CN105229827B - 一种对锂-硫电池单元循环充/放电的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种用于使锂‑硫电池单元循环充/放电的方法,所述方法包括:使锂‑硫电池单元进行放电,当所述电池单元的电压达到阈值放电电压时停止放电,该阈值放电电压在1.5V‑2.1V的范围内,给锂‑硫电池单元进行充电,以及当所述电池单元的电压达到阈值充电电压时停止充电,该阈值充电电压在2.3V‑2.4V的范围内,其中,在阈值充电电压处锂‑硫电池单元没有被完全充电,以及其中,在阈值放电电压处锂‑硫电池单元没有被完全放电。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种对锂-硫电池循环充/放电的方法。本发明还涉及一种用于对锂-硫电池循环充/放电的电池管理系统。
背景技术
锂-硫电池单元通常包括由锂金属或者锂金属合金形成的阳极(负电极)以及由元素硫或者其它电活性硫材料形成的阴极(正电极)。硫或者其它电活性含硫材料可以与诸如碳之类的导电材料混合以提高硫或者其它电活性含硫材料的导电性。通常,将碳和硫研磨并且然后与溶剂和粘合剂混合以形成浆液。将该浆液涂抹到集电器(current collector)并使其干燥以除去溶剂。将得到的结构进行压延以形成复合结构,该复合结构被切割成期望的形状以形成阴极。在阴极上放置隔膜,并且在该隔膜上放置锂阳极。然后将电解质导入到组装的电池单元中以浸湿阴极和隔膜。
锂-硫电池单元是二次电池单元。当锂-硫电池单元放电时,阴极中的硫会在两个阶段中被还原。在第一阶段中,硫(例如元素硫)被还原成多硫化物物质Sn 2-(n≥2)。这些物质通常在电解质中是可溶的。在放电的第二阶段中,多硫化物物质被还原成硫化锂Li2S,该Li2S通常沉积在阳极的表面上。
当给电池单元充电时,该二阶段机制反向发生:硫化锂被氧化成多硫化锂,其后多硫化锂被氧化成锂和硫。在锂-硫电池单元的放电和充电曲线图中都能看到该二阶段机制。因此,当给锂-硫电池单元充电时,随着电池单元在充电的第一阶段与第二阶段之间转变,锂-硫电池单元的电压通常经过一拐点
可以通过将外部电流施加到电池单元来给锂-硫电池单元充电(再次充电)。通常,电池单元被充电至固定的截止电压,例如2.45-2.8。然而,随着长时间的重复循环,电池单元的容量会衰减。实际上,在一定数量的周期之后,由于电池单元的内阻增加,可能无法再将电池单元充电至固定的截止电压。通过反复地将电池单元充电至选定的截止电压,最终电池单元会被反复地过充电。因为不期望的化学反应可能导致对例如电池单元的电极和/或电解质的损害,因此反复地过充电会对电池单元的寿命具有不利的影响。
鉴于以上原因,期望避免给锂-硫电池单元过充电。WO 2007/111988描述了用于确定锂硫电池单元何时充满电的过程。具体地,该参考文献描述了将诸如硝酸锂之类的N-O添加剂添加到电池单元的电解质中。根据该参考文献第16页第29到31行处的段落,添加剂在完全充电时有效地提供了电压的急剧上升的充电曲线。因此,如果在充电期间对电池单元电压进行监测,则一旦观察到电压的这种快速上升就可以停止充电。
WO 2007/111988的方法依赖于当电池单元达到满容量时电池单元的电压非常急剧地上升。然而,不是所有的锂-硫电池单元都呈现出这样的充电曲线分布。
发明内容
根据本发明,提供一种用于使锂-硫电池单元循环充放电的方法,所述方法包括:
i)使锂-硫电池单元进行放电,
ii)当电池单元的电压达到阈值放电电压时停止放电,该阈值放电电压在1.5V-2.1V的范围内,
iii)给锂-硫电池单元进行充电,以及
iv)当电池单元的电压达到阈值充电电压时停止充电,该阈值充电电压在2.3V-2.4V的范围内,
其中,在阈值充电电压处锂-硫电池单元没有被完全充电,以及
其中,在阈值放电电压处锂-硫电池单元没有被完全放电。
在不希望受限于任何理论的前提下,已经发现可以通过使锂-硫电池单元非完全充电(under-charging)以及可选地非完全放电(under discharging)来有利地降低容量衰减率。当锂-硫电池单元被完全充电时,诸如元素硫之类的电活性硫材料通常是以其完全被氧化的形态(例如S8)存在的。在这种形态下,电活性硫材料通常是不导电的。因此,当这样的材料(例如,元素硫)沉积在阴极上时,阴极的电阻会增加。这会导致温度增加,随着长时间的循环,温度增加会造成电池单元的组件的更快劣化。这进而会降低电池单元的容量,并增加容量衰减率。类似地,当电池单元处于完全放电状态时,硫化锂沉积在负电极上。这也会产生增加电池单元的电阻的影响。通过使电池单元非完全充电以及可选地非完全放电,产生的不导电物质的量会减少,从而降低电池单元的电阻和容量衰减的趋势。
在一个实施例中,电池单元被充电至相当大比例的阴极硫材料(例如,元素硫)还溶解在电解质中(例如,作为多硫化物)的点。电池单元还可以被放电至相当大比例的阴极硫材料(例如,元素硫)还溶解在电解质中(例如,作为多硫化物)的点。优选地,当至少80%的阴极硫材料溶解在电解质中(例如,作为多硫化物)时,出现停止充电以及可选地停止放电的点。可以通过已知的方法来确定溶液中溶解的阴极硫材料的百分比,例如,根据电池单元中剩余的固体硫的量占引入为阴极材料的硫材料的初始量的百分比。
阈值放电电压为1.5V到2.1V,例如1.5V到1.8V或者从1.8V到2.1V。适合的阈值放电电压的范围从1.6V到2.0V,例如,1.7V到1.9V。优选地,阈值放电电压为1.7V到1.8V,优选大约1.75V。
优选地,阈值充电电压大约为2.30V到2.36V,更优选2.30V到2.35V,还更优选2.31V到2.34V,例如2.33V。
在一个实施例中,针对至少两个放电-充电周期,优选针对至少20个放电-充电周期,更优选针对至少100个周期重复步骤i)到iv),例如,在电池单元的整个使用寿命期间都重复步骤i)到iv)。
在一个实施例中,所述方法还包括下述步骤:在充电和/或放电期间对电池单元的电压进行监测。
本发明还提供一种用于实现上述方法的电池管理系统。
根据本发明的又一方面,提供一种用于控制锂-硫电池单元的放电和充电的电池管理系统,所述系统包括
用于在阈值放电电压处使锂-硫电池单元的放电停止的装置,其中,该阈值放电电压大于电池单元在完全放电状态下的电压,
用于给锂-硫电池单元充电的装置,以及
用于在阈值充电电压处停止充电的装置,其中,该阈值充电电压小于电池单元在完全充电状态下的电压。
优选地,所述系统包括用于在放电和充电期间对电池单元的电压进行监测的装置。
在一个实施例中,当电池单元的电压处于1.5V到1.8V,优选处于1.7V-1.8V,例如大约1.75V时,用于使电池单元的放电停止的装置使放电停止。
替代地或另外地,当电池单元的电压为2.3V到2.4V时,用于使电池单元的充电停止的装置使充电停止。优选地,在大约2.30V-2.36V,更优选2.30V-2.35V,还更优选2.31V-2.34V,例如在2.33V处停止所述充电。
所述系统可以包括用于将所述系统耦接到锂-硫电池单元或锂-硫电池的装置。优选地,所述系统包括锂-硫电池单元或锂-硫电池。
在一优选实施例中,通过以恒定电流进行供电来给锂-硫电池单元充电。可以提供该电流,以便在从30分钟到12小时,优选地8到10小时的时间范围内给电池单元充电。可以在从0.1到3mA/cm2,优选地0.1到0.3mA/cm2的电流密度范围下提供该电流。作为以恒定电流进行充电的替代方案,还可以将锂-硫电池单元充电至恒定电压直到达到相关容量。
电化电池单元可以是任何适合的锂-硫电池单元。电池单元通常包括阳极、阴极、电解质、以及优选地多孔隔膜,有利地该多孔隔膜可以被放置在阳极与阴极之间。阳极可以由锂金属或者锂金属合金构成。优选地,阳极是金属箔电极,例如锂箔电极。锂箔可以由锂金属或者锂金属合金构成。
电化电池单元的阴极包括电活性硫材料与导电材料的混合物。该混合物形成电活性层,该电活性层可以被放置成与集电器接触。
可以将电活性硫材料与导电材料的混合物以溶剂(例如,水或者有机溶剂)中浆液的形式涂抹到集电器。然后可以除去该溶剂,并且得到的结构经压延形成复合结构,该复合结构被切割成期望的形状以形成阴极。可以在阴极上放置隔膜并且在隔膜上放置锂阳极。然后可以将电解质导入到组装的电池单元中以浸湿阴极和隔膜。
电活性硫材料可以包括元素硫、基于硫的有机化合物、基于硫的无机化合物和含硫聚合物。优选地,使用元素硫。
固体导电材料可以是任何适合的传导材料。优选地,该固体导电材料可以由碳制成。示例包括碳黑、碳纤维和碳纳米管。其他适合的材料包括金属(例如,薄片、锉屑和粉末)和导电聚合物。优选地,采用碳黑。
电活性硫材料(例如,元素硫)与导电材料(例如,碳)的重量比可以是1:1到30:1;优选2:1到8:1,更优选5:1到7:1。
电活性硫材料与导电材料的混合物可以是颗粒混合物。该混合物可以具有50nm到20μm,优选地100nm到5μm的平均粒度。
电活性硫材料与导电材料的混合物(即,电活性层)可以可选地包括粘合剂。适合的粘合剂可以由以下各项中的至少一种制成:例如,聚氧化乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、三元乙丙橡胶、甲基丙烯酸酯(例如,UV固化甲基丙烯酸酯)以及二乙烯基酯(例如,热固化二乙烯基酯)。
如上所述,电化电池单元的阴极还可以包括与电活性硫材料和固体导电材料的混合物接触的集电器。例如,电活性硫材料和固体导电材料的混合物沉积在集电器上。隔膜也设置在电化电池单元的阳极与阴极之间。例如,隔膜可以与电活性硫材料和固体导电材料的混合物接触,该电活性硫材料和固体导电材料的混合物又与集电器接触。
适合的集电器包括金属衬底,例如箔、由金属或者金属合金制成的片状物或者网状物。在一优选实施例中,集电器是铝箔。
隔膜可以是允许离子在电池单元的电极之间移动的任何适合的多孔衬底。衬底的孔隙率应该至少是30%,优选地至少50%,例如,60%以上。适合的隔膜包括由聚合材料制成的网状物。适合的聚合物包括聚丙烯、尼龙和聚乙烯。特别优选非织造聚丙烯。可以采用多层式隔膜。
优选地,电解质包括至少一种锂盐和至少一种有机溶剂。适合的锂盐包括下述各项中的至少一种:六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)、六氟砷酸锂(LiAsF6)、高氯酸锂(LiClO4)、三氟甲基磺酰亚胺锂(LiN(CF3SO2)2)、四氟硼酸锂以及三氟甲烷磺酸锂(CF3SO3Li)。优选地,锂盐是三氟甲烷磺酸锂。
适合的有机溶剂有:四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸甲丙酯、甲基丙基丙酸酯、乙基丙基丙酸酯、乙酸甲酯、二甲氧基乙烷、1,3-二氧戊环(2-甲氧基乙醚)、四乙二醇二甲醚、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸丙烯酯、γ-丁内酯、二氧戊环、六甲基磷酰胺、吡啶、二甲基亚砜、磷酸三丁酯、磷酸三甲酯、N,N,N,N-四乙基磺酰胺以及砜及其混合物。优选地,有机溶剂为砜或者砜类的混合物。砜的示例有二甲基砜和环丁砜。环丁砜可以用作单一溶剂或者可以例如与其他砜类结合。
用在电解质中的有机溶剂应该能够使诸如分子式Sn 2-之类的多硫化物物质溶解,其中n=2到12,该多硫化物物质形成于在电池单元放电期间电活性硫材料减少时。
电解质中锂盐的浓度优选为0.1到5M,更优选为0.5到3M,例如,1M。锂盐优选地以至少70%、优选至少80%、更优选至少90%、例如95%-99%的饱和度的浓度存在。
在一个实施例中,电解质包括三氟甲烷磺酸锂和环丁砜。
电解质与电活性硫材料和导电材料的总量的重量比是1-15:1;优选是2-9:1;更优选是6-8:1。
示例
图1描绘了通过充电至2.45V的固定电压并且放电至1.5V的固定电压来进行循环的锂-硫电池单元的充-放电曲线。
图2描绘了根据本发明的实施例,通过(非完全)充电至2.33V并且(非完全)放电至1.75V来进行循环的锂-硫电池单元的充-放电曲线。以相同的方式将两个电池单元制造成相同的规格。如可以从图中看出的那样,通过根据本发明使电池单元循环充放电,降低了容量衰减率。
在以下示例中,使用具有近似2.45V的OCV(开路电压)的基本上相同的锂-硫软包(pouch)电池单元。
每个电池单元都经受了预循环机制,其中包括基于使用电压范围1.5-2.45V的理论容量的70%,以C/5使电池单元放电,然后在3个充电/放电周期分别以C/5进行放电以及以C/10进行充电。
所有的充电/放电半周期分别经受C/10速率和C/5速率。
测试了以下放电-充电电压:
1.75V–2.45V(图3)
1.95V–2.45V(图4)
1.5V–2.4V(图5)
1.95V–2.4V(图6)
1.5V–2.33V(图7)
1.75V–2.33V(图8)
1.75V–2.25V(图9)
从图5、6、7、8与图3、4、9的比较可看出,通过根据本发明使电池单元进行循环充放电,降低了容量衰减率。具体地,通过将电池单元充电至2.33V,观察到显著改善了周期寿命。当电池单元被完全充电至2.45V(参见图3和图4)或者非完全充电至2.25V(参见图9)时都不能实现这种改善。
Claims (15)
1.一种用于使锂-硫电池单元循环充/放电的方法,所述方法包括:
i)使锂-硫电池单元进行放电,
ii)当所述电池单元的电压达到阈值放电电压时停止放电,给所述锂-硫电池单元进行充电,其中,所述阈值放电电压在1.5V-2.1V的范围内,以及
iii)当所述电池单元的电压达到阈值充电电压时停止充电,所述阈值充电电压在2.3V-2.4V的范围内,
其中,在所述阈值充电电压处所述锂-硫电池单元没有被完全充电,
其中,在所述阈值放电电压处所述锂-硫电池单元没有被完全放电,以及
其中,当至少80%的阴极硫材料溶解在电解质中时,出现停止充电的点。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述阈值放电电压为1.75V。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,所述阈值充电电压为2.33V。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,针对至少2个放电-充电周期来重复步骤i)到iii)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中,针对至少20个放电-充电周期来重复步骤i)到iii)。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,当至少80%的阴极硫材料溶解在电解质中时,出现停止充电和停止放电的点。
7.一种用于对锂-硫电池单元的放电和充电进行控制的电池管理系统,所述系统包括:
用于在阈值放电电压处使锂-硫电池单元停止放电的装置,所述阈值放电电压大于所述电池单元在完全放电状态下的电压,
用于给所述锂-硫电池单元充电的装置,以及
用于在阈值充电电压处停止充电的装置,所述阈值充电电压小于所述电池单元在完全充电状态下的电压,
其中,当至少80%的阴极硫材料溶解在电解质中时,用于停止充电的装置被配置为停止充电。
8.根据权利要求7所述的系统,所述系统包括用于在放电和充电期间对所述电池单元的电压进行监测的装置。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的系统,其中,当所述电池单元的电压处于1.7V-1.8V时,用于使电池单元停止放电的装置使所述放电停止。
10.根据权利要求9所述的系统,其中,当所述电池单元的电压为1.75V时,用于使电池单元停止放电的装置使所述放电停止。
11.根据权利要求7或8所述的系统,其中,当所述电池单元的电压处于2.3V-2.4V时,用于使电池单元停止充电的装置使所述充电停止。
12.根据权利要求11所述的系统,其中,当所述电池单元的电压为2.33V时,用于使所述电池单元停止充电的所述装置使所述充电停止。
13.根据权利要求7或8所述的系统,所述系统还包括用于将所述系统耦接到锂-硫电池的装置。
14.根据权利要求13所述的系统,所述系统包括锂-硫电池。
15.根据权利要求7或8所述的系统,其中,当至少80%的阴极硫材料溶解在电解质中时,所述系统停止充电和停止放电。
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WO2014155069A1 (en) | 2014-10-02 |
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GB2512424B (en) | 2015-03-04 |
TW201503461A (zh) | 2015-01-16 |
EP2784850A1 (en) | 2014-10-01 |
RU2641667C2 (ru) | 2018-01-19 |
TWI635643B (zh) | 2018-09-11 |
KR20150133733A (ko) | 2015-11-30 |
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