WO2021180717A1 - Chromfreier hydrierkatalysator mit erhöhter wasser- und säurestabilität - Google Patents
Chromfreier hydrierkatalysator mit erhöhter wasser- und säurestabilität Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021180717A1 WO2021180717A1 PCT/EP2021/055910 EP2021055910W WO2021180717A1 WO 2021180717 A1 WO2021180717 A1 WO 2021180717A1 EP 2021055910 W EP2021055910 W EP 2021055910W WO 2021180717 A1 WO2021180717 A1 WO 2021180717A1
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- weight
- catalyst body
- shaped catalyst
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- copper
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 117
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 28
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 title abstract description 17
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- -1 aluminum compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 Chemical compound C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004435 Oxo alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910017767 Cu—Al Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910018576 CuAl2O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- VDZOOKBUILJEDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC VDZOOKBUILJEDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PLLBRTOLHQQAQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-methylnonan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCO PLLBRTOLHQQAQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 3
- YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910018565 CuAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003991 Rietveld refinement Methods 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007327 hydrogenolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- KJFMBFZCATUALV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenolphthalein Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)O1 KJFMBFZCATUALV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012488 sample solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZZBAGJPKGRJIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7h-purine-2-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=NC=C2NC=NC2=N1 ZZBAGJPKGRJIJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000005749 Copper compound Substances 0.000 description 1
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- GXDVEXJTVGRLNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cr].[Cu] Chemical compound [Cr].[Cu] GXDVEXJTVGRLNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VXAUWWUXCIMFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M aluminum;oxygen(2-);hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[Al+3] VXAUWWUXCIMFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JPNZKPRONVOMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;octadecanoic acid Chemical class [NH4+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O JPNZKPRONVOMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000378 calcium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Al]=O.[O-][Al]=O XFWJKVMFIVXPKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001728 carbonyl compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009903 catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001880 copper compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XTYUEDCPRIMJNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper zirconium Chemical compound [Cu].[Zr] XTYUEDCPRIMJNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011066 ex-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019387 fatty acid methyl ester Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004675 formic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004666 short chain fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021391 short chain fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/005—Spinels
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/72—Copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
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- B01J35/615—100-500 m2/g
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
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- B01J37/082—Decomposition and pyrolysis
- B01J37/088—Decomposition of a metal salt
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- B01J37/16—Reducing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/132—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group
- C07C29/136—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH
- C07C29/14—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH of a —CHO group
- C07C29/141—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH of a —CHO group with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
- C07C45/61—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups
- C07C45/64—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by introduction of functional groups containing oxygen only in singly bound form
Definitions
- Chromium-free hydrogenation catalyst with increased water and acid stability Chromium-free hydrogenation catalyst with increased water and acid stability
- the present invention relates to an improved catalyst based on a shaped catalyst body for the hydrogenation of carbonyl groups in organic compounds, characterized in that the shaped catalyst body comprises a proportion of copper in an amount of 17.5 to 34.5% by weight and in which the copper at least 70% is in the form of a copper spinel CuAhC.
- the present invention also relates to the production of the shaped catalyst body and its use in the hydrogenation of carbonyl groups in organic compounds.
- Catalytic processes for the hydrogenation of carbonyl groups in organic compounds such as esters, diesters, aldehydes or ketones are of great relevance in industry. Among other things, they serve to convert carboxylic acids or their esters, especially esters of fatty acids, into the corresponding alcohols.
- catalysts Systems based on copper in combination with other elements of the transition metals are suitable as catalysts.
- the catalysts are usually in the form of tablets, extrudates or granules.
- WO 2004/085356 describes the production of a catalyst for the hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds which, in addition to copper and aluminum, contains at least one oxide of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium and which is also admixed with copper powder or flakes, cement powder or graphite.
- DE 40 21 230 A1 describes a process for the production of alcohols by hydrogenating an organic carboxylic acid ester compound in the presence of a copper-zirconium catalyst, which is composed of copper, zirconium and oxygen, to form a corresponding alcohol such as a higher alcohol or a dihydric To get alcohol.
- EP 0434062 A1 relates to a process for hydrogenating a mixture of substances into the corresponding alcohols, in which a catalyst is used which is produced by co-precipitation of metals selected from Mg, Zn, Ti, Zr, Sn, Ni, C and mixtures thereof became.
- the catalyst disclosed in EP 0 552463 A1 for the hydrogenation of carbonyl groups in organic compounds has the composition in its oxidic form Cu a Al b Zr c Mn d O d with a>O;b>O;c>O;d>O;a> b / 2; b> a / 4; a>c;a>d; and x as the number of oxygen ions required per formula unit to maintain electroneutrality.
- US 2018/0280940 A1 is the use of powdered catalysts based on N1AI 2 O 4 or CUAI 2 O 4 for the hydrogenation of ketones to alcohols.
- the samples examined have copper contents of at least 42.7% by weight.
- the catalysts described in US Pat. No. 6,455,464 B1 essentially consist of copper and aluminum and have a spinel content below 60% by weight. The catalysts were used in hydrogenolysis.
- the starting compounds of the hydrogenation processes usually contain traces of acidic compounds. These are, for example, carboxylic acids that are present as by-products in esterification reactions. Under the reaction conditions of the hydrogenation reaction, these compounds attack the catalyst and lead to a reduction in mechanical stability and the washing out of the catalytically active metals, which can be observed in some cases, and which are carried out of the reaction reactor with the product stream and have to be separated off from it. In addition, as the discharge of the catalytically active metals progresses, the catalytic activity of the catalyst is also reduced.
- Catalysts containing copper and chromium are used for such reactions. These usually have an increased stability against the action of acids.
- the object of the present invention was therefore to provide a catalyst for hydrogenation of carbonyl groups in organic compounds which is distinguished by improved mechanical stability and which is less susceptible to the action of acidic compounds or water.
- this catalyst in particular, in hydrogenations which take place in an acidic and / or water-containing medium.
- the invention relates to a Cu-Al shaped catalyst body, characterized in that it has a proportion of copper in the range from 17.5 to 34.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the shaped catalyst body after loss on ignition, and in which the copper is at least 70% is in the form of a copper spinel CUAI 2 O 4 .
- the shaped catalyst body can be in various forms, for example in the form of extrudates, spheres, granules or tablets. In a preferred embodiment, the shaped catalyst body is in the form of a tablet.
- the pelletized shaped catalyst body can be present in various dimensions.
- the diameter of the tablets can be between 2 and 6 mm and preferably between 3 and 5 mm.
- the diameter is particularly preferably between 4.4 and 4.6 mm.
- the fleas of the tablets can be between 2 and 6 mm and preferably between 2 and 4 mm.
- the fleas are particularly preferably between 2.5 and 3.5 mm.
- the shaped catalyst body according to the invention has a side compressive strength of 80 to 300 N, preferably 150 to 250 N, particularly preferably 170 to 230 N.
- the shaped catalyst body according to the invention preferably has a diameter in the range from 3 to 5 mm, a fleas in the range from 2 to 4 mm and a lateral compressive strength in the range from 170 to 230N.
- the pore volume, measured by means of mercury porosimetry, of the shaped catalyst body according to the invention is between 100 and 500 mm 3 / g, preferably between 150 and 400 mm 3 / g, particularly preferably between 200 and 400 mm 3 / g.
- the shaped catalyst body according to the invention has a BET specific surface area of from 20 to 150 m 2 / g, preferably from 70 to 120 m 2 / g.
- the amounts of copper and aluminum specified below in the shaped catalyst body according to the invention relate to an oxidic, non-reduced form of the shaped catalyst body in which the elements are present in oxidized form as Cu (II) and Al (III).
- the shaped catalyst body in oxidic form comprises Cu in an amount in the range of 22.1% by weight, preferably 24.5% by weight, more preferably 25.0% by weight, more preferably 24.5% by weight. -%, more preferably 25.0% by weight, even more preferably 27.0% by weight, most preferably 27.5% by weight, and 33.8% by weight, preferably 31.0% by weight, more preferred 30.4% by weight, based on the total weight of the shaped catalyst body after loss on ignition.
- the shaped catalyst body in oxidic form comprises AI in an amount in the range of 21.2% by weight, preferably 21.8% by weight, more preferably 24.9% by weight, more preferably 29.0% by weight. -%, more preferably 29.5% by weight, most preferably 30.1% by weight, and 38.3% by weight, preferably 36.9% by weight, more preferably 36.7% by weight , more preferably 36.4% by weight, particularly preferably 35.1% by weight, most preferably 34.7% by weight, based on the total weight of the shaped catalyst body after loss on ignition.
- At least 70% of the copper present in the shaped catalyst body is in the form of a copper spinel CUAI 2 O 4 .
- the proportion is in the range from 70 to 98%, more preferably in the range from 70 to 95%, even more preferably in the range from 75 to 90%, most preferably in the range from 80 to 90%.
- the atomic ratio Cu / Ab is less than 1, preferably less than 0.97, particularly preferably less than 0.94.
- the atomic ratio Cu / Al 2 is greater than 0.49 and less than 1, preferably greater than 0.57 and less than 0.97, more preferably greater than 0.58 and less than 0.94, particularly preferably greater than 0.79 and less 0.94.
- the catalyst does not contain manganese and zirconium in oxidized or metallic form. In a further embodiment, apart from copper, the catalyst does not contain any further transition metal in oxidized or metallic form.
- the shaped catalyst body according to the invention is produced by the following steps according to the invention: a) combining (i) an aqueous solution A of copper and optionally transition metal compounds and (ii) an aqueous alkaline solution B to form a precipitate, solution A and / or solution B additionally comprises a dissolved aluminum compound, b) separating the precipitate, optionally washing the precipitate c) drying the precipitate to obtain a dried precipitate, d) calcining the dried precipitate according to step c) at a temperature between 200 and 800 ° C for a period between 30 min and 4 h, e) shaping the calcined precipitate after step d) to obtain a shaped body.
- the aluminum compound can either already be present in the copper-containing solution A or can be added together with the precipitant in the form of the aqueous alkaline solution B.
- the proportion of copper compound in solution A in step a) is chosen so that the proportion of copper in the final catalyst is in the range from 17.5 to 34.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the shaped catalyst body after loss on ignition.
- the precipitate is formed in step a) by passing the aqueous alkaline solution B containing the precipitant into the solution A containing the dissolved compound of copper and optionally the transition metal, preferably with constant stirring of the metal-containing solution.
- the formation of the precipitate takes place in step a) by passing the aqueous alkaline solution B containing the precipitant and the aluminum compound into the solution A containing the dissolved compound of copper and optionally the transition metal, preferably with constant stirring of the metal-containing solution .
- the aqueous alkaline solution B containing the precipitant is passed together with the metal-containing solution A into a common precipitation container.
- the temperature of the combined solutions in step a) is usually in the range from 10 to 90.degree. C., preferably in the range from 30 to 90.degree. C., more preferably in the range from 50 to 85.degree.
- the pH value during the precipitation of the metal-containing compounds in step a) is in the range from 6.0 to 8.0, preferably in the range from 6.5 to 7.5, even more preferably in the range from 6.5 to 7.0 .
- the resulting precipitate is separated off. This is typically done by means of filtration. Alternatively, the precipitate can also be separated off by decanting or centrifuging.
- the separated precipitate can then optionally be subjected to one or more washing steps in order to remove any adhering impurities such as excess flydroxide ions or alkali ions.
- the precipitate can either remain directly in the filter chamber as a filter cake and a washing medium, preferably deionized water, flows through it, or alternatively it can be suspended in the washing medium and subjected to renewed separation by means of a filter press, decanting or centrifugation. This process is usually repeated until the conductivity of the washing medium falls below a certain value. This is typically 0.5 mS / cm, in particular 0.3 mS / cm. The conductivity is determined according to DIN 38404, part 8.
- the separated and optionally washed precipitate is dried at a temperature in the range from 50 to 150.degree. C., preferably in the range from 70 to 130.degree. C., particularly preferably in the range from 80 to 120.degree.
- the drying can take place in a spray dryer. Alternatively, the drying can also take place in a stationary oven; the drying time here is usually in the range from 30 minutes to 6 hours.
- the dried powder is then subjected to calcination. This takes place at a temperature between 200 and 800.degree. C., preferably between 400 and 800.degree. C., particularly preferably between 600 and 750.degree.
- the duration of the calcination is between 30 minutes and 4 hours, preferably between 1 and 3 hours and particularly preferably between 1.5 and 2.5 hours.
- the dried and calcined precipitate is then subjected to a shaping process.
- the calcined precipitate is tabletted.
- Tableting is usually carried out with a tablet press, such as a press of the Kilian Pressima type. Tableting is preferably carried out with the addition of lubricants such as graphite, oils or stearates, preferably graphite.
- lubricants such as graphite, oils or stearates, preferably graphite.
- the calcined precipitate obtained in step d) is mixed with at least one lubricant mixed, optionally compacted and / or granulated and then tabletted.
- the proportion of lubricant in the mixture is usually between 0.5 and 5.0% by weight, preferably between 1 and 4% by weight, based on the total weight of the mass to be tabletted.
- a binder is added to the precipitate to be deformed.
- binders are aluminum oxide, such as pseudoboehmite, boehmite or corundum, silicon dioxide, calcium aluminate, calcium silicate or clay minerals such as bentonite.
- the binder is usually added to the mixture in such an amount that the content of binder in the shaped body is in the range from 2 to 30 wt.%, Preferably in the range from 2 to 10 wt up to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the shaped body after loss on ignition.
- the shaped bodies obtained in step e) can then be subjected to a thermal treatment in step f).
- a thermal treatment takes place at a temperature between 200 and 800.degree. C., preferably between 400 and 700.degree. C., particularly preferably between 400 and 600.degree.
- the duration of this thermal treatment is between 30 minutes and 4 hours, preferably between 1 and 3 hours and particularly preferably between 1.5 and 2.5 hours.
- the shaped catalyst body obtainable by the process according to the invention can be reduced in a further step before it is used in the catalytic reaction.
- the reduction is preferably carried out by heating the shaped catalyst body in a reducing atmosphere.
- the reducing atmosphere is, in particular, hydrogen.
- the reduction takes place, for example, at a temperature in the range from 150.degree. C. to 450.degree. C., preferably in the range from 160.degree. C. to 250.degree. C., particularly preferably in the range from 170.degree. C. to 200.degree.
- the reduction takes place, for example, over a period of 1 hour to 20 days, preferably over a period of 2 hours to 120 hours, particularly preferably over a period of 24 to 48 hours.
- the reduction takes place at a temperature in the range from 190 ° C. to 210 ° C. over a period of from 24 to 48 hours.
- the shaped catalyst bodies are stabilized wet or dry after the reduction.
- the shaped catalyst bodies are covered with a layer of liquid to prevent contact with oxygen to avoid if possible.
- Suitable liquids include organic liquids and water, preferably organic liquids.
- Preferred organic liquids are those which have a vapor pressure of 0.5 hPa or less at 20 ° C. Examples of such suitable organic liquids are iso-decanol, Nafol, fatty alcohols, hexadecane, 2-ethylhexanol, propylene glycol and mixtures thereof, especially iso-decanol.
- a mixture of oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas, preferably air, and an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen is metered into the reduction chamber.
- concentration of oxygen in the mixture is preferably increased from about 0.04% by volume to about 21% by volume.
- a mixture of air and inert gas can be metered in, the ratio of air to inert gas initially being approximately 0.2% by volume of air to 99.8% by volume of inert gas. The ratio of air to inert gas is then gradually increased (for example continuously or in steps) until finally, for example, 100% by volume of air is metered in (corresponding to an oxygen concentration of about 21% by volume).
- the addition of air or oxygen creates a thin oxide layer with a thickness of, for example, 0.5 to 50 nm, preferably 1 to 20 nm, particularly preferably 1 to 10 nm on the surface of the Catalyst arises, which protects the shaped catalyst body from further oxidation.
- the reactor temperature is preferably 100.degree. C. or less, particularly preferably 20.degree. C. to 70.degree. C. and most preferably 30.degree. C. to 50.degree.
- the reduction can take place ex situ or in situ in the reaction plant into which the shaped catalyst body is introduced as a catalyst.
- the crystallite size of the copper in the reduced shaped body is in the range from 7 to 12 nm, preferably in the range from 8 to 11 nm, particularly preferably in the range from 9 to 11 nm.
- the side compressive strength of the shaped catalyst bodies in tablet form has values of 50 to 250 N, preferably 60 to 200 N, particularly preferably 70 to 150 N, after the reduction.
- the shaped catalyst bodies according to the invention or the shaped catalyst bodies obtainable by the process according to the invention contain, after the reduction, Cu (0) (ie copper in oxidation state 0), in particular in a proportion of 5 to 36% by weight, preferably in a proportion of 10 to 34% by weight .-%, particularly preferably in a proportion of 20 to 32% by weight, based on the total weight of the reduced catalyst after loss on ignition.
- the catalysts according to the invention have an improved stability towards acidic media or water-containing media, such as organic solutions or organic gaseous mixtures with acids and / or water as impurities.
- the shaped catalyst body according to the invention also has a lower total loss of metal ions, which is a sign of an increased stability of the solid structure with respect to the leaching out of individual metal ions.
- the shaped body is subjected to a treatment in an acid- and water-containing medium and the side compressive strength of the shaped body treated in this way and the proportion of metal ions in the acid- and water-containing medium are then determined.
- Another object of the present invention is the use of the catalyst according to the invention in catalytic hydrogenation of carbonyl groups in organic compounds, which takes place in an acidic and / or water-containing medium.
- Possible reactions include the hydrogenation of aldehydes to give alcohols, in particular oxoaldehydes to give oxo alcohols, the hydrogenation of a fatty acid, e.g. by esterification, in particular to give fatty acid methyl esters and subsequent hydrogenolysis, or the hydrogenation of ketones to give the corresponding alcohols.
- Typical acid numbers of the reaction media used here are in the range from 0.1 to 3.4 mg K oH / g solution, preferably in the range from 0.2 to 1.0 mg K oH / g solution.
- the acid number is a measure of the presence of acidic OH groups, for example in carboxylic acids, in a solution and can be determined, for example, by titrating a corresponding solution with a KOH solution up to the neutralization point.
- the amount of KOH consumed in relation to the face of the solution corresponds to the acid number, expressed in mg K o H / g solution .
- the water content in such reaction media is usually in the range from 0.1 to 5.0% by weight, more preferably in the range from 0.2 to 5.0% by weight, particularly preferably 0.5 to 3.0% by weight.
- the fatty acids to be hydrogenated in the context of the present invention are saturated or unsaturated fatty acids which, due to their chain lengths, are divided into short-chain fatty acids (up to 6-8 carbon atoms), medium-chain (6-8 to 12 carbon atoms) and long-chain ( 13 to 21 carbon atoms). In addition, fatty acids with more than 22 carbon atoms can also be used.
- the determination of the loss on ignition in the context of the present invention was carried out in accordance with DIN 51081 by determining the weight of approx. 1-2 g of a sample of the material to be analyzed and then heating it to 900 ° C. in a room atmosphere and storing it at this temperature for 3 h became. The sample was then cooled in a protective atmosphere and the remaining weight was measured. The difference between the weight before and after the thermal treatment corresponds to the loss on ignition.
- the side compressive strength (SDF) was determined according to ASTM 04179-01 without predrying the tablets. A statistically sufficient number of tablets (at least 20 tablets) was measured and the arithmetic mean of the individual measurements was calculated. This mean value corresponds to the lateral compressive strength of a specific sample.
- the acid number was determined by mixing approx. 4 g of the sample solution with 25 ml of propanol and adding phenolphthalein as an indicator. The solution was titrated at room temperature with a tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution (0.1 mol / L in 2-propanol / methanol) until the color changed.
- the specific BET surface areas were determined by means of nitrogen adsorption according to DIN 66131. ok The pore volume of the shaped catalyst body was measured by the mercury porosimetry method in accordance with DIN 66133 in a pressure range from 1 to 2000 bar.
- the weight fraction of copper spinel CuAl 2 0 4 in the shaped catalyst body and the crystal size of the copper were determined by means of X-ray diffractometry and Rietveld refinement.
- the sample was measured in a D4 Endeavor from BRUKER over a range from 5 to 90 ° 20 (step sequence 0.020 ° 20, 1.5 seconds measurement time per step).
- CuKal radiation (wavelength 1, 54060 ⁇ , 40 kV, 35 mA) was used as the radiation.
- the sample plate was rotated around its axis at a speed of 30 revolutions / min during the measurement.
- the diffractogram of the reflection intensities obtained was calculated quantitatively by means of Rietveld refinement and the proportion of copper spinel CuAl 2 0 4 in the sample was determined.
- the software TOPAS, Version 6, from BRUKER was used to determine the proportion of the respective crystal phases.
- the crystallite size of the copper was determined on the basis of the reflection at 43.3 ° 20 by calculating it using the software using the Scherrer formula.
- An aqueous solution 1 was prepared by adding 4482 g of Cu (NC> 3) 2 2.5 H 2 O to 3000 ml of demineralized water. 3000 mL nitric acid (65% by weight HNO3) were then added to the mixture. The acidic solution was made up to a total volume of 23330 mL with demineralized water. The pH of the solution was -0.20. The solution was then heated to 80 ° C.
- a precipitation container was provided for the precipitation, which was filled with 8000 mL demineralized water.
- the copper-containing solution and the carbonate-containing solution were introduced into this at the same time.
- the metering rate was set so that the precipitating solution had a pH of about 6.5.
- the precipitate was filtered off and washed with demineralized water in order to remove adhering impurities.
- the filter cake was then resuspended in 8000 mL demineralized water and dried.
- the spray-dried powder was then calcined at 750 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the crystallite size of the copper in the shaped body after reduction was 9.5 nm.
- the pore volume was 314 mm 3 / g, the BET specific surface area was 103 m 2 / g.
- Example 3 Production of the catalyst 2 according to the invention
- the calcined powder obtained in Example 1 were mixed with 7.2 g of graphite and mixed for 10 minutes, so that a homogeneous mixture was formed.
- This mixture was first compacted and granulated and then pressed in a tablet press of the Pressima type from Kilian to give tablets with a width of 4.5 mm and a height of 3 mm. Finally, the tablets were subjected to calcination at 450 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the side compressive strength of the tablets was 155 N.
- Catalyst A was prepared by precipitating a copper- and chromium-containing precipitate, converting it into the oxidic form by thermal treatment and pressing it into tablets with a width of 4.5 mm and a height of 3 mm.
- an aqueous solution 1 was prepared by adding 1250 g of CU (N0 3 ) 2 3 H 2 0, 220 g of Mn (N0 3 ) 2 4 H 2 0 and 1800 g of Al (N0 3 ) 3 9 H 2 0 were dissolved in 9000 g of distilled H 2 0.
- the powder for catalyst C was prepared according to the method of preparation of the powder for catalyst B, the proportion of Mn (N0 3 ) 2 4 H 2 0 being chosen so that the relative weight proportion of the manganese in the powder obtained in this way, based on the mass Loss on ignition, was 0.1% by weight.
- the bulk density of the tablets obtained in this way was 1152 g / l.
- Some of the material obtained after the tableting of comparative catalysts A, B and C and of catalyst 1 according to the invention was subjected to a reduction.
- the sample was thermally treated in a gas mixture of 2% by volume of H2 and 98% by volume of N2 at a temperature of 200 ° C. in order to reduce the amount of Cu present in the oxidic state.
- the sample was then cooled to room temperature under nitrogen and stored under liquid iso-decanol.
- the side compressive strength of this sample was then measured and used for application examples 1 to 3.
- the acid stability was determined by adding a total amount of tableted, reduced and stabilized samples of 25 g with a liquid mixture of 75 g of an oxoaldehyde solution, a water content of 1 weight, from each of the inventive catalysts 1 and the comparative catalysts A, B and C -% and an acid number of 0.2 mg KOH / gi_ ösung was mixed. This mixture was heated at 120 ° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 4 days. The tabletted sample was separated from the liquid mixture after the test had ended. Immediately afterwards, their side compressive strength was measured.
- the oxoaldehyde solution after the test was carried out was analyzed for the presence of Cu, Al, Cr, and Mn.
- Table 1 clearly shows that the catalyst according to the invention, on the one hand, already has a higher lateral compressive strength after reduction than the catalysts known from the prior art. The increased stability against the effects of acid and water can be seen even more clearly on the basis of the values for the side compressive strength after the end of the test.
- the catalyst according to the invention also has the The highest value of the side compressive strength, while, in contrast, the tablets of the chromium-free CuAIMn catalyst broke during the test and no side compressive strength could be sensibly measured.
- the data from Table 2 show that the catalyst according to the invention is largely stable to a loss of copper species under the drastic test conditions, while this is significantly higher for the comparison catalysts. Overall, the catalyst according to the invention has a low total loss of metals compared with the comparison catalysts.
- Application example 2 Hydrogenation of oxoaldehydes to oxo alcohols
- catalyst 1 according to the invention causes conversion rates of the aldehyde which approximately correspond to those of the commercial chromium-containing catalyst A under comparable test conditions. A similar behavior can also be seen for the formation of the corresponding alcohol.
- the catalyst according to the invention is thus an environmentally friendly alternative to the chromium-containing catalysts used hitherto.
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Abstract
Description
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JP2022550960A JP7509900B2 (ja) | 2020-03-13 | 2021-03-09 | 優れた水及び酸安定性を有するクロムフリー水素化触媒 |
US17/908,027 US20230083112A1 (en) | 2020-03-13 | 2021-03-09 | Chromium-free hydrogenation catalyst having increased water and acid stability |
EP21711816.5A EP4117814A1 (de) | 2020-03-13 | 2021-03-09 | Chromfreier hydrierkatalysator mit erhöhter wasser- und säurestabilität |
CN202180020294.2A CN115279488B (zh) | 2020-03-13 | 2021-03-09 | 具有提高的水和酸稳定性的无铬氢化催化剂 |
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WO2023246892A1 (en) * | 2022-06-22 | 2023-12-28 | Basf Corporation | Shaped catalyst body |
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CN109745988B (zh) * | 2017-11-08 | 2022-03-01 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Cu基水煤气变换反应催化剂的制备方法 |
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- 2020-03-13 DE DE102020106964.2A patent/DE102020106964A1/de active Pending
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- 2021-03-09 JP JP2022550960A patent/JP7509900B2/ja active Active
- 2021-03-09 EP EP21711816.5A patent/EP4117814A1/de active Pending
- 2021-03-09 WO PCT/EP2021/055910 patent/WO2021180717A1/de active Application Filing
- 2021-03-09 CN CN202180020294.2A patent/CN115279488B/zh active Active
- 2021-03-09 US US17/908,027 patent/US20230083112A1/en active Pending
- 2021-03-11 AR ARP210100619A patent/AR121552A1/es unknown
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EP0042471A1 (de) * | 1980-03-28 | 1981-12-30 | Norsk Hydro A/S | Katalysator und Verfahren zur Herstellung des Katalysators |
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WO2023246892A1 (en) * | 2022-06-22 | 2023-12-28 | Basf Corporation | Shaped catalyst body |
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JP7509900B2 (ja) | 2024-07-02 |
CN115279488B (zh) | 2024-11-05 |
US20230083112A1 (en) | 2023-03-16 |
JP2023515147A (ja) | 2023-04-12 |
EP4117814A1 (de) | 2023-01-18 |
DE102020106964A1 (de) | 2021-09-16 |
CN115279488A (zh) | 2022-11-01 |
AR121552A1 (es) | 2022-06-15 |
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