAG-3Ab以确定抗体在低抗体浓度下活化CDC的效力。A9H12在低至0.01μg/ml的浓度下有效诱导LAG-3+CHO细胞杀伤(图7C)。在该测定中还测试了IgG117B4抗体,其无作用(图7D,左图),表明并非所有LAG-3mAb均可在此生物学测定中诱导细胞毒性。如使用A9H12所观察到地,另一31G11LAG-3特异性单克隆抗体也诱导LAG-3+CHO细胞杀伤(图7D,右图)。
还针对用超抗原(superantigen)SEB刺激的PBMC进行了CDC生物学测定。利用活化的(即CD25+/LAG-3+细胞)和非活化的(即CD25-/LAG-3-细胞)CD4+辅助T细胞和CD8+细胞毒T细胞来分析A9H12和31G11的细胞毒性。只有活化的CD4+和CD8+T细胞被A9H12和31G11特异性杀伤(图7E),这表明在补体存在时活化的人T细胞易感于A9H12或31G11的特异性杀伤。
对于ADCC测试而言,用IL-2刺激PMBC一天以用作效应细胞,用活体染料CFSE标记LAG-3+CHO细胞以用作靶细胞。在A9H12存在时,PBMC能够杀伤显著比例的LAG-3+CHO细胞,并且该作用随效应细胞数目的增加而增强(图8A)。在17B4存在时,即使在高E∶T比值下也仅有小比例的靶细胞被杀伤(图8A),表明并非所有LAG-3mAb均可在该生物学测定中诱导细胞毒性。向下滴定A9H12LAG-3mAb以确定此抗体在低抗体浓度下诱导ADCC的效力。在低至0.01μg/ml的浓度下,A9H12有效诱导LAG-3+CHO细胞杀伤(图8B)。
实施例3:在胶原诱导关节炎小鼠模型中测试清除用LAG-3抗体
材料和方法
动物和材料
雄性DBA/1(H-2q)小鼠,8-10周龄,获得自Janvier Laboratories。所有动物实验均根据当地法规进行。牛CII(关节软骨)购买自BioCol。弗氏不完全佐剂由Sigma提供。热杀死的结核分枝杆菌H37Ra购自DifcoLaboratories。
胶原诱导关节炎(CIA)的诱导
如先前两篇出版物中所述进行CIA的诱导和评估(13,15)。通过在13.3ml IFA中混合100mg热杀死的结核分枝杆菌(终浓度为7.5mg/ml)来制备完全弗氏佐剂。在4℃,将牛CII以3mg/ml过夜溶解于10mM乙酸中。通过将2体积CII与1体积CFA混合形成乳液。CII溶液与含有CFA的乳液总是新鲜制备的。第一天(D1),用总共100μl含有200μg CII和250μg结核分枝杆菌的乳液经皮内注射雄性DBA/1小鼠的尾基部。第21天(D21)重复上述注射。作为对照,用不含CII的CFA乳液注射3只小鼠。关节炎的临床评估
从第22天起,一周三次检查小鼠的关节炎症状。使用下述评分系统确定四肢中每一肢的患病严重程度:0分=正常;1分=足垫或关节肿胀;2分=足垫以及1个或2个关节肿胀;3分=足垫以及3个或4个关节肿胀;4分=足垫以及所有关节肿胀。
对每个爪分级,对4个得分求和,使得每只小鼠的最大可能得分是16。发病率表示为关节炎得分≥1的小鼠百分比。
结果
通过皮内注射用含250μg结核分枝杆菌的CFA乳化的牛II型胶原(CII)来诱导CIA。一次注射后,22只小鼠中有4只在第21天发生关节炎。第二次注射两周后,在第35天,80~90%的小鼠发生关节炎临床症状(图9)。小鼠的临床得分覆盖了从1至16的所有应答范围,其中一些肢体显示出足垫、踝/腕关节和足趾的严重肿胀(表2)。对照动物(注射不含CII的CFA)均未发生关节炎症状(数据未显示)。
表2
天数 | 平均值 | SEM |
252729323436394143465355 | 2.22.75.79.210.510.910.810.911.211.713.113.3 | 0.90.81.01.51.51.61.71.61.51.31.21.1 |
表2:55天中的平均临床得分(±SEM)。在D1和D21用在含有250mg结核分枝杆菌的CFA中乳化的牛II型胶原(200mg)皮内注射雄性DBA/1小鼠(n=10)。
我们的结果显示,按照所用的CIA方案,有可能得到高百分率(80~90%)的发生关节炎症状的小鼠。该实验方案提供了一种评价在自身免疫病中清除LAG-3抗体(特异性针对小鼠LAG-3)治疗效果的模型。
在第15天和第25天,腹膜内或静脉内注射200μg的清除用LAG-3mAb(A9H12或31G11)。得到关节炎发病率的显著减少和平均临床得分的显著降低。
实施例4:IMP731诱导的补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)和抗体依赖性细
胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)
材料和方法
具有清除性质的新型小鼠mAb--A9H12--已显示出还高亲合力地识别狒狒和恒河猴LAG-3+细胞,并已被我们选作首选的清除用治疗性mAb(ImmuTune IMP731)。
已使用标准基因工程和PCR方案将A9H12与人IgG1Fc区进行嵌合,以赋予其CDC(补体依赖性细胞毒性)和ADCC(抗体依赖性细胞毒性)性质。
将来源于A9H12杂交瘤细胞mRNA的A9H12VH和VL cDNA序列分别融合到人CH1-铰链-CH2-CH3IgG1结构域和Ckappa链的上游(图10)。
将两条IMP731嵌合轻链和重链独立地克隆到各自的受PGK(或在另一构建中的SRalpha,未示出)启动子控制的表达质粒中(图11,分别为A图和B图)。将这两种质粒共转染(瞬时转染)进CHO细胞,并通过使用A蛋白柱亲和捕获以及在pH3下洗脱从第2天或第3天的培养物上清液中纯化IMP731。用Tris-HCl中和之后,在CDC和ADCC实验中测试纯化的IMP731抗体杀伤LAG-3+靶细胞的能力。
然后,将这两条IMP731轻链和重链与PGK(或SRalpha,未示出)启动子一起克隆成头尾相连的情况,用以从同一整合位点协同表达这两条IMP731链(图12)。此双顺反子IMP731表达质粒用于稳定转染以及使用无血清培养基中浓度递增的潮霉素来选择高产率(例如每百万CHO-S细胞每天大于20皮克IMP731蛋白)CHO-S细胞。
结果
首先,针对经hLAG-3转染的CHO细胞(图13A)和LAG-3+体外活化的人T细胞(图13B)评估IMP731的剂量依赖性结合。对于这两种细胞类型,IMP731在低至0.01μg/ml的浓度下均显示出对活化T细胞的显著结合。
对于补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)测试而言,用于该测定的靶细胞是LAG-3+CHO细胞(图14)。将细胞与IMP731或其人同种型匹配IgG1阴性对照一起孵育,然后与含有活性补体的兔血清一起在37℃孵育1小时。然后,使用7-氨基-放线菌素D(7-AAD)评估细胞生存力。7-AAD是一种标记失去膜完整性之细胞的荧光染料,膜完整性失去在细胞死亡后很快出现。通过流式细胞术分析来测定7-AAD阳性的CHO细胞(即死亡的靶细胞)的百分比。IMP731在该CDC测定中显示出强且特异性的细胞毒性,在补体存在下其仅杀伤LAG-3+CHO细胞(图14)。
对于抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)测试而言,用IL-2刺激PMBC一天以用作效应细胞,用活体染料CFSE标记LAG-3+CHO细胞以用作靶细胞。在IMP731存在时,PBMC能够杀伤高百分比的LAG-3+CHO细胞(图15A)。向下滴定IMP731LAG-3抗体以确定该抗体在低抗体浓度下诱导ADCC的效力。IMP731在低至0.01μg/ml的浓度下显著诱导LAG-3+CHO细胞杀伤(图15B)。在该测定中,加入IMP731杀伤LAG-3+细胞,但不杀伤LAG-3-细胞(图15C)。
结果显示出,IMP731的结合和功能活性类似于杂交瘤细胞产生的亲本A9H12小鼠mAb。
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Claims (10)
1.结合LAG-3蛋白并导致LAG-3+活化T细胞被清除的分子。
2.根据权利要求1的结合LAG-3蛋白的分子,其中所述分子是导致LAG-3+活化T细胞被清除的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段,所述清除通过外周血淋巴细胞数的改变来测得,所述抗体包含人IgG1或IgM或小鼠IgG2a亚类的Fc片段以及结合LAG-3蛋白的Fab片段,
其中所述抗体显示出补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)和/或抗体依赖性细胞毒性(ADCC)。
3.根据权利要求2的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段,其中所述单克隆抗体导致超过30%优选超过50%的LAG-3+活化T细胞被清除。
4.根据权利要求2或3的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段,其中所述单克隆抗体显示出(i)在mAb浓度小于0.1μg/ml时超过最大CDC活性的50%,或者(ii)在mAb浓度小于0.1μg/ml时超过最大ADCC活性的50%。
5.根据权利要求2至4中任一项的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段,其由2007年4月27日保藏于CNCM、登记号为CNCMI-3755的杂交瘤产生。
6.根据权利要求2至4中任一项的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段,其由2007年4月27日保藏于CNCM、登记号为CNCMI-3756的杂交瘤产生。
7.根据权利要求2至6中任一项的细胞毒性抗LAG-3单克隆抗体或其片段在制备用于治疗或预防器官移植排斥或治疗自身免疫病的药物中的用途。
8.用于治疗或预防哺乳动物中器官移植排斥或自身免疫病的方法,其包括向所述哺乳动物施用治疗有效量的权利要求2至6中任一项的抗体。
9.用于从来自患者的样品中清除LAG-3+活化T细胞的方法,其包括使所述样品与包含权利要求2至6中任一项之抗体的抗体组合物反应。
10.药物组合物,其包含30~300mg/剂的权利要求2至6中任一项的细胞毒性单克隆抗体,以及用于向哺乳动物施用的可药用载体和/或稀释剂。
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EP1987839A1 (en) | 2008-11-05 |
ES2602581T3 (es) | 2017-02-21 |
JP2010526052A (ja) | 2010-07-29 |
ES2959413T3 (es) | 2024-02-26 |
JP6177735B2 (ja) | 2017-08-09 |
CN101720227B (zh) | 2022-10-18 |
EP3202418A1 (en) | 2017-08-09 |
CA2685584A1 (en) | 2008-11-06 |
EP2142210B1 (en) | 2016-08-24 |
US20100233183A1 (en) | 2010-09-16 |
CA2685584C (en) | 2018-07-24 |
EP3202418C0 (en) | 2023-08-23 |
EP2142210A1 (en) | 2010-01-13 |
WO2008132601A1 (en) | 2008-11-06 |
JP5936818B2 (ja) | 2016-06-22 |
JP2014231515A (ja) | 2014-12-11 |
EP3202418B1 (en) | 2023-08-23 |
JP2017048235A (ja) | 2017-03-09 |
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