گاليوم

Gallium,  ₃₁Ga

عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈɡæliəm/ GAL-ee-əm
Appearance	silvery blue
Gallium په دوراني جدول کې
Al ↑ Ga ↓ In zinc ← gallium → germanium ‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	31
گروپ, پیریود	group 13 (boron group), period 4
بلاک	p-block
Element category	post-transition metal
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	کينډۍ:Val[۱]
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 3
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	302.9146 K ​(29.7646 °C, ​85.5763 °F)
يشنا ټکی	2673 K ​(2400 °C, ​4352 °F)[۲]
Density near r.t.	5.91 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	6.095 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	5.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	256 kJ/mol[۲]
Molar heat capacity	25.86 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1310 1448 1620 1838 2125 2518
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4, −5[۳] ​(an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.81
Ionization energies	1st: 578.8 kJ/mol 2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol 3rd: 2963 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 135 pm
Covalent radius	122±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	187 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​orthorhombic
Speed of sound thin rod	2740 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	18 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	40.6 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	270 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	−21.6·10−6 cm3/mol (at 290 K)[۴]
Young's modulus	9.8 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.47
Mohs hardness	1.5
Brinell hardness	56.8–68.7 MPa
CAS Number	7440-55-3
History
Naming	after Script error: The function "Lang" does not exist. (Latin for: France), homeland of the discoverer
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery and first isolation	Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
Main isotopes of gallium
آيسو­ټوپ Abun­dance نیم ژوند (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 66Ga syn 9.5 h β+ 66Zn 67Ga syn 3.3 d ε 67Zn 68Ga syn 1.2 h β+ 68Zn 69Ga 60.11% stable کينډۍ:Infobox element/isotopes decay2 71Ga 39.89% stable 72Ga syn 14.1 h β− 72Ge 73Ga syn 4.9 h β− 73Ge
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گاليوم (په انگرېزي: Gallium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Ga سمبول او ۳۱ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

1. ↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
2. ↑ ^{۲٫۰ ۲٫۱} Zhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
3. ↑ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (په جرمني). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. ISBN 3728125970.
4. ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.