WO2012077811A1 - ガレクチン9を分泌する細胞、その製造方法及びその用途 - Google Patents
ガレクチン9を分泌する細胞、その製造方法及びその用途 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012077811A1 WO2012077811A1 PCT/JP2011/078623 JP2011078623W WO2012077811A1 WO 2012077811 A1 WO2012077811 A1 WO 2012077811A1 JP 2011078623 W JP2011078623 W JP 2011078623W WO 2012077811 A1 WO2012077811 A1 WO 2012077811A1
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- G01N2333/705—Assays involving receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cell that secretes galectin 9, a production method thereof, and a use thereof.
- the present invention relates to a CD4 T cell secreting Gal-9 and its application technology.
- Galectin 9 (galectin 9; Gal-9) belongs to the galectin family and exhibits physiological activity by binding to ⁇ -galactoside of N- or O-glycan (Non-patent Document 1). Galectin 9 was discovered and identified as a T cell apoptosis-inducing factor (Non-patent document 2) and an eosinophil migration factor (Non-patent document 3), but since then, various activities have been reported. For T cells, galectin 9 binds to Tim-3, induces apoptosis of Tim-3 positive T H 1 cells, and suppresses autoimmune inflammation by converging excessive T H 1 responses (non- Patent Document 4).
- T H 17 cells are considered to be one of the causes or exacerbations of various intractable diseases such as autoimmune diseases, allergies and cancers, and Tim-3 is also expressed in these cells (non-patent literature). 5-6). Galectin 9 administration decreases T H 17 cells, while increasing inflammation-suppressing Treg cells (Non-patent Document 7). At present, the involvement and mechanism of Tim-3 in this decrease in T H 17 cells is unknown.
- Non-patent Document 8 Induction of cells (Non-Patent Documents 9 to 10), induction of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (Non-Patent Document 11), suppression of degranulation from mast cells (Non-Patent Document 12), and the like are known. Many reports so far focus on the excessive immunosuppressive action of galectin 9, but galectin 9 enhances immunity depending on the scene.
- Galectin 9 binds to Tim-3 on monocytes and dendritic cells and activates these cells to promote inflammatory cytokine production (Non-patent Document 13). In addition, when galectin 9 and Tim-3 interact with each other in macrophages, immunity to eliminate Mycobacterium tuberculosis is enhanced (Non-patent Document 14). That is, galectin 9 can regulate immunity in both directions.
- Galectin-9 suppresses the generation of Th17, promotes the induction of regulatory T cells, and regulates experimental autoimmune arthritis.
- Eur J Immunol, 40, 548-558 (2010) Tsuboi, Y. et al. Galectin-9 protects mice from the Shwartzman reaction by attracting prostaglandin E2-producing polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
- Galectin-9 is a high affinity IgE-binding lectin with anti-allergic effect by blocking IgE-antigen complex formation.
- Galectin-9 trafficking regulates apical-basal polarity in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells.
- Galectin-9 induces osteoblast differentiation through the CD44 / Smad signaling pathway.
- Plasmodium vivax parasites alter the balance of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the induction of regulatory T cells.
- galectin-9 administration exerts a therapeutic effect on collagen-induced arthritis in mice and suppresses the decrease of Tim-3 positive T cells and increase of Treg cells, and the production of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN- ⁇ and IL-17 (Non-patent document 7).
- galectin-9 knockout mice are more sensitive to rheumatoid arthritis-induced stimuli and show an increase in Tim-3 positive CD4 T cells (T H 1 and T H 17) and a decrease in Treg cells compared to wild type. (Non-Patent Document 7).
- galectin 9 is secreted as an endogenous immune regulator and regulates immune balance.
- cells that secrete galectin 9 or regulate immunity in vivo have not yet been identified.
- Tim-3 is the most researched target of galectin 9, but it is impossible to explain all of the various activities of galectin 9 with Tim-3.
- CD44, integrin and IgE which are adhesion factors for activated lymphocytes, have been identified as targets for galectin-9, and allergic hyperimmunity suppression and cancer cell metastasis suppression occur through these targets.
- Non-Patent Documents 12, 15 to 16 It is not difficult to predict that the number of targets will increase further as research progresses. Thus, it is a property common to many lectins to interact with multiple targets and exhibit various activities.
- all of the above-mentioned targets of galectin 9 exist on the cell membrane, and it goes without saying that galectin 9 secreted outside the cell binds to these targets and exerts its function. .
- galectin 9 has no signal peptide and is basically localized in the cytoplasm, and a role in the cytoplasm or nucleus has also been reported (Non-patent Documents 17 to 18).
- Non-patent Documents 17 to 18 considering the above-mentioned target on the cell membrane and the action of galectin 9, at least a part of galectin 9 should be secreted.
- the secretory mechanism is completely unknown, and because of the established cells, even in vivo. There is no evidence that similar secretion occurs from cells of the same lineage. Above all, the fact that cells expressing galectin 9 do not always secrete it makes it difficult to identify galectin 9-secreting cells.
- Galectin 9 is an important immune regulator, and if its secretory cells can be identified, galectin 9 is considered useful as an index for knowing immune balance.
- galectin 9 serves as a surrogate marker for determining the effects of diagnosis or treatment of various immune diseases. obtain. Furthermore, it can be used for cell therapy in combination with a technique for purifying the cells, and application to the treatment of intractable diseases such as autoimmune diseases, allergies and cancer is also envisaged.
- galectin 9 has a variety of immunoregulatory activities, but details of its mechanism of action are unclear. In addition, cells that secrete galectin 9 or control immune responses in vivo have not been identified. Details of immune control by galectin 9, for example, the details of differentiation control of T H 17 and Treg cells, or galectin 9 such as cells that secrete galectin 9 or control immune reaction in vivo Identification of cells capable of expressing the physiological activity based on this is desired.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a cell capable of expressing a physiological activity based on galectin 9, a method for producing the same, and a use thereof.
- the cell of the present invention is a cell containing galectin 9, and is characterized in that the galectin 9 is expressed on the cell surface.
- the first method for producing cells of the present invention is the method for producing cells of the present invention, wherein galectin 9 is expressed on the cell surface of at least some of the cells in the animal by administering galectin 9 to the animal. .
- the second method for producing a cell of the present invention is a method for producing the cell of the present invention, wherein galectin 9 is expressed on the cell surface of the animal cell by culturing the animal cell in the presence of galectin 9. It is.
- the medicament of the present invention is a medicament comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of the cells of the present invention, crushed materials and extracts thereof.
- the diagnostic method of the present invention diagnoses the presence or absence of galectin-9 or a galectin-9-binding substance in a test cell using at least one selected from the group consisting of the cells of the present invention, crushed materials and extracts thereof. Is the method.
- the method for treating a disease according to the present invention or the method for reducing a symptom derived from the disease includes a step of administering to the animal at least one selected from the group consisting of the cell of the present invention, a disrupted product thereof, and an extract thereof. It is a method for treating a disease of the animal or a method for reducing symptoms derived from the disease.
- the immune control method of the present invention is an immune control method in which the cells of the present invention are administered to an animal to control the immunity of the animal.
- the cell detection method of the present invention is a method for detecting the cell by detecting galectin 9 expressed on the cell surface of the cell of the present invention as a marker.
- a method for diagnosing an animal disease or a symptom derived from the disease comprises: In an animal tissue containing or not containing the cell of the present invention, the method for detecting a cell of the animal or the disease comprising the step of qualitatively or quantitatively detecting the cell of the present invention by the cell detection method of the present invention. This is a method for diagnosing the symptom from which it originates.
- the method for determining the therapeutic effect of an animal disease according to the present invention comprises: Treating the animal with the disease; Before and after the treatment, respectively, the step of diagnosing the disease or the symptom derived from the disease by the method of diagnosing the disease of the animal or the symptom derived from the disease according to the present invention; And comparing the diagnosis results before and after the treatment.
- the cell in the animal tissue containing the cell of the present invention, the cell is detected by the cell detection method of the present invention, and the detected cell is used as another cell in the animal tissue.
- This is a method for separating cells.
- the horizontal axis represents the number of days that have elapsed since the first sensitization, and the vertical axis represents the rate of increase (%) in foot volume.
- “Vehicle” represents the result of the control experiment using only the solvent (no administration of human stabilized galectin 9), and “non-arthritis” represents the measurement result of the rat not developing arthritis.
- the horizontal axis represents elapsed time, and the vertical axis represents the human stabilized galectin 9 concentration in plasma. It is a figure which shows the galectin 9 effect
- EAE mouth MOG induction experimental allergic encephalitis
- the horizontal axis represents the elapsed time after immunization, and the vertical axis represents the clinical score.
- CD4 + CD62L + naive T cells were prepared from spleen cells of wild-type mice (WT) and galectin 9 knockout mice (Gal-9 KO), and anti-CD28 antibody in a 96-well plate coated with anti-CD3 antibody Shows the result of culturing with addition of TGF- ⁇ 1, mouse IL-2 and mouse IL-6 and further inducing T H 17 cell differentiation (T H 17 skewed) It is a graph. More specifically, it shows the result of quantifying the IL-17A concentration in the culture supernatant after 96 hours of culture by ELISA.
- T H 17 cell differentiation suppression by galectin 9 is a graph showing the results of examining whether depends on Tim3 / Gal-9 interaction.
- a naive T cell was stimulated with T H 17 cell differentiation induction for 96 hours by the method shown in FIG. 3 (d), human stabilized galectin 9 (30 nM) was added for the indicated period, and IL-17A in the culture supernatant was added. The concentration is quantified by ELISA.
- the horizontal axis represents the treatment time with galectin 9, and the vertical axis represents the IL-17A concentration.
- (b) shows the results of quantifying IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and IL23R mRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR method by giving T H 17 cell differentiation-inducing stimulus in the presence of human stabilized galectin 9 for 24 hours It is a graph.
- Flow of naive T cells cultured for 24 hours under T H 17 differentiation-inducing stimulus (T H 17 skewed) and when TGF- ⁇ 1 and IL-6 are removed from the same differentiation-inducing stimulus (No skewed) is a graph showing the results (right) subjected to CD4 + Tim-3 + analysis of cells (left) and Tim-3 by neutralizing human stabilized galectin 9 antibody presence T H 17 differentiation induction inhibition assay by cytometry .
- T H 17 differentiation inducing suppression by galectin 9 is a graph showing the results of any was examined whether involving N- linked sugar chains and O- linked oligosaccharides.
- the horizontal axis represents the concentration of lactose or sucrose, and the vertical axis represents the concentration of IL-17A.
- the T H 17 differentiation induction assay of (a) was performed using the N-glycosylation inhibitor swainsonine (2 ⁇ g / ml) or the O-glycosylation inhibitor Benzyl N-acetyl- ⁇ -D-galactosaminide (Benzyl- It is a graph showing the result performed in ( ⁇ -GalNAc, 2 mM).
- the horizontal axis represents the concentration of swainsonine or Benzyl- ⁇ -GalNAc, and the vertical axis represents the concentration of IL-17A.
- FIG. 1 it is a graph which shows the result of having measured the effect of Gal-9 on T H 1, T H 2 and T H 17 cell differentiation.
- Human stabilized galectin 9 (or control PBS) is added to an assay system that induces differentiation of naive T cells into T H 1, T H 2 or T H 17, and each differentiation is assigned to each T H subtype. It represents the result of quantification by specific mRNA expression. No skewed is for TCR stimulation only.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing a result of T H 17 / Treg balance by galectin 9 was examined whether dependent on IL-2.
- FIG. 1 The result of measuring the ratio of CD4 + CD25 + cells in cells cultured under the induction of T H 17 differentiation by flow cytometry after adding human stabilized galectin 9 (or control PBS) to naive T cells.
- FIG. (b) It is a figure showing the ratio of the CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + cell of said (a).
- Human stabilized galectin 9 (control is PBS) and IL-2 at the indicated concentration are added to naive T cells, and cultured under conditions for inducing differentiation of T H 17 to determine the IL-17A concentration in the culture supernatant.
- results quantified by ELISA (d) It is a graph which shows the result of having measured the ratio of the Treg cell (CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + cell) when culture
- Human-stabilized galectin 9 (control is PBS) is added to naive T cells, cultured under conditions for inducing differentiation of T H 17 and further cultured in the presence of PMA, ionomycin and brefeldin A, and in CD4 positive cells It is a figure showing the result of having measured the ratio of IL-17 + Foxp3 - cell and IL-17 - Foxp3 + cell by flow cytometry.
- T H 17 skewed naive T cells to conditions that induce differentiation into T H 17 (T H 17 skewed ; in addition to TCR stimulation IL-2, TGF- ⁇ 1 and IL-6 stimulation) or from minus the IL-6 (TGF - ⁇ 1 alone), or a TGF- ⁇ 1-excluded (IL-6 alone) or TCR-stimulated only (No skewed) condition after culturing galectin 9 in the supernatant after culturing.
- naive T cells prepared from mouse spleen cells (left), the cell surface galectin-9-positive (T H GAL9 cells: Gal-9 + T H) and negative (non-T H GAL9: Gal -9 - T H ) (Middle side), and galectin 9 secreted into the culture supernatant after stimulation with TCR was quantified by ELISA (right side).
- (b) shows the results of examining the expression of cytokine mRNA in the cells by real-time RT-PCR.
- (E) shows the results of co-culture of (c) above in the presence of IL-10 neutralizing antibody or TGF- ⁇ neutralizing antibody.
- (F) shows results of stimulating naive T cells in the presence of IL-10 or human stabilized galectin 9 and inducing differentiation of T H 17 and quantifying the IL-17A concentration in the culture supernatant by ELISA.
- a graph showing the results of examining the production of galectin 9, IL-10 and TGF-.beta.1 from CD25 + T H GAL9.
- (C) shows the results of investigating the appearance of T H GAL9 cells by flow cytometry after adding IL-10 or human stabilized galectin 9 to naive CD4 T cells and culturing under TCR stimulation.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of having verified that T H GAL9 and Tr1 have high similarity.
- (a) Naive CD4 + T cells were stained with cell surface galectin 9 and stained with antibodies of LAP, NKG2D, LAG-3, and CTLA-4, which were previously reported Tr1 cell markers, and examined by flow cytometry. Results are shown.
- (b) Na ⁇ ve CD4 + T cells stimulated with TCR, CD25 positive T cell population was subjected to the same staining and Foxp3 staining as in (a), and the results of examination by flow cytometry are shown.
- (C) shows the results of examining the expression of galectin 9, Tim-3 and CD25 on the cell surface by flow cytometry for the cells prepared in (b).
- (d) shows the result of culturing naive CD4 + T cells under Tr1 cell differentiation stimulation by adding IL-27, further stimulating with PMA and ionomycin, and quantifying IL-10 in the culture supernatant by ELISA.
- (e) shows the result of quantifying galectin 9 in the culture supernatant of (d) above by ELISA.
- Results are shown.
- Human CD4 + T cells are cultured under TCR stimulation or unstimulated, and galectin 9 and CD25 on the cell surface are stained and measured by flow cytometry.
- Human CD4 + T cells were cultured under TCR stimulation, and then sorted into cell surface galectin 9 positive (CD25 + T H GAL9) and negative (CD25 + non-T H GAL9) by sorting. After further culturing, galectin 9 in the supernatant is quantified by ELISA, and the expression of each cytokine mRNA is measured by real-time RT-PCR.
- C Survival rate when WT mice were treated with CLP and human stabilized galectin 9 (30 ⁇ g / mouse; or PBS as a control) was administered intravenously once 24 hours later.
- D Survival rate when WT mice were treated with CLP and human subcutaneous galectin 9 (30 ⁇ g / mouse; or PBS as a control) was administered once subcutaneously 24 hours later.
- the horizontal axis represents the number of days elapsed after CLP treatment
- the vertical axis represents the survival rate.
- it is a graph which shows the result of having investigated the change of the cytokine balance which arises by administering the human stabilization galectin 9 to a CLP mouse
- the figure shows that WT mice were given a single intravenous dose of human stabilized galectin 9 (30 ⁇ g / mouse; or PBS as a control) simultaneously with CLP, and spleen cells taken 24 hours later were cultured for 24 hours.
- the result of quantifying cytokine in the serum by ELISA is shown.
- the vertical axis represents the cytokine concentration.
- T H GAL9 cells are included in the CD3 + NK1.1 ⁇ Gal-9 + and CD3 + GL-3 ⁇ Gal-9 + fractions.
- “Spleen cells from CLP mouse” in the figure means “spleen cells removed from CLP mice”.
- the survival rate is increased.
- Mouse fibrosarcoma Meth A was introduced into the abdominal cavity according to a previously reported method (Non-patent Document 32), and immediately after that, human stabilized galectin 9 was administered 3 times / week (30 ⁇ g / mouse).
- MRL / MpJUmmCrj-1pr / 1pr mouse is a spontaneous autoimmune disease model widely used as a model of systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Human stabilized galectin 9 was intraperitoneally administered to this mouse ( ⁇ , 8 weeks old) at the indicated dose 3 times / week up to 22 weeks of age, and hindlimb footpad edema volume measurement over time (once a week) Body weight measurement (three times a week) and urine protein concentration measurement (once a week) were performed. This figure shows the results of examining changes in urinary protein concentration (a) and changes in body weight (b).
- SRBC sheep erythrocytes
- IgM antibody production against sheep erythrocytes is remarkably induced, so this system is widely used for the purpose of examining the effects of drugs on antibody production.
- SRBC was intraperitoneally administered to C57BL / 6J mice ( ⁇ ), and immediately thereafter, human stabilized galectin 9 (30 ⁇ g / mouse) or PBS as a control was administered intraperitoneally once.
- blood was collected from 3-5 mice and splenectomy was performed to examine antibody production and B cells.
- SRBC-specific IgM concentration (b) total IgM concentration, and (c) total IgG concentration were examined by specific ELISA.
- D MRL / MpJUmmCrj-1pr / 1pr mice ( ⁇ , 8 weeks old) were administered 30 ⁇ g / mouse of human stabilized galectin 9 or PBS three times / week as a control, and blood was collected on the seventh day. The result of having measured the density
- “Days after SRBC injection” means the number of days elapsed after intraperitoneal administration of SRBC.
- the analysis method by the flow cytometry method of the Germinal center B cell contained in a spleen cell in an Example is shown. Spleen cells were stained with anti-CD19 antibody and anti-GL-7 antibody, and a CD19 + GL-7 + cell population was defined as a Germinal center B cell. It is known that Centrocyte and Centroblast composing Germinal center B cells have different cell sizes, and Centroblast is larger. Therefore, the Germinal center B cell population was expanded to FSC and SSC, and FSC correlated with the cell size was separated into two cell populations around 350 as a guide, and temporarily designated as Centrocyte and Centroblast, respectively. When each CXCR4 expression was examined, high expression was confirmed by Centroblast.
- FIG. 23 An example of the analysis result by the flow cytometry method on the fourth day after SRBC administration is shown.
- B Changes in the number of Germinal center B cells (GC B cell), Centroblast, and Centrocyte over time. “Day post immunization” means the number of days elapsed after immunization.
- C Shows the number of Germinal center B cells (GC B cells), Centroblast, and Centrocytes on the fourth day after SRBC administration. Galectin 9 knockout mice (Gal-9 KO) were administered PBS after SRBC administration.
- mice spleen cells before SRBC administration (Day 0) and 7 days after administration (Day 7) were stained with CXCR5 and ICOS, which are said to be markers for CD4 and TFH, and the expression of cell surface galectin 9 in each cell population was flowed.
- CXCR5 and ICOS which are said to be markers for CD4 and TFH
- cell surface galectin 9 in each cell population was flowed.
- A An example of a dot plot in which CD4 positive cells are developed by CXCR4 and ICOS expression, and cell surface galectin 9 expression of each cell population divided into 4 by CXCR4 and ICOS expression are shown.
- B Shows the time course of the percentage of each cell population.
- C The results of examining whether the ratio of each CD4 positive cell is changed by administration of human stabilized galectin 9 are shown.
- (D) shows the result that the cell surface galectin 9 positive ratio of each cell population increases after SRBC administration.
- E The results show that the expression level (MFI) of cell surface galectin 9 in each cell population increases after SRBC administration.
- “Days after SRBC injection” means the number of days elapsed after intraperitoneal administration of SRBC. It is a figure which illustrates typically the effect
- Histograms in gray are isotype control, solid gray lines are stained macrophages differentiated with M-CSF, black solid lines are macrophages differentiated with M-CSF and galectin 9 Stained with antibody.
- B The transcription factor mRNA expression of the above cells was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR, and the results normalized by mRNA expression of ⁇ 2 microglobulin or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase are shown on the vertical axis. The number of samples is 4, and statistical analysis is performed.
- the number of samples is 4, and statistical analysis is performed. “Stimulated with” on the horizontal axis means which agonist (or PBS as a control) was stimulated.
- Stimulated with on the horizontal axis means which agonist (or PBS as a control) was stimulated.
- FIG. 30 it is a figure which shows that the CD11c positive cell differentiated with galectin 9 and M-CSF matured into the pDC-like macrophage by LPS stimulation.
- Macrophages differentiated with M-CSF and galectin 9 by the method of FIG. 30 are cultured in LPS for 24 hours (control is PBS), and the expression of CD11c, PDCA-1, F4 / 80 and Ly-6C are flow sites. The result analyzed by the measurement method is shown.
- the right figure shows the results of investigating granzyme B and Perforin expression of NK cells by flow cytometry after co-culturing naive NK cells and mature pDC-like macrophages for 5 hours.
- the number of samples is 4 for statistical analysis. * P ⁇ 0.05.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive research to clarify the details of immune regulation by galectin 9, and in particular, to regulate the differentiation of T H 17 and Treg cells, and secrete galectin 9 in vivo to enhance the immune response. Focus was placed on the identification of the cells to be controlled. Under these circumstances, the present inventors succeeded in identifying a novel CD4-positive T cell (T H GAL9 cell) that secretes galectin 9, and that this cell controls the differentiation of T H 17 and Treg cells. Revealed. Furthermore, the present inventors have discovered that the T H GAL9 cells in vitro increases with the addition of galectin 9.
- T H GAL9 cells not only express galectin 9 on the cell surface, but also express known Tr1 cell markers, and secrete IL-10, so that they are the same as the currently defined Tr1 cells or The possibility of being a subgroup was suggested. In that case, galectin 9 is also useful as a marker for Tr1 cells, and is extremely important for purification of Tr1 cells and its application to therapy.
- the “cell surface” is not particularly limited, but for example, refers to the surface of the cell membrane facing the outside of the cell. That is, the state where galectin 9 is expressed on the cell surface is not particularly limited. For example, galectin 9 is expressed on the cell membrane or the surface thereof, and all or part of galectin 9 is exposed to the outside of the cell. The state that is.
- the present inventors using a mouse EAE model that is one of autoimmune disease models, suppresses differentiation of T H 17 cells and promotes Treg cell differentiation by galectin 9 but does not depend on Tim-3. It revealed that.
- galectin 9 induced Tim-3-dependent apoptosis in differentiated Tim-3 positive T H 17 cells.
- the present inventors have found that among CD4 positive T cells, there is a population expressing galectin 9 on the cell surface.
- the CD4-positive T cells express galectin 9 on the cell surface is sometimes referred to as "T H GAL9 cells".
- T H GAL9 cells When T H GAL9 cells are stimulated with TCR, for example, galectin 9 and IL-10 can be secreted following increased expression of CD25.
- Treg cells may also secrete IL-10
- T H GAL9 cells did not express Foxp3, which is a Treg marker, and were considered to be different cells from Treg cells.
- T H GAL9 expressed all of the previously reported IL-10 production type 1 regulatory T cell (Tr1 cell) markers. However, these Tr1 markers were not critical markers for Tr1, since most CD25-positive CD4 cells stimulated with TCR induced expression.
- CD4 + T cells other than T H GAL9 also expressed galectin 9 in the same amount as T H GAL9.
- T H 17 cell differentiation by T H GAL9 cells is suppressed by an inhibitor of galectin 9, but not by IL-10 or TGF- ⁇ inhibitor. Revealed that galectin 9 is the active body.
- the present inventors similarly express cells that express galectin 9 on the cell surface in T cells other than CD4-positive T cells, ⁇ T cells, natural killer cells (NK cells), B cells and the like. And the inventors have invented the cell of the present invention.
- the cell of the present invention is a cell containing galectin 9, which is characterized by expressing galectin 9 on the cell surface, and is not particularly limited otherwise.
- the cells of the present invention express galectin 9 on the cell surface is considered to support that the cells of the present invention secrete galectin 9. That is, it is considered that the expression of galectin 9 on the cell surface is observed in the process in which galectin 9 inside the cell is secreted and discharged outside the cell.
- this explanation shows one possible mechanism, and the cell of the present invention is not limited by this explanation.
- T H GAL9 cells is, for example, an autoimmune disease, directly or indirectly available very useful cell allergic diseases and tumors other diseases, for example, by the immunoregulatory It is useful for the prevention and treatment of illnesses, and is also useful as a reagent used in the medical field such as countermeasures against infectious diseases, immune diseases, organ transplantation, and further in fields such as assays and biotechnology.
- galectin 9 is not limited to natural (wild-type) galectin 9 alone, for example, a modified galectin 9 (variant) having substantially the same activity as natural (wild-type) galectin 9 Or the like.
- the galectin-9 variant has, for example, an activity such as specifically binding to a specific sugar chain possessed by the sugar chain recognition site of galectin 9 or an activity similar thereto (including qualitative activity and / or Or a substance that provides quantitative activity).
- Galectin 9 (wild-type galectin 9) has, for example, apoptosis-inducing activity against specific cells.
- the galectin-9 variant has the apoptosis-inducing activity of wild-type galectin 9 or an activity similar thereto.
- the biological activity of galectin 9 may be altered or modified, and is preferred in some cases.
- the modified galectin 9 is a biologically active reagent, which is equivalent to or more preferable than the wild type galectin 9 in the field of clinical examination, analysis, or medicine or medicine. It may show properties.
- the “galectin 9 variant” is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, the galectin 9 variant described in Patent Document 1, and more specifically, for example, as follows.
- the modified galectin 9 is, for example, wild-type galectin 9 or a protein or a salt thereof in which a linked peptide of a protein having substantially the same activity or a region near the same or a salt thereof, wild-type galectin 9 or substantially the same.
- It comprises an amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acids have been deleted, substituted or added in the amino acid sequence of the protein having the activity of the link peptide or in the vicinity thereof, and is at least decomposed with respect to the link peptide compared to the wild type galectin 9 A modified protein or a salt thereof whose sensitivity is modified, a protein having substantially the same activity as wild-type galectin 9 and having at least 70% homology with the amino acid sequence of galectin 9; Or at least 75% homology, or at least 80% Homology, or protein having at least 85% homology, or at least 90% homology, or at least 95% homology or a salt thereof, (1) N-terminal sugar chain of wild-type galectin 9 A recognition region (NCRD) or a polypeptide having substantially the same activity, and (2) a sugar chain recognition region (CCRD) on the C-terminal side of wild-type galectin 9 or a polypeptide having an activity substantially equivalent thereto. (3) a protein in which one or more amino acids in the amino
- the galectin-9 variant has, for example, (1) the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 below as the NCRD of wild-type galectin 9, or one or more amino acids deleted, substituted or substituted in the sequence. Added, or at least 70% homology, or at least 75% homology, or at least 80% homology, or at least 85 to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 below % Amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology, at least 90% homology, or at least 95% homology, and having lactose-binding ability, (2) wild-type galectin 9 The amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8 below as CCRD or one or more amino acids deleted, substituted or added in the sequence Or at least 70% homology, or at least 75% homology, or at least 80% homology, or at least 85% homology to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 8 below Or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% homology or at least 95% homology and having lactose-binding ability
- the link region (3) includes one or more amino acid residues (for example, 1 to 2, preferably 3 to 4, more preferably 5 to 6) in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 9 below.
- Deletion analogues more preferably 7-8, in particular 1-9, etc., one or more of the amino acid residues (eg 1-9, preferably 1-8, Preferably 1-6, more preferably 1-4, in particular 1-2, etc.) substituted analogs substituted with other residues, one or more (eg 1-60, preferably 1 to 40, more preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10, especially 1 to 5 amino acid residues (however, the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 10 and 11 below) (Excluding those shown in the portion excluding the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 9 below) Also it includes additional analogs.
- the link region (3) includes those obtained by substituting the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 9 below with HM, RIP, or an arbitrary two amino acid sequence.
- Amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions may or may not cause significant changes in the physiological or chemical properties of the polypeptide, and in some cases may give favorable changes. Can do.
- the amino acid substitution in the amino acid sequence can be selected from other amino acids in the class to which the amino acid belongs.
- nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids include alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, tryptophan, methionine, etc.
- polar (neutral) include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, Examples include asparagine and glutamine.
- positively charged amino acids basic amino acids
- negatively charged amino acids acidic amino acids
- link region (3) the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11 below, except for the amino acid sequence part shown in SEQ ID NO: 9 below, HM, RIP, or any 2 Substituted with the amino acid sequence, except for the amino acid sequence portion shown in the following SEQ ID NO: 9 among the amino acid sequences shown in the following SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11, leaving 6 amino acids, and the rest The thing which deleted the group etc. are mentioned.
- amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence shown in the following SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11 (for example, except for the amino acid sequence portion shown in the following SEQ ID NO: 9, Alternatively, in the case of the following SEQ ID NO: 10, one or more (eg, 1 to 5, preferably 3 to 10, more preferably 5 to 5 amino acid sequence parts shown in the following SEQ ID NO: 11 may be excluded) Deletion analogs lacking 15, more preferably 7-20, especially 1-32, etc., one or more of the amino acid residues (eg 1-9, preferably 1-8, More preferably 1 to 6, more preferably 1 to 4, particularly 1 to 2 and the like, substituted analogs substituted with other residues, one or more (eg 1 to 60, preferably 1 to 40, more preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10, Is 1 to 5 amino acid residues (however, the amino acid sequence shown in the following SEQ ID NOs: 10 and 11 excluding those shown in the portion excluding the amino acid sequence shown in the following SEQ ID NO:
- the peptide or polypeptide of the present invention may include those having a primary structure conformation substantially equivalent to that of natural human galectin-9 protein, or a part thereof, and further, substantially natural and In particular, it may be included that has an equivalent biological activity. It can also be one of naturally occurring variants.
- the human-derived protein (or peptide or polypeptide) is, for example, 60% relative to the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to 3 in the sequence listing of WO02 / 37114A1, depending on the case.
- a part of the human-derived protein means a peptide of a part of the human-derived protein (that is, a partial peptide of the protein), which is substantially the same as the galectin-9 protein of the present invention. Any one having equivalent activity may be used.
- the partial peptide of the protein of the present invention is at least 5 or more, preferably 20 or more, more preferably 50 or more, more preferably 70 or more, more preferably among the constituent amino acid sequences of human galectin 9.
- Peptides having an amino acid sequence of 100 or more, in some cases 200 or more preferably include those corresponding to consecutive amino acid residues, or, for example, in the sequence listing of WO02 / 37114A1 Among the amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 to 3, those having the same homology as described above with respect to the homology to the corresponding region can be mentioned.
- the activity of the galectin-9 variant and the activity of the wild-type (natural) galectin-9 are “substantially equivalent”, for example, the galectin-9 variant retains the sugar chain recognition activity of the natural galectin-9.
- the activity of the modified galectin 9 and the activity of the wild type (natural) galectin 9 is “substantially equivalent”, for example, protein activity, more specifically, for example, predetermined cell damage It means that the activity, apoptosis-inducing activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-allergic activity, immunoregulatory activity, sugar chain binding activity, physiological activity and biological activity are substantially the same.
- the meaning of the term may include the case of having substantially the same activity, and the substantially equivalent activity includes binding activity, cytotoxic activity, apoptosis-inducing activity, etc.
- the substantially homogeneous activity means that the activities are qualitatively homogeneous, for example, physiologically, pharmacologically, or biologically homogeneous.
- the activity such as binding activity, cytotoxic activity, apoptosis-inducing activity is equivalent (eg, about 0.001 to about 1000 times, preferably about 0.01 to about 100 times, more preferably about 0.1 to about 20 times, more preferably The amount of activity, the molecular weight of the protein, and other quantitative factors may be different.
- T H GAL9 cell a CD4-positive T cell expressing galectin 9 on the cell surface was found, and it was found that it secreted galectin 9 to control the balance between T H 17 cells and Treg cells, and was named T H GAL9 cell.
- T H GAL9 cells produce IL-10 and express latency-associated peptide (LAP), NKG2D, lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) on the cell surface
- LAP latency-associated peptide
- LAG-3 lymphocyte activation gene-3
- CTLA-4 Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4
- Tr1 cells are cells that play an important role in immune tolerance induced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (Non-patent Documents 20, 23 to 25, and 15 to 18).
- na ⁇ ve CD4 + T cells are expressed as IL-. It is induced by applying TCR stimulation in the presence of 27 or Vitamin D3 / dexamethasone (Non-patent Documents 26 to 29).
- the above-mentioned LAP, NKG2D, LAG-3, and CTLA-4 are known as cell surface markers for Tr1 cells, but they are also expressed in CD4 + CD25 + cells that do not produce IL-10.
- the sufficient Tr1 cell marker is high expression of the inhibitory cytokine IL-10, which is considered to be the main body of its function.
- immune cells other than T H GAL9 expressing galectin 9 on the cell surface were also found. It is suggested that these cell groups may be purified as surrogate markers for diagnosis as in the case of T H GAL9 cells, or may be purified using galectin 9 on the cell surface and applied to cell therapy.
- the present invention provides a cell that secretes galectin 9 and its application technology.
- the present invention provides a type 1 regulatory T cell that secretes Gal-9 and IL-10 and its application technology.
- the present invention provides a technique for identifying a novel T cell (T H GAL9 cell) capable of secreting galectin 9 and making it available.
- T H GAL9 cells not only express galectin 9 on the cell surface, but can also express, for example, known Tr1 cell markers and secrete IL-10.
- the present invention also provides a technique of using galectin 9 as a marker for Tr1 cells, purifying the Tr1 cells and using them for therapeutic applications.
- the T H GAL9 cells were stimulated with TCR, increased expression of CD25, provides a technique for secretory induction of galectin 9 and IL-10.
- the present invention by naive T cell co-cultures commit T H GAL9 cells T H 17 cell differentiation, it suppresses the production of IL-17, and / or, also techniques increasing the Treg cells providing.
- the present invention also provides a technique for performing immunoregulation with T H GAL9 cells in vivo.
- the present invention uses cell surface galectin 9 as a marker to differentiate regulatory immune cells, and further uses cell surface galectin 9 as a marker to control IL-10 production type 1 Provided is a Tr1 cell sorting technique for sorting sex T cells (Tr1 cells).
- T H GAL9 cells are used as biologically active reagents, diagnostic materials, therapeutic agents, etc. Useful.
- the method for separating (or isolating) the cells of the present invention is not particularly limited, and those skilled in the art will be able to describe the present specification and drawings, And based on the technical common sense at the time of filing this application, it can be performed without requiring excessive trial and error.
- the method of separating (or isolating) the cells of the present invention from the tissues of living organisms (animals) can be performed by using anti-galectin 9 antibody as described in Examples below.
- a method of staining and separating (or isolating) by sorting may also be used.
- the method for producing the cell of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the cell of the present invention is separated (or isolated) from the tissue of an animal that already has the cell of the present invention.
- the method is fine.
- the method for producing a cell of the present invention is a step of expressing galectin 9 on the cell surface of a cell that does not express galectin 9 on the cell surface and converting it into the cell of the present invention. May be included. This step can be performed, for example, in vivo or in vitro.
- galectin 9 is administered to the animal to thereby form galectin on the cell surface of at least some of the cells in the animal. 9 may be used.
- the cell surface of the animal cell can be obtained by culturing animal cells in the presence of galectin 9, as in the second production method of the present invention.
- a method of expressing galectin 9 may be used.
- the animal cell contains a cell expressing galectin 9 on the cell surface, and the animal cell is cultured in the presence of galectin 9.
- the method for producing a cell of the present invention may be used in which the proportion of cells expressing galectin 9 on the cell surface is increased.
- the term “diagnostic agent” refers to any agent that contributes to one or more of its diagnostic acts used in diagnosis in the present invention.
- the diagnostic use of these may include a method for determining the presence of galectin-9 producing cells or a method for determining the presence of cells presenting a galectin-9 binding substance.
- the diagnostic agent include those containing cells selected from the group consisting of cells expressing galectin 9 on the cell surface or cell homomodulates thereof.
- the term “therapeutic agent” may be any agent that achieves or contributes to one or more of its therapeutic actions used in the treatment of the present invention.
- the agent is a cell that expresses galectin 9 on the cell surface or a cell homomodulate thereof, the agent can be administered to a mammal.
- the therapeutic agent may be used alone or in combination with other drugs (eg, galectin-9 variant administration and other known treatments for specific tumors, autoimmunity, etc., or mammals In combination with a gene delivery vehicle or the like that facilitates the expression of galectin 9 in the above).
- the therapeutic agent may include a galectin-9 variant developed for other purposes, and further includes a galectin-9 agonist, a drug that modifies or regulates galectin-9 activity.
- a galectin-9 agonist for example, organic low molecular weight compound or substance, peptide, peptidomimetic compound or substance, polynucleotide encoding galectin 9 variant polypeptide, galectin 9 variant polypeptide, stabilized against native galectin 9 against protease It may be a cell that expresses a transformed galectin-9 variant chimera or mutant and is transformed.
- patient may refer to any living organism that can be treated or prevented in any manner, including but not limited to eukaryotic organisms.
- the eukaryote that is a patient may be a vertebrate.
- the patient is preferably a mammal. Examples of mammals include humans.
- the present invention provides a technique for treating a disease, illness or abnormal condition resulting from a lack or lack of physiological or biological activity possessed by galectin 9.
- the treatment technique include a step of providing a therapeutic agent containing the cell of the present invention (for example, T H GAL9 cell etc.) and / or a mammal having the disease or the like in an effective amount of the cell of the present invention (for example, T H GAL9 cells and the like) and the like, and the like.
- the cell of the present invention has cytotoxic activity against malignant tumor cells, apoptosis-inducing activity against malignant tumor cells, antitumor activity (anticancer activity) against malignant tumor cells, activated T It can be used to exert apoptosis-inducing activity of cells, especially apoptosis-inducing activity, immunoregulatory activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-allergic activity of CD4-positive T cells, antitumor agents (anticancer agents), antiallergic agents, It can be expected as an immunomodulator, an autoimmune disease agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, and a corticosteroid substitute agent.
- the treatment technique includes a method for treating autoimmune diseases in which activated T cells are prominent.
- Autoimmune disease and “autoimmunity” all refer to a disorder characterized by autoimmunity in a mammal, which is a response of the immune system to self components. An autoimmune response can develop into symptoms that present clinical signs. Strictly speaking, transplant rejection is not an autoimmune reaction, but if a patient undergoes surgery, such as symptomatically replacing or transplanting cells, tissues, or organs, the body undergoing an allotransplant is It responds immunologically to transplantation.
- the receptor During allogeneic transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs from one member of a species to another, the receptor (recipient) has an immune response sufficient to reject the transplanted cells, tissues, or organs When it happens, a “transplant rejection” occurs.
- tumors that can be treated by the methods and therapeutic agents of the present invention may include malignant tumors, for example, tumors that metastasize are malignant tumors, generally malignant tumors are epithelial In some cases, it may be considered as cancer, sarcoma, leukemia, etc., but when simply called “cancer”, the general population may refer to a malignant tumor. Many. As used herein, “cancer” may be interpreted in a broad sense and should not be construed merely as an epithelial malignancy.
- cancer may include epithelial malignant tumors and non-epithelial malignant tumors (including those that are tumorigenic or non-forming) and may include skin cancers (including melanoma) ), Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, testicular malignant tumor, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, thyroid cancer, pharyngeal / laryngeal cancer, tongue cancer, maxillary cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, colon / rectal cancer, lung / Bronchial cancer, liver cancer (including hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic bile duct cancer), extrahepatic bile duct / gallbladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, malignant lymphoma, plasmacytoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, striated muscle Cells, liposarcomas, fibrosarcomas, malignant hemangiomas,
- autoimmune diseases that can be treated by the methods and therapeutic agents of the present invention include multiple sclerosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Goodpasture syndrome, pemphigus, receptor Autoimmunity, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, schleroderma with anti-collagen antibody, complex connective tissue disease, polymyositis, pernicious anemia, Idiopathic Addison's disease, spontaneous infertility, glomerulonephritis, bullous genital acne, adrenergic drug resistance, chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune-based endocrine failure, vitiligo, vasculitis , Post-myocardial infarction, cardiac perforation syndrome, hives, atopic dermatitis, autoimmune-based asthma, autoimmune-
- autoimmune diseases in the present invention include those in which animal models exist, for example, Sjogren's syndrome (autoimmune lacrimal adenitis or immune-mediated salivary glanditis), autoimmune myocarditis, primary bile Cirrhosis (PBC), inflammatory heart disease, mercury-induced renal autoimmunity, insulin-dependent diabetes (type I diabetes or IDD), post-thymectomy autoimmunity, central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disorder, CNS lupus, Sleep attack, immune-mediated PNS disorder, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis, medullary cystic fibrosis, autoimmune hemolytic disease, autoimmune vasculitis, ovarian autoimmune disease, scleroderma ) And the like.
- autoimmune diseases characterized by central nervous system (CNS) demyelination disorders include multiple sclerosis (MS).
- the peripheral nervous system (PNS) autoimmune disease may be, for example, Gearan-Barre syndrome (
- the present invention relates to tumors including malignant tumors such as cancer, allergic diseases, inflammation, immune abnormalities, activated lymphocytes (in particular, activated T cells may be included, and activated B cells may be included).
- a therapeutic agent comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of cells of the present invention (for example, T H GAL9 cells, etc.), crushed materials and extracts thereof,
- the present invention discloses a method of treatment by administration of a cell of the present invention (for example, a T H GAL9 cell or the like or a composition containing the cell stimulating agent or the like) as a therapeutically active ingredient.
- Autoimmune diseases that can be treated by the methods and compositions of the present invention include any autoimmune disease or transplant rejection (eg, including but not limited to the autoimmune diseases listed herein) ).
- autoimmune disease or transplant rejection eg, including but not limited to the autoimmune diseases listed herein
- the case of inducing apoptosis to (especially including activated T cells) should also be understood in the same manner as in the case of autoimmunity.
- What contains at least one selected from the group consisting of cells of the present invention is an antitumor agent, antiallergic agent, immunomodulator, autoimmune disease It is promising as an agent that uses the same activity as an agent, anti-inflammatory agent, and corticosteroid, and is considered to exhibit useful biological activity against the following pathological symptoms and diseases.
- Inflammatory diseases include various acute and chronic inflammations occurring in each organ, allergic and autoimmune inflammations, infectious diseases, and the like. Examples of acute and chronic diseases include pneumonia such as bronchitis, bronchial pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, pneumonitis, bronchiolitis and acute mediastinitis, and inflammation of other organs such as epicardium.
- Inflammation endocarditis, myocarditis, stomatitis, stomatitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, esophagitis, peritonitis, acute gastritis, chronic gastritis, acute enteritis, appendicitis, ischemic colitis, drug-induced colitis, Various acute and chronic hepatitis such as proctitis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, fulminant hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and acute and chronic nephritis, membranous nephritis , Glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, various cystitis, encephalomyelitis, mastitis, dermatitis, superficial keratitis, dry ker
- those containing at least one selected from the group consisting of the cells of the present invention are, for example, neurogenic inflammation (for example, neurogenic gastritis, It can also be effective for cystitis).
- neurogenic inflammation for example, neurogenic gastritis, It can also be effective for cystitis.
- galectin 9 was found to have a strong inhibitory effect on the inflammatory response in a capsaicin-induced neuronal skin inflammation model.
- Capsaicin is a substance that causes neurogenic inflammation and pain by stimulating peripheral nerves.
- Capsaicin has a free stimulating action of substance P, which is a neuropeptide stored at the sensory nerve C fiber terminal.
- Substance P has the effect of releasing histamine from mast cells, resulting in dilation of blood vessels and edema.
- sensory nerves are stimulated by the released histamine, substance P is released from the C fiber end, acts on the surrounding mast cells, and further releases histamine.
- Galectins have an inhibitory effect on this pathogenesis
- capsaicin binds to a capsaicin receptor (vanilloid receptor), which is a pain receptor sensor of sensory nerve endings, and causes pain. Pain is caused by the activation of sensory nerve endings by chemical stimulation (such as acid), thermal stimulation (such as boiling water), or excessive mechanical stimulation (such as bruise), and capsaicin receptors are painful due to such stimulation. Also involved. Thus, it is suggested that galectin 9 suppresses activation of nerve endings by capsaicin receptors, and the possibility of analgesic action such as reduction of pain associated with cancer and inflammation can be expected. Allergic inflammatory diseases include systemic anaphylaxis, bronchial asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonia, hay fever, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic diseases caused by immune complexes, angioedema, and the like.
- autoimmune inflammation includes systemic (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (erythematosus), nodular polyarteritis, scleroderma, polymyositis / dermatomyositis, Sjogren's syndrome, Behcet's disease), nervous system (multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, HAM (HTLV-1 myelopathy), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc.), endocrine (Graves' disease, Hashimoto's disease, type 1 diabetes, etc.
- Blood such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia), respiratory (such as sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis), gastrointestinal tract (such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease), Liver fistula (autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune cholangitis, etc.), renal / urinary system (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody related nephritis, vasculitis, Goodpasture syndrome, Anti glomerular basement membrane anti Body disease etc.).
- Blood such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia
- respiratory such as sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis
- gastrointestinal tract such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease
- Liver fistula autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis
- Infectious disease is a general term for diseases caused by pathogens injuring cells, tissues, and organs of living organisms.
- infectious diseases supervision: Rikuo Machinami, editing: Junichi Tsuji, Yasuhiko Sakamoto, “Standard Pathology (2nd edition)”, Medical Shoin, published on March 15, 2002 can be referred to.
- Pathogens that cause infectious diseases in humans include 1) bacteria (including spirochetes, chlamydia, rickettsia), 2) viruses, 3) fungi, 4) plants (algae), 5) protozoa, 6) parasites (flux, stripes) Insects, nematodes), 7) arthropods.
- Major diseases caused by each pathogen include bacterial infections (cholera, plague, E. coli infection, etc.), spirochete infections (leptospirosis, etc.), chlamydia infections (parrot disease, etc.), rickettsial infections (typhoid typhus, tetanus) ), Viral infections (such as herpes zoster, viral hemorrhagic fever, rabies), mycosis (such as perennialdosis, cryptococcosis, aspergosis), protozoal diseases (such as amoeba dysentery, malaria, toxoplasmosis), parasites (Such as fluke and nematosis), mycoplasma infection (such as mycoplasma pneumonia), and mycobacterial infection (such as tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterial disease).
- bacterial infections cholera, plague, E. coli infection, etc.
- spirochete infections leptospirosis, etc.
- brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme
- spinal cord tumor maxillary sinus cancer
- pancreatic fluid gland cancer gingival cancer, tongue cancer, lip cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, larynx Cancer, thyroid cancer, parathyroid cancer, lung cancer, pleural tumor, cancerous peritonitis, cancerous pleurisy, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer , Prostate cancer, penile cancer, testicular cancer, adrenal cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, ovarian cancer, ciliated epithelioma, malignant bone tumor, soft tissue sarcoma, breast cancer, skin cancer, malignant melanoma Basal cell tumor, leukemia, myelofibrosis with my
- the cell of the present invention is qualitatively or quantitatively detected by the cell detection method of the present invention in an animal tissue containing or not containing the cell of the present invention.
- the disease of the said animal is not specifically limited, For example, each above-mentioned disease is mentioned.
- the method for determining the therapeutic effect of a disease in an animal is according to the present invention before and after the step of treating the disease with respect to the animal.
- a method comprising a step of diagnosing the disease or a symptom derived from the disease by a method for diagnosing the disease of the animal or a symptom derived from the disease, and a step of comparing the diagnosis results before and after the treatment.
- the therapeutic effect of the disease can be determined.
- the disease of the said animal is not specifically limited, For example, each above-mentioned disease is mentioned.
- the recombinant galectins 9 used in this example are all human-stabilized galectins 9 (G9NC (null)), and were prepared according to the methods already reported (Non-Patent Documents 12, 33, Patent Document 1).
- the sample was 95% or more by protein purity assay by SDS-PAGE and Comassie brilliant blue staining, and the endotoxin contamination amount by limulus nephelometry was 0.1 ng or less per 1 mg human stabilized galectin.
- the binding affinity of human stabilized galectin 9 to mouse Tim-3 is equivalent to mouse galectin 9.
- the molar concentration was calculated as molecular weight 33065.
- G9NCRD1 CGTCCTCATATGGCCTCTCAGCGGTTCCCAG SEQ ID NO: 1
- G9NCRD6 CGACCCGCATATCGTGGAAGCTGATGTAGGACAG SEQ ID NO: 2
- G9CCRD5 CGTCCTCATATGAACTCCCCGCCATCCCCACCTATG SEQ ID NO: 3
- G9CCRD6 CGACCGGGATCCCTATGTCTGCACATGGGTCAG SEQ ID NO: 4 It was used.
- Jurkat cells T cell-derived cells
- the cell line was maintained at 37 ° C. under 5% CO 2 in RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) supplemented with 10% FCS.
- Total RNA was extracted from Jurkat cells as follows. That is, Jurkat cells cultured using RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS are collected by centrifugation. Wash cells twice with 10 ml PBS. To the washed cell pellet, 15 ml of ISOGEN (trade name: Nippon Gene) is added per 2 ⁇ 10 8 cells, and total RNA is extracted according to the manual (Nippon Gene). Purification of poly (A) + RNA from total RNA and cDNA synthesis were performed as follows.
- RNA extracted from Jurkat cells is dissolved in DEPC-treated water to a concentration of 1 mg / ml.
- Poly (A) + RNA is purified from total RNA according to the manual using PolyATtract mRNA Isolation System (trade name: Promega).
- Purified poly (A) + RNA is dissolved in DEPC-treated water to a concentration of 5 ⁇ g / 20 ⁇ l.
- cDNA is synthesized from 5 ⁇ g of poly (A) + RNA according to the manual (Not Id (T) 18 is used as a primer).
- NdeI-BamHI site of the pET-11a vector was subjected to the N-terminal side carbohydrate-binding domain (N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain, NCRD) and the C-terminal side sugar chain-binding domain (NCRD) ( CCRD) was inserted, and an expression vector of modified galectin 9 (G9NC (null)) lacking the linker peptide was prepared.
- NCRD N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain
- NCRD C-terminal side sugar chain-binding domain
- G9NC modified galectin 9
- cDNA corresponding to the C-terminal CRD of human galectin 9 and (2) cDNA corresponding to the N-terminal CRD of human galectin 9 were obtained from galectin 9 cDNA. That is, a cDNA corresponding to the C-terminal CRD of human galectin 9 (G9CCRD) was amplified from the cDNA using PCR primer: G9CCRD5 + G9CCRD6. G9CCRD was cleaved with a restriction enzyme (NdeI + BamHI) and then inserted into a pET-11a vector treated with the same restriction enzyme to obtain pET-G9CCRD. PCR was performed using a KOD DNA polymerase kit (TOYOBO Code No. KOD-101).
- PCR reaction mixture (dNTP mix, 25 mM MgCl 2 , 10 ⁇ Buffer, KOD DNA polymerase (0.05 u), primer and template cDNA) was reacted under the following PCR cycle conditions: treatment at 94 ° C. for 2 minutes After that, a cycle (treatment at 98 ° C. for 15 seconds, then 65 ° C. for 2 seconds, and 74 ° C. for 30 seconds) was performed 25 times, and finally the reaction was stopped at 4 ° C.
- the PCR-amplified fragment was inserted into a vector using Ligation high kit (TOYOBO Code No. LGK-101). The reaction was carried out by mixing the insert: vector molar ratio at about 5: 1, and adding and mixing ligation high of 1/2 (volume) of the total DNA solution (volume). It was inserted by reacting at 16 ° C. for 16 hours (O / N).
- a cDNA (G9NCRD) corresponding to the N-terminal CRD of human galectin 9 was amplified from the galectin 9 cDNA using PCR primers: G9NCRD1 + G9NCRD6. After cleaving G9NCRD with a restriction enzyme (NdeI), the resulting fragment was treated with the same restriction enzyme (NdeI) and further inserted into dephosphorylated pET-G9CCRD to obtain pET-G9NC (null). PCR amplification and vector integration were performed as described above.
- pET-G9NC encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which the 29 amino acid sequence from the 149th Pro to the 177th Ser of human M-type galectin 9 is replaced with a His-Met sequence. ing. That is, it has a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 5 below and encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 6 below. (SEQ ID NO: 5) (SEQ ID NO: 6)
- Recombinant protein was expressed by culturing Escherichia coli in 2 ⁇ YT medium containing 2% (w / v) glucose and 100 ⁇ g / ml ampicillin, and when the absorbance at 600 nm reached 0.7, 0.1M isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiogalactopyranoside was added (final concentration, 0.1 mM) to induce expression of the recombinant protein. After culturing at 20 ° C. for 18 hours, the cells were collected by centrifugation and suspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 0.5 M NaCl, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF.
- the suspension was sonicated for 10 minutes, 10% (w / v) Triton X-100 was added (final concentration, 1%), and the mixture was stirred at 4 ° C. for 30 minutes. After centrifugation at 15,000 ⁇ g for 30 minutes, the recombinant protein in the resulting supernatant was purified by affinity chromatography using lactose-agarose. The endotoxin was removed using Cellufine ET Clean L (Chisso), and the endotoxin removal was confirmed by the Limulus turbidimetric kinetic method using a toxinometer.
- FIG. 28 shows the result of electrophoresis of the obtained recombinant protein.
- SDS-PAGE conditions are as follows: Gel, Acrylamide-BIS (12% gel), buffer for electrophoresis, 25 mM Tris-192 mM glycine-0.1% SDS, electrophoresis conditions, 180 V, 45 min. , Staining, CBB, 60 ° C./30 min.
- the electrophoresis sample was adsorbed on Strata Clean TM Resin (Stratagene), and 1 ⁇ sample buffer (62.5 mM Tris-HCl, Ph6.8, 2% (w / v) SDS, 5% (W / V) 2 ⁇ ME, Glycerol) to 0.2 mg / ml, 98 ° C./3 min. After the heat treatment, electrophoresis was performed with a protein amount of about 2 ⁇ g per lane. The purified G9NC (null) could be stably stored at 4 ° C. for over 600 days.
- Antibody The following antibodies were used for cell staining.
- Anti-mouse CD4-FITC antibody Becton Dickinson or eBioscience, San Diego, CA
- Anti-mouse Tim-3-PE antibody eBioscience
- anti-mouse galectin 9-Alexa488 antibody clone 108A2, Galpharma
- anti-mouse galectin 9-PE Antibody clone 108A2, Biolegend
- anti-mouse CD25-APC antibody Biolegend
- anti-mouse Foxp3-APC antibody eBioscience
- anti-human / mouse LAP-PE antibody R & D Systems
- Anti-mouse NKG2D-PE antibody Biolegend
- Anti-mouse LAG-3-PE antibody Biolegend
- Anti-mouse CTLA-4-PE antibody Biolegend
- anti-mouse IL-17 antibody- for FACS
- anti-mouse PDCA-1-APC antibody Biolegend
- Annexin V-EGFP Apoptosis Detection kit (Medical & Biological Laboratories, Nagoya, Japan) was used.
- staining of intracellular antigens cells were immobilized and permeabilized using BD Cytofix / Cytoperm Kit (Becton Dickinson). These kits were used according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- Non-patent Document 34 Quantification of human galectin 9 concentration was carried out according to a previously reported method (Non-patent Document 34). The quantification of mouse galectin 9 concentration was performed according to a previously reported method (Non-Patent Document 16) with the following three improvements. The first is that the anti-mouse galectin 9 antibody coated on the plate was changed to clone 108A2 (Galpharma), and the second was the use of a biotin-labeled anti-mouse galectin 9 polyclonal antibody (Galpharma) for the detection antibody.
- the third point is that a color reaction was performed using horseradish peroxidase-labeled streptavidin (Endogen) instead of the tertiary antibody in accordance with the change of the detection antibody.
- This system specifically detects mouse galectin 9 and does not react even if human stabilized galectin 9 is added at 30 nM in the measurement sample.
- Mouse or human IL-17A, mouse TNF- ⁇ , mouse IL-12, mouse IFN- ⁇ , and mouse IL-13 were detected using appropriate DuoSet (R & D Systems), and mouse IL-10 was detected using Mouse IL- 10 ELISA MAX Standard (Biolegend), Mouse Anti-SRBC IgM ELISA Kit (Life Diagnostics) for detection of anti-mouse SRBC IgM, Mouse Total IgM ELISA Kit and Mouse total detection for mouse total IgM antibody and mouse total IgG antibody, respectively.
- Total IgG ELISA Kit (both Bethyl) and anti-dsDNA antibody were detected using Levis anti-dsDNA-mouse ELISA KIT (Shiba Goat) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- mice and MRL / MpJUmmCrj-1pr / 1pr mice were obtained from Japan Charles River (Yokohama, Japan), and galectin-9 knockout mice and mouse galectin-9 transgenic mice of the same strain were obtained from Galpharma (Takamatsu, Japan).
- Lewis rats (LEW / Ssn) were obtained from Japan SLC (Hamamatsu, Japan). Mice used for the experiment were given a normal environment where they could eat and drink water freely every day and every 12 hours, and were raised under humane considerations in accordance with national laws and international guidelines. This protocol has been approved by the Kagawa University Experimental Animal Committee.
- CD4 + CD62L + naive T cells from spleen cells obtained from 8-10 week old male C57BL / 6J mice using CD4 + CD62L + T cell Isolation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) The naive T cells having a purity of 94% or more were obtained.
- Naive T-cells with 10% heat-immobilized fetal bovine serum and RPMI 1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, St.
- T H 1 mouse IL-12 in cell differentiation inducing (10 mg / ml, R & D systems) and anti-IL-4 antibody (10 ⁇ g / ml, Becton Dickinson) and, T H 2 murine IL-4 in the cell differentiation induction ( 20 mg / ml, R & D systems) and anti-IL-12 antibody (10 ⁇ g / ml, Becton Dickinson) were added.
- Tr1 differentiation was performed using 96-well plates coated with anti-CD3 antibody at a concentration of 10 ⁇ g / ml, and naive T cells were cultured for 3 days in the presence of 2 ⁇ g / ml anti-CD28 antibody and 25 ng / ml IL-27. .
- human stabilized galectin 9 (30 nM), lactose (3, 10, 30 mM), sucrose (3, 10, 30 mM), anti-Tim-3 neutralizing antibody (10 ⁇ g / ml, eBioscience) and rat IgG2a ( 10 ⁇ g / ml, eBioscience) and the like were added and cultured.
- Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by overlaying peripheral blood of healthy individuals in a specific gravity separation solution (Rinhosepar, Nakalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) and centrifuging according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- CD4 T cells were isolated from the obtained peripheral blood single cells using CD4 + T Cell Isolation Kit II (Miltenyi Biotec) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- the CD4 + T cells to TCR stimulation as with culturing mouse naive T cells, cells were suspended in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% heat inactivated already fetal bovine serum and penicillin G and streptomycin, 96-well plate coated with anti-CD3 antibody at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g / ml was seeded at a density of 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells / 0.1 ml / well, and anti-CD28 antibody (2 ⁇ g / ml, Becton Dickinson) was added and incubated for 96 hours .
- human IL-2 (5 ng / ml, R & D systems) was used, and human IL-1 ⁇ (50 ng / ml, R & D systems) or IL-1 ⁇ and IL-6 The cells were cultured for 9 days under the combination stimulation of IL-1 ⁇ and mouse IL-23 (50 ng / ml, R & D systems).
- mRNA was quantified by real-time RT-PCR according to previous reports, SYBR Green I was used to stain the amplified nucleic acid, and ABI PRISM 7000 sequence detector (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) was used for the measurement (non-patented) Reference 36). Primers were purchased from Takara Bio (Otsu, Japan). The specific mRNA expression level was expressed as a ratio using the mRNA expression level of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) quantified by the same method as an internal standard.
- GPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- FIG. 1 shows the therapeutic effect of human stabilized galectin 9 in rat collagen-induced arthritis.
- the collagen solution used for sensitization was adjusted in the following manner. Bovine type II collagen (BCII; Collagen Research Center) and Muramyl dipeptide (MDP; Peptide Institute) were mixed to 1.6 mg / ml and 0.4 mg / ml, respectively, and the same volume of incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA; Difco) was added. Added, mixed and emulsified. One ml of this collagen solution per Lewis rat ( ⁇ , 6-7 weeks old) was administered intradermally on the back (Day 0).
- BCII Bovine type II collagen
- MDP Muramyl dipeptide
- This antibody is considered to recognize a protein having a correct three-dimensional structure because it recognizes the sugar chain recognition domain on the N-terminal side of galectin 9 and does not react with human galectin 9 modified with SDS.
- anti-human galectin 9CT rabbit polyclonal antibody was used as the secondary antibody. This antibody was prepared by immunizing rabbits with a sugar chain recognition domain on the C-terminal side of human galectin 9, and cross-reacting with other galectins was absorbed and removed. The ELISA does not cross mouse and rat galectin-9. In other words, this ELISA can measure complete human stabilized galectin 9 that has not undergone degradation / denaturation.
- moment analysis software (provided by Kenji Tabata, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical, graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University) was used to perform pharmacokinetic analysis by the moment analysis method.
- the stabilized galectin 9 concentration in the blood was very low, and the 0.6 mg / kg administration that showed a sufficient therapeutic effect in the previous arthritis model showed a maximum blood concentration of 0.943.
- ng / ml, t1 / 2 was 7.6 hours, and MRT was 12.5 hours.
- Naive T cells were prepared from spleen cells of wild type mice (WT) and galectin 9 knockout mice (Gal-9 KO), and 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells / on 96-well plate (Becton Dickinson) coated with anti-CD3 antibody. After seeding at a density of 0.1 ml / well and adding anti-CD28 antibody (2 ⁇ g / ml, Becton Dickinson), the cells were cultured for 96 hours (No skewed).
- T H 17 cell differentiation inducing human TGF-.beta.1 in the system in (3 ng / ml, R & D systems), murine IL-2 (5 ng / ml , R & D systems) and mouse IL-6 (20 ng / ml , R & D systems) was 96 hours at the added condition (T H 17 skewed).
- IL-17A concentration in each cell culture supernatant was quantified by ELISA, IL-17A expression was markedly induced by T H 17 differentiation-inducing stimulation, but the induction was induced by galectin 9 knockout compared to wild type. Mice were significantly higher.
- the amount of IL-10 mRNA in the cells remaining after the culture supernatant was extracted as described above was quantified by a real-time RT-PCR method.
- the expression level of IL-10 mRNA was expressed as a ratio of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) signal measured by the same method as an internal standard.
- GPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Galectin 9 knockout mice had more severe and persistent symptoms of experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) induced by MOG (33-55) compared to wild-type mice (FIG. 3a).
- EAE experimental allergic encephalitis
- FIG. 3a In wild-type mice, almost no infiltration of CD3-positive cells is observed locally 20 weeks after the onset of EAE, whereas infiltration of CD3-positive cells is evident in knockout mice (FIG. 3b).
- FIG. 3c In the spleen of the knockout mouse 20 weeks after the onset, an increase in CD4 + CD25 + cells producing IL-17 and a decrease in Foxp3 positive cells were observed compared to the wild type (FIG. 3c).
- FIG. 4 shows the effect that galectin 9 suppresses T H 17 cell differentiation without depending on the Tim3 / Gal-9 interaction.
- T H 17 cell differentiation induction stimulation was given to CD4 + CD62L + naive T cells prepared from C57BL / 6J mice by the method of FIG. The starting time of the stimulation was 0 hour, and the cells were cultured in the presence of 30 nM human stabilized galectin 9 or control PBS in each period shown in the figure. Thereafter, the cells were washed with a medium and continued to stimulate T H 17 cell differentiation.
- Naive T cells were cultured for 24 hours under T H 17 differentiation-inducing stimulation (T H 17 skewed), and CD4 + Tim-3 + cells were measured by flow cytometry.
- Na ⁇ ve T cells cultured for 24 hours under the conditions in which TGF- ⁇ 1 and IL-6 were excluded from the same differentiation-inducing stimulus were used as controls (No skewed). In both cases, Tim-3 expressing cells were hardly detected.
- IL-17 production is strongly induced when naive T cells are stimulated with anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-2, TGF- ⁇ 1 and IL-6 in plates coated with anti-CD3 antibody and cultured for 4 days.
- galectin 9 When 30 nM galectin 9 was added to this T H 17 differentiation induction system, IL-17 production was markedly suppressed by galectin 9 treatment from the start of differentiation to 18 hours.
- the IL-17 production inhibitory effect equivalent to the galectin 9 treatment was shown (FIG. 4a). On the contrary, the pretreatment for 24 hours before induction of T H 17 differentiation had no inhibitory effect (FIG. 4a).
- IL-17F associated with the differentiation of T H 17, it was examined mRNA levels of IL-21, IL-22 and IL-23R, in the case of performing 24 hours galectin 9 treatment than T H 17 differentiation start IL- Expression of not only 17A but all these T H 17-related genes was suppressed (FIG. 4b), suggesting the possibility that T H 17 cell differentiation is suppressed.
- Galectin 9 is a ligand for Tim-3 and interacts with Tim-3 expressing T H 1 cells to induce apoptosis (Non-patent Document 4). Since Tim-3 expression has also been reported in T H 17 cells (Non-Patent Documents 5 to 6), the possibility of Tim-3 being involved in suppression of T H 17 differentiation by galectin 9 was examined.
- O-linked glycan is involved in inhibition of T H 17 differentiation induction by galectin 9] 5 the T H 17 differentiation inducing suppression by galectin 9 instead of N- linked sugar chains, O- linked glycan exhibits the results suggest the involvement of.
- FIG. 6 shows the effect of Gal-9 on T H 1, T H 2 and T H 17 cell differentiation.
- 30 nM human-stabilized galectin 9 or control PBS is added to naive T cells, and differentiation induction stimuli of T H 1, T H 2 and T H 17, or anti-CD3 antibody and anti-CD28 antibody after 96 hours of culture in each condition of only TCR stimulation with (No skewed), it was quantified specific mRNA expression in real-time RT-PCR in the T H subtype.
- Human stabilized galectin 9 did not affect the expression of mRNA specific for T H 1 and T H 2 cells, and significantly suppressed IL-17A and ROR ⁇ t mRNA expression specific for T H 17 cells only.
- IFN- ⁇ and IL-4 mRNA were measured under the T H 17 differentiation-inducing conditions in the above experiment, no change in expression by human stabilized galectin 9 was observed.
- T H 17 differentiation is known to be suppressed by these cytokines, it was suggested that the action of galectin 9 is not to increase the expression of these cytokines.
- FIG. 7 shows that the increase in CD25 and Foxp3 expression by galectin 9 is dependent on IL-2.
- 30 nM human-stabilized galectin 9 is added to naive T cells (or control PBS) and cultured for 24 hours under T H 17 differentiation-inducing conditions.
- human-stabilized galectin 9 CD4 + CD25 + cells The percentage increased significantly, which was also reflected in the increase in CD25 mRNA.
- b When the ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + cells was examined after 96 hours of culture under the above conditions (a), it was significantly increased by the addition of stabilized galectin 9.
- Galectin 9 T H 17 was in cell differentiation inducing conditions increase the mRNA levels of CD4 + CD25 + increase in cell and CD25 (Fig. 7a), increased CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + cells despite the T H 17 cells differentiation conditions From these results (FIG. 7b), it was suggested that galectin 9 has a strong Treg cell differentiation-inducing action.
- IL-2 which is a ligand for CD25, has been reported to suppress T H 17 cell differentiation (Non-patent Document 39), and in the T H 17 cell differentiation induction system actually used in this Example, IL-2 Suppressed IL-17 production in a concentration-dependent manner, but the effect of IL-2 alone was weak (FIG.
- FIG. 7c was synergistically enhanced by the addition of galectin 9 (FIG. 7c).
- enhancement of Foxp3 expression by galectin 9 was induced only in the presence of IL-2 (FIG. 7d).
- About 7% of CD25 positive CD4 cells become Foxp3 - IL-17A + and about 25% become Foxp3 + IL17A - cells by induction of T H 17 cell differentiation, but when galectin 9 is added, Foxp3 - IL-17A + cells Decreased to about 2%, while Foxp3 + IL17A ⁇ cells increased to about 50% (FIG. 7e).
- the expression of CD25 in this system was enhanced 24 hours after induction of differentiation, but it took 72 hours to enhance Foxp3 expression, and the expression level was increased by galectin 9 (FIG. 7f).
- FIG. 8 shows the results of identification of T H cells expressing galectin 9 on the cell surface.
- Naive T cells were cultured for 96 hours under the conditions shown in FIG. 6a and unstimulated (No stim), and the concentration of galectin 9 in the culture supernatant was quantified by ELISA. The secretion of galectin 9 was only TCR stimulated (No skewed), and increased under differentiation conditions into T H 1 and T H 2 cells, but was suppressed under differentiation conditions into T H 17.
- IL-2, TGF- ⁇ 1, and IL-6 are added in addition to TCR stimulation.
- nM human-stabilized galectin 9 (or control PBS) is added to naive T cells, respectively, under unstimulated (No stim), TCR-stimulated only (No skewed), and T H 17 differentiation-inducing stimulation conditions. After culturing for 96 hours, galectin 9 in the supernatant was quantified by ELISA. The ELISA is specific for mouse galectin 9 and is not affected by the added 30 nM human stabilized galectin 9. Human stabilized galectin 9 increased galectin 9 secretion from naive T cells cultured under these conditions.
- galectin 9 mRNA was quantified by real-time RT-PCR using the cells of (c) above, but no statistically significant difference was observed in the cells of each condition in the figure.
- galectin 9 and CD25 on the cell surface of (a) above were stained and measured by flow cytometry, the proportion of cells expressing galectin 9 on the cell surface was unstimulated with CD4 positive cells. Although it was less than 2%, it increased to about 4% under TH1, TH2 differentiation-inducing stimulation, or TCR stimulation. On the other hand, the T H 17 differentiation-inducing condition remained at less than 2%.
- the proportion of cell surface galectin 9-positive cells by each differentiation stimulus is in good agreement with the secretion of galectin 9.
- the above cells were sorted by sorting into cell surface galectin 9 positive and negative, and galectin 9 mRNA was quantified by real-time RT-PCR, and no statistical difference was found between the two.
- these cells were fixed / permeabilized and stained with an anti-galectin 9 antibody to stain all the galectin 9 contained in the cells and measured by flow cytometry. In this case as well, there is a difference between the two cells. There wasn't.
- recombinant galectin 9 As already shown, addition of recombinant galectin 9 under T H 17 cell differentiation conditions suppressed T H 17 differentiation, but addition of this galectin also enhanced endogenous galectin 9 secretion (FIG. 8c).
- recombinant galectin 9 added is a human type and exhibits physiological activity also in mouse cells, but is not detected by ELISA used for measurement of galectin 9 in the culture supernatant.
- the mRNA amount of galectin 9 did not show a significant difference between the T H 17 induction condition and the non-induction condition (FIG. 8d).
- Galectin 9 does not have a signal peptide, and its secretory mechanism is completely unknown. However, it is considered that galectin 9 passes through the cell membrane directly from the cytoplasm where it is localized or through some transport device. The inventors thought that galectin 9 secreting galectin 9 could be detected on the cell surface and secreted the cells using anti-galectin 9 antibody. As a result, a cell population expressing galectin 9 on the cell surface was successfully detected. By the way, this galectin 9 staining was performed in the presence of lactose.
- galectin 9 binds to many glycolipids and glycoproteins existing on the cell surface, so that the secreted galectin 9 is secondarily bound to the cell surface and the target cell.
- 30 mM lactose completely suppressed the binding of secondary galectin 9 to cells, while it did not affect the antigen-antibody reaction.
- 30 mM lactose was added.
- Nearly 2% of naive T cells before TCR stimulation express galectin 9 on the cell surface, and of course, most of them are CD25 ⁇ cells (FIG. 8e).
- TCR stimulation increased CD25 + cells, but at the same time increased galectin-9 positive cells, up to about 10% of the CD25 + cell population (FIG.
- FIG. 9 shows that T H GAL9 secretes galectin 9 by TCR stimulation and increases the expression of IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ , and that T H GAL9 controls the T H 17 / Treg balance.
- T H GAL9 cells were prepared naive T cells, further cell surface galectin-9-positive cells (T H GAL9 cells: Gal-9 + T H) and negative cells (non-T H GAL9: Gal -9 - T H ) was sorted by sorting.
- T H GAL9 cells were cultured for 96 hours under the presence or absence of TCR stimulation (anti-CD28 antibody added in anti-CD3 antibody-coated plate), and galectin 9 secreted into the culture supernatant was quantified by ELISA. Only T H GAL9 cells induced galectin 9 secretion by TCR stimulation. (b) Cytokine mRNA expression in the cells was examined by real-time RT-PCR. T H GAL9 cells had higher expression of IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ compared to non-T H GAL9 cells, while expression of IL-4 and IL-17A was lower.
- T H GAL9 cells Gal-9 + T H
- non-T H GAL9 Gal-9 - T H
- 1 After mixing at a ratio of 1, the cells were co-cultured for 90 hours with only TCR stimulation.
- IL-17A secreted into the culture supernatant was quantified by ELISA, while Foxp3 mRNA expression was quantified by real-time RT-PCR.
- Addition of T H GAL9 cells suppressed IL-17A secretion, while Foxp3 expression increased.
- T H GAL9 The CD4 T cell that expresses galectin 9 on the cell surface discovered in FIG. 8 is named T H GAL9, and it is assumed that this cell secretes galectin 9 and controls the TH17 / Treg balance.
- T H GAL9 did not express significantly higher galectin 9 than other T cells (FIG. 8f).
- T H GAL9 actually releases galectin 9 by purifying T H GAL9 by sorting and examining its properties.
- T H GAL9 also highly expressed the inhibitory cytokines IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ , while the expression of IL-4 and IL-17 was significantly low. Furthermore, it was proved by co-culture experiments that T H GAL9 suppresses T H 17 and promotes Treg differentiation.
- T H GAL9 is at representative of IL-10 are inhibited cytokine with high expression, but there is a report of suppressing T H 17 differentiation (Non-Patent Document 40), T H 17 in an assay system used in at least 9 It was shown in experiments (d, e) using inhibitors and experiments (f) using recombinant IL-10 that the main body of the drug effect to suppress differentiation induction was galectin-9. By the way, the concentration of galectin 9 secreted from T H GAL9 in the culture supernatant is about 150 pg / ml in the experimental result of FIG. 9a. Is much lower.
- T H GAL9 interacts with galectin 9 paracrine or cell-surface in a state very close state or adhesion, to the target cell is considered that it would be acting to the target cells.
- Galectin 9 induces cell death in many cells at high concentrations. Therefore, dark secretion is dangerous, and T H GAL9 is expected to be regulated by galectin 9 after contacting and recognizing the target cell.
- FIG. 10 shows the results of CD25 + T H GAL9 producing IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ 1 by TCR stimulation.
- Naive CD4 T cells are cultured for 96 hours under TCR stimulation and separated into CD25 + T H GAL9, CD25 + non-T H GAL9 and CD25 ⁇ non-T H GAL9 by sorting. Each cell was further cultured for 96 hours under TCR stimulation, and galectin 9 in the culture supernatant was quantified by ELISA.
- IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ 1 expression in the cells of (a) above was quantified by real-time RT-PCR. As a result, an increase in the mRNA expression level of T H GAL9 cells when TCR repeated stimulation galectin 9 secretion of growth and IL-10 and TGF-beta was observed.
- FIG. 11 shows the result of increasing T H GAL9 by adding stabilized galectin-9.
- FIG. 8 shows a result of staining cells with CD25 and cell surface galectin 9 and measuring by flow cytometry. Addition of human stabilized galectin 9 also acted on unstimulated naive CD4 T cells and increased Gal-9 + CD25 ⁇ cells.
- T H GAL9 decreases in T H 17 differentiation-inducing conditions ( Figure 8e), the proportion of T H GAL9 rose significance by stabilized galectin 9 added.
- IL-10 is known to promote the differentiation of Tr1, a suppressor T cell, and may have an effect on the increase of T H GAL9. From the results of (b), at least TCR In the increase of T H GAL9 by stimulation, the involvement of IL-10 was considered to be low.
- FIG. 12 shows the results of comparison between T H GAL9 cells and Tr1 cells.
- IL-10 production type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1 cells) regulate immunity in various fields, and the possibility of autoimmune diseases and cancer treatment using Tr1 cells has been discussed.
- Tr1 cells IL-10 production type 1 regulatory T cells
- Tr1 cell markers reported so far include LAP (Non-patent Document 21), NKG2D (Non-patent Document 20), LAG-3 (Non-patent Document 22), and CTLA-4 (Non-patent Document 41). . In contrast to Treg, Tr1 cells are thought not to express Foxp3 (Non-Patent Documents 42 to 43). Therefore, the expression of Tr1 cell markers was examined before and after TCR stimulation of naive CD4 + T cells.
- Naive CD4 + T cells were stimulated with TCR in the presence or absence of IL-27 (25 ng / ml) and cultured for 3 days to promote differentiation into Tr1. A portion of the culture supernatant after 3 days was recovered, and IL-10 (d) and galectin 9 concentration (e) were quantified by ELISA. The remaining cells were stimulated with PMA (50 ng / ml) and ionomycin (1 ⁇ g / ml) for 4 hours in the presence of brefeldin A (10 ⁇ g / ml), stained with IL-10 inside the cell and galectin 9 on the cell surface and flowed. Measured by cytometry (f).
- T H GAL9 showed no expression of Tim-3 (FIG. 12c).
- T H GAL9 and Tr1 have similar properties, suggesting that T H GAL9 may be the same as or a subpopulation of Tr1. Therefore, when naive T cells were cultured for 3 days under TCR stimulation in the presence of IL-27, one of the differentiation factors of Tr1, IL-10 and galectin-9 secretion were significantly increased by adding IL-27. (FIGS. 12d and e). Furthermore, the cells after differentiation induction were divided into cell surface galectin 9 positive and negative, and the IL-10 expression levels were compared.
- T H GAL9 is a cell with very similar properties to Tr1. In fact, T H GAL9 satisfies the current definition of Tr1, and in that sense it can be said to be a subgroup of Tr1. Until now, many of the immunoregulatory activities of Tr1 have been thought to depend on IL-10. However, as shown in FIG. 9, galectin 9 instead of IL-10 is essential for the balance control of T H 17 / Treg. is there.
- Tr1 induction methods there is a method using high-concentration IL-10, but in this case, culture for several weeks is required.
- FIG. 11c when the increase in T H GAL9 was examined by the addition of IL-10, the culture was performed for 96 hours, and it may be possible that the effect of IL-10 was short.
- FIG. 13 in order to further clarify the relationship between THGAL9 and Tr1, cells having a Tr1 marker were examined in galectin-9 knockout mice.
- Table 1 below shows the results of examining the ratio of cell surface galectin 9-positive cells (T H GAL9) in CD4 positive T cells in each organ.
- Organs means “organ”.
- Thymus means “thymus”.
- LN means lymph node.
- Spleen means “spleen”.
- Peyer's patch means “Peier board”.
- PBMC means “peripheral blood mononuclear cells”.
- Phhenotype means “Phenotype”.
- Cells means “cells”. Since many T cells in Thymus (thymus) are immature with CD4 and CD8 double positive, we focused only on CD4 SP (CD4 single positive) T cells.
- T H GAL9 cells were examined in a variety of lymphoid organs, about 1/4 of CD4 single positive cells thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, from peripheral blood and Peyer Release CD4 + CD25 - T cells 4%, 7%, 15% and 7% respectively.
- FIG. 14 shows the effect of galectin 9 on human T cells and the results of identification of T H GAL9 cells.
- CD25 was stained and measured by flow cytometry.
- the cells of (a) above were stained with CD25 and Foxp3, and the expression of each was measured by flow cytometry.
- Human stabilized galectin 9 (30 nM) or control PBS is added to human CD4 + T cells, cultured for 9 days under stimulation of differentiation into T H 17 cells, and IL-17 concentration in the culture supernatant was quantified by ELISA.
- Human CD4 + T cells were cultured for 96 hours under TCR stimulation or non-stimulation, and galectin 9 and CD25 on the cell surface were stained and measured by flow cytometry.
- Human CD4 + T cells were cultured for 96 hours under TCR stimulation, and then sorted into galectin 9 positive cells (CD25 + T H GAL9) and negative cells (CD25 + non-T H GAL9) by sorting. . Each was further cultured for 96 hours under TCR stimulation, and galectin 9 in the culture supernatant was quantified by ELISA, while each cytokine mRNA expression shown in the figure was measured by real-time RT-PCR.
- CD4 + CD25 ⁇ T cells that express galectin 9 are present on the cell surface in the peripheral blood of healthy people, and CD4 + that expresses galectin 9 on the cell surface when stimulated with TCR.
- CD25 + T cells were significantly increased (FIG. 10d). These cells secreted significantly more galectin 9 and had higher IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ mRNA expression than CD4 + CD25 + T cells that did not express galectin 9 on the cell surface (FIG. 10e).
- IL-2 and INF- ⁇ mRNA expression there was no significant difference in IL-2 and INF- ⁇ mRNA expression, and IL-4 and IL-17 mRNA expression was rather low in cells expressing galectin 9 on the cell surface (FIG. 10e).
- Function of galectin 9 These results are equivalent in human and mouse, it was revealed that there exists a T H GAL9 cells in humans.
- T H GAL9 can function as a cell that secretes galectin 9 and regulates the T H 17 / Treg balance. It is a very important finding in the clinical application of galectin 9, especially stabilized galectin 9, that the action of galectin 9 is the same in both mice and humans. Furthermore, since it was shown that T H GAL9 is also present in humans, it is considered that immune control by galectin 9 is well preserved across animal species. Since T H GAL9 can be detected by galectin 9 on the cell surface, it is possible to isolate and purify the cell alive as shown in FIG. 9a, and it is easy to develop an application technique using this cell. .
- T H GAL-9 has been shown to increase with the addition of stabilized galectin-9, and we have also discovered one of the techniques to increase the number of cells that may be useful for various future applications in vitro.
- T cells other than T H GAL9 also express the equivalent galectin 9 but do not secrete it.
- T H GAL9 only can secrete galectin 9 is thought to be due to the secretion mechanisms present in this cell, if it is possible to control it, may be also a new method of immune regulation.
- the discovery of T H GAL9 is considered to be an important contribution to the elucidation of the galectin-9 secretion mechanism. For example, comprehensive expression profiling using T H GAL9 and other T cells may be performed at the mRNA level or protein level.
- T H GAL9 may also be used as a surrogate marker that indirectly knows the immune balance, for example, the diagnosis of various immune diseases, cancers, infectious diseases, etc., the sensitivity to them, or the index to examine the effects of drugs As.
- galectin 9 on the cell surface is detected as an intermediate of secretion, and therefore galectin 9-expressing cells other than T H GAL9 can be searched using galectin 9 expression on the cell surface as an index. is expected. At least the exposure on the cell surface is the result of translocating the cell membrane, and it is secreted in a broad sense. Therefore, the existence of a group of cells expressing galectin on the cell surface was investigated in various pathological models.
- FIG. 15 shows a mouse treated with peritonitis (cecal ligation and puncture: CLP) by the cecal ligation and puncture method, which is a serious peritonitis model.
- CLP cecal ligation and puncture
- BALB / c mice are used. This is a model in which a hole is made in the cecum ligated using a G21 needle and the subsequent survival is examined over time.
- FIG. 16 shows the results of examining the effectiveness of human stabilized galectin 9 administration in CLP. This finding has been made by Okayama University School of Medicine and Professor Akihiro Matsukawa, and has already been presented at academic societies, etc., so here we outline the results. Peritonitis was developed by CLP, and the survival rate was examined over time.
- A Comparison between C57BL / 6J wild type mouse (WT) and mouse galectin-9 transgenic mouse (Gal-9 Tg).
- C Survival rate when WT mice were treated with CLP and human stabilized galectin 9 (30 ⁇ g / mouse; or PBS as a control) was administered intravenously once 24 hours later.
- D Survival rate when WT mice were treated with CLP and human-stable galectin 9 (30 ⁇ g / mouse; or PBS as a control) was administered once subcutaneously 24 hours later.
- E Survival rate when human stabilized galectin 9 (30 ⁇ g / mouse; or PBS as a control) is administered once subcutaneously to nude mice simultaneously with CLP. Stabilized galectin 9 significantly prolonged the survival rate of mice with this single peritonitis immediately after CLP or 24 hours after CLP even for this severe peritonitis. However, this effect was not seen in nude mice (Fig. 16e), strongly suggesting that stabilized galectin 9 acts via T cells.
- FIG. 17 shows the results of examining spleen cells from a mouse 24 hours after CLP, culturing for 24 hours, and examining the cytokine concentration in the culture supernatant. This has also been reported in academic societies by Okayama University School of Medicine and Professor Akihiro Matsukawa. In mouse spleen cells administered with stabilized galectin-9, production of TNF- ⁇ , IL-12, and IL-10 was decreased, while production of IL-17 was increased. So far, galectin 9 has been shown to reduce IL-17 in autoimmune disease models, but here it increased. Galectin 9 is a bidirectional immunomodulator, and its action varies depending on the scene or cell.
- Non-patent Document 13 it suppresses TNF- ⁇ in autoimmune diseases, but on the other hand, it has been reported that it acts on monocytes and dendritic cells to stimulate TNF- ⁇ production. It is not difficult to imagine that the direction of galectin 9 changes depending on the type of galectin. Inflammatory cytokines such as TNF- ⁇ , IL-12, and IL-17 work to eliminate microorganisms, but also cause tissue destruction by excessive inflammation. Although the detailed mechanism is unknown, the fact that the administration of stabilized galectin 9 improves the survival rate is considered that the change in cytokine balance seen here favors survival under peritonitis. It is obvious that it plays an important role in galectin-9 peritonitis (or sepsis).
- FIG. 18 shows the result of staining spleen cells 24 hours after CLP with CD3, NK1.1, GL-3 and cell surface galectin 9 and analyzing them by flow cytometry.
- Cell surface galectin-9 expressing cells are increased by the administration of stabilized galectin-9.
- NKT cells CD3 + NK1.1 +
- cell populations containing T H GAL9 CD3 + NK1.1 ⁇ and CD3 + GL-3 ⁇
- ⁇ T cells CD3 + GL3 +
- FIG. 19 shows the result of investigating cell surface galectin 9-positive cells at the time of administering stabilized galectin 9 to a cancer-bearing mouse.
- administration of stabilized galectin 9 prolongs survival when administered to mice transplanted intraperitoneally with mouse fibrosarcoma Meth A (Non-patent Document 32).
- Meth A was introduced into the peritoneal cavity, and immediately after that, human stabilized galectin 9 was intraperitoneally administered at 30 times / week (30 ⁇ g / mouse). 7 days after transplantation of Meth A, intraperitoneal cells and spleen cells were taken out, stained with the indicated cell surface markers, and the results of measurement by flow cytometry are shown.
- (A) shows the result of developing CD4-positive cells of peritoneal cells with CD25 and cell surface galectin 9 expression.
- Administration of human stabilized galectin 9 markedly increased the proportion of cells that expressed galectin 9 on the cell surface, while CD25 + Gal-9 ⁇ decreased.
- CD25 + Gal-9 ⁇ cells are a cell population containing Treg that is thought to suppress immunity against cancer.
- (B) shows the result of expanding the cells of (a) with the expression of internal CD8-positive cells by CD25 and cell surface galectin-9 expression. The proportion of CD8 cells that expressed galectin 9 on the cell surface was significantly increased by administration of human stabilized galectin 9.
- (C) Spleen cells of Meth A carrier cancer mice administered with human stabilized galectin 9 are stained with PDCA-1, CD11c and cell surface galectin 9 and measured by flow cytometry.
- Plasma cell-like galectin 9 expression levels were compared in plasmacytoid dendritic cells: pDC, pDC-like macrophages: pDC-M ⁇ , classical dendritic cells: cDC, and cells different from dendritic cells and macrophages: nonDCM ⁇ .
- pDC-like macrophages have been shown to suppress symptoms when they are transferred into cells in a model of acute lung injury (44). In this case as well, it is imagined that galectin 9 secreted by pDC-like macrophages constitutes the main effect.
- FIGS. 20 to 21 show the results of examining the effectiveness of human stabilized galectin 9 in a spontaneous autoimmune disease model.
- MRL / MpJUmmCrj-1pr / 1pr mouse is a spontaneous autoimmune disease model widely used as a model of systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Human stabilized galectin 9 was intraperitoneally administered to this mouse ( ⁇ , 8 weeks old) at the indicated dose 3 times / week up to 22 weeks of age, and hindlimb footpad edema volume measurement over time (once a week; As in FIG. 1, measurement was performed using PLETHYSMOMETER), body weight measurement (three times a week), and urinary protein concentration measurement (once a week).
- FIG. 22 shows the results of examining the effect of stabilized galectin 9 on antibody production.
- stabilized galectin 9 is effective in model mice of systemic lupus erythematosus, suggesting the possibility of acting on antibody production and B cell suppression. Therefore, the action of the stabilized galectin 9 was examined using an anti-sheep erythrocyte IgM antibody production system by administration of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), which is widely used in examining the effects of drugs on antibody production.
- SRBC sheep erythrocytes
- FIG. 23 shows a B cell analysis method.
- CD19 and GL-7 of spleen cells are stained and developed by flow cytometry, it is divided into Germinal center B cells (CD19 + GL-7 + ) and other B cells (CD19 + GL-7 ⁇ ).
- Germinal center B cell is separated according to the cell size according to the FSC value, it can be separated into a relatively large cell Centroblast and a relatively small cell Centrocyte. This separation of Centroblast and Centrocyte by FSC was in good agreement with the reports of high and low CXCR4 expression, respectively, and was used for further analysis.
- FIG. 24 shows spleen cells extracted from the mouse of FIG. 22 examined over time.
- the Germinal center B cells were decreased, and both Centroblast and Centrocyte were decreased (a, b).
- both Germinal center B cells, Centroblast and Centrocyte were more than wild type. This is consistent with the action of galectin 9 in vivo that is assumed from the administration of stabilized galectin 9. That is, it was suggested that galectin 9 is a factor that suppresses B cell and antibody production in vivo. Thus, there should be cells that secrete galectin 9 to negatively control B cells and antibody production.
- the cell surface galectin 9 expression of B cells was first examined. As a result, it was found that B cells expressed galectin 9 on the cell surface both in the Germinal center B cell and other B cells, and the expression was high in the Germinal center B cell (a). In addition, it was found that, among the Germinal center B cells, Centroblast showed higher expression of cell surface galectin 9 (b). On the other hand, as long as it was examined with Germinal center B cells, administration of stabilized galectin 9 did not affect the expression of galectin 9 on the cell surface, but it was found that the proportion of cells expressing galectin 9 increased by sensitization with SRBC. .
- CD4 T cells are deeply involved in B cell maturation, and the role of CD4-positive cells called Follicular B helper T cells (TFH) is said to be particularly large. Therefore, in FIG. 26, mouse spleen cells on day 7 after SRBC administration were stained with CXCR5 and ICOS, which are said to be CD4 and TFH markers, and the expression of cell surface galectin 9 in each cell population was examined by flow cytometry. . As shown in (a to d), the cell surface galectin-9 expression levels of these CD4 T cells vary. ICOS ⁇ CXCR5 + CD4 positive cells and ICOS + CXCR5 ⁇ CD4 positive cells showed particularly high expression. The possibility that these cells secrete galectin 9 to control antibody production was shown.
- FIG. 27 the effects of administration of human stabilized galectin 9 are schematically illustrated and summarized.
- the concentration that appears in the blood after administration is very low, and there is a high possibility that it has no medicinal effect at least in immune control. It may be present at a higher concentration when passing through the subcutaneously administered site and lymphatic vessels / lymph nodes, and at that time, it may have an effect on immune cells.
- the administered human stabilized galectin 9 is rapidly excreted from the body, so that immune cells affected by high concentrations of galectin 9 replace the stabilized galectin 9 after excretion.
- T H GAL9 that expresses galectin 9 on the cell surface and secretes it to regulate the T H 17 / Treg balance. Furthermore, T H GAL9 was also found to increase with the addition of human stabilized galectin-9. In other words, the administered human stabilized galectin 9 induces T H GAL9 in addition to its direct action, and the induced T H GAL9 secretes a necessary dose of galectin 9 locally and acts on various cells. It is done. This consistently explains that the immunoregulatory activity of stabilized galectin 9 persists.
- cDC classical dendritic cells
- pDC dendritic cells for plasma cells
- pDC-like macrophages were shown using cells obtained in a Meth A-carcinoma mouse model.
- an examination example with another cancer type is shown. That is, as shown in FIG. 29, administration of galectin 9 prolonged the survival of the cancer-bearing mice, and at that time, pDC-like macrophages increased.
- a mouse lung cancer-derived tumor cell line LLC is inoculated into C57BL / 6 ( ⁇ , 7-10 weeks of age) into the abdominal cavity of 5x10 5 cells (Day 0).
- the results of examining the change in survival rate when administered intraperitoneally (PBS as a control) are shown.
- the horizontal axis (Days after tumor inoculation) represents the number of days after LLC inoculation, and the vertical axis (Percent survival) represents the survival rate in percent.
- Statistical analysis was performed by log rank test.
- B The results obtained by staining the peritoneal cells on day 7 in (a) with antibodies of CD11c, PDCA-1, Ly-6C and F4 / 80 and analyzing by flow cytometry.
- the ratio of cells expressing pDC markers CD11c and PDCA-1 and also expressing the macrophage marker Ly-6C or F4 / 80, that is, pDC-like macrophages increased significantly. It was. It is envisioned that pDC-like macrophages are involved in survival extension by galectin-9.
- Each group is represented by Mean ⁇ SEM using 5 mice. *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- galectin 9 promotes the differentiation of CD11c positive cells by M-CSF in vitro in a Tim-3 independent manner
- galectin 9 promoted the differentiation of CD11c positive cells by M-CSF in a test tube in a Tim-3 independent manner.
- Bone marrow cells were washed from the femur and tibia of mice and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics to remove adherent cells (mature macrophages).
- the remaining bone marrow cells were cultured for 7 days in a medium containing GM-CSF (Peprotech, 20 ng / ml) or M-CSF (R & D systems, 20 ng / ml), this time washing away non-adherent cells, Adherent cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Since> 95% of the adherent cells were F4 / 80 and CD11b double positive, they were determined to be mature macrophages. The results of examining how the expression of CD11c in the cells is affected by human stabilized galectin 9 (30 nM) given during differentiation are shown.
- Galectin 9 did not affect CD11c expression in macrophages differentiated with GM-CSF, but increased CD11c expression in macrophages differentiated with M-CSF.
- B M-CSF differentiation assay in the presence of lactose (30 mM), an inhibitor of galectin 9, or sucrose (30 mM) as a control, and Tim-3 neutralizing antibody (eBiosciences, RMT-3-23, 10 ⁇ g / ml) or isotype control antibody (eBiosciences, 10 ⁇ g / ml). Lactose inhibited the increase in CD11c expression by galectin 9, but Tim-3 neutralizing antibody did not affect the increase in CD11c expression. Tim-3 is the most well-known molecule as a target of galectin 9, but it was suggested that it is not involved in the increase of CD11c expression by galectin 9 in this experiment.
- FIG. 30 shows that galectin 9 is capable of differentiating macrophages into dendritic cells by increasing CD11c expression of macrophages that differentiate with M-CSF.
- galectin 9 promotes the differentiation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells into classical dendritic cells (Dai, SY et al, J Immunol, 2005 175: 2974-81). Therefore, in this example, the phenotype of the obtained cells was examined in detail. The result is shown in FIG. (A) Analysis by flow cytometry revealed that galectin-9 increased B220 and IA / IE expression, while CD14 expression decreased.
- F4 / 80 which is widely used as a macrophage marker, is highly expressed regardless of the addition of galectin 9, and maintains the macrophage expression system.
- B When the transcription factor mRNA was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR, IRF4 and IRF8 required for dendritic cell differentiation were increased by galectin-9.
- SpiB which is said to be expressed in pDC progenitor cells, was increased by galectin 9, and Id2, which was supposed to suppress the transcription factor E2-2 of mature pDC, was also increased by addition of galectin 9.
- C Furthermore, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 mRNAs were also increased by the addition of galectin-9.
- TLR9 agonist The indicated TLR agonist was added to macrophages differentiated for 7 days in the presence of M-CSF and galectin 9, and after 6 hours of culture, IFN- ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ mRNA expression was measured by real-time RT-PCR. Results are shown.
- the agonists used were LPS (100 ng / ml, Sigma): TLR4 agonist, R848 (5 ⁇ g / ml, Imgenex): TLR7 / 8 agonist, CpG (TypeA CpG ODN1585, 10 ⁇ g / ml, Invivogen): TLR9 agonist. Mature pDCs should highly express type 1 interferon upon stimulation with these TLR agonists, but no high increase was observed.
- macrophages differentiated by M-CSF and human-stabilized galectin 9 show a phenotype close to pDC, but have not reached mature pDC, and are therefore considered precursors of pDC-like macrophages. It was suggested that galectin 9 induces differentiation of macrophages into pDC-like macrophages.
- CD11c positive cells differentiated with galectin 9 and M-CSF mature into pDC-like macrophages upon LPS stimulation As shown in FIG. 32, CD11c positive cells differentiated with galectin 9 and M-CSF matured into pDC-like macrophages by LPS stimulation.
- galectin 9 differentiates macrophages differentiated with M-CSF into cells of the phenotype that appear to be precursors of pDC-like macrophages.
- mRNA expression levels were normalized by the mRNA expression of ⁇ 2 microglobulin or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and expressed on the vertical axis. The number of samples is 4 for statistical analysis. ** P ⁇ 0.01, *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- IRF7 a transcription factor essential for the expression of type 1 interferon that characterizes pDC, is markedly elevated by LPS stimulation.
- E2-2 which is said to be highly expressed in mature pDC, increased markedly by LPS treatment for 6 hours and decreased after 24 hours.
- FIG. 32 shows that pDC-like macrophage precursors differentiated by galectin 9 become a phenotype of mature pDC-like macrophages upon LPS stimulation. Furthermore, the function of the mature pDC-like macrophage was examined. The result is shown in FIG. (A) Since pDC is known to highly express type 1 interferon, do pDC-like macrophages matured in vitro secrete IFN- ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ , which are representative of type 1 interferon? Whether or not was examined by ELISA.
- the concentration of IFN- ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ in the culture supernatant obtained by adding the TLR agonist indicated on the horizontal axis (control PBS) to pDC-like macrophages to which LPS stimulation was applied for 24 hours by the method of FIG. 32 and culturing for 18 hours was quantified with a specific ELISA kit purchased from PBL Interferon Source, and the concentration is shown on the vertical axis. Statistical analysis was performed with 4 samples each. *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- the TRL agonist concentrations used were LPS: 100 ng / ml, R848: 5 ⁇ g / ml, CpG: 10 ⁇ g / ml.
- naive NK cells When these cells were stained with the dye DIOC 18 (3) (3,39-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate, Sigma) that stains the cell membrane and co-cultured with naive NK cells 30 times the number of cells, and in addition to naive NK cells. In addition, matured pDC-like macrophages differentiated in vitro with twice the number of cells were added and co-cultured to examine the death of Yac-1 cells. Naive NK cells were purified from mouse spleen cells using MACS Anti-DX5 beads (Miltenyi Biotech).
- the co-culture was performed for 5 hours, and then dead cells were stained with propidium iodide, and the percentage of the DIOC 18 (3) positive cells (total Yac-1 cells) was analyzed by flow cytometry. .
- Yac-1 alone culture was also performed (sample on the horizontal axis ( ⁇ )). The number of samples is statistically analyzed with 4. *** P ⁇ 0.001.
- pDC-like macrophages matured in vitro significantly increased the anticancer activity of NK cells.
- the anticancer activity by NK cells is largely due to the action of Granzyme B and Perforin, which are cytotoxic proteins that are encapsulated and released.
- pDC-like macrophages matured in vitro and NK cells were co-cultured at the above ratio for 5 hours, and the cells were immobilized and permeabilized using Cytofix / Cytoperm solution (BD Biosciences), and anti-Granzyme B antibody (Clone 16G6 , EBiosciences) and anti-Perforin antibody (Clone eBioMAK-D, eBiosciences) and the results of analysis by flow cytometry are shown.
- Control is NK cell culture alone (indicated by the horizontal axis in the figure) The number of samples is 4 for statistical analysis.
- pDC-like macrophages matured in vitro were found to increase Granzyme B and Perforin expression in NK cells.
- galectin 9 promotes differentiation into pDC-like macrophages, and when the cells are matured with LPS, they can promote anticancer activity through activation of NK cells. Indicated. As shown in FIG. 29, administration of galectin 9 prolongs the survival of the cancer-bearing mice, and increases pDC-like macrophages. It is considered that pDC-like macrophages are enhancing the anticancer activity of the living body through the activation of NK cells as shown in FIG. 33, which is considered to be a cause of the survival extension of the cancer-bearing mouse.
- Table 2 below shows the results of analyzing various pharmacokinetic parameters by the moment analysis method based on the blood kinetics of human stabilized galectin 9 (FIG. 1).
- Model Independent Pharmacokinetic Analysis means “independent pharmacokinetic analysis model”.
- Dose means the dose of human stabilized galectin 9.
- Cmax means maximum blood concentration.
- Tmax means the time to reach the maximum blood concentration.
- AUC means the area under the blood concentration curve.
- T1 / 2” means half-life.
- MRT means mean residence time.
- CLtot means systemic clearance.
- the cells of the present invention can be used for example in autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, tumors and the like by performing immune control via secretion of galectin 9 in vivo. It can be used for treatment of a disease or reduction of symptoms derived from the disease.
- the cell of the present invention is an excellent marker for identifying type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1 cells) that secrete galectin 9 and IL-10, for example. It can be applied to isolate Tr1 cells.
- the present invention is not limited to the above description and the description of the above-described embodiments and examples, and can be arbitrarily modified and modified without departing from the scope of the claims.
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Abstract
Description
前記本発明の細胞を含むか又は含まない動物組織において、前記本発明の細胞検出方法により、前記本発明の細胞を定性的又は定量的に検出する工程を含む、前記動物の疾患又は前記疾患に由来する症状の診断方法である。
前記動物に対し、前記疾患の治療を行う工程と、
前記治療の前後において、それぞれ、本発明による前記動物の疾患又は前記疾患に由来する症状の診断方法により、前記疾患又は前記疾患に由来する症状を診断する工程と、
前記治療の前後における前記診断結果を対比する工程とを含むことを特徴とする。
Tr1細胞は形質細胞様樹状細胞によって誘導される免疫寛容に重要な役割を果たす細胞であり(非特許文献20、23~25、15~18)、in vitroではナイーブCD4+T細胞をIL-27またはVitamin D3/dexamethasoneの存在下でTCR刺激を与えることで誘導される(非特許文献26~29)。Tr1細胞の細胞表面マーカーとして前述のLAP, NKG2D, LAG-3, CTLA-4が知られているが、これらはIL-10を産生しないCD4+CD25+細胞にも発現しているため、信頼に足るTr1細胞マーカーはその機能の本体と考えられている抑制性サイトカインIL-10の高発現である。ところがIL-10の産生はTr1細胞だけでなくTreg細胞を含む他の細胞群にも見られることから、確定的なマーカーには成り得ず(非特許文献30~31)、また細胞内に存在するIL-10の発現を指標に、生きたまま細胞を簡便に精製する技術も存在しないことは、Tr1研究およびその応用を困難にしている。
本発明に関し、ガンなどの悪性腫瘍細胞を含む腫瘍細胞に対して細胞傷害作用を得たり、抗アレルギー作用を得たり、抗炎症作用を得たり、免疫異常を正常化せしめたり、活性化リンパ球(特には活性化T細胞を含んでいてもよい)に対してアポトーシスを誘導せしめる場合も、上記自己免疫の場合と同様に理解されるべきである。
炎症性疾患には、各臓器でおこる種々の急性および慢性炎症、アレルギー性および自己免疫性の炎症、感染症等がある。
急性および慢性疾患としては、肺炎では、例えば、気管支炎、気管支肺炎、間質性肺炎、肺臓炎、細気管支炎や急性縦隔炎などが挙げられ、さらにその他の臓器の炎症、例えば、心外膜炎、心内膜炎、心筋炎、口内炎、口角炎、扁桃炎、咽頭炎、喉頭炎、食道炎、腹膜炎、急性胃炎、慢性胃炎、急性腸炎、虫垂炎、虚血性大腸炎、薬物性大腸炎、直腸炎、A型肝炎、B型肝炎、C型肝炎、劇症肝炎、慢性肝炎などの種々の急性および慢性肝炎や肝硬変、胆嚢炎、急性膵炎、慢性膵炎、また急性および慢性腎炎、膜性腎炎、糸球体腎炎、IgA腎症などや、種々の膀胱炎、脳髄炎、乳腺炎、皮膚炎、表層角膜炎、乾性角結膜炎、種々の中耳炎や鼻炎、副鼻腔炎や鼻茸など、歯肉炎、歯周炎、歯周囲炎など、種々様々な炎症が含まれる。
アレルギー性炎症疾患には、全身性アナフィラキシー、気管支喘息、過敏性肺炎、花粉症、アレルギー性鼻炎、アレルギー性結膜炎、免疫複合体がおこすアレルギー性疾患、血管神経性浮腫等が挙げられる。
以下に、特に重要な実験材料及び方法の詳細を記す。
(リコンビナントガレクチン9)
本実施例で用いたリコンビナントガレクチン9は、全てヒト安定化ガレクチン9(G9NC(null))であり、既報(非特許文献12、33、特許文献1)の方法に準じて調製した。標品はSDS-PAGE及びクマッシー・ブリリアントブルー染色によるタンパク質純度検定で95%以上、またリムラス比濁動態試験によるエンドトキシン混入量は1mgヒト安定化ガレクチンあたり0.1ng以下であった。また、ヒト安定化ガレクチン9のマウスTim-3への結合親和性はマウスガレクチン9と同等である。モル濃度の計算は分子量33065として行った。
発現ベクターの作製には、
(1)Jurkat細胞のpoly(A)+RNA画分から調製したcDNA
(2)pET-11aベクター(STRATAGENE)
(3)PCR用プライマー:
G9NCRD1:CGTCCTCATATGGCCTTCAGCGGTTCCCAG 配列番号1
G9NCRD6:CGACCGCATATGCTGGAAGCTGATGTAGGACAG 配列番号2
G9CCRD5:CGTCCTCATATGACTCCCGCCATCCCACCTATG 配列番号3
G9CCRD6:CGACCGGGATCCCTATGTCTGCACATGGGTCAG 配列番号4
を使用した。
(配列番号5)
(配列番号6)
上記工程(A)で得られた発現用プラスミドベクターpET-G9NC(null)を大腸菌(BL21(DE3))に導入した。導入は、エレクトロポレーション法により行った。すなわち、competent BL21(DE3)とプラスミドベクター水溶液を混合し、1.8kVの電圧でのエレクトロポレーション法によりトランスフェクションを行った。
細胞の染色には、以下の抗体を用いた。抗マウスCD4-FITC抗体 (Becton DickinsonまたはeBioscience, San Diego, CA)、抗マウスTim-3-PE抗体 (eBioscience)、抗マウスガレクチン9-Alexa488抗体(クローン108A2、Galpharma)、抗マウスガレクチン9-PE抗体(クローン108A2、Biolegend)、抗マウスCD25-APC抗体(Biolegend)、抗マウスFoxp3-APC抗体(eBioscience)、抗ヒト/マウスLAP-PE抗体(R&D Systems)、抗マウスNKG2D-PE抗体(Biolegend)、抗マウスLAG-3-PE抗体(Biolegend)、抗マウスCTLA-4-PE抗体(Biolegend)、抗マウスIL-17抗体-(FACS用)、抗マウスPDCA-1-APC抗体(Biolegend)、抗マウスCD11c-Alexa488抗体(Biolegend)、抗マウスCD19抗体(Biolegend)、抗マウスGL-7抗体(Biolegend)、抗マウスCXCR4抗体(Biolegend)、抗マウスICOS-PE抗体(eBiosciences)、抗マウスCXCR5-APC抗体(BD Pharmingen)抗ヒトガレクチン9-Alexa488抗体(クローン9M1-3、Galpharma)、抗ヒトCD4-FITC抗体(Biolegend)、抗ヒトCD4-PE抗体(Biolegend)、抗ヒトCD25-APC抗体(Biolegend)、抗ヒト/マウスFoxp3-PE抗体(Biolegend)、抗マウスIL-10抗体(Biolegend)、抗マウスIL-10中和抗体(R & D Systems)、抗マウスIL-10R中和抗体(R & D Systems)、抗マウスTGF-β中和抗体(R & D Systems)。
アポトーシス測定にはAnnexin V-EGFP Apoptosis Detection kit (Medical & Biological Laboratories, Nagoya, Japan)を用いた。細胞内部抗原の染色にはBD Cytofix/Cytoperm Kit(Becton Dickinson)を用いて細胞の固定化及び細胞膜浸透化を行った。これらのキットはメーカー提供の使用説明書に従って用いた。
染色した細胞の測定はFACS Calibur (Becton Dickinson)を用いて行い、データの解析にはFlowJo software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR)を用いた。細胞の分取が必用な時にはFACS Aria (Becton Dickinson)を用いた。
ヒトガレクチン9濃度の定量は既報の方法に従って行った(非特許文献34)。
マウスガレクチン9濃度の定量は既報の方法(非特許文献16)に準じ、以下の3点を改良して行った。一つ目はプレートにコートする抗マウスガレクチン9抗体をクローン108A2(Galpharma)に変更した点で、二つ目は検出用の抗体にビオチンラベルした抗マウスガレクチン9ポリクローナル抗体 (Galpharma)を用いた点、三つ目は検出用抗体の変更に伴って三次抗体の代わりに西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ標識したストレプトアビジン(Endogen)を用いて発色反応を行った点である。この系はマウスガレクチン9を特異的に検出し、測定サンプル中にヒト安定化ガレクチン9が30 nMで添加されていても反応しない。マウスまたはヒトIL-17A、マウスTNF-α、マウスIL-12、マウスIFN-γ、マウスIL-13の検出はそれぞれ適当なDuoSet (R&D Systems)を、マウスIL-10の検出にはMouse IL-10 ELISA MAX Standard (Biolegend)を、抗マウスSRBC IgMの検出には、Mouse Anti-SRBC IgM ELISA Kit(Life Diagnostics)、マウス全IgM抗体及びマウス全IgG抗体の検出はそれぞれMouse Total IgM ELISA KitとMouse Total IgG ELISA Kit(共にBethyl)を、抗dsDNA抗体の検出はレビス 抗dsDNA-マウス ELISA KIT(シバヤギ)を用い、それぞれメーカー提供の使用説明書に従って行った。
C57BL/6J マウス及びMRL/MpJUmmCrj-1pr/1prマウスは日本チャールズリバー (Yokohama, Japan)より、同系統のガレクチン9ノックアウトマウス及びマウスガレクチン9トランスジェニックマウスはGalpharma (Takamatsu, Japan)より入手した。Lewis系ラット(LEW/Ssn)は日本エスエルシー(Hamamatsu, Japan)より入手した。実験に供するマウスには12時間毎の日夜リズムと自由に採食・採水できる通常の環境を与え、国法と国際指針に準拠した人道的な配慮のもと飼育した。また本研究プロトコールは香川大学実験動物委員会の承認済みである。
〔マウスナイーブT細胞の単離と培養〕
CD4+ CD62L+ナイーブT細胞は8~10週齢の雄性C57BL/6Jマウスより得た脾臓細胞よりCD4+CD62L+ T cell Isolation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany)を用い、メーカー提供の使用説明書に従って単離し、純度は94%以上のナイーブT細胞を得た。ナイーブT細胞を10%の加熱非動化済みの牛胎児血清及びpenicillin G (10 IU/ml, Sigma-Aldrich)とstreptomycin (100μg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich)を含むRPMI 1640(Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO)培地中に懸濁し、抗CD3抗体を1μg/mlの濃度でコーティングした96-wellプレート(Becton Dickinson) に2x105cells/0.1ml/ wellの密度で播種して抗CD28抗体(2μg/ml, Becton Dickinson)を添加後に72-96時間37度のCO2インキュベーター内で培養した。TH17細胞分化誘導にはこの系中にヒトTGF-β1 (3ng/ml, R&D systems)、マウスIL-2 (5ng/ml, R&D systems) 及びマウスIL-6 (20ng/ml, R&D systems) を添加した。TH1細胞分化誘導にはマウスIL-12(10 mg/ml, R&D systems)及び抗IL-4抗体(10μg/ml, Becton Dickinson) を、TH2細胞分化誘導にはマウスIL-4 (20mg/ml, R&D systems)及び抗IL-12抗体(10μg/ml, Becton Dickinson)を添加した。Tr1分化には抗CD3抗体を10μg/mlの濃度でコーティングした96-wellプレートを用い、2μg/mlの抗CD28抗体と25 ng/mlのIL-27存在下でナイーブT細胞を3日間培養した。また実験によってはヒト安定化ガレクチン9 (30nM)、ラクトース(3, 10, 30mM)、スクロース (3, 10, 30 mM)、抗Tim-3中和抗体 (10μg/ml, eBioscience)やラットIgG2a (10μg/ml, eBioscience)等を添加して培養した。
CD25陰性THGAL9(細胞表面にガレクチン9を発現しているCD25-CD4+T細胞)とnon-THGAL9細胞(細胞表面ガレクチン9-CD25-CD4+ T細胞)はソーティングで単離した(細胞純度97%以上)。一方、ナイーブT細胞をTH17分化誘導条件下で6時間培養してTH17への分化をコミットさせた後に回収し、CD25陰性THGAL9またはnon-THGAL9細胞と1:1(5x104 cells:5x104 cells)の比で混合し、その後はTCR刺激のみで90時間培養した。ガレクチン9の作用を阻害するには、系中に30 mMのラクトースを添加した。
末梢血単核細胞は健常人の抹消血を比重分離液 (リンホセパール、Nakalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan)に重層し、メーカー提供の使用説明書に従って遠心分離して単離した。得られた抹消血単各細胞よりCD4+ T Cell Isolation Kit II (Miltenyi Biotec)を用い、メーカー提供の使用説明書に従ってCD4 T細胞を単離した。CD4+T細胞をTCR刺激するには、マウスナイーブT細胞の培養と同様に、細胞を10%の加熱非動化済みの牛胎児血清及びpenicillin Gとstreptomycinを含むRPMI 1640培地中に懸濁し、抗CD3抗体を1μg/mlの濃度でコーティングした96-wellプレートに2x105 cells/0.1 ml/ wellの密度で播種して抗CD28抗体 (2 μg/ml, Becton Dickinson)を添加後に96時間培養した。
この培養細胞よりヒトTHGAL9細胞及びヒトnon-TH17細胞を分離するには細胞を抗ヒトガレクチン9-Alexa488抗体(クローン9M1-3、Galpharma)で染色し、FACS Ariaを用いてソーティングした。ソーティング後の細胞純度は97%以上であった。細胞は上記のTCR刺激下でさらに96時間培養し、実験に供した。ヒトCD4+T細胞のTH17細胞への分化誘導は既報(非特許文献35)の方法を用いた。簡潔には、上記TCR刺激に加えてヒトIL-2(5 ng/ml, R&D systems)を用い、さらにヒトIL-1β (50 ng/ml, R&D systems)または同IL-1βとIL-6の組合せ、もしくは同IL-1βとマウスIL-23 (50 ng/ml, R&D systems)の組合せ刺激下で9日間培養した。
mRNAの定量は既報に準じてリアルタイムRT-PCR法で行い、増幅した核酸の染色にSYBR Green Iを、測定にはABI PRISM 7000 sequence detector (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA)を用いた(非特許文献36)。プライマーはタカラバイオ (Otsu, Japan)より購入した。特定のmRNA発現量は同方法によって定量されたglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)のmRNA発現量を内部標準としてその比で表した。
データの統計解析には解析ソフトPrism(Graphpad software)を用い、nonparametric two-tailed Mann-Whitney法、Logrank test法、及び2-way ANOVA法等によって統計的な有意差の有無を判定し、p<0.05を持って有意とした。棒グラフまたは折れ線グラフのデータは全てMean±SEM(n>3)である。
〔ヒト安定化ガレクチン9はラット関節炎に持続的な治療効果を示す〕
図1にラットコラーゲン誘導性関節炎におけるヒト安定化ガレクチン9の治療効果を示す。感作に用いるコラーゲン溶液は以下の要領で用事調整した。ウシタイプIIコラーゲン(BCII; Collagen Research Center)とMuramyl dipeptide(MDP; Peptide Institute)をそれぞれ1.6 mg/mlと0.4 mg/mlになるように混合し、それと同体積のincomplete Freund's adjuvant(IFA; Difco)を添加して混合し、乳化した。このコラーゲン溶液をLewis rat (♀, 6~7週齢)一匹あたり1mlを背部の皮内に投与した(Day0)。投与は少なくとも10箇所/ラットに分散して行った。7日目に同様に調製したコラーゲン溶液0.3ml/ラットを尾基底部にブースター投与した。安定化ガレクチン9はブースター投与後7日目より表示の用量・スケジュールで皮下投与した(a)。関節炎発症に伴う足の腫脹の測定は2人の観察者がそれぞれ独立にplethysmometer(Muromachi Kikai Co., Ltd)を用いて行った。両後足の体積の合計を経時的に測定し、初期値からの変化割合(%)で表した。ヒト安定化ガレクチン9を本モデルにおいて週3回皮下投与すると、既に発症した関節の腫れを用量依存的に縮小し、0.06mg/kgでほぼ完全な治療効果を呈した(b)。次に投与量を0.6mg/kgに固定して週1回と週2回投与で治療効果を比較したところ、両者共にほぼ同等の治療効果を示した(c)。皮下注射により薬効が持続する例はよく知られており、例えば抗体薬では皮下投与すると徐々に血中に放出されるため、全身投与と比較して体内により長く循環する。
そこで安定化ガレクチン9皮下投与時の体内動態を調べた。Lewis rat (♀, 6~7週齢)に表示の用量のヒト安定化ガレクチン9を単回皮下投与し、投与前(0分)、投与後5分、15分、30分、1時間、2時間、4時間、8時間、16時間、24時間、48時間及び72時間に経時的に血漿採血し、血中安定化ガレクチン9濃度を特異的なELISAによって測定した。ELISAの一次抗体は抗ヒトガレクチン9モノクローナル抗体9S2-3を用いた。この抗体はガレクチン9のN末側の糖鎖認識ドメインを認識し、SDSで変性したヒトガレクチン9には反応しないことより、正しい立体構造のタンパク質を認識すると考えられる。一方、二次抗体には抗ヒトガレクチン9CTウサギポリクローナル抗体を用いた。この抗体はウサギをヒトガレクチン9のC末側の糖鎖認識ドメインで免疫して調製し、他のガレクチンに対する交差反応は吸収除去してある。また本ELISAはマウス及びラットのガレクチン9に交差しない。つまり本ELISAは分解・変性を受けていない完全なヒト安定化ガレクチン9を測定することが出来る。
血中ヒト安定化ガレクチン9濃度を元にモーメント解析ソフトウェア(田端健司、藤沢薬品工業、京都大学大学院薬学研究科より提供)を使用し、モーメント解析法による薬物動態解析を行った。その結果、図2及び表2に示すように、血中の安定化ガレクチン9濃度は非常に低く、先の関節炎モデルで十分な治療効果を示した0.6mg/kg投与では血中最高濃度が0.943ng/ml、t1/2が7.6時間、MRTが12.5時間であった。In vitroのIL-17産生抑制においては安定化ガレクチン9の効果が見られるのが10nM(約0.3μg/ml)以上の濃度が必要で、30nM(約1μg/ml)で統計的有意差が見られた(非特許文献7)。つまり血中に出て来たヒト安定化ガレクチン9が薬効を示すとは考えられず、恐らく投与部位及びリンパ管・リンパ節を経由する比較的高濃度の間に免疫系細胞に影響を与えていると想像される。また投与後速やかに体内から排出されることは本実験および別の体内動態試験より確認されている。つまり安定化ガレクチン9の持続した薬効は投与時から短い間に作用を受けた細胞に担われており、安定化ガレクチン9の直接的な作用では無いと考えられる。生体内にはガレクチン9を産生・放出して免疫を制御している細胞が存在しているのは、前記背景技術において説明したように自明であるがその同定は非常に困難である。ガレクチン9を分泌して免疫を制御している細胞を同定することは、ガレクチン9の作用メカニズムの詳細を解明することと合わせて重要な課題であり、それを達成することは医学・産業への大きな貢献となる。
〔ガレクチン9はEAEを抑制する内在性因子である〕
図3に、MOG誘導性実験的アレルギー性脳炎(EAE)へのガレクチン9の治療効果を示す。このモデルでの脳炎発症はTh17依存的であることが知られている。(a)EAE発症には雌性C57BL/6Jマウス(WT)または同系統のガレクチン9ノックアウトマウス(Gal-9 KO)を用いた。300μgのMycobacterium tuberculosis (H37RA, Difo)を添加したCFA中に調製した150μgのMOG(35-55)ペプチドをマウスに皮下投与して感作し、その同日及び2日後に200 ngのpertussis toxin (List Biological Laboratory)を静脈投与し、経時的に臨床スコアを目視により記録した。臨床スコアは以下の基準によって判定した。
臨床スコア0: 異常なし
臨床スコア1: 尾の緊張低下
臨床スコア2: 後肢の不全対麻痺
臨床スコア3: 後肢の対麻痺
臨床スコア4: 四肢麻痺
臨床スコア5: 瀕死又は死亡
(c)感作後20週目のEAE感作野生型マウス(WT)、EAE感作ガレクチン9ノックアウトマウス(Gal-9 KO)および週齢をあわせた未感作マウス(Naive)より脾臓細胞を調製し、CD4、CD25、IL-17及びFoxp3抗体で染色した。ガレクチン9ノックアウトマウスでは野生型に比してCD4+CD25+IL-17+細胞が有意に増加しており一方CD4+CD25+Foxp3+細胞は有意に減少していた。
(f)前述(a)の系で野生型雌性C57BL/6JマウスにEAEを発症させ、感作後14日目と16日目にヒト安定化ガレクチン9を0.3μg/マウスまたは3μg/マウスで皮下投与した。コントロール群にはPBSを投与した。感作19日目まで臨床スコアを記録し、その後マウスの脊髄をヘマトキシリン/エオシン染色した。ヒト安定化ガレクチン9投与は0.3μg/マウスの投与で臨床スコアを低下させる傾向を示し、3μg/マウスでは統計的に有意な臨床スコア低下を示した(p<0.05、2-way ANOVA法)。
これらの結果はガレクチン9は内在性の免疫制御因子としてTh17/Tregバランスを調整していることを示しており、既報のマウス関節炎の実験結果より引き出された帰結(非特許文献7)がEAEにおいて更に確認・検証されたことになる。
図4には、ガレクチン9が、Tim3/Gal-9相互作用に依存しないでTH17細胞分化を抑制する効果を示す。
(a) 図3(d)の方法で、C57BL/6Jマウスより調製したCD4+ CD62L+ナイーブT細胞にTH17細胞分化誘導刺激を与えた。刺激開始時を0時間とし、図に示したそれぞれの期間30 nMのヒト安定化ガレクチン9またはコントロールのPBS存在下で培養した。その後、細胞を培地で洗浄し、TH17細胞分化誘導刺激を継続した。96時間目の培養上清を抽出し、培地中のIL-17濃度を前述のELISAで定量した。TH17細胞分化誘導の0~18時間にヒト安定化ガレクチン9が存在すると、TH17細胞分化は顕著に抑制された。一方で分化誘導前24時間のヒト安定化ガレクチン9処理は無効であった。
(b)前述の30 nMヒト安定化ガレクチン9をTH17細胞分化誘導開始から24時間添加した細胞及びコントロールのPBS添加細胞のIL-17F、IL-21、IL-22及びIL23R mRNA発現をリアルタイムRT-PCR法で定量した。ヒト安定化ガレクチン9によって、これら全てのmRNA発現が有意に低下した。
(d)ナイーブT細胞をTH17分化誘導刺激下で96時間培養後、分化したTH17細胞を含む細胞集団にヒト安定化ガレクチン9(30 nM)を添加し、4時間後にアポトーシスを起こしたTim-3陽性細胞、つまり、TH17をフローサイトメトリーで検出した。ヒト安定化ガレクチン9添加時に抗Tim-3抗体(10μg/ml、αTim-3)またはアイソタイプコントロール抗体(10μg/ml、IgG2a)を添加した条件でも実験を行った。ヒト安定化ガレクチン9によってTH17細胞のアポトーシスが誘導され、その効果は抗Tim-3抗体によって有意に抑制された。この結果は、分化したTH17細胞は、Tim-3依存的にガレクチン9によってアポトーシスの誘導を受けることを示唆する。
図5に、ガレクチン9によるTH17分化誘導抑制にはN-結合型糖鎖でなく、O-結合型糖鎖が関与することを示唆する結果をを示す。
(a)ナイーブT細胞をTH17分化誘導刺激条件下で培養し、最初の24時間にヒト安定化ガレクチン9(30 nM)またはコントロールとしてPBSを添加した。その24時間の間にガレクチンの阻害剤であるラクトースを3 mM、10 mMまたは30 mMの濃度で添加し、96時間後に培養上清中のIL-17A濃度を定量した。ラクトースのコントロールとしてはガレクチン9に作用を持たないスクロースを用いた。ヒト安定化ガレクチン9による抑制作用はラクトースによって濃度依存的に消失したことより、ヒト安定化ガレクチン9のレクチン活性がTH17分化抑制に必要であることが示された。
(b)前述(a)の条件で、今度は、ラクトースの代わりにN-グリコシレーション阻害剤のswainsonine (2μg/ml)またはO-グリコシレーション阻害剤のBenzyl N-acetyl-α-D-galactosaminide (Benzyl-α-GalNAc, 2mM)を添加した。96時間後に培養上清中のIL-17A濃度を定量したところ、swainsonineではヒト安定化ガレクチン9の効果が有意に残存していたが、Benzyl-α-GalNAcではヒト安定化ガレクチン9の効果に有意差が見られなくなった。この結果はガレクチン9によるTH17分化抑制にはO-グリコシレーションを受けた糖タンパクが関与していることを暗示する。
図6には、TH1, TH2 及びTH17細胞分化に及ぼすGal-9の効果を示す。
(a)ナイーブT細胞に30 nMのヒト安定化ガレクチン9(またはコントロールのPBS)を添加し、TH1、TH2、TH17の各分化誘導刺激、または抗CD3抗体及び抗CD28抗体によるTCR刺激のみ(No skewed)のそれぞれの条件下に96時間培養後、各THサブタイプに特異的なmRNA発現をリアルタイムRT-PCRで定量した。ヒト安定化ガレクチン9はTH1及びTH2細胞に特異的なmRNAの発現に影響を与えず、唯一TH17細胞に特異的なIL-17A及びRORγtのmRNA発現を有意に抑制した。
(b)上記実験のTH17分化誘導条件におけるIFN-γとIL-4 mRNAを測定したところ、どちらもヒト安定化ガレクチン9による発現の変化は見られなかった。TH17分化はこれらのサイトカインによって抑制されることが知られているが、ガレクチン9の作用はこれらのサイトカイン発現を上昇させるためではないことが示唆された。
図7は、ガレクチン9によるCD25とFoxp3発現上昇はIL-2に依存するという結果を示す。
(a)ナイーブT細胞に30 nMのヒト安定化ガレクチン9を添加し(またはコントロールのPBS)、TH17分化誘導条件下に24時間培養するとヒト安定化ガレクチン9添加によってCD4+CD25+細胞の割合が有意に上昇し、これはCD25 mRNAの上昇にも反映されていた。
(b)上記(a)の条件で96時間培養後にCD4+CD25+Foxp3+細胞の割合を調べると、安定化ガレクチン9の添加により有意に上昇していた。
(c)ナイーブT細胞に30 nMのヒト安定化ガレクチン9 (コントロールはPBS)及び図に示した濃度のIL-2を添加して、TH17分化誘導条件下に96時間培養し、培養上清中のIL-17A濃度を定量した。ガレクチン9によるIL-17A産生抑制作用はIL-2存在下でのみ発揮された。一方IL-2単独でもIL-17A産生抑制傾向は見られたがその作用は弱く、100 ng/ml IL-2においても統計的な有意差は無かった。
(d)上記(c)の条件で96時間培養した細胞中のTreg細胞の割合を測定した。安定化ガレクチン9によってCD4+CD25+Foxp3+細胞、つまりTreg細胞が増加するのはIL-2を添加した場合に限定された。
(f)ナイーブT細胞を上記(e)の条件で培養し、図に示した各時点でCD25及びFoxp3のmRNA発現をリアルタイムRT-PCRで定量した。CD25の発現はTH17分化誘導刺激開始24時間で上昇したが、Foxp3の上昇には72時間を要した。どちらのmRNA発現も安定化ガレクチン9添加によって有意に上昇した。
図8には、細胞表面にガレクチン9を発現するTH細胞の同定を行った結果を示す。
(a)ナイーブT細胞を図6aの各条件、及び未刺激(No stim)で96時間培養し、培養上清中のガレクチン9濃度をELISAで定量した。ガレクチン9の分泌はTCR刺激のみ(No skewed)、TH1及びTH2細胞への分化条件では上昇したが、TH17への分化条件では抑制された。
(b)ナイーブT細胞をTH17に分化誘導する系にはTCR刺激に加えてIL-2、TGF-β1及びIL-6が添加されている。この完全系(TH17 skewed)よりIL-6を除いたもの(TGF-β1 alone)、TGF-β1を除いたもの(IL-6 alone)およびTCR刺激のみ(No skewed)の各条件で96時間培養後の上清に含まれるガレクチン9をELISAで定量した。IL-6の添加によってガレクチン9濃度は顕著に低下した。一方TGF-β1の添加にもガレクチン9の濃度を低下させる傾向が見られたが有意差は無かった。
(c)ナイーブT細胞に30 nMのヒト安定化ガレクチン9(またはコントロールのPBS)を添加し、未刺激(No stim)、TCR刺激のみ(No skewed)及びTH17分化誘導刺激条件下でそれぞれ96時間培養した後、上清中のガレクチン9をELISAで定量した。ELISAはマウスガレクチン9に特異的で、添加した30 nMのヒト安定化ガレクチン9の影響を受けない。ヒト安定化ガレクチン9はこれらの条件で培養したナイーブT細胞からのガレクチン9分泌を上昇させた。
(e)その一方で、上記(a)の細胞表面のガレクチン9とCD25を染色してフローサイトメトリーで測定したところ、細胞表面にガレクチン9を発現する細胞の割合は未刺激ではCD4陽性細胞の2%弱であるが、TH1、TH2分化誘導刺激下、またはTCR刺激下に約4%に上昇した。その一方でTH17分化誘導条件では2%弱に留まった。各分化刺激による細胞表面ガレクチン9陽性細胞の割合はガレクチン9の分泌とよく一致している。
(f)上記の細胞を細胞表面ガレクチン9陽性と陰性にソーティングして分け、ガレクチン9mRNAをリアルタイムRT-PCRで定量したところ、両者に統計的な差は見られなかった。またそれら細胞を固定化/細胞膜浸透化後に抗ガレクチン9抗体で染色して細胞が含有する全てのガレクチン9を染色してフローサイトメトリーにより測定したが、この場合にも両細胞に差は見られなかった。
図9には、THGAL9はTCR刺激によりガレクチン9を分泌し、IL-10及びTGF-βを発現上昇すること、及びTHGAL9はTH17/Tregバランスを制御する結果を示す。
(a)マウス脾臓細胞よりナイーブT細胞を調製し、さらに細胞表面ガレクチン9陽性細胞(THGAL9細胞:Gal-9+TH)と陰性細胞(non-THGAL9:Gal-9-TH)をソーティングにより分取した。それぞれの細胞をTCR刺激(抗CD3抗体コートプレート中で抗CD28抗体を添加)の有無の条件下96時間培養し、培養上清に分泌されたガレクチン9をELISAで定量した。THGAL9細胞のみTCR刺激によってガレクチン9分泌が誘導された。
(b)上記細胞のサイトカインmRNA発現をリアルタイムRT-PCRで調べた。THGAL9細胞はnon-THGAL9細胞と比較してIL-10及びTGF-βの発現が高く、一方でIL-4及びIL-17Aの発現は低かった。
(c)ナイーブT細胞をTH17分化誘導刺激下で6時間培養後、THGAL9細胞(Gal-9+TH)またはnon-THGAL9(Gal-9-TH)細胞と1:1の比で混合し、その後はTCR刺激のみ与えて90時間共培養した。培養上清に分泌されたIL-17AをELISAで定量し、一方Foxp3 mRNAの発現はリアルタイムRT-PCRで定量した。THGAL9細胞の添加によりIL-17A分泌が抑制され、一方でFoxp3の発現は上昇した。
(d)上記の共培養を、ガレクチン9を拮抗阻害する30mMのラクトース(またはコントロールのスクロース)存在下で行った。ラクトース添加によってTHGAL9細胞によるIL-17A産生抑制は解除された。この結果は、THGAL9細胞は抑制性サイトカインIL-10やTGF-βを産生しているがTH17分化抑制においてはガレクチン9が必須な働きをしていることを示唆する。
(e)THGAL9によるTH17分化抑制作用にIL-10とTGF-βの関与が低いことを裏付けるため、前述(c)のTHGAL9は共培養によるTH17抑制系にIL-10及びTGF-βの中和抗体をそれぞれ10μg/mlの濃度で添加したところ、これらの中和抗体はTHGAL9の作用を阻害しなかった。
(f)更にIL-10の関与を問うために前述(c)のアッセイ系にリコンビナントIL-10を添加してIL-17産生への作用を調べた。調べた範囲の濃度においてIL-10は統計的に有為な抑制効果を示さなかった。
(a)ナイーブCD4 T細胞をTCR刺激下で96時間培養し、ソーティングによりCD25+THGAL9、CD25+non-THGAL9及びCD25-non-THGAL9に分離する。それぞれの細胞をさらにTCR刺激下で96時間培養し、培養上清中のガレクチン9をELISAで定量した。
(b)上記(a)の細胞のIL-10及びTGF-β1発現をリアルタイムRT-PCRによって定量した。
その結果、THGAL9細胞をTCR反復刺激するとガレクチン9分泌量の増加とIL-10及びTGF-βのmRNA発現レベルの増加が観察された。
図11にはTHGAL9が安定化ガレクチン9添加によって増加する結果を示す。
(a)図8(c)の細胞をCD25と細胞表面ガレクチン9で染色し、フローサイトメトリー法で測定した結果を示す。ヒト安定化ガレクチン9の添加は未刺激のnaive CD4 T細胞にも働き、Gal-9+CD25-細胞を増加させた。TH17分化誘導条件ではTHGAL9が減少するが(図8e)、安定化ガレクチン9添加によってTHGAL9の割合は有為に上昇した。またガレクチン9を多く分泌するGal-9+CD25+細胞の割合もTCR刺激依存的にヒト安定化ガレクチン9添加が有為に上昇させた。一方、安定化ガレクチン9添加はGal-9-CD25+細胞の割合もTCR刺激依存的に上昇させた。この細胞集団にはTregが含まれており、ガレクチン9のTreg分化促進作用の結果だと考えられる。
(b)THGAL9はガレクチン9に加えてIL-10、TGF-βを産生する。これらのサイトカインがTCR刺激によるTHGAL9の増加に関与している可能性を調べるために、ナイーブCD4 T細胞をIL-10中和抗体、IL-10R中和抗体またはTGF-β中和抗体の存在下でTCR刺激し、THGAL9細胞の出現をフローサイトメトリー法で調べた結果を示す。これらサイトカインの中和はTHGAL9の増加に全く影響を与えなかった。
(c)IL-10は抑制性のT細胞であるTr1の分化を促進することが知られており、THGAL9の増加にも影響する可能性が考えられる、(b)の結果より少なくともTCR刺激によるTHGAL9の増加においてはIL-10の関与は低いと考えられた。そこで今度はナイーブCD4 T細胞にIL-10(またはコントロールとしてヒト安定化ガレクチン9)を添加し、TCR刺激下で培養してTHGAL9細胞の出現をフローサイトメトリー法で調べた結果が、本実験系においてIL-10によるTHGAL9の増加は見られなかった。
〔THGAL9細胞とTr1細胞の比較〕
図12にはTHGAL9細胞とTr1細胞の比較を行った結果を示す。IL-10産生タイプ1制御性T細胞(Tr1細胞)は様々な場で免疫を制御しており、Tr1細胞を用いた自己免疫疾患や癌治療についての可能性も議論されている。このTr1細胞には現在いくつかのマーカーが提唱されているが、この細胞のもっとも顕著な特徴は大量にIL-10を分泌することにある。本発明者らの見出したTHGAL9細胞もIL-10を産生していることより、Tr1細胞との比較を行った。これまで報告されているマウスのTr1細胞マーカーにはLAP(非特許文献21)、NKG2D(非特許文献20)、LAG-3(非特許文献22)及びCTLA-4(非特許文献41)がある。またTregとは対照的にTr1細胞はFoxp3を発現していないと考えられている(非特許文献42~43)。そこでナイーブCD4+T細胞のTCR刺激前後で、Tr1細胞マーカー発現を検討した。
(b)これら細胞をTCR刺激し、CD25陽性となったT細胞集団で同じ測定を行うと、殆ど全てのCD25陽性CD4細胞がTr1マーカーを発現するようになった。
(c)(b)の細胞を細胞表面ガレクチン9とTim-3で染色した結果を示す。THGAL9にはTim-3発現が無いことが示された。
(d,e,f)ナイーブCD4+T細胞をIL-27(25ng/ml)の存在下または非存在下でTCR刺激を加え、3日間培養しTr1への分化誘導を促進した。3日後の培養上清を一部回収しIL-10(d)及びガレクチン9濃度(e)をELISAにより定量した。残った細胞はbrefeldin A (10μg/ml)存在下でPMA(50ng/ml)とイオノマイシン(1μg/ml)で4時間刺激し、細胞内部のIL-10と細胞表面のガレクチン9で染色してフローサイトメトリー法にて測定した(f)。
(a)ガレクチン9ノックアウトマウスと野生型マウスの脾臓細胞をCD4及びNKG2D、LAG-3、LAPまたはCTLA-4で染色し、フローサイトメトリー法で測定した結果を示す。ガレクチン9ノックアウトマウスではTr1マーカー陽性細胞の割合が野生型と比較して減少していた。
(b)ガレクチン9ノックアウトマウスと野生型マウスのナイーブCD4 T細胞をTCR刺激のみ(No skewed)またはTH17分化誘導刺激条件下(Th17 skewed)で培養し、IL-10mRNAの発現をリアルタイムRT-PCRで調べた結果を示す。ガレクチン9ノックアウトマウスではIL-10産生が有為に減少していた。
(c)(b)のNo skewed条件で培養した細胞をbrefeldin A(10μg/ml)存在下でPMA(50 ng/ml)とイオノマイシン(1μg/ml)処理を4時間行い、細胞内部に蓄積したIL-10を染色してフローサイトメトリー法で測定した結果を示す。ガレクチン9ノックアウトマウスではIL-10陽性細胞が優位に減少していた。
これらの結果は、全て、THGAL9とTr1が非常に似通った細胞であり、現在のTr1定義においてはTHGAL9がTr1と同一もしくはその部分集団であることを示すものである。
ヒトとマウスの免疫系が同一で無いことは良く知られていることから、本研究におけるマウス及びマウスの細胞を用いて解明したガレクチン9の機能がヒトにも当てはまる保証は無い。ヒトでもガレクチン9がTH17/Tregバランス制御を行うこと、およびヒトにもTHGAL9細胞が存在していることを確認することが臨床応用を考える上で必須である。図14には、ヒトT細胞へのガレクチン9の作用とTHGAL9細胞を同定した結果を示す。
(a)健常人4人より得た抹消血CD4+T細胞にヒト安定化ガレクチン9(30nM)若しくはコントロールのPBSを添加し、TCR刺激下96時間培養した。CD25を染色し、フローサイトメトリー法で測定した。
(b)上記(a)の細胞をCD25及びFoxp3で染色し、それぞれの発現をフローサイトメトリー法で測定した。
(c)ヒトCD4+T細胞にヒト安定化ガレクチン9(30nM)若しくはコントロールのPBSを添加し、TH17細胞への分化誘導刺激下で9日間培養し、培養上清中のIL-17濃度をELISAで定量した。
(d)ヒトCD4+T細胞をTCR刺激下、または未刺激で96時間培養し、細胞表面のガレクチン9とCD25を染色してフローサイトメトリー法で測定した。
(e)ヒトCD4+T細胞をTCR刺激下96時間培養した後、ソーティングにより細胞表面にガレクチン9陽性細胞(CD25+THGAL9)と陰性細胞 (CD25+non-THGAL9)に分取した。それぞれをTCR刺激下でさらに96時間培養し、培養上清中のガレクチン9をELISAで定量し、一方図に示した各サイトカインmRNA発現をリアルタイムRT-PCRで測定した。
ヒト安定化ガレクチン9投与は前述の自己免疫疾患モデル以外にも様々な病態モデルにおいて薬効を示すことが示されている。これらの場面においても投与したガレクチン9が引き金となり、THGAL9ガレクチン9を含むガレクチン9分泌細胞が誘導されている可能性がある。THGAL9は細胞表面にガレクチン9を発現する細胞として同定され、それがガレクチン9分泌能を持つことが確認された。発明者らは細胞表面のガレクチン9は分泌の中間体として検出されていると考えており、よって細胞表面のガレクチン9発現を指標にTHGAL9以外のガレクチン9発現細胞を探索することができると予想される。少なくとも細胞表面に露出していることは既に細胞膜をトランスロケートした結果であり、広義には分泌されていることになる。そこで様々な病態モデルにおいて細胞表面にガレクチンを発現した細胞群の存在を調べた。
図15には重篤な腹膜炎モデルである盲腸結紮穿刺法による腹膜炎(cecal ligation and puncture:CLP)の処置を施したマウスを示す。ここではBALB/cマウスを用いている。G21のニードルを用いて結紮した盲腸に穴を開け、その後の生存を経時的に調べるモデルである。
安定化ガレクチン9はこの重篤な腹膜炎に対してもCLP直後またはCLPから24時間後の単回投与でマウスの生存率を有為に延長した。しかしながら、この効果はヌードマウスでは見られなかったことより(図16e)、安定化ガレクチン9がT細胞を介して作用していることが強く示唆された。
(a)腹腔細胞の内CD4陽性細胞をCD25と細胞表面ガレクチン9発現で展開した結果を示す。ヒト安定化ガレクチン9投与によって細胞表面にガレクチン9を発現した細胞の割合が著しく増加し、一方CD25+Gal-9-は減少した。CD25+Gal-9-細胞は癌に対する免疫を抑制すると考えられるTregを含む細胞集団である。
(b)(a)の細胞を内CD8陽性細胞をCD25と細胞表面ガレクチン9発現で展開した結果を示す。ヒト安定化ガレクチン9投与によって細胞表面にガレクチン9を発現したCD8細胞の割合が著しく増加した。
(c)ヒト安定化ガレクチン9を投与したMeth A坦癌マウスの脾臓細胞をPDCA-1、CD11c及び細胞表面ガレクチン9で染色し、フローサイトメトリー法で測定した結果を示す。形質細胞様樹状細胞:pDC、pDC様マクロファージ:pDC-Mφ、古典的樹状細胞:cDC、及び樹状細胞やマクロファージと異なる細胞:nonDCMφのそれぞれで細胞表面ガレクチン9発現レベルを比較した。pDC様マクロファージは急性肺障害のモデルにおいてそれを細胞移入すると症状を抑制することが示されている(非特許文献44)。この場合にもpDC様マクロファージが分泌するガレクチン9が効果の主体を成していることが想像される。
この坦癌モデルにおいても投与した安定化ガレクチン9が薬効を示すときに前述したように細胞表面にガレクチン9を発現した細胞が出現している。これらの細胞の移入が癌治療に有用であることが示唆され、またこれら細胞をマーカーとして癌の進行や治療の効果を診断できる可能性が示唆される。
図19(c)に示したように、発明者らは古典的樹状細胞(cDC)、形質細胞用樹状細胞(pDC)、及びpDC様マクロファージが細胞表面にガレクチン9を発現していることをMeth A 坦癌マウスモデルで得られた細胞を用いて示した。さらに、本実施例では、別の癌種での検討例を示す。すなわち、図29に示す通り、ガレクチン9投与が坦癌マウスの生存を延長し、その際にpDC様マクロファージが増加した。
(a)C57BL/6(♀、7~10週齢)にマウス肺癌由来腫瘍細胞株LLCを5x105細胞腹腔へ接種し(Day0)、当日よりヒト安定化ガレクチン9を30μg、3回/週で腹腔内投与(コントロールはPBS)した時の生存率変化を経時的に調べた結果を示す。横軸(Days after tumor inoculation)はLLC接種後の日数を、縦軸(Percent survival)は生存率をパーセントで表している。統計解析はログランク検定によって行った。
(b)(a)の7日目の腹腔細胞をCD11c、PDCA-1、Ly-6C及びF4/80の抗体で染色し、フローサイトメトリー法で解析した結果を示す。ガレクチン9投与群ではpDCマーカーであるCD11cとPDCA-1を発現しており、且つマクロファージマーカーであるLy-6CまたはF4/80を発現している細胞、つまりpDC様マクロファージの割合が優位に上昇していた。pDC様マクロファージがガレクチン9による生存延長に関与していることが想像される。各グループ5匹のマウスを用いてMean±SEMで表している。***P<0.001。
図30に示す通り、本実施例において、ガレクチン9は、試験管内においてM-CSFによるCD11c陽性細胞の分化をTim-3非依存的に促進した。
(a)マウスの大腿骨及び脛骨から骨髄細胞を洗い出し、10%のウシ胎児血清と抗生物質を含むRPMI-1640培地中で2時間培養して接着細胞(成熟マクロファージ)を除去した。残った骨髄細胞をGM-CSF(Peprotech、20ng/ml)またはM-CSF(R & D systems、20ng/ml)を含む培地中で7日間培養し、今度は非接着細胞を洗浄して除き、接着細胞をフローサイトメトリーで解析した。接着細胞の>95%はF4/80とCD11b二重陽性であることから、成熟したマクロファージだと判定された。その細胞におけるCD11cの発現が、分化中に与えたヒト安定化ガレクチン9(30nM)によってどのように影響されるかを調べた結果を示す。ガレクチン9はGM-CSFで分化したマクロファージのCD11c発現には影響を与えなかったが、M-CSFで分化させたマクロファージのCD11c発現を上昇させた。
(b)(a)のM-CSFによる分化アッセイをガレクチン9の阻害剤であるラクトース(30mM)またはコントロールとしてスクロース(30mM)の存在下で行った結果と、Tim-3中和抗体(eBiosciences、RMT-3-23、10μg/ml)またはアイソタイプコントロール抗体(eBiosciences、10μg/ml)中で行った結果を示す。ラクトースはガレクチン9によるCD11c発現上昇を阻害したが、Tim-3の中和抗体はCD11c発現上昇に影響を与えなかった。Tim-3はガレクチン9のターゲットとして最もよく知られた分子であるが、本実験のガレクチン9によるCD11c発現上昇においては関与が無いことが示唆された。
図30で、ガレクチン9はM-CSFで分化するマクロファージのCD11c発現を上昇させることより、マクロファージを樹状細胞へ分化させている可能性が示された。既報のようにガレクチン9はヒト末梢血単核球の古典的樹状細胞への分化を促進する(Dai, S.Y. et al, J Immunol, 2005 175:2974-81)。そこで、本実施例では、得られた細胞の表現型を詳細に調べた。その結果を、図31に示す。
(a)フローサイトメトリー法による解析ではガレクチン9によってB220、I-A/I-E発現が上昇し、一方でCD14発現が減少することが判った。一方マクロファージのマーカーとして汎用されるF4/80はガレクチン9の添加によらず高発現しており、マクロファージの表現系を維持している。
(b)転写因子mRNAをリアルタイムRT-PCRで解析したところ、樹状細胞の分化に必要とされるIRF4及びIRF8がガレクチン9によって上昇していた。またpDCの前駆細胞に発現しているとされるSpiBがガレクチン9によって上昇しており、成熟pDCの転写因子E2-2を抑制するとされるId2もガレクチン9添加によって上昇した。
(c)さらにTLR7、TLR8及びTLR9のmRNAもガレクチン9添加によって上昇した。
(d)M-CSFとガレクチン9存在下で7日間分化させたマクロファージに表示のTLRアゴニストを添加し、6時間培養した後でIFN-αとIFN-β mRNA発現をリアルタイムRT-PCRで測定した結果を示す。用いたアゴニストはそれぞれLPS(100ng/ml、Sigma):TLR4アゴニスト、R848(5μg/ml、Imgenex):TLR7/8アゴニスト、CpG(TypeA CpG ODN1585、10μg/ml、Invivogen):TLR9アゴニストである。成熟したpDCであればこれらTLRアゴニスト刺激によってタイプ1インターフェロンを高発現するはずであるが、高い上昇は見られなかった。
これらの結果、M-CSFとヒト安定化ガレクチン9によって分化したマクロファージはpDCに近い表現型を示すが成熟したpDCには達しておらず、よってpDC様マクロファージの前駆体と考えられる。ガレクチン9はマクロファージをpDC様マクロファージへと分化誘導することが示唆された。
図32に示すように、ガレクチン9とM-CSFで分化したCD11c陽性細胞は、LPS刺激によってpDC様マクロファージに成熟した。
(a)これまでの結果よりガレクチン9はM-CSFで分化したマクロファージをpDC様マクロファージの前駆体と思われる表現系の細胞に分化させることが示された。その細胞にLPS刺激を与えることでpDC様マクロファージへと分化が進むかどうかを検討した。図30の方法でM-CSFとガレクチン9により分化したマクロファージを100ng/mlのLPS(コントロールはPBS)中で24時間培養しCD11c、Ly-6C及びF4/80の発現をフローサイトメトリー法で解析した結果を示す。サンプル数はそれぞれ4で統計解析している。LPS刺激によってpDCの表現型であるCD11cとPDCA-1二重陽性細胞の割合が上昇し、一方でマクロファージの表現型であるLy-6C及びF4/80の発現も上昇した。これはLPS刺激によって前駆体から成熟度の高いpDC様マクロファージへと分化が進んだ結果と考えられる。
(b)図30の方法でM-CSFとガレクチン9により分化したマクロファージを100ng/mlのLPS(コントロールはPBS)中で6時間または24時間培養し、表示のmRNA発現をリアルタイムRT-PCRで測定した結果を示す。mRNA発現量はβ2ミクログロブリンまたはグリセロアルデヒド3リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼのmRNA発現で標準化し、縦軸に表した。サンプル数はそれぞれ4で統計解析している。**P<0.01、***P<0.001。pDCを特徴付けるタイプ1型インターフェロンの発現に必須な転写因子であるIRF7がLPS刺激によって顕著に上昇している。また成熟したpDCに高発現しているとされるE2-2はLPSを6時間処理することによって著明に上昇し、24時間後は逆に低下した。*P<0.05、**P<0.01、***P<0.001。
(c)図30の方法でM-CSFとガレクチン9で分化させたマクロファージを100ng/mlのLPSで24時間培養し(コントロールはPBS)、I-A/I-Eの発現をフローサイトメトリー法で解析した結果の一例を示す。グレーのヒストグラムはアイソタイプコントロール、破線のヒストグラムがPBSコントロール、実線のヒストグラムがLPS刺激。LPS処理群とコントロールPBS群(それぞれn=4)で、I-A/I-E陽性細胞の割合を棒グラフに表し、統計解析した結果を示す。I-A/I-Eの発現はLPS刺激によって上昇した。*P<0.05。
これらの結果、ガレクチン9によってpDC様マクロファージの前駆体と考えられる細胞に分化したマクロファージはLPS刺激によってより成熟したpDC様マクロファージの表現型を示すことが確認された。
(a)pDCはタイプ1型インターフェロンを高発現することが知られているので、In vitroで成熟させたpDC様マクロファージがタイプ1型インターフェロンの代表であるIFN-αとIFN-βを分泌するか否かをELISAで検討した。図32の方法でLPS刺激を24時間加えたpDC様マクロファージに横軸に表示したTLRアゴニスト(コントロールはPBS)を添加し、18時間培養した培養上清中のIFN-αとIFN-βの濃度をPBL Interferon Sourceより購入した特異的ELISAキットにより定量し、濃度を縦軸に示した。サンプル数はそれぞれ4で統計解析した。***P<0.001。用いたTRLアゴニスト濃度はLPS: 100 ng/ml、R848:5μg/ml、、CpG:10μg/mlである。この結果IFN-βの産生は確認され、その発現がR848(TLR7/8アゴニスト)によってコントロールより上昇することが示された。
(b)In vitroで成熟させたpDC様マクロファージが抗癌作用を示すことを調べた結果を示す。癌細胞としてマウスリンパ腫YAC-1細胞 を用いた。この細胞を細胞膜を染色する色素DIOC18(3)(3,39-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate、Sigma)で染色し、これに30倍の細胞数のナイーブNK細胞を共培養した場合、及びナイーブNK細胞に加えてその2倍細胞数のIn vitroで分化させた成熟pDC様マクロファージを加えて共培養した場合でYac-1細胞の細胞死を調べた。ナイーブNK細胞はマウス脾臓細胞よりMACS Anti-DX5 beads(Miltenyi Biotech)を用いて精製した。共培養は5時間行い、その後ヨウ化プロピジウムで死細胞を染色し、DIOC18(3) 陽性細胞(全Yac-1細胞)の内何パーセントが細胞死しているかをフローサイトメトリー法によって解析した。コントロールとしてYac-1単独培養も行った(横軸(-)のサンプル)。各サンプル数は4で統計解析している。***P<0.001。この結果In vitroで成熟させたpDC様マクロファージはNK細胞による抗癌活性を有為に上昇させた。 NK細胞による抗癌活性はそれが内包し放出する細胞障害性タンパク質であるGranzyme BとPerforinの働きが大きい。そこでIn vitroで成熟させたpDC様マクロファージとNK細胞を前述の比率で5時間共培養し、細胞をCytofix/Cytoperm溶液(BD Biosciences)を用いて固定化・浸透化し、抗Granzyme B抗体(Clone 16G6、eBiosciences)と抗Perforin抗体(Clone eBioMAK-D、eBiosciences)で染色し、フローサイトメトリー法で解析した結果を示す。コントロールはNK細胞単独培養(図中横軸 - と表示)。サンプル数はそれぞれ4で統計解析している。その結果In vitroで成熟させたpDC様マクロファージはNK細胞のGranzyme BおよびPerforin発現を上昇させることが判った。
これらの結果より、ガレクチン9はpDC様マクロファージへの分化を促進することがIn vitroで確認され、その細胞をLPSで成熟させると、NK細胞の活性化を介した抗癌作用を促進することが示された。図29に示したようにガレクチン9を投与すると坦癌マウスの生存を延長し、その際にはpDC様マクロファージが増加する。pDC様マクロファージは図33に示したようなNK細胞の活性化等を介して生体の抗癌作用を高めていると考えられ、それが坦癌マウスの生存延長の一因だと考えられる。
下記表2は、ヒト安定化ガレクチン9の血中動態(図1)の結果に基づき、モーメント解析法で各種薬物動態パラメーターを解析した結果を示す。下記表2中、「Model Independent Pharmacokinetic Analysis」は、「独立した薬物動態解析モデル」を意味する。「Dose」は、ヒト安定化ガレクチン9の用量を意味する。「Cmax」は、最高血中濃度を意味する。「Tmax」は、最高血中濃度到達時間を意味する。「AUC」は、血中濃度曲線下面積を意味する。「t1/2」は、半減期を意味する。「MRT」は、平均滞留時間を意味する。「CLtot」は、全身クリアランスを意味する。
さらに、本発明は、上記説明並びに前述の実施形態及び実施例の記載に限定されず、特許請求の範囲から逸脱しない限りにおいて、任意の改変及び変形が可能である。
Claims (62)
- ガレクチン9を含む細胞であって、
前記ガレクチン9を細胞表面に発現していることを特徴とする細胞。 - T細胞である請求項1に記載の細胞。
- CD4陽性T細胞である請求項2に記載の細胞。
- 濾胞性BヘルパーT細胞(Follicular B helper T cells:TFH)である請求項3に記載の細胞。
- T細胞受容体(TCR)で刺激することにより、CD25の発現量が上昇し、さらに、ガレクチン9及びインターロイキン10(IL-10)の少なくとも一方を分泌する請求項3又は4に記載の細胞。
- Foxp3を発現していない請求項3から5のいずれか一項に記載の細胞。
- γδT細胞である請求項2に記載の細胞。
- ナチュラルキラー細胞(NK細胞)である請求項1に記載の細胞。
- B細胞である請求項1に記載の細胞。
- NKT細胞である請求項1に記載の細胞。
- 古典的樹状細胞(cDC)である請求項1に記載の細胞。
- 形質細胞様樹状細胞(pDC)である請求項1に記載の細胞。
- pDC様マクロファージ(pDC-Mφ)である請求項1に記載の細胞。
- 動物にガレクチン9を投与することにより、前記動物における少なくとも一部の細胞の細胞表面にガレクチン9を発現させる、請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞の製造方法。
- 動物の細胞を、ガレクチン9の存在下で培養することにより、前記動物の細胞の細胞表面にガレクチン9を発現させる、請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞の製造方法。
- 前記動物の細胞が、細胞表面にガレクチン9を発現している細胞を含み、
前記動物の細胞を、ガレクチン9の存在下で培養することにより、細胞表面にガレクチン9を発現している細胞の割合を増加させる、請求項15に記載の細胞の製造方法。 - 前記動物が、哺乳類である請求項14から16のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
- 前記哺乳類が、ヒトである請求項17に記載の製造方法。
- 請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞、その破砕物及び抽出物からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つを含む医薬。
- ガレクチン9の生理活性又は生物活性の不足又は欠如に起因する疾患の治療又は症状の軽減に用いる請求項19に記載の医薬。
- ガレクチン9又はガレクチン9結合性物質を含む細胞の有無の診断に用いる診断剤である、請求項19に記載の医薬。
- 免疫調節剤である、請求項19に記載の医薬。
- 抗腫瘍剤である、請求項19に記載の医薬。
- 前記腫瘍が、悪性腫瘍である請求項23に記載の医薬。
- 前記悪性腫瘍が、上皮性悪性腫瘍である請求項24に記載の医薬。
- 前記悪性腫瘍が、非上皮性悪性腫瘍である請求項24に記載の医薬。
- 前記非上皮性悪性腫瘍が、腫瘍形成性の非上皮性悪性腫瘍及び腫瘍非形成性の非上皮性悪性腫瘍の少なくとも一方である請求項26に記載の医薬。
- 前記悪性腫瘍が、皮膚ガン、メラノーマ、乳ガン、卵巣ガン、子宮ガン、睾丸悪性腫瘍、前立腺ガン、膀胱ガン、腎ガン、甲状腺ガン、咽頭・喉頭ガン、舌ガン、上顎ガン、食道ガン、胃ガン、結腸・直腸ガン、肺・気管支ガン、肝ガン、肝細胞癌、肝内胆管ガン、肝外胆管・胆嚢ガン、膵臓ガン、白血病、悪性リンパ腫、形質細胞腫、肉腫、骨肉腫、軟骨肉腫、平滑筋肉腫、横紋筋肉腫、脂肪肉腫、線維肉腫、悪性血管腫、悪性血管内皮腫、脳腫瘍、メニンギオーマ、グリオーマ、及びアストロサイトーマからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである請求項24に記載の医薬。
- 抗アレルギー剤である。請求項19に記載の医薬。
- 自己免疫疾患用剤である。請求項19に記載の医薬。
- 抗炎症剤である、請求項19に記載の医薬。
- 副腎皮質ステロイドホルモン代替用剤である、請求項19に記載の医薬。
- 細胞、組織、又は器官の移植に伴う拒絶反応の抑制剤である、請求項19に記載の医薬。
- 敗血症の治療又は症状の軽減に用いる、請求項19に記載の医薬。
- 感染症の治療又は症状の軽減に用いる、請求項19に記載の医薬。
- 請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞、その破砕物及び抽出物からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つを用いて、被検細胞におけるガレクチン9又はガレクチン9結合性物質の有無を診断する方法。
- 請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞、その破砕物及び抽出物からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つを動物に投与する工程を含む、前記動物の疾患の治療又は前記疾患に由来する症状の軽減方法。
- 前記動物が、哺乳類である請求項37に記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳類が、ヒトである請求項38に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、ガレクチン9の生理活性又は生物活性の不足又は欠如に起因する疾患である請求項37から39のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、免疫の異常に起因する疾患である、請求項37から40のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、自己免疫性疾患である、請求項37から40のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、腫瘍である、請求項37から40のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記腫瘍が、悪性腫瘍である請求項43に記載の方法。
- 前記悪性腫瘍が、上皮性悪性腫瘍である請求項44に記載の方法。
- 前記悪性腫瘍が、非上皮性悪性腫瘍である請求項44に記載の方法。
- 前記非上皮性悪性腫瘍が、腫瘍形成性の非上皮性悪性腫瘍及び腫瘍非形成性の非上皮性悪性腫瘍の少なくとも一方である請求項46に記載の方法。
- 前記悪性腫瘍が、皮膚ガン、メラノーマ、乳ガン、卵巣ガン、子宮ガン、睾丸悪性腫瘍、前立腺ガン、膀胱ガン、腎ガン、甲状腺ガン、咽頭・喉頭ガン、舌ガン、上顎ガン、食道ガン、胃ガン、結腸・直腸ガン、肺・気管支ガン、肝ガン、肝細胞癌、肝内胆管ガン、肝外胆管・胆嚢ガン、膵臓ガン、白血病、悪性リンパ腫、形質細胞腫、肉腫、骨肉腫、軟骨肉腫、平滑筋肉腫、横紋筋肉腫、脂肪肉腫、線維肉腫、悪性血管腫、悪性血管内皮腫、脳腫瘍、メニンギオーマ、グリオーマ、及びアストロサイトーマからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである請求項44に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、アレルギー性疾患である。請求項37から40のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、細胞、組織、又は器官の移植に伴う拒絶反応である、請求項37から40のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、敗血症である、請求項37から40のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が、感染症である、請求項37から40のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記疾患に由来する症状が、炎症である、請求項37から52のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞を動物に投与して、前記動物の免疫を制御する免疫制御方法。
- 請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞の細胞表面に発現されたガレクチン9をマーカーとして検出することにより、前記細胞を検出する方法。
- 請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞が、IL-10産生タイプ1制御性T細胞(Tr1細胞)である請求項55に記載の細胞検出方法。
- 請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞が、制御性免疫細胞である請求項55に記載の細胞検出方法。
- 請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞を含むか又は含まない動物組織において、請求項55から57のいずれか一項に記載の細胞検出方法により、請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞を定性的又は定量的に検出する工程を含む、前記動物の疾患又は前記疾患に由来する症状の診断方法。
- 動物の疾患の治療効果の判定方法であって、
前記動物に対し、前記疾患の治療を行う工程と、
前記治療の前後において、それぞれ、請求項58に記載の診断方法により、前記疾患又は前記疾患に由来する症状を診断する工程と、
前記治療の前後における前記診断結果を対比する工程とを含むことを特徴とする、前記動物の疾患の治療効果の判定方法。 - 請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞を含む動物組織において、請求項55から57のいずれか一項に記載の細胞検出方法により、前記細胞を検出し、検出された前記細胞を、前記動物組織中の他の細胞から分離する、細胞の分離方法。
- 請求項60に記載の細胞の分離方法により請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞を前記動物組織から分離する工程を含む、請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞の製造方法。
- 請求項60に記載の細胞の分離方法により請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の細胞を前記動物組織から分離する工程をさらに含む、請求項14から16のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法。
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EP11847227.3A EP2650361A4 (en) | 2010-12-09 | 2011-12-09 | GALECTIN-9 DETERGENT CELL, MANUFACTURING METHOD AND APPLICATION THEREOF |
KR1020137017492A KR20130103587A (ko) | 2010-12-09 | 2011-12-09 | 갈렉틴 9를 분비하는 세포, 그 제조 방법 및 그 용도 |
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US20180153901A1 (en) * | 2015-03-18 | 2018-06-07 | Blood Systems, Inc. | Reversal of latency of retroviruses with a galectin protein |
US20170199176A1 (en) * | 2016-01-11 | 2017-07-13 | Nodality, Inc. | T cell populations in diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, and monitoring |
AU2018355588C1 (en) | 2017-10-27 | 2023-04-27 | New York University | Anti-Galectin-9 antibodies and uses thereof |
US20220185896A1 (en) * | 2019-05-01 | 2022-06-16 | New York University | Anti-galectin-9 antibodies and uses thereof |
MX2022008421A (es) * | 2020-01-07 | 2022-09-23 | Hifibio Hk Ltd | Anticuerpo anti-galectina-9 y usos del mismo. |
CN114681438B (zh) * | 2022-05-17 | 2024-03-19 | 中国医学科学院基础医学研究所 | 二甲双胍及其它含胍化合物在逆转Gal-10结晶趋势并缓解相关疾病中应用 |
CN116570707A (zh) * | 2023-06-25 | 2023-08-11 | 西南医科大学 | 半乳糖凝集素1在预防和治疗脓毒血症药物中的应用 |
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