جرمانيوم

Germanium,  ₃₂Ge

A 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/dʒərˈmeɪniəm/ jər-MAY-nee-əm
Appearance	grayish-white
Germanium په دوراني جدول کې
Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn gallium ← germanium → arsenic ‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	32
گروپ, پیریود	group 14 (carbon group), period 4
بلاک	p-block
Element category	metalloid
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	کينډۍ:Val[۱]
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 4
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
يشنا ټکی	3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density near r.t.	5.323 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	23.222 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.01
Ionization energies	1st: 762 kJ/mol 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius	122 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​face-centered diamond-cubic
Speed of sound thin rod	5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.0 µm/(m·K)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	60.2 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	1 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Band gap	0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic[۲]
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	−76.84·10−6 cm3/mol[۳]
Young's modulus	103 GPa[۴]
Shear modulus	41 GPa[۴]
Bulk modulus	75 GPa[۴]
Poisson ratio	0.26[۴]
Mohs hardness	6.0
CAS Number	7440-56-4
History
Naming	after Germany, homeland of the discoverer
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery	Clemens Winkler (1886)
Main isotopes of germanium
آيسو­ټوپ Abun­dance نیم ژوند (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 68Ge syn 270.8 d ε 68Ga 70Ge 20.52% stable 71Ge syn 11.3 d ε 71Ga 72Ge 27.45% stable 73Ge 7.76% stable 74Ge 36.52% stable 76Ge 7.75% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 76Se
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جرمانيوم (په انگرېزي: Germanium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Ge سمبول او ۳۲ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

1. ↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
2. ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
3. ↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
4. ↑ ^{۴٫۰ ۴٫۱ ۴٫۲ ۴٫۳} "Properties of Germanium". Ioffe Institute.