WO2012049826A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末、リチウムイオン二次電池負極およびキャパシタ負極、ならびに、リチウムイオン二次電池およびキャパシタ - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末、リチウムイオン二次電池負極およびキャパシタ負極、ならびに、リチウムイオン二次電池およびキャパシタ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012049826A1 WO2012049826A1 PCT/JP2011/005648 JP2011005648W WO2012049826A1 WO 2012049826 A1 WO2012049826 A1 WO 2012049826A1 JP 2011005648 W JP2011005648 W JP 2011005648W WO 2012049826 A1 WO2012049826 A1 WO 2012049826A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- secondary battery
- lithium ion
- ion secondary
- silicon oxide
- negative electrode
- Prior art date
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 179
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 title claims description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title abstract description 10
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 274
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 199
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 98
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005260 alpha ray Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- IJKVHSBPTUYDLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydroxy(oxo)silane Chemical compound O[Si](O)=O IJKVHSBPTUYDLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 37
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 28
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 27
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 24
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 14
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- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 5
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- -1 nickel metal hydride Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000009828 non-uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
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- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/483—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides for non-aqueous cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
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- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a powder for a negative electrode material that can provide a lithium ion secondary battery that has a large discharge capacity, good cycle characteristics, and can withstand use at a practical level.
- the present invention also relates to a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode and a capacitor negative electrode, and a lithium ion secondary battery and a capacitor using the negative electrode material powder.
- high energy density secondary batteries include nickel cadmium batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, lithium ion secondary batteries, and polymer batteries.
- lithium ion secondary batteries have a much longer lifespan and higher capacity than nickel cadmium batteries and nickel metal hydride batteries, and thus the demand thereof has shown high growth in the power supply market.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration example of a coin-shaped lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium ion secondary battery maintains the electrical insulation between the positive electrode 1, the negative electrode 2, the separator 3 impregnated with the electrolyte, and the positive electrode 1 and the negative electrode 2 and seals the battery contents. It consists of a gasket 4.
- lithium ions reciprocate between the positive electrode 1 and the negative electrode 2 through the electrolytic solution of the separator 3.
- the positive electrode 1 includes a counter electrode case 1a, a counter electrode current collector 1b, and a counter electrode 1c.
- Lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ) and manganese spinel (LiMn 2 O 4 ) are mainly used for the counter electrode 1c.
- the negative electrode 2 is composed of a working electrode case 2a, a working electrode current collector 2b, and a working electrode 2c, and the negative electrode material used for the working electrode 2c is generally an active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions (negative electrode active material). And a conductive assistant and a binder.
- carbon-based materials have been used as negative electrode active materials for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- a new negative electrode active material having a higher capacity of a lithium ion secondary battery than conventional ones a composite oxide of lithium and boron, a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal (V, Fe, Cr, Mo, Ni, etc.) Si, Ge, or a compound containing Sn and N and O, Si particles whose surface is coated with a carbon layer by chemical vapor deposition, and the like have been proposed.
- silicon oxide powder represented by SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) such as SiO As the negative electrode active material.
- the silicon oxide powder can be a negative electrode active material having a larger effective charge / discharge capacity because it has less deterioration such as collapse of the crystal structure and generation of an irreversible substance due to occlusion and release of lithium ions during charge / discharge. Therefore, by using silicon oxide powder as the negative electrode active material, the capacity is higher than when carbon is used, and the cycle characteristics are better than when a high capacity negative electrode material such as Si or Sn alloy is used. This is because a lithium ion secondary battery can be expected to be obtained.
- Patent Document 1 a silicon oxide and lithium or a substance containing lithium are used as both electrodes, and they are opposed to each other in a non-aqueous electrolyte and are energized between the two electrodes to electrochemically store lithium ions.
- Lithium-containing silicon oxide or lithium-ion secondary battery production method using lithium-containing silicon oxide obtained by mixing and heating lithium or lithium with silicon or a silicon compound as a negative electrode active material has been proposed.
- the irreversible capacity during the first charge / discharge is large (that is, the initial efficiency is not sufficient), and the cycle characteristics sufficiently reach the practical level. I cannot say that.
- Patent Document 2 silicon dioxide powder and metal silicon powder are mixed to obtain a raw material, and the mixed raw material is heated to 1100 to 1600 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere or under reduced pressure to generate silicon oxide (SiO) gas,
- SiO silicon oxide
- a method for producing amorphous silicon oxide powder in which the generated gas is deposited as silicon oxide (SiO x ) on the surface of a substrate cooled to 200 to 500 ° C., and the deposited silicon oxide is recovered. .
- Patent Document 3 a conductive silicon composite for a negative electrode material of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which a carbon film is formed on the surface of particles (conductive silicon composite) having a structure in which silicon microcrystals are dispersed in silicon dioxide, and The manufacturing method has been proposed.
- the conductive silicon composite forming the carbon film is made from silicon oxide powder represented by the general formula SiO x (1.0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) as a raw material, and the raw material has a predetermined temperature and Heat treatment is performed under atmospheric conditions to disproportionate to a composite of silicon and silicon dioxide, and it is obtained by chemical vapor deposition of a carbon film on the surface.
- the present inventors have conducted various studies on amorphous silicon oxide powder (SiO x ) proposed in Patent Document 2 and disproportionated silicon oxide powder containing silicon and silicon dioxide proposed in Patent Document 3. It was. As a result, the behavior of the electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery differs depending on whether the amorphous silicon oxide powder is used for the negative electrode material (negative electrode active material) or the disproportionated silicon oxide powder is used for the negative electrode material. I found.
- FIG. 2 (a) and 2 (b) are schematic views showing the distribution state of particles in the negative electrode material of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- FIG. 2 (a) shows an amorphous silicon oxide powder
- FIG. The case where the disproportionated silicon oxide powder is used for the negative electrode material is shown.
- the negative electrode material is in a state in which silicon oxide (SiO x ) is uniformly distributed as shown in FIG.
- the disproportionated silicon oxide powder is used, the negative electrode material is in a state in which silicon (Si) is dispersed in silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) as shown in FIG. Become.
- the reaction shown by the following formula (1) proceeds in the negative electrode material during the initial charge.
- the Si—Li alloy (Li 4.4 Si) shown in the first term on the right side is the reversible capacity
- the Li silicate (Li 4 SiO 4 ) shown in the second term on the right side is the component responsible for the irreversible capacity. It is.
- the reason why Li silicate assumes an irreversible capacity is that Li silicate cannot release lithium ions.
- silicon and silicon dioxide contained in the negative electrode material at the time of initial charge are represented by the following formulas (3) and (4): Each of the following reactions occurs. 2Si + 8.8Li + + 8.8e ⁇ ⁇ 2Li 4.4 Si (3) 2SiO 2 + 8.4Li + + 8.4e ⁇ ⁇ Li 4.4 Si + Li 4 SiO 4 (4)
- the reaction shown in the above formula (4) hardly proceeds.
- the negative electrode material using the disproportionated silicon oxide powder has a non-uniform distribution because silicon is dispersed in silicon dioxide.
- the silicon dioxide contained in the negative electrode material only a part of the silicon dioxide close to the boundary surface with Si causes the reaction shown in the above formula (4).
- the Li silicate produced in the negative electrode material by the reaction shown in the above formula (4) has a non-uniform distribution.
- the theoretical characteristic of a lithium ion secondary battery at the time of using the disproportionated silicon oxide powder is that reversible capacity is y. It becomes 2007 mAh / g regardless of the value.
- Table 1 shows the theoretical initial efficiency, theoretical efficiency after the second cycle, volume expansion relaxation ability and cycle in a lithium ion secondary battery using amorphous silicon oxide powder or disproportionated silicon oxide powder. Each characteristic feature is shown.
- the theoretical initial efficiency is 76% when amorphous silicon oxide powder is used and 76 to 100% when disproportionated silicon oxide powder is used. It is better to use the oxidized silicon oxide powder.
- the theoretical efficiency after the second cycle is that when using disproportionated silicon oxide powder, the silicon dioxide remaining by the reaction shown in the above equation (4) is also charged during the second and subsequent cycles. Since Li silicate carrying the irreversible capacity is generated from the part, it does not become 100%.
- Li silicate is uniformly generated by the reaction shown in the formula (1) at the first charge, and the irreversible capacity does not increase after the second cycle. The theoretical efficiency is 100%.
- the component responsible for the reversible capacity expands by attaching and detaching lithium ions during charge and discharge. -Since it shrinks, the volume of the negative electrode material changes.
- the amorphous silicon oxide powder and the disproportionated silicon oxide powder are required to have the ability of the component that becomes an irreversible capacity to relieve the volume change of the component that bears the reversible capacity, particularly the expansion.
- the ability to relieve the volume expansion is higher in Li silicate and lower in silicon dioxide than Li silicate bearing irreversible capacity component and silicon dioxide.
- the irreversible capacity component is silicon dioxide contained in the silicon oxide powder and Li silicate produced by the reaction shown in the above formula (4).
- silicon dioxide has a low ability to relieve volume expansion, and the produced Li silicate exists in a non-uniform distribution. For this reason, when the disproportionated silicon oxide powder is used, the effect of relaxing the volume expansion by the irreversible capacity component is not sufficient, and when the charge and discharge are repeated, the negative electrode material is finely crushed and the cycle characteristics deteriorate.
- the irreversible capacity component is Li silicate, and the generated Li silicate is uniformly distributed in the negative electrode material. For this reason, it is excellent in the ability to relieve the volume expansion, the miniaturization of the negative electrode material can be reduced, and the cycle characteristics are improved.
- the amorphous silicon oxide powder having good cycle characteristics is obtained by mixing silicon dioxide powder and metal silicon powder as a raw material, and heating the mixed raw material to produce silicon oxide (SiO) gas.
- the generated silicon oxide gas is supplied to a substrate cooled to a predetermined temperature, vapor deposited and deposited as silicon oxide (SiO x ), and the deposited silicon oxide is pulverized.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a state in which silicon oxide (SiO) gas is supplied to a substrate and vapor-deposited to form silicon oxide (SiO x ) when an amorphous silicon oxide powder is manufactured.
- the figure shows a substrate 9 which is a deposition base and deposited silicon oxide (SiO x ) 11 deposited on the substrate.
- the silicon oxide gas is supplied from the lower side to the substrate 9 as shown by the hatched arrows in FIG.
- the vicinity of the interface 11a with the deposited silicon oxide substrate is kept at a low temperature because the substrate 9 is usually cooled to a predetermined temperature by cooling water flowing through the inside.
- the deposition surface 11b on which the supplied silicon oxide gas is deposited is the radiant heat from the heated raw material. Or heated by the supplied high-temperature silicon oxide gas.
- silicon oxide (SiO x ) has high heat insulation (low thermal conductivity), and the cooling effect by the substrate does not reach the deposition surface of the deposited silicon oxide. Near the surface is hot.
- the precipitated silicon oxide exceeds 900 to 1000 ° C., it may be disproportionated into silicon and silicon dioxide. For this reason, in the conventional method for producing amorphous silicon oxide powder, the vicinity of the deposited silicon oxide vapor deposition surface becomes high temperature and disproportionates into silicon and silicon dioxide. As a result, the amorphous silicon oxide powder obtained by crushing the deposited silicon oxide contains silicon and silicon dioxide generated by the disproportionation reaction.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and has a large discharge capacity, good cycle characteristics, and a powder for a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery that can withstand use at a practical level. It aims at providing the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode and capacitor negative electrode using the powder for negative electrode materials, and the lithium ion secondary battery and capacitor using this lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode and capacitor negative electrode.
- amorphous silicon oxide powder has better cycle characteristics when used as a negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries than disproportionated silicon oxide powder. Therefore, in order to improve the cycle characteristics, the present inventors use an amorphous silicon oxide powder in which disproportionation is suppressed as a negative electrode material, and it is important to generate Li silicate more uniformly in the negative electrode material. I thought.
- the present inventors have conducted various tests and earnestly to obtain an amorphous silicon oxide powder in which the disproportionation reaction is completely suppressed when silicon oxide gas is supplied to the substrate to precipitate the deposited silicon oxide. Repeated examination. As a result, the disproportionation reaction was completely suppressed by controlling the temperature of the deposition surface of the deposited silicon oxide and the thickness of the deposited silicon oxide when the silicon oxide gas was supplied to the substrate to deposit the deposited silicon oxide. It was found that precipitated silicon oxide was obtained.
- the present inventors have found that in a lithium ion secondary battery using a silicon oxide powder obtained from precipitated silicon oxide with suppressed disproportionation reaction as a negative electrode material, a charge curve (capacity-potential) at the time of initial charge is used. The potential plateau was expected to be observed when Li silicate was uniformly produced.
- the generation potential of Li silicate was calculated to be 0.97 V or less on the basis of Li, and the generation potential of the Si—Li alloy was calculated to be 0.58 V or less on the basis of Li.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was fabricated using amorphous silicon oxide powder that suppressed the disproportionation reaction when it was deposited, and the charge curve was determined by measuring the capacity and potential at the first charge. The test to obtain was done.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a charging curve at the time of initial charging in a lithium ion secondary battery using the amorphous silicon oxide powder of the present invention.
- amorphous silicon oxide powder obtained from precipitated silicon oxide in which the disproportionation reaction was suppressed according to Example 1 of the present invention described later was used.
- the figure also shows a charging curve at the time of initial charging by low-speed charging and a charging curve at the time of initial charging by high-speed charging.
- the initial charge curve by low-speed charge is a charge curve at the time of the initial charge by low-speed charge shown as Example 1 of the present invention in Examples described later, and the current was set at 15 mA / g per 1 g of silicon oxide powder.
- the current was 150 mA / g per gram of silicon oxide powder, and other conditions were the same as in the case of low speed charge.
- the calculated Li silicate formation potential is 0.97 V or less on the Li basis and the Si—Li alloy formation potential is 0.58 V or less on the Li basis, whereas the observed Li silicate production potential is about Li basis.
- the reason why the difference between the two is 0.5 V is considered to be that IR drop occurs due to electric resistance.
- a test was performed to obtain a charge curve at the time of the first charge by low speed charge, and a potential plateau was generated. The potential to check was confirmed.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a charging curve at the time of initial charging by low-speed charging in a lithium ion secondary battery using the amorphous silicon oxide powder of the present invention or the conventional disproportionated silicon oxide powder.
- the charging curve of Example 1 of the present invention is an amorphous silicon oxide powder obtained from precipitated silicon oxide that suppresses the disproportionation reaction. It is a charging curve.
- a charge curve of Comparative Example 1 is a lithium ion secondary battery using disproportionated silicon oxide powder, and is a charge curve of a test shown as Comparative Example 1 in an example described later. is there.
- the inventors of the present invention further conducted various tests, and as a result of intensive studies, if the potential plateau was observed at a potential of 0.45 V or more on the basis of Li during the initial charge by the slow charge, the initial charge was performed. In addition, it was found that Li silicate was uniformly generated in the negative electrode material, and the cycle characteristics could be improved.
- the present invention has been completed on the basis of the above knowledge, and the following (1) to (5) lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode powder, the following (6) lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode and capacitor negative electrode, In addition, the gist of the lithium ion secondary battery and capacitor of (7) below.
- the “lower silicon oxide powder” is a SiO x powder satisfying 0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2. A method for measuring x will be described later.
- “having a charging potential of 0.45 to 1.0 V on the basis of Li at the time of initial charging” means that the charging potential obtained from the initial charging curve (capacity-voltage) by low-speed charging is based on Li. 0.45 to 1.0 V, that is, a potential plateau due to the generation of Li silicate is observed, which means that Li silicate is uniformly generated on the negative electrode material.
- a method for obtaining an initial charge curve by low-speed charging and a method for obtaining a charge potential from the initial charge curve will be described later.
- Si / C molar ratio value Si / C is 0.02 or less. That is, it means that most of the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder is covered with C and Si is hardly exposed.
- a method for measuring the specific surface area by the BET method will be described later.
- Lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode powder according to the present invention, and lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode or capacitor negative electrode are used to provide lithium having a large discharge capacity and good cycle characteristics, and can be used at a practical level. An ion secondary battery and a capacitor can be obtained. Moreover, the lithium ion secondary battery and capacitor of the present invention have a large discharge capacity and good cycle characteristics.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a coin-shaped lithium ion secondary battery.
- 2 (a) and 2 (b) are schematic views showing the distribution state of particles in the negative electrode material of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- FIG. 2 (a) shows an amorphous silicon oxide powder, and FIG. The case where the disproportionated silicon oxide powder is used for the negative electrode material is shown.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a state in which silicon oxide (SiO) gas is supplied to a substrate and vapor-deposited to form silicon oxide (SiO x ) when an amorphous silicon oxide powder is manufactured.
- SiO silicon oxide
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a charge curve at the time of initial charge in a lithium ion secondary battery using the amorphous silicon oxide powder of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a charging curve at the time of initial charging by low-speed charging in a lithium ion secondary battery using the amorphous silicon oxide powder of the present invention or the conventional disproportionated silicon oxide powder.
- 6 (a) and 6 (b) are diagrams for explaining a method for obtaining a charging potential defined in the present invention from an initial charging curve by low-speed charging.
- FIG. 6 (b) shows the charge curves in the case of Comparative Example 1, respectively.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a lower silicon oxide production apparatus.
- Powder for negative electrode material of lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is a powder for negative electrode material made of lower silicon oxide powder, and is used for the first charge in the lithium ion secondary battery used for the negative electrode material.
- the charge potential is 0.45 to 1.0 V on the basis of Li.
- the lower silicon oxide powder is a SiO x powder satisfying 0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2 as described above.
- the reason why x is in this range is that when the value of x is less than 0.4, the lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode material powder of the present invention and the capacitor are severely deteriorated due to charge / discharge cycles, and 1.2. This is because the capacity of the battery is reduced when the value exceeds.
- x preferably satisfies 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.05.
- the fact that the charging potential is 0.45 to 1.0 V on the basis of Li at the time of initial charging means that the charging potential that can be obtained from the initial charging curve (capacity-voltage) by low-speed charging is based on Li as described above. 0.45 to 1.0 V, that is, a potential plateau due to the generation of Li silicate is observed, which means that Li silicate is uniformly generated on the negative electrode material.
- the negative electrode material powder of the present invention uniformly produces Li silicate during the initial charge, and since this Li silicate has a high ability to relieve volume expansion, the negative electrode material is finely crushed during charge and discharge. Can be reduced. Thereby, the cycling characteristics of a lithium ion secondary battery can be improved.
- the charge potential at the time of initial charge is less than 0.45 V on the basis of Li
- the distribution of Li silicate generated in the negative electrode material becomes uneven, volume expansion cannot be relaxed during charge and discharge, and cycle characteristics are descend.
- the upper limit of the charging potential is defined as a point where the charging capacity is 0 mAh / g and the potential is 1.0 V on the basis of Li by a method of obtaining the charging potential from a charging curve described later. 0.0V.
- the charging potential at the time of the first charging is increased, the Li silicate is generated more uniformly, and the cycle characteristics can be improved.
- the charge potential at the time of the first charge is preferably 0.5 V or more on the basis of Li.
- the negative electrode material powder of the present invention preferably has a conductive carbon film on the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder.
- a conductive carbon film on the lower silicon oxide powder that is an insulator, the discharge capacity of a lithium ion secondary battery using the lower silicon oxide powder as a negative electrode material powder can be improved.
- the proportion of the conductive carbon film is preferably 0.2 to 10% by mass.
- the proportion of the carbon film is less than 0.2% by mass, the effect of imparting conductivity to the lower silicon oxide powder having the carbon film cannot be obtained.
- the proportion of the carbon film exceeds 10% by mass, the proportion of the carbon film contributing to the charge / discharge capacity increases. In this case, since the charge / discharge capacity per unit mass of the carbon film is smaller than that of lower silicon oxide, the charge / discharge capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery is lowered.
- the proportion of the carbon film is more preferably 0.2 to 2.5% by mass.
- the negative electrode material powder of the present invention preferably has a specific surface area of 0.3 to 5 m 2 / g as measured by the BET method.
- the specific surface area of the powder for negative electrode material is small, generation
- a powder having an average particle size (D 50 ) of 1 to 15 ⁇ m, which is frequently used as a negative electrode material if the specific surface area is 5 m 2 / g or less, the amount of irreversible capacity component produced is sufficiently small, and the lithium ion secondary battery Good performance.
- the specific surface area measured by the BET method is more preferably 0.5 to 3 m 2 / g.
- the Li-based charging potential in the first charging can be obtained by the following procedure. In this procedure, the coin-shaped lithium ion secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 is manufactured, the initial charge by low-speed charging is performed using the manufactured lithium ion secondary battery, and the capacity and voltage at that time are measured. Then, the charging potential is obtained from the obtained initial charging curve.
- the prepared slurry is applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 35 ⁇ m so that the active material layer has a thickness of 20 to 30 ⁇ m and an electrode weight of 0.9 to 1.3 g / cc.
- the copper foil coated with the slurry is dried in an atmosphere of 80 ° C. for 15 minutes, then punched to a size of 11 mm in diameter, and further dried in a vacuum at 300 ° C. for 60 minutes to form the negative electrode 2.
- the counter electrode 1c is a lithium foil having a diameter of 13 mm.
- the electrolyte of separator 3 is a mixture of EC (ethylene carbonate) and DEC (diethyl carbonate) in a volume ratio of 1: 1, and LiPF 6 (lithium phosphorous hexafluoride) at a ratio of 1 mol / liter. A dissolved solution is obtained.
- the separator 3 is a polyethylene porous film having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m.
- a secondary battery charge / discharge test apparatus (manufactured by Nagano Co., Ltd.) can be used for charging.
- the charge is 0.01 C when the discharge capacity of the lower silicon oxide powder is 1500 mAh / g until the voltage between both electrodes of the lithium ion secondary battery reaches 0 V (15 mA / g per 1 g of the lower silicon oxide powder).
- constant current charging At this time, the capacitance and voltage are measured every 2 minutes. The relationship between the capacity and voltage (Li reference potential) at the time of the first charge by the obtained low-speed charge is graphed.
- FIGS. 6A and 6B are diagrams illustrating a method for obtaining the charging potential defined in the present invention from the initial charging curve by low-speed charging.
- FIG. 6B shows a charging curve in the case of Example 1 of the present invention
- FIG. 6 (a) and 6 (b) show the relationship between the charge capacity measured at the time of the first charge by low-speed charge in the example described later and the potential of the Li reference
- FIG. FIG. 6B is a charging curve according to Comparative Example 1.
- the charging curve starts from a point where the charging capacity is 0 mAh / g and the Li-based potential is 1.0 V.
- the point at which the Li reference potential reaches 0 V is defined as an end point, and the start point and the end point are connected by a straight line (hereinafter referred to as “straight line A”).
- straight line B a straight line parallel to the straight line A and in contact with the charging curve
- the straight line B having the shortest distance from the origin (0 mAh / g, 0 V) is defined as the straight line B.
- the potential at the contact C between the straight line B and the charging curve is defined as a charging potential.
- “having a conductive carbon film on the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder” means X-ray using AlK ⁇ - ray (1486.6 eV).
- XPS photoelectron spectrometer
- the carbon film ratio is determined by analyzing the CO 2 gas by the mass of the negative electrode powder and the carbon concentration analyzer (Leco, CS400) by oxygen stream combustion-infrared absorption method. Calculated from the result of the evaluated carbon content.
- the crucible is a ceramic crucible, the auxiliary combustor is copper, and the analysis time is 40 seconds.
- the specific surface area of the negative electrode material powder can be measured by the following BET method. 0.5 g of sample is put in a glass cell and dried under reduced pressure at 200 ° C. for about 5 hours. Then, the specific surface area is calculated from the nitrogen gas adsorption isotherm at the liquid nitrogen temperature ( ⁇ 196 ° C.) measured for this sample. The measurement conditions are as shown in Table 3.
- the O content in the negative electrode material powder is quantitatively evaluated by analyzing 10 mg of a sample by an inert gas melting / infrared absorption method using an oxygen concentration analyzer (Leco, TC436). Calculated from the O content in the prepared sample.
- Si content in the negative electrode material powder is determined by adding nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid to the sample to dissolve the sample, and analyzing the resulting solution with an ICP emission spectrometer (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). To calculate from the Si content in the sample under quantitative evaluation. In this method, Si, SiO and SiO 2 are dissolved, and Si constituting them can be detected.
- Calculation method of x of SiO x x of SiO x is the molar ratio (O / Si) of the O content and the Si content in the negative electrode material powder, and the O content and the Si content measured by the above measurement method Calculate using.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of a lower silicon oxide production apparatus.
- This apparatus includes a vacuum chamber 5, and the vacuum chamber 5 includes a double-walled quartz tube 5 a at the lower portion of the side wall and a window plate 5 b at the upper wall.
- the vacuum chamber 5 has an exhaust port 5d for exhausting the room atmosphere at the upper portion of the side wall, and a window portion 5c on the upper wall.
- a carbon crucible 6 filled with a raw material 7 and a substrate 9 on which a supplied silicon oxide (SiO) gas is deposited are disposed in the vacuum chamber 5.
- the substrate 9 has a structure in which cooling water flows therein, and has a pipe 10 for supplying and discharging cooling water to and from the substrate 9.
- a high frequency coil 8 as a heating source is disposed so as to surround the crucible 6, and the high frequency coil 8 heats the raw material filled in the crucible 6 by high frequency induction heating.
- a radiation thermometer 12 for measuring the temperature of the raw material heated in the crucible and a radiation thermometer 13 for measuring the temperature of the deposition surface 11b of the deposited silicon oxide deposited on the substrate 9. Be placed.
- a radiation thermometer 12 for measuring the heated raw material is disposed immediately above the crucible 6 and performs measurement from the window portion 5 c on the upper wall of the vacuum chamber 5.
- the radiation thermometer 13 for measuring the deposition surface 11b of the deposited silicon oxide performs measurement from a window portion (not shown) provided in the quartz tube 5a constituting the vacuum chamber.
- a mixed granulated raw material 7 obtained by mixing silicon powder and silicon dioxide powder in a predetermined ratio as a raw material, and mixing, granulating and drying is used.
- the mixed granulated raw material 7 is filled in the crucible 6 and heated to 1100 to 1400 ° C. by a high frequency coil 8 in a vacuum to generate (sublimate) silicon oxide (SiO) gas.
- the silicon oxide gas generated by the sublimation rises (see the hatched arrow in the figure) and is deposited on the cooled substrate 9 to be deposited as precipitated silicon oxide (SiO x ) 11.
- the amount of cooling water supplied to the substrate 9 is adjusted in accordance with the temperature of the deposited silicon oxide deposition surface 11 b measured by the radiation thermometer 13, and the deposited silicon oxide deposition surface 11 b measured by the radiation thermometer 13. Is controlled to 950 ° C. or less, and the film thickness of the deposited silicon oxide is set to 8 ⁇ m or less.
- the deposition surface temperature of the deposited silicon oxide is preferably controlled to 900 ° C. or lower.
- the reason why the deposited silicon oxide film is made as thin as 8 ⁇ m or less is that when the deposited silicon oxide film becomes thick, the silicon oxide has high heat insulation (low thermal conductivity). This is because it becomes difficult to control the temperature to 950 ° C. or lower, and the deposited silicon oxide may be disproportionated.
- the film thickness of the deposited silicon oxide can be controlled by adjusting the raw material filling amount into the crucible.
- the deposited silicon oxide 11 is removed from the substrate 9 and pulverized using a ball mill or the like to obtain the amorphous lower silicon oxide powder of the present invention.
- the conductive carbon film is formed on the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder by CVD or the like. Specifically, a rotary kiln is used as an apparatus, and a gas mixture of a hydrocarbon gas or an organic substance-containing gas and an inert gas is used as a gas.
- the conductive carbon film is formed at a temperature of 600 ° C to 900 ° C.
- the treatment time is 20 to 120 minutes and is set according to the thickness of the conductive carbon film to be formed. This treatment time is a range in which SiC is not formed in the vicinity of the interface between the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder and the carbon film.
- the lower silicon oxide powder formed with the conductive carbon film is subjected to heat treatment for 1 hour or less under vacuum at 600 ° C. to 750 ° C. Vacuuming during the heat treatment is performed with an oil diffusion pump, and the internal pressure is kept at 1 Pa or less while being measured with a Pirani gauge. Thereby, the tar component remaining in the conductive carbon film is removed, and the electrical conductivity is improved.
- the heat treatment temperature is in the above range, the generation of SiC in the vicinity of the interface between the silicon oxide and the carbon film is suppressed.
- Configuration of Lithium Ion Secondary Battery A configuration example of a coin-shaped lithium ion secondary battery using the powder for a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material and the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention is described with reference to FIG. explain. The basic configuration of the lithium ion secondary battery shown in FIG.
- the negative electrode material used for the negative electrode 2, that is, the working electrode 2c constituting the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is configured using the powder for negative electrode material of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention. Specifically, it can be comprised with the powder for lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode materials of this invention which is an active material, another active material, a conductive support material, and a binder. Of the constituent materials in the negative electrode material, the ratio of the powder for the negative electrode material of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention to the total of the constituent materials excluding the binder is 20% by mass or more. It is not always necessary to add an active material other than the powder for a negative electrode material of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention.
- acetylene black, carbon black, or ketjen black can be used as the conductive additive
- polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinylidene fluoride, or PI (polyimide) can be used as the binder.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention uses the above-described powder for a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention, the discharge capacity is large, the cycle characteristics are good, and the practical level. Can withstand use in
- the powder for negative electrode material of the present invention and the negative electrode using the same can also be applied to capacitors.
- the output of the high frequency coil 8 was adjusted according to the temperature of the heated raw material measured by the radiation thermometer 12, and the temperature of the heated raw material was controlled to 1200 ° C.
- the high-frequency coil 8 uses MU-1700D manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.
- the radiation thermometer for measuring the temperature of the heated raw material and the deposited surface of the deposited lower silicon oxide is IR-SAI10N manufactured by Chino Corporation. Using.
- an aluminum foil was wound around the portion of the substrate 9 to which the silicon oxide gas was supplied, and was deposited on the surface of the aluminum foil to obtain precipitated silicon oxide.
- the obtained precipitated silicon oxide was removed together with the aluminum foil, and the aluminum foil was dissolved and removed by hydrochloric acid treatment.
- the precipitated silicon oxide from which the aluminum foil had been removed was pulverized for 24 hours using an alumina ball mill to obtain a powder having an average particle size (D 50 ) of 4.8 ⁇ m.
- An alumina ball mill having a ball diameter of 20 mm and a pot made of alumina was crushed at a rotation speed of 60 rpm.
- the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder was electrically conductive by the procedures of “4. Method for forming conductive carbon film” and “5. Heat treatment method for lower silicon oxide powder on which conductive carbon film was formed”.
- the lower silicon oxide powder on which the conductive carbon film was formed was subjected to heat treatment.
- a rotary kiln was used as the apparatus, and a mixed gas of C 3 H 8 and Ar was used as the gas, and the treatment temperature was maintained for 20 minutes.
- the lower silicon oxide powder on which the conductive carbon film was formed was heat-treated in an Ar gas atmosphere at 700 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the carbon film ratio of the lower silicon oxide powder on which the conductive carbon film was formed was 2.5% by mass.
- the coin-shaped lithium ion secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 was prepared by the procedure described in “2-1. Method for obtaining charge potential at initial charge by low-speed charge”. The capacity and voltage were measured at the time of initial charging by low-speed charging using the prepared lithium ion secondary battery, and the charging potential was determined from the obtained initial charging curve.
- a charge / discharge test of 20 cycles was performed using the produced coin-shaped lithium ion battery, and the discharge capacities of the first and 20th cycles were measured, and the cycle characteristics were investigated.
- a secondary battery charge / discharge test apparatus manufactured by Nagano Co., Ltd.
- the value of charging is 0.1 C when the discharge capacity of the lower silicon oxide powder is 1500 mAh / g until the voltage between both electrodes of the lithium ion secondary battery reaches 0 V (150 mA / g per 1 g of the lower silicon oxide powder).
- constant current charging was performed. The discharge was performed at a constant current of 0.1 C until the voltage between both electrodes of the lithium ion secondary battery reached 1.0 V.
- Table 4 shows the test category, the temperature at which the deposition surface of the deposited silicon oxide was controlled (° C.), the processing temperature when forming the conductive carbon film (° C.), the presence or absence of Si peaks in X-ray diffraction (XRD), and slow charge. Shows the charge potential (V) based on Li when initially charged, the initial discharge capacity (mAh / g) in the charge / discharge test, the discharge capacity (mAh / g) at the 20th cycle, and the cycle characteristics (%).
- the cycle characteristics (%) shown in Table 4 are maintenance rates of the discharge capacity at the 20th cycle relative to the initial discharge capacity.
- Example 3 of the present invention the deposition surface of the deposited silicon oxide was controlled at 900 ° C. in order to suppress disproportionation of the deposited silicon oxide. There was a peak, and a part of the lower silicon oxide powder was disproportionated.
- the lithium ion secondary battery obtained by Invention Example 3 had a Li-based charging potential of 0.47 V and a cycle characteristic of 81.3% when initially charged.
- the deposition surface of the precipitated silicon oxide was controlled at 700 and 550 ° C. to suppress disproportionation of the precipitated silicon oxide, and the crushed lower silicon oxide powder was subjected to X-ray diffraction.
- the Si peak was not present, that is, it was possible to suppress the disproportionation of the deposited silicon oxide.
- the lithium ion secondary batteries obtained by Invention Examples 1 and 2 were charged for the first time, a potential plateau due to the formation of Li silicate was observed as shown in FIG. 5, and the charging potential based on Li was 0.52 and It was 0.59V.
- the cycle characteristics were 82.4 and 83.4%.
- the Li-based charging potential at the first charging and the cycle characteristics have a correlation, and if the Li-based charging potential at the first charging is 0.45 V or more, the volume at the first charging is It was confirmed that the cycle characteristics can be improved by uniformly producing Li silicate having a high ability to relieve expansion.
- Example 4 the treatment temperature when forming the carbon film was set to 700 ° C., and the lower silicon oxide powder on which the carbon film was formed had no Si peak in X-ray diffraction. That is, in Example 4 of the present invention, the disproportionation of the lower silicon oxide powder can be suppressed, and the lithium ion secondary battery using the lower silicon oxide powder has a Li-based charging potential of 0.1 when initially charged. As a result, the cycle characteristics were 82.0%.
- the initial discharge capacity is 1485 to 1522 mAh / g in the inventive examples 1 to 3 in which the carbon film was not formed on the surface of the lower silicon oxide powder, whereas it was 1776 mAh in the inventive example 4 in which the carbon film was formed. It was an excellent value of / g. From this, it became clear that the powder for negative electrode materials of the present invention can increase the discharge capacity by having a conductive carbon film on the surface thereof.
- Lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode powder according to the present invention, and lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode or capacitor negative electrode are used to provide lithium having a large discharge capacity and good cycle characteristics, and can be used at a practical level. An ion secondary battery and a capacitor can be obtained. Moreover, the lithium ion secondary battery and capacitor of the present invention have a large discharge capacity and good cycle characteristics. Therefore, the present invention is a useful technique in the field of secondary batteries and capacitors.
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Abstract
Description
4SiO+17.2Li++17.2e-→3Li4.4Si+Li4SiO4 ・・・(1)
4SiO→2Si+2SiO2 ・・・(2)
2Si+8.8Li++8.8e-→2Li4.4Si ・・・(3)
2SiO2+8.4Li++8.4e-→Li4.4Si+Li4SiO4 ・・・(4)
4SiO+(8.8+8.4y)Li++(8.8+8.4y)e-→(2+y)Li4.4Si+yLi4SiO4+(2-2y)SiO2 ・・・(5)
本発明の負極材用粉末は、低級酸化珪素粉末からなる負極材用粉末であって、負極材に用いたリチウムイオン二次電池において、初回充電の際にLi基準で0.45~1.0Vに充電電位を有することを特徴とする。
2-1.初回充電の際の充電電位を求める方法
本発明の負極材用粉末において、初回充電におけるLi基準の充電電位は、以下の手順により求めることができる。本手順では、前記図1に示すコイン形状のリチウムイオン二次電池を作製し、作製されたリチウムイオン二次電池を用いて低速充電による初回充電を行い、その際の容量と電圧とを測定し、得られる初回充電曲線から充電電位を求める。
負極材用粉末を80質量%、ケッチェンブラックを5質量%、PI(ポリイミド)を15質量%とした混合物に、n-メチルピロリドンを加えてスラリーを作製する。作製したスラリーを、活物質層の厚みが20~30μm、電極重量が0.9~1.3g/ccになるよう、厚さ35μmの銅箔に塗布する。スラリーが塗布された銅箔を80℃の雰囲気下で15分乾燥させた後、直径11mmの大きさに打ち抜き、さらに300℃の真空中で60分乾燥させて負極2とする。
対極1cは直径13mmのリチウム箔とする。セパレーター3の電解質は、EC(エチレンカーボネート)とDEC(ジエチルカーボネート)を1:1の体積比とした混合液に、LiPF6(六フッ化リンリチウム)を1モル/リットルの割合となるように溶解させた溶液とする。セパレーター3には厚さ30μmのポリエチレン製多孔質フィルムを用いる。
充電には、二次電池充放電試験装置(株式会社ナガノ製)を用いことができる。充電は、リチウムイオン二次電池の両極間の電圧が0Vに達するまで、低級酸化珪素粉末の放電容量を1500mAh/gとした時に0.01Cとなる値(低級酸化珪素粉末1gあたり15mA/g)とし、定電流充電で行う。この際、容量と電圧の測定は2分ごとに行う。得られた低速充電による初回充電の際の容量と電圧(Li基準の電位)との関係をグラフ化する。
図6(a)および(b)は、低速充電による初回充電曲線から、本発明で規定する充電電位を求める方法を説明する図であり、図6(a)は本発明例1の場合、図6(b)は比較例1の場合の充電曲線をそれぞれ示す。図6(a)および(b)は、後述する実施例で低速充電により初回充電の際に測定された充電容量とLi基準の電位との関係を示し、図6(a)は本発明例1、図6(b)は比較例1による充電曲線である。
本発明の負極材用粉末において、「低級酸化珪素粉末の表面に導電性炭素皮膜を有する」とは、AlKα線(1486.6eV)を用いたX線光電子分光分析装置(XPS)で、導電性炭素皮膜の形成処理を施した低級酸化珪素粉末の表面分析を行った場合に、SiとCとのモル比の値Si/Cが0.02以下であることをいう。XPSの測定条件は表2に示すとおりとする。「Si/Cが0.02以下」とは、低級酸化珪素粉末の表面のほとんどがCに覆われており、Siがほとんど露出していない状態である。
炭素皮膜率は、負極材用粉末の質量と、炭素濃度分析装置(Leco社製、CS400)を用いて酸素気流燃焼-赤外線吸収法によってCO2ガスを分析することで定量評価した炭素量の結果から算出する。ルツボはセラミックルツボを、助燃剤は銅を用い、分析時間は40秒とする。
負極材用粉末の比表面積は、以下のBET法によって測定することができる。試料0.5gをガラスセルに入れて、200℃で約5時間、減圧乾燥する。そして、この試料について測定した液体窒素温度(-196℃)における窒素ガス吸着等温線から比表面積を算出する。測定条件は表3に示すとおりとする。
負極材用粉末中のO含有率は、酸素濃度分析装置(Leco社製、TC436)を用いて、試料10mgを不活性ガス融解・赤外線吸収法によって分析することで定量評価した試料中のO含有量から算出する。
負極材用粉末中のSi含有率は、試料に硝酸およびフッ酸を加えて試料を溶解させ、得られた溶液をICP発光分光分析装置(株式会社島津製作所製)で分析することによって定量評価下試料中のSi含有量から算出する。この方法では、Si、SiOおよびSiO2が溶解され、これらを構成するSiを検出できる。
SiOxのxは、負極材用粉末中のO含有率とSi含有率のモル比(O/Si)であり、上記測定方法で測定したO含有率およびSi含有率を用いて算出する。
図7は、低級酸化珪素の製造装置の構成例を示す模式図である。この装置は、真空室5を備え、真空室5は側壁の下部が二重壁構造の石英管5aで、上壁が窓板5bで構成される。また、真空室5は、側壁の上部に室内の雰囲気を排出する排気口5dと、上壁に窓部5cとを有する。真空室5内には、原料7が充填される炭素製ルツボ6と、供給される酸化珪素(SiO)ガスを蒸着させる基板9とが配置される。基板9は、内部を冷却水が流通する構造であり、基板9に冷却水を給排する配管10を有する。
低級酸化珪素粉末の表面への導電性炭素皮膜の形成は、CVD等により行う。具体的には、装置としてロータリーキルンを用い、ガスとして炭化水素ガスまたは有機物含有ガスと、不活性ガスとの混合ガスを用いて行う。
導電性炭素皮膜を形成した低級酸化珪素粉末は、600℃~750℃の真空下で、1時間以下の熱処理を施す。熱処理を施す際の真空引きは油拡散ポンプで行い、内圧はピラニー真空計で測りながら、1Pa以下に保つ。これにより、導電性炭素皮膜中に残存するタール成分を除去し、電気伝導度を向上させる。熱処理温度が上記範囲である場合には、酸化珪素と炭素皮膜との界面近傍におけるSiCの生成が抑制される。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末およびリチウムイオン二次電池負極を用いた、コイン形状のリチウムイオン二次電池の構成例を、前記図1を参照して説明する。同図に示すリチウムイオン二次電池の基本的構成は、上述の通りである。
前記図7に示す低級酸化珪素の製造装置を用い、前記「3.低級酸化珪素粉末の製造方法」で説明した手順により低級酸化珪素粉末を得た。析出酸化珪素を得る際、放射温度計13により測定される析出酸化珪素の蒸着面11bの温度に応じ、基板に供給される冷却水量を調整し、放射温度計13により測定される析出酸化珪素の蒸着面11bを所定の温度に制御した。また、析出酸化珪素の膜厚は、ルツボへの原料充填量を調整することにより、8μm以下に制御した。
表4に示す結果より、比較例1および2では、析出酸化珪素を不均化させるために蒸着面を1100および1000℃に制御し、破砕された低級酸化珪素粉末はX線回折においてSiのピークを有し、すなわち低級酸化珪素粉末が不均化した。比較例1および2により得られたリチウムイオン二次電池では、低速充電により初回充電した際に前記図5に示すようにLiシリケートの生成による電位プラトーは観察されず、Li基準の充電電位が0.08および0.18Vとなった。また、サイクル特性は68.2および69.4%となった。
2:負極、 2a:作用極ケース、 2b:作用極集電体、
2c:作用極、 3:セパレーター、 4:ガスケット、
5:真空室、 5a:石英管、 5b:窓板、 5c:窓部、
5d:排気口、 6:ルツボ、 7:混合造粒原料、
8:高周波コイル、 9:基板、 10:冷却水配管、
11:析出酸化珪素、 11a:基板との界面、 11b:蒸着面、
12:放射温度計(原料測定用)、 13:放射温度計(蒸着面測定用)
Claims (7)
- 低級酸化珪素粉末からなるリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末であって、
負極材に用いたリチウムイオン二次電池において、初回充電の際にLi基準で0.45~1.0Vに充電電位を有することを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末。 - 前記低級酸化珪素粉末の表面に導電性炭素皮膜を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末。
- 前記導電性炭素皮膜の占める割合が0.2~10質量%であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末。
- CuKα線を用いたX線回折装置で測定した場合に、2θ=10°~30°に現れるSiOxに由来するハローの最大値P1と、2θ=28.4±0.3°に現れるSi(111)の最強線ピークの値P2が、P2/P1<0.01を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末。
- BET法で測定される比表面積が0.3~5m2/gであることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末。
- 請求項1~5のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用粉末を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池負極またはキャパシタ負極。
- 請求項6に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池負極またはキャパシタ負極を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池またはキャパシタ。
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2011
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- 2011-10-07 US US13/877,691 patent/US20130224600A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-10-07 JP JP2012538566A patent/JP5600354B2/ja active Active
- 2011-10-07 EP EP11832271.8A patent/EP2618407A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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JPWO2016098306A1 (ja) * | 2014-12-15 | 2017-08-31 | 株式会社大阪チタニウムテクノロジーズ | リチウムイオン二次電池の負極用粉末、およびその製造方法 |
WO2018008260A1 (ja) * | 2016-07-04 | 2018-01-11 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 負極活物質、負極、リチウムイオン二次電池、リチウムイオン二次電池の使用方法、負極活物質の製造方法及びリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法 |
JP2018006190A (ja) * | 2016-07-04 | 2018-01-11 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 負極活物質、負極、リチウムイオン二次電池、リチウムイオン二次電池の使用方法、負極活物質の製造方法及びリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法 |
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JP2019012646A (ja) * | 2017-06-30 | 2019-01-24 | 日立化成株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP2021193672A (ja) * | 2017-06-30 | 2021-12-23 | 昭和電工マテリアルズ株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP7279757B2 (ja) | 2017-06-30 | 2023-05-23 | 株式会社レゾナック | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN103168380B (zh) | 2016-04-20 |
JP5600354B2 (ja) | 2014-10-01 |
KR101531451B1 (ko) | 2015-06-24 |
EP2618407A1 (en) | 2013-07-24 |
KR20130076886A (ko) | 2013-07-08 |
US20130224600A1 (en) | 2013-08-29 |
CN103168380A (zh) | 2013-06-19 |
JPWO2012049826A1 (ja) | 2014-02-24 |
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