WO2007063250A1 - Methode de selection d'une structure de filtration d'un gaz - Google Patents
Methode de selection d'une structure de filtration d'un gaz Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007063250A1 WO2007063250A1 PCT/FR2006/051255 FR2006051255W WO2007063250A1 WO 2007063250 A1 WO2007063250 A1 WO 2007063250A1 FR 2006051255 W FR2006051255 W FR 2006051255W WO 2007063250 A1 WO2007063250 A1 WO 2007063250A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- wall
- filter
- zones
- diameter
- structuring element
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011499 joint compound Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001955 cumulated effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
- C04B35/56—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides
- C04B35/565—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides based on silicon carbide
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/0084—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours provided with safety means
- B01D46/0086—Filter condition indicators
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
- B01D46/2425—Honeycomb filters characterized by parameters related to the physical properties of the honeycomb structure material
- B01D46/2429—Honeycomb filters characterized by parameters related to the physical properties of the honeycomb structure material of the honeycomb walls or cells
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
- B01D46/2425—Honeycomb filters characterized by parameters related to the physical properties of the honeycomb structure material
- B01D46/24491—Porosity
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
- B01D46/2425—Honeycomb filters characterized by parameters related to the physical properties of the honeycomb structure material
- B01D46/24492—Pore diameter
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
- B01D46/2451—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure
- B01D46/2474—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure of the walls along the length of the honeycomb
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
- B01D46/2451—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure
- B01D46/2478—Structures comprising honeycomb segments
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
- B01D46/2451—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure
- B01D46/2482—Thickness, height, width, length or diameter
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
- C04B38/0006—Honeycomb structures
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/088—Investigating volume, surface area, size or distribution of pores; Porosimetry
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2273/00—Operation of filters specially adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D2273/18—Testing of filters, filter elements, sealings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00793—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as filters or diaphragms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/38—Non-oxide ceramic constituents or additives
- C04B2235/3817—Carbides
- C04B2235/3826—Silicon carbides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
- C04B2235/5436—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof micrometer sized, i.e. from 1 to 100 micron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5463—Particle size distributions
- C04B2235/5472—Bimodal, multi-modal or multi-fraction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/74—Physical characteristics
- C04B2235/76—Crystal structural characteristics, e.g. symmetry
- C04B2235/762—Cubic symmetry, e.g. beta-SiC
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/74—Physical characteristics
- C04B2235/77—Density
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/022—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous
- F01N3/0222—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters characterised by specially adapted filtering structure, e.g. honeycomb, mesh or fibrous the structure being monolithic, e.g. honeycombs
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
- F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N2015/084—Testing filters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S55/00—Gas separation
- Y10S55/05—Methods of making filter
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of filter structures possibly comprising a catalytic component, for example used in an exhaust line of a diesel type internal combustion engine.
- Filters for the treatment of gases and the removal of soot typically from a diesel engine are well known in the prior art. These structures all most often have a honeycomb structure, one of the faces of the structure allowing the admission of the exhaust gas to be treated and the other side the evacuation of the treated exhaust gas.
- the structure comprises, between the intake and discharge faces, a set of adjacent ducts or channels of axes parallel to each other separated by porous walls.
- the ducts are closed at one or the other of their ends to delimit inlet chambers opening on the inlet face and outlet chambers opening along the discharge face.
- the channels are alternately closed in an order such that the exhaust gases, during the crossing of the honeycomb body, are forced to pass through the sidewalls of the inlet channels to join the outlet channels. In this way, the particles or soot are deposited and accumulate on the porous walls of the filter body.
- porous ceramic filters for example made of cordierite, alumina, mullite, silicon nitride, a silicon / silicon carbide mixture or silicon carbide, are used for the filtration of gases.
- the particulate filter is subjected to a succession of filtration (soot accumulation) and regeneration phases.
- soot particles emitted by the engine are retained and are deposited inside the filter.
- soot particles are burned inside the filter, in order to restore its filtration properties.
- An important criterion involved in the implementation and the life of a filter for example in an exhaust line of an engine is its thermomechanical resistance.
- soot deposition time corresponds to the time required for the filter to reach its maximum level of filtration efficiency, during its first implementation or after a regeneration phase. It is assumed that this time is a function in particular of placing a sufficient amount of soot in the porosity of the filter to block the direct passage of fine soot particles through the walls of the filter.
- One of the direct consequences of an unsuitable soot deposition time is the appearance of persistent and harmful black smoke, as well as the presence of traces of soot at the outlet of the exhaust line, on a new filter or after a regeneration phase. It is obvious that for issues of environment, image and comfort of use, car manufacturers want the occurrence of such phenomena is removed or at least minimized on vehicles equipped with such filters.
- soot deposition is a poorly known phenomenon, probably because the deposited soot mass is not measurable in real time on a filter being solicited. Only the soot deposition time indirectly measured from the analysis of the rate of particles present in the exhaust gas at the outlet of the filter is indeed accessible.
- the method which is the subject of the present invention relates to the field of particulate filters made of porous ceramic material, for example included in the group consisting of cordierite, alumina, mullite, silicon nitride, silicon / silicon carbide mixtures. and preferably silicon carbide.
- the invention finds particular application when the particle filters are silicon carbide filters, for example obtained by a sintering / recrystallization (R-SiC) process.
- R-SiC sintering / recrystallization
- Examples of such catalytic filters are for example described in the patent applications EP 816,065, EP 1 142 619, EP 1 455 923 and WO 2004/065088 which will be referred to for more details on their structure or their method of synthesis.
- the structures according to the invention can be simple monolithic structures or preferably more complex assembled structures, obtained most often by the combination of several monolithic elements, linked by a so-called joint cement.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a method for selecting honeycomb structures suitable for prolonged use as a particle filter, that is to say, to answer all of the previously discussed problems. .
- the present invention relates to a method for selecting a filtering structure of a particulate-laden gas, said structure comprising a filtering part constituted by a porous ceramic material and comprising at least one and preferably a plurality of walls. porous, said method being characterized in that, from a first image of the surface of the wall, a treatment of said first image comprising a morphological erosion by a structuring element, so as to obtain a second characteristic image is carried out the regularity and homogeneity of the microstructure of said wall.
- the dimensions and possibly the morphology of the structuring element are chosen as a function of the median pore diameter, measured by mercury porosimetry.
- median pore diameter it is understood in the sense of the present description the pore diameter for which 50% by volume of pores is less than or equal to this pore size.
- the structuring element is a disc chosen such that the ratio of its diameter to the median pore diameter is between 1.5 and 5, preferably between 2.5 and 4.5.
- the method according to the invention may for example comprise the following steps: - prepare a wall section, preferably polished,
- the filter structures on the basis of at least one of the following criteria: a) the number of residual zones remaining after erosion, b) the cumulated area of said zones, c) the average area of said zones.
- the present method is particularly applicable to porous materials selected from the group consisting of cordierite, alumina, mullite, silicon nitride, silicon / silicon carbide mixtures.
- the present method is typically applicable when said walls have an open porosity of between 30 and 60%, preferably between 40 and 53%, more preferably between 44 and 50%, and a median pore diameter of between 8 and 30 ⁇ m. preferably between 9 and 25 ⁇ m, more preferably between 10 and 18 ⁇ m.
- the invention thus relates to a filter structure made of recrystallized silicon carbide (R-SiC) that can be obtained by the method as previously described and combining, for maximum filtration efficiency and long-term use, the following properties:
- the invention relates to a filtration structure based on SiC, of the honeycomb type, comprising a filtering part consisting of a porous ceramic material of open porosity between 30 and 53%, preferably between 44 and 50 %, and whose median pore diameter is between 8 and 20 ⁇ m, preferably between 10 and 18 ⁇ m, said structure being characterized by at least one and preferably all of the following criteria, determined by applying the method described above a) the number of residual zones remaining after erosion by a structuring element, constituted by a disc whose diameter is between 2.5 and 4.5 times the median pore diameter, is less than 100 per mm 2 of wall, preferably less than 80 per mm 2 of wall, or even less than 50 per mm 2 of wall.
- the cumulative area of said zones is less than 10 000 ⁇ m 2 per mm 2 of wall, preferably less than 8000 ⁇ m 2 per mm 2 of wall, or even less than 5000 ⁇ m 2 per mm 2 of wall.
- the average area of said zones is less than 400 ⁇ m 2 per mm 2 of wall, preferably less than 200 ⁇ m 2 per mm 2 of wall.
- the porous material is preferably recrystallized silicon carbide at a temperature of between 2100 and 2400 ° C.
- the thickness of the walls of the filter structure R-SiC according to the invention is typically between 200 and 500 microns.
- the central portion of a filter according to the invention comprises a plurality of honeycomb filter elements interconnected by a joint cement.
- the density of channels in the filter elements is between 7.75 to 62 per cm 2 and said channels having a section of 0.5 to 9 mm 2 .
- the filtering structure according to the invention may comprise a catalytic coating for the treatment of CO or HC type polluting gases.
- Such a structure finds particular application as a particulate filter in an exhaust line of a gasoline or diesel engine, preferably diesel.
- component A a first powder consisting of SiC grains whose median diameter d 50 varies between 5 and 50 ⁇ m, at least 10% by weight of the grains having a diameter greater than 5 ⁇ m,
- - component B a second SiC powder consisting of grains with a median diameter d 50 of between 0.1 and 10 microns,
- constituent C a porogenic agent of the polyethylene type
- component D an organic binder of the methylcellulose type.
- a first particle filter was synthesized and tested.
- a constituent A constituted by a powder of SiC grains having a median diameter dso of about 30 ⁇ m
- Table 1 The green monoliths obtained by microwave are then dried for a time sufficient to bring the water content not chemically bound to less than 1% by weight.
- the channels of each face of the monolith are alternately plugged according to well-known techniques, for example described in application WO 2004/065088.
- the monolith is then baked according to a rise in temperature of 20 ° C./hour until a temperature of the order of 2200 ° C. is reached which is maintained for 2 hours. Finally, a series of silicon carbide monoliths is obtained whose microstructural characteristics depend on the composition of the initial mixture and on the synthesis conditions.
- component A has different constituent powders whose median grain diameter varies between 5 and 50 ⁇ m, at least 10% by weight of the grains making up these powders having a diameter greater than 5 ⁇ m, component B has been used, different powders with a median diameter of SiC grains varying between 0.1 and 10 ⁇ m, and the proportions of constituents A and B have been varied within the following limits: Component A: from 20 to 80%,
- Constituent B 80 to 20%, to obtain a first mixture comprising exclusively (100%) constituents A and B.
- each component A and B were added to the constituents C and D in proportions of between 3 and 12% and 1 to 20% by weight, respectively, relative to the total weight of the constituents A and B.
- the soot deposition time is the time required to place a sufficient amount of soot, on the new filter or after regeneration, so that it reaches its maximum level of filtration efficiency.
- the filter to be tested was placed on an exhaust line of a motor on a test bench.
- the engine used is of the 2.0 liter diesel type.
- the filter is progressively loaded in soot by the operation of the engine at a speed of 3000 rpm to 50 N.m.
- the bench is equipped with an ELPI (Electrical Low Pressure Impactor) system, known per se, which continuously measures the particle concentration in a gas in real time from the moment the filter is charged.
- ELPI Electro Mechanical Low Pressure Impactor
- This gives a filtration efficiency curve as a function of time characterized by a quasi-plateau after a determined test duration.
- the level corresponds to an efficiency of filtration greater than or equal to 99%.
- the time between the beginning of the loading of the filter and the time from which an efficiency of at least 99% is obtained corresponds, according to the present invention, to the soot deposition time.
- pressure loss is meant within the meaning of the present invention the differential pressure existing between the upstream and downstream of the filter.
- the pressure drop was measured according to the techniques of the art, for an air flow rate of 300 m 3 / h in a current of ambient air.
- thermomechanical resistance The filters are mounted on an exhaust line of a 2.0 L diesel engine operated at full power (4000 rpm) for 30 minutes then dismantled and weighed to determine their initial mass . The filters are then reassembled on the engine bench with a speed of 3000 rpm and a torque of 50 Nm for different times in order to obtain a soot load of Sg / l in the filter.
- the filters thus loaded are reassembled on the line to undergo a severe regeneration thus defined: after stabilization at an engine speed of 1700 revolutions / minute for a torque of 95Nm for 2 minutes, a post-injection is performed with 70 ° of phasing for a post injection rate of 18mm 3 / stroke.
- a post-injection is performed with 70 ° of phasing for a post injection rate of 18mm 3 / stroke.
- the regenerated filters are inspected after cutting to reveal the possible presence of cracks visible to the eye bare.
- the filter is considered valid (i.e. it has acceptable thermomechanical resistance for use as a particulate filter) if no crack is visible after this test.
- the microstructural characteristics of the samples were then measured by different techniques:
- D-Porosimetry of the material constituting the walls The porosity of the silicon carbide constituting the walls was determined according to the standard techniques of high-pressure porosimetry of mercury, with a porosimeter of micromeritics type 9500. The analyzes show for all the samples tested a distribution of unimodal pore sizes. The median pore diameter is determined from the cumulative pore volume distribution as a function of pore size, obtained by measuring porosimetry using the Mercury Porosimeter.
- a wall section belonging to each of the samples was prepared by polishing.
- Photographs of a 1 mm 2 wall surface were then taken at different locations on the polished wall of the samples by a BSE scanning electron microscope (backscattered electron).
- the raw images thus obtained were processed by a known technique of thresholding of the porosity, such that the noise pixels, that is to say not corresponding to a true porosity of the material, are removed from the photograph.
- the series of images thus obtained is then processed by the method of morphological erosion, the structuring element chosen being a disk of fixed radius and as reported in Table 2. This technique has the advantage of isolating areas of porosity and to highlight the regularity, continuity and homogeneity of the microstructure of the material constituting said wall.
- the erosion technique is known in the field of image analysis as a tool of mathematical morphology.
- Example 5 Different parts of the filter walls of Example 5 were treated by the erosion method by varying the dimensions of the structuring disc according to values of 30 ⁇ m (example 5a), 40 ⁇ m (example 5b) and 60 ⁇ m (example 5c).
- Table 2 the reported values of the number of residual zones, the average area of the zones and the cumulative area of the zones correspond to an average of these values, calculated from a series of 10 SEM images in BSE mode. of the wall surface, taken in different positions.
- Table 2 shows an astonishing correlation between the microstructural characteristics of the filters deduced from the technique of morphological erosion and the results obtained in the various qualification tests of said filters. More particularly, it is observed that the best results and compromises in terms of soot deposition time, pressure drop and thermomechanical resistance are obtained for the R-SiC-based filter structures according to the present invention, as defined in US Pat. following claims.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EA200801473A EA014564B1 (ru) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-29 | Способ выбора структуры для фильтрации газа |
CA002631403A CA2631403A1 (fr) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-29 | Methode de selection d'une structure de filtration d'un gaz |
EP06842066A EP1955044A1 (fr) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-29 | Methode de selection d'une structure de filtration d'un gaz |
US12/095,071 US8066798B2 (en) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-29 | Method for selecting a gas filtering structure |
CN2006800451635A CN101322023B (zh) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-29 | 气体过滤结构的选择方法 |
KR1020087012938A KR101298797B1 (ko) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-29 | 가스 필터 구조체의 선별 방법 |
JP2008542811A JP5091153B2 (ja) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-29 | 気体用ろ過構造体を製造する方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0553666 | 2005-11-30 | ||
FR0553666A FR2894028B1 (fr) | 2005-11-30 | 2005-11-30 | Methode de selection d'une structure de filtration d'un gaz |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2007063250A1 true WO2007063250A1 (fr) | 2007-06-07 |
Family
ID=36570768
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2006/051255 WO2007063250A1 (fr) | 2005-11-30 | 2006-11-29 | Methode de selection d'une structure de filtration d'un gaz |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8066798B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1955044A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5091153B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR101298797B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101322023B (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2631403A1 (fr) |
EA (1) | EA014564B1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2894028B1 (fr) |
MA (1) | MA29971B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2007063250A1 (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA200804583B (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105092622A (zh) * | 2015-08-12 | 2015-11-25 | 湖南中烟工业有限责任公司 | 一种测试卷烟燃烧过程中卷烟纸孔结构与主流烟气中co释放量关系的方法 |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2944350A1 (fr) * | 2009-04-14 | 2010-10-15 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Procede de determination de la surface frontale ouverte d'un filtre a particules |
CN102519855B (zh) * | 2011-12-06 | 2014-07-02 | 长安大学 | 一种多孔沥青混合料抗堵塞性能的测定方法 |
CN105740845A (zh) * | 2016-03-02 | 2016-07-06 | 深圳竹信科技有限公司 | 一种基于单层形态学滤除基线漂移的方法和系统 |
CN111426618B (zh) * | 2020-04-14 | 2023-09-12 | 重庆中烟工业有限责任公司 | 一种降温材料快速评价检验系统及方法 |
CN113420813B (zh) * | 2021-06-23 | 2023-11-28 | 北京市机械工业局技术开发研究所 | 一种车辆尾气检测设备颗粒物过滤棉状态的诊断方法 |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0778250A1 (fr) * | 1995-12-06 | 1997-06-11 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Corps inorganique poreux fritté ou compacté et son utilisation comme filtre |
EP1316686A2 (fr) * | 2001-12-03 | 2003-06-04 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | Filtre céramique en nid d'abeilles |
EP1607734A1 (fr) * | 2003-03-25 | 2005-12-21 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Procede et dispositif d'examen d'une structure en nid d'abeille |
EP1655274A1 (fr) * | 2003-07-25 | 2006-05-10 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Corps poreux en ceramique et methode d'evaluation de sa permeabilite |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4783751A (en) * | 1983-08-17 | 1988-11-08 | University Of South Carolina | Analysis of pore complexes |
JP3121497B2 (ja) | 1994-07-14 | 2000-12-25 | イビデン株式会社 | セラミック構造体 |
US5787208A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-07-28 | Neopath, Inc. | Image enhancement method and apparatus |
US6736875B2 (en) * | 2001-12-13 | 2004-05-18 | Corning Incorporated | Composite cordierite filters |
FR2833857B1 (fr) * | 2001-12-20 | 2004-10-15 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Corps filtrant comportant une pluralite de blocs filtrants, notamment destine a un filtre a particules |
US20050169818A1 (en) * | 2002-03-25 | 2005-08-04 | Ibiden Co., Ltd. | Filter for exhaust gas decontamination |
KR100649476B1 (ko) * | 2002-11-20 | 2006-11-28 | 니뽄 가이시 가부시키가이샤 | 탄화규소질 다공체, 그 제조 방법 및 허니컴 구조체 |
JP4577752B2 (ja) | 2003-06-06 | 2010-11-10 | 日立金属株式会社 | セラミックハニカムフィルタ |
JP4473693B2 (ja) * | 2004-09-28 | 2010-06-02 | 日本碍子株式会社 | ハニカムフィルタ |
JP4673035B2 (ja) * | 2004-10-25 | 2011-04-20 | 日本碍子株式会社 | セラミックハニカム構造体 |
US7520911B2 (en) * | 2005-11-30 | 2009-04-21 | Corning Incorporated | Porous cordierite ceramic honeycomb article with improved strength and method of manufacturing same |
-
2005
- 2005-11-30 FR FR0553666A patent/FR2894028B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-11-29 JP JP2008542811A patent/JP5091153B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-11-29 KR KR1020087012938A patent/KR101298797B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-11-29 WO PCT/FR2006/051255 patent/WO2007063250A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2006-11-29 US US12/095,071 patent/US8066798B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-11-29 EA EA200801473A patent/EA014564B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-11-29 EP EP06842066A patent/EP1955044A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-11-29 CA CA002631403A patent/CA2631403A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2006-11-29 CN CN2006800451635A patent/CN101322023B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-05-20 MA MA30955A patent/MA29971B1/fr unknown
- 2008-05-27 ZA ZA200804583A patent/ZA200804583B/xx unknown
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0778250A1 (fr) * | 1995-12-06 | 1997-06-11 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Corps inorganique poreux fritté ou compacté et son utilisation comme filtre |
EP1316686A2 (fr) * | 2001-12-03 | 2003-06-04 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | Filtre céramique en nid d'abeilles |
EP1607734A1 (fr) * | 2003-03-25 | 2005-12-21 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Procede et dispositif d'examen d'une structure en nid d'abeille |
EP1655274A1 (fr) * | 2003-07-25 | 2006-05-10 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Corps poreux en ceramique et methode d'evaluation de sa permeabilite |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP1955044A1 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105092622A (zh) * | 2015-08-12 | 2015-11-25 | 湖南中烟工业有限责任公司 | 一种测试卷烟燃烧过程中卷烟纸孔结构与主流烟气中co释放量关系的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2631403A1 (fr) | 2007-06-07 |
FR2894028B1 (fr) | 2008-07-11 |
KR101298797B1 (ko) | 2013-08-27 |
JP5091153B2 (ja) | 2012-12-05 |
ZA200804583B (en) | 2009-04-29 |
FR2894028A1 (fr) | 2007-06-01 |
CN101322023A (zh) | 2008-12-10 |
JP2009517208A (ja) | 2009-04-30 |
EP1955044A1 (fr) | 2008-08-13 |
US20090301047A1 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
EA200801473A1 (ru) | 2009-02-27 |
CN101322023B (zh) | 2013-07-24 |
EA014564B1 (ru) | 2010-12-30 |
MA29971B1 (fr) | 2008-11-03 |
KR20080071578A (ko) | 2008-08-04 |
US8066798B2 (en) | 2011-11-29 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP1954374B1 (fr) | Structure a base de carbure de silicium de porosite de surface de paroi controlee pour filtration d'un gaz | |
EP2234693B1 (fr) | Structure de filtration d'un gaz a canaux hexagonaux assymetriques | |
EP1979589A2 (fr) | Filtre catalytique presentant un temps d'amorcage reduit | |
EP2244804B1 (fr) | Structure de filtration d'un gaz a canaux hexagonaux assymetriques | |
EP1955044A1 (fr) | Methode de selection d'une structure de filtration d'un gaz | |
FR2928562A1 (fr) | Structure de filtration d'un gaz a epaisseur de paroi variable | |
EP2254681A2 (fr) | Structure de filtration de gaz | |
CA2624147A1 (fr) | Methode d'obtention d'une structure de filtration homogene pour une application catalytique | |
WO2008104665A1 (fr) | Structure de filtration d'un gaz a paroi ondulee | |
EP2244805B1 (fr) | Structure de filtration d'un gaz a canaux hexagonaux concaves ou convexes | |
EP2091890A2 (fr) | Procede d'obtention d'une structure poreuse a base de carbure de silicium | |
EP2468382A1 (fr) | Filtre a particules du type assemble | |
FR2943928A1 (fr) | Structure filtrante a base de sic a proprietes thermomecaniques ameliorees | |
MX2008006904A (en) | Structure for the filtration of a gas based on silicium carbide with a controlled wall surface porosity | |
WO2011138555A1 (fr) | Structure de filtration de gaz |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 200680045163.5 Country of ref document: CN |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2006842066 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1940/KOLNP/2008 Country of ref document: IN |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2008542811 Country of ref document: JP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: MX/a/2008/006785 Country of ref document: MX |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2631403 Country of ref document: CA |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1020087012938 Country of ref document: KR |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 200801473 Country of ref document: EA |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 2006842066 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 12095071 Country of ref document: US |