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WO2001051958A1 - Novel resistive geoelectric system to detect the physical characteristics of a given terrain volume and device for implementing said method - Google Patents

Novel resistive geoelectric system to detect the physical characteristics of a given terrain volume and device for implementing said method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001051958A1
WO2001051958A1 PCT/MX2000/000001 MX0000001W WO0151958A1 WO 2001051958 A1 WO2001051958 A1 WO 2001051958A1 MX 0000001 W MX0000001 W MX 0000001W WO 0151958 A1 WO0151958 A1 WO 0151958A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electrode
electrodes
fixed
geoelectric
physical characteristics
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/MX2000/000001
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Roberto Flores Ortega
Original Assignee
Roberto Flores Ortega
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Roberto Flores Ortega filed Critical Roberto Flores Ortega
Priority to PCT/MX2000/000001 priority Critical patent/WO2001051958A1/en
Priority to AU21297/00A priority patent/AU2129700A/en
Publication of WO2001051958A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001051958A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/02—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation operating with propagation of electric current
    • G01V3/04—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation operating with propagation of electric current using DC

Definitions

  • the present invention is related to a new indirect geophysical method to know the physical characteristics of a volume of land studied. More specifically this method consists of a resistive geoelectric method of high density measurement sweeps.
  • the knowledge of the subsoil has been very important for the determination of the resources found in it.
  • These concepts have been some of the applications of the different technologies aimed at studying the physical characteristics of your basement.
  • Direct subsurface recognition technologies have many drawbacks that have demonstrated the advantage of technologies of indirect recognition. Drilling to obtain samples of the different strata of a land already presents high costs, if this is added to the risk of explosions (by friction factor) when explosive substances such as miscellaneous gases or even biogases are found in the field (gases resulting from the action of methanogenic bacteria in organic compounds), it is easy to understand the problems of these methods. Amen of the serious inconvenience is that the perforation or exploration does not match the affected area.
  • the technique is located in the type of electrical technologies more specifically, the electrical resistivity technique, which bases its results on the determination of the parameters of conductivity of the ground or the resistance that it presents to the step of the current. These parameters will depend on four concepts: a) pore volume, b) location of these pores, c) pore volume filled with water and ch) conductivity of inhibition water.
  • the determination of the electrical-resistive parameters of the terrain is currently carried out by placing a pair of voltage electrodes where the potential difference of an artificial electric field, sent to the ground through another electrode intensity pair is measured.
  • Traditional methodologies for this type of measurement are They can mention, like the most usual ones, the Schlumberg, Wenner, Millet and Lee methodology, among others and their various electrode configurations. These technologies are called Vertical Electrical Probes (SEV).
  • Conductivity in a field occurs, either through a conductive medium where electron transport occurs and the conductive element does not show greater resistance to the circulation of electricity, or through a medium where the current Electrical propagates ionically or electrolytically where said medium has greater fluidity due to the higher content of ions and conductive elements, as is the case of rocks ionized by the effect of water absorption. It follows that the higher the conductivity, the higher the water content; having then that the conductivity depends on four factors:
  • Total VMN VMN + Vm + Vn + ⁇ natural.
  • Vm and Vn are equal and normally balance, and their small difference is canceled out with the natural tension between M and N.
  • This restricted and interpolated information generates an image or a tomography of the terrain that is not the real one, since due to its inaccuracy, it can stop detecting relatively small faults, fractures or fissures but with very important effects on pollution leaching. nantes or in the case of structural collapse constructions.
  • the referred inaccuracy could also magnify the problem of, for example, a spill of pollutants, being able to report the need to clean a large volume of land, when the problem could be solved with the cleaning of a smaller volume of land.
  • the main objective of the invention based on the problems presented by state-of-the-art technologies, is to make possible a resistive geoelectric method or technology that has a greater sensitivity than those currently existing.
  • the sensitivity of the new procedure is to allow a broad recognition of the physical characteristics of the subsoil structure, as well as the detection of faults, fractures or fissures with high resolution that in other methods go unnoticed, or are detected as lateral anomalies.
  • Another additional objective is to make available an indirect method of characterizing the subsoil of a land that allows the precise quantification of the volume affected by some contamination or artificial alteration.
  • Still an additional objective is to have a team that, applying the procedure that is the reason for the present application, allows obtaining all the advantages listed.
  • Still another additional objective is to have an equipment and method that can be applied in any area, call it urban, virgin or in places with explosive, flammable or similar problems. These factors are limiting in traditional methodologies.
  • the invention object of the present description has two facets, the first comprises a new procedure and the second consists of the equipment that allows to apply that procedure.
  • the procedure consists of a resistive electrical method of geophysical prospecting characterized by having a high density of measurements and consists of implanting in the field, in a linear manner, a group of voltage electrodes whose number can be from 5 to 1 1 or more, depending on the capacity of a device called an electrode selector switch.
  • Said electronic configuration forms a device that can have variable longitudinal dimensions that can be adapted to the needs raised in any of the engineering needs or detection of bodies foreign to the nature of the subsoil, so that the separation between electrodes can vary from 1. 00 m to 30.00 m or more when the case requires.
  • FIG 1 schematically illustrates the application of two electrodes "M” and “N” in the space between "A” and “B” in the state of the art.
  • FIG 2 is the scheme showing the practical electric fields that are formed by injecting the electric current through the electrodes "A" and • B "
  • Figure 3 illustrates the result of a scan, the isorresistive spectrum, using a traditional method belonging to the state of the art.
  • Figure 4 illustrates the result of a sweep, of the isorresitive spectrum, of the same terrain using the method object of the present description.
  • electrodes "A” and “B” are those that inject electrical energy to form the artificial electric field, of which one of these (A ) is at a distance of at least three times the depth to be investigated.
  • Figure 3 shows the application result of a resistive electrical geophysical methodology of the state of the art.
  • Figure 4 shows the differences in the sensitivity of the present invention.
  • the different devices that integrate the equipment into one of the modalities of the invention applying the method of the present invention are schematized.
  • the letter (a) indicates the measuring device where the millimeter perimeter (MA) that measures the current injected between the electrode pair AB by the electric current source (c) and the voltmeter (MV) that measures the difference is located of potential between each of the electrode pairs formed by electrodes 1 to 1 1 that are integrated to the commutated (b) where each of the electrodes (d) are electrically connected.
  • the depth (e) of the ground at which the resistive determinations (f) are being made Depending on the distance between the electrode pair "A" and "B", it is the depth (e) of the ground at which the resistive determinations (f) are being made.
  • the electric current supply electrode A is placed at a distance of three times the depth to be investigated and the electrode "B" moves at different depths required, starting before the fixed electrode device (MN), in the device and after the device, thus obtaining the speci tro isorresistivo in continuous and three-dimensional form, with a high resolution.
  • the device may include another infinite electrode "A”, placed at the same distance three times the depth to be investigated but away from electrode A forming a transverse line. Remaining all other electrodes in the same place for any measurement.
  • the measure of the resistivity between M and N (being M the electrode 1 to 11, and N the electrode 1 to 11) is obtained by the following equation:
  • V Potential difference between electrodes M and N
  • the logarithmic curves corresponding to each point are classified and analyzed.
  • the graphs of resistivities and apparent isorresistivities are formed, also called isorresistive spectra, which result in a qualitative interpretation of their base. .
  • the resistive determinations obtained from the terrain are reflected in a graph, in which the apparent resistivities are arranged in ordinates and in the abcisses the distance between one of the current electrodes and the central point (P) of the probe marked on the Figure 1, the scales taken on both axes are logarithmic, so that the shape and size of the curves are independent of the units used in the measurements.
  • the module of the logarithmic paper is 62.50 mm.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)

Abstract

The invention concerns a novel indirect resistive geoelectric method for detecting the physical characteristics of a given terrain volume. The method is characterized in that it exhibits greater sensitivity than existing methods by enabling detection of faults, fractures or fissures that are not detected in other methods while enabling accurate quantification of the volume affected by any form of contamination and in that it provides a device that makes it possible to implement the method disclosed in the invention and attain the aforementioned advantages. The device is characterized in that the fixed electrode device is formed by a series of electrodes numbering more than three electrodes, which are placed in an equidistant manner in the terrain. The current injecting electrodes comprise an electrode A, called infinite electrode, which is placed at a distance that is three times greater than the depth being surveyed, and electrode B that moves to enable gathering of the required parameters at different depths, starting with distances in front of the electrode device, distances between the device and finally distances behind the device.

Description

NUEVO MÉTODO G EOELECTRICO RESISTIVO PARA CONOCER LAS NEW RESISTIVE EOELECTRIC METHOD G TO KNOW THE
CARACTERÍ STICAS FÍSICAS DE UN VOLU MEN DE TERRENO DADO YPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A VOLU MEN OF LAND GIVEN AND
EQUIPO REQUERIDO PARA SU APLICACIÓNEQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR APPLICATION
CAMPO DE LA INVENC IÓNFIELD OF THE INVENTION
La presente i nve nción esta relacionada co n un nuevo método geofísico indirecto para conocer las características físicas de u n volumen de terreno estudiado . Más específicamente este método consiste en un método geoeléctrico resistivo , de barrido de alta densidad de medidas .The present invention is related to a new indirect geophysical method to know the physical characteristics of a volume of land studied. More specifically this method consists of a resistive geoelectric method of high density measurement sweeps.
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓNBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
El conocimiento del subsuelo ha sido muy importante para la determinación de los recursos que en este se encuentran . La determinación de minerales útiles , la ubicación de mantos petroleros y acu íferos, el conocimiento de la estructura del subsuelo (fallas, fracturas, fisuras , oquedades, cavernas, y geotécnia) , y actualmente en la aplicación a la ecología en alteraciones e impacto nocivo de contaminaciones diversas en terrenos determinados . Estos conceptos han sido algunas de las aplicaciones de las diferentes tecnologías encaminadas a estudiar las características físicas del su bsuelo .The knowledge of the subsoil has been very important for the determination of the resources found in it. The determination of useful minerals, the location of oil and aquifer mantles, the knowledge of the structure of the subsoil (faults, fractures, cracks, cavities, caverns, and geotechnics), and currently in the application to ecology in alterations and harmful impact of various contamination in certain lands. These concepts have been some of the applications of the different technologies aimed at studying the physical characteristics of your basement.
Las tecnolog í as de reconocimiento directo del subsuelo presentan muchos inconvenientes que han demostrado la ventaja de las tecnologí as de reconocimiento indirecto. La perforación para la obtención de muestras de los diferentes estratos de un terreno presentan ya de por si costos elevados, si a esto se suma el riesgo de explosiones (por factor fricción) cuando en el terreno se encuentran sustancias explosivas como gases diversos o inclusive biogases (gases resultado de la acción de bacterias metanogénicas en los compuestos orgánicos), es fácil entender la problemática de estos métodos. Amen del grave inconveniente consistente en que la perforación o exploración no coincida con el área afectada.Direct subsurface recognition technologies have many drawbacks that have demonstrated the advantage of technologies of indirect recognition. Drilling to obtain samples of the different strata of a land already presents high costs, if this is added to the risk of explosions (by friction factor) when explosive substances such as miscellaneous gases or even biogases are found in the field (gases resulting from the action of methanogenic bacteria in organic compounds), it is easy to understand the problems of these methods. Amen of the serious inconvenience is that the perforation or exploration does not match the affected area.
Los métodos llamados indirectos son muy diversos y se conocen técnicas tales como la sísmica de reflexión y refracción, la gravimetría, la magnetometría, las radiactivas y finalmente los métodos eléctricos.The so-called indirect methods are very diverse and techniques such as seismic reflection and refraction, gravimetry, magnetometry, radioactive and finally electrical methods are known.
En el caso de la presente invención, la técnica esta ubicada en el tipo de tecnologías eléctricas más específicamente, la técnica eléctrica de resistividad, que basa sus resultados en la determinación de los parámetros de conductividad del terreno o la resistencia que presenta el mismo al paso de la corriente. Estos parámetros dependerán de cuatro conceptos: a)volumen de poros, b)ubicación de estos poros, c)volumen de poros llenos de agua y ch)conductividad del agua de inhibición.In the case of the present invention, the technique is located in the type of electrical technologies more specifically, the electrical resistivity technique, which bases its results on the determination of the parameters of conductivity of the ground or the resistance that it presents to the step of the current. These parameters will depend on four concepts: a) pore volume, b) location of these pores, c) pore volume filled with water and ch) conductivity of inhibition water.
La determinación de los parámetros electrico-resistivos del terreno se realiza, actualmente, colocando un par de electrodos de tensión por donde se mide la diferencia de potencial, de un campo eléctrico artificial, enviado al terreno a través de otro par electródico de intensidad. De las metodologías tradicionales para este tipo de mediciones se pueden mencionar, como las más usuales, la metodología Schlumberg, la Wenner, la Millet y la Lee, entre otras y sus diversas configuraciones electródicas. Estas tecnologías son denominadas Sondeos Eléctricos Verticales (SEV).The determination of the electrical-resistive parameters of the terrain is currently carried out by placing a pair of voltage electrodes where the potential difference of an artificial electric field, sent to the ground through another electrode intensity pair is measured. Traditional methodologies for this type of measurement are They can mention, like the most usual ones, the Schlumberg, Wenner, Millet and Lee methodology, among others and their various electrode configurations. These technologies are called Vertical Electrical Probes (SEV).
El éxito de estas tecnologías se basa en una hipótesis que ha demostrado no ser cierta del todo: la homogeneidad del terreno. Efectivamente, los resultados de la aplicación de estas tecnologías consisten en mediciones puntuales, es decir, en la vertical del centro electródi- co, por lo que para estudiar amplios espacios se requiere de un grupo de puntos de medición, con los cuales se forma una interpolación que cubra la extensión a estudiar.The success of these technologies is based on a hypothesis that has proven not to be true at all: the homogeneity of the terrain. Indeed, the results of the application of these technologies consist of specific measurements, that is, in the vertical of the electrode center, so to study large spaces a group of measurement points is required, with which a interpolation covering the extension to study.
La conductividad en un terreno se da, ya sea a través de un medio conductor en donde se da la transportación de electrones y el elemento conductor no presenta mayor resistencia a la circulación de la electricidad, o bien a través de un medio en donde la corriente eléctrica se propaga iónicamente o electrolíticamente en donde dicho medio presenta mayor fluidez debido al mayor contenido de iones y elementos conductores, como es el caso de rocas ionizadas por el efecto de la absorción de agua. De esto se desprende que a mayor conductividad es también mayor el contenido de agua; teniéndose entonces que la conductividad depende de cuatro factores:Conductivity in a field occurs, either through a conductive medium where electron transport occurs and the conductive element does not show greater resistance to the circulation of electricity, or through a medium where the current Electrical propagates ionically or electrolytically where said medium has greater fluidity due to the higher content of ions and conductive elements, as is the case of rocks ionized by the effect of water absorption. It follows that the higher the conductivity, the higher the water content; having then that the conductivity depends on four factors:
" a)volumen de poros"a) pore volume
" b)ubicación de los poros"b) pore location
> c)volumen de poros llenos de agua • ch)conductividad del agua de inhibición> c) volume of pores filled with water • ch) inhibition water conductivity
La conductividad σ r de l as rocas es obtenida por la fórmula :The conductivity σ r of the rocks is obtained by the formula:
σ r = Ve_σ r = Ve_
en don de:where:
Ve = el volumen de los poros lle nos de agua e = conductividad del agu a contenida en los porosVe = the volume of the pores filled with water e = conductivity of the water contained in the pores
C = constante para l a disposición dada de los poros .C = constant for the given disposition of the pores.
Para la medición de un campo eléctrico artificial en un medio se colocan dos electrodos A y B en la superficie de potencial estarí a expresáda por la relación :For the measurement of an artificial electric field in a medium, two electrodes A and B are placed on the potential surface, expressed in the relationship:
VA - VB > 0VA - VB> 0
Si la corriente va de A hacia B.If the current goes from A to B.
La caída de potencial se manifiesta a lo largo de la distancia A-B . Sin embargo cabe señalar que un punto cuando más alejado este de A y B , tendrá menor potencial .The potential drop manifests along the distance A-B. However, it should be noted that a point when further away from A and B, will have less potential.
Cuando los puntos conservan un mismo valor potencial, definen una superficie equipotencial , la intersección de esta con la superficie del terreno forma una curva equipotencial . Considerando el caso, el potencial en un punto P viene dado por la expresión : V = o * ( 1 - 1 ) 2π a a'When the points retain the same potential value, they define an equipotential surface, the intersection of this with the ground surface forms an equipotential curve. Considering the case, the potential at a point P is given by the expression: V = o * (1 - 1) 2π a a '
donde a y a' son las distanci as del punto P a los electrodos A y B . En dicha expresión 2π corresponde a la semiesfera práctica del terreno ya que la otra ocupa el aire libre , en donde su resistencia es extremadamente elevada .where a and a 'are the distances from point P to electrodes A and B. In this expression 2π corresponds to the practical hemisphere of the terrain since the other occupies the open air, where its resistance is extremely high.
Entonces la medición de un campo eléctrico e nviado al subsuel o , se obtendría con la colocación de dos electrodos A y B implantados en el terreno , ligados ambos a una fuente de alimentación , en donde se definiría una caída de potencial que se manifestaría a lo largo de la diferencia de potencial en un campo eléctrico artificial enviado al subsuelo, se implantarían dos electrodos M y N entre el espacio de A y B de tal manera que dicha diferencia de potencial entre M y N es V MN. A esto hay que añadir la tensión natural que existe en el suelo antes del paso de la corriente, así como las tensiones que aparecen en los electrodos M y N con el terreno ; de tal manera que la diferencia de potencial entre M y N sería:Then the measurement of an electric field sent to the subsoil, would be obtained by placing two electrodes A and B implanted in the ground, both linked to a power source, where a potential drop would be defined that would manifest itself Along the potential difference in an artificial electric field sent to the subsoil, two electrodes M and N would be implanted between the space of A and B such that said potential difference between M and N is V MN. To this we must add the natural tension that exists in the ground before the current passes, as well as the voltages that appear in the M and N electrodes with the ground; in such a way that the potential difference between M and N would be:
VMN Total = VMN + Vm + Vn + ψ natural .Total VMN = VMN + Vm + Vn + ψ natural.
Vm y Vn son iguales y normalmente se equilibran , y su diferenci a pequeña se anula con la tensión natural e ntre M y N .Vm and Vn are equal and normally balance, and their small difference is canceled out with the natural tension between M and N.
Estas son las bases de los diferentes sondeos eléctricos verticales (SEV) en sus denominaciones Wen ner, Schl umberg , Millet y Lee . El pri ncipal inconveniente de estos tipos de sondeo es que la información que proporcionan es limitada e interpolada, lo que deja espacios con incertidumbre , y su aplicación es m uy restringida , sobre todo en áreas urban as o si milares .These are the bases of the different vertical electrical probes (SEV) in their denominations Wen ner, Schl umberg, Millet and Lee. The main drawback of these types of surveys is that the information they provide is limited and interpolated, leaving spaces with uncertainty, and their application is very restricted, especially in urban areas or even thousands.
Esta información restri ngida e i nterpolada ge nera una imagen o una tomografí a del terreno que no es la real , ya que por su inexactitud , puede dejar de detectar fallas , fracturas o fisuras , relativamente pequeñas pero con efectos muy importantes en lixiviación de contami- nantes o en el caso de construcciones colapsos estructurales.This restricted and interpolated information generates an image or a tomography of the terrain that is not the real one, since due to its inaccuracy, it can stop detecting relatively small faults, fractures or fissures but with very important effects on pollution leaching. nantes or in the case of structural collapse constructions.
La inexactitud referida podría también magnificar el problema de, por ejemplo , un derramamiento de contaminantes, pudiendo reportar la necesidad de limpiar un gran volumen de tierra, cuando el problema po- dría ser resuelto con la limpieza de u n volu men menor de tierra .The referred inaccuracy could also magnify the problem of, for example, a spill of pollutants, being able to report the need to clean a large volume of land, when the problem could be solved with the cleaning of a smaller volume of land.
OBJETIVOS D E INVENC IÓNOBJECTIVES OF INVENTION
El principal objetivo de la invención , en base a la problemática que presentan las tecnologías del estado de la técnica, es hacer posible un método ó tecnología geoeiéctrica resistiva que tenga una sensibilidad mayor que las actualmente existentes.The main objective of the invention, based on the problems presented by state-of-the-art technologies, is to make possible a resistive geoelectric method or technology that has a greater sensitivity than those currently existing.
Como otro objetivo de la presente i nvención , tomando e n cuanta l a sensibilidad del nuevo procedimiento , es el de permitir un amplio reconocimiento de las características físicas de la estructura del subsuelo, asi como la detección de fallas , fracturas o fisuras con alta resolución que en otros métodos pasan desaperci bidos, o se detectan como anomal ías laterales.As another objective of the present invention, taking into account the sensitivity of the new procedure, is to allow a broad recognition of the physical characteristics of the subsoil structure, as well as the detection of faults, fractures or fissures with high resolution that in other methods go unnoticed, or are detected as lateral anomalies.
Otro objetivo adicional es el hacer posi ble l a disposición de u n método indirecto de caracterización del subsuelo de un terreno que permita la cuantificació n precisa del vol umen afectado por alguna contaminación ó alteración artificial .Another additional objective is to make available an indirect method of characterizing the subsoil of a land that allows the precise quantification of the volume affected by some contamination or artificial alteration.
Todavía u n objetivo adicional es el de disponer de u n equipo que aplicando el procedimiento motivo de la presente solicitud , permita la obtención de todas las ventajas en umeradas .Still an additional objective is to have a team that, applying the procedure that is the reason for the present application, allows obtaining all the advantages listed.
Aún otro objetivo adicional es el de disponer de un equipo y método que pueda aplicarse en cualquier zona, llámese urbana, virgen o en lugares con problemas de explosividad, flamables ó similares . Estos factores son limitantes e n las metodologías tradicionales .Still another additional objective is to have an equipment and method that can be applied in any area, call it urban, virgin or in places with explosive, flammable or similar problems. These factors are limiting in traditional methodologies.
Y cualquier otro objetivo , cualidades y ventajas que podrán ser detec- tadas una vez hecha la descripción, con apoyo en las figuras presentadas.And any other objective, qualities and advantages that can be detected once the description is made, with support in the figures presented.
DESCRI PCIÓN D E LA I NVENCI ÓNDESCRITION OF THE FIRST DISCLAIMER
El invento objeto de la presente descripción tiene dos facetas , la primera comprende un n uevo procedimiento y la segunda consiste en el equipo que permite apl icar ese procedimiento .The invention object of the present description has two facets, the first comprises a new procedure and the second consists of the equipment that allows to apply that procedure.
El procedimiento consiste en u n método eléctrico resistivo de prospección geofísica caracterizado por tener u na alta densidad de medidas y consiste en implantar en el terreno, en forma li neal , u n grupo de electrodos de tensión cuyo n úmero p uede ser desde 5 hasta 1 1 o más , dependiendo de la capacidad de un equipo llamado conmutador selector de electrodo . Dicha configuración electrόdica forma un dispositivo que puede tener dimensiones longitudinales variables que se pueden adaptar a l as necesidades planteadas en cualesqu iera de las necesidades ingenieriles o detección de cuerpos ajenos a la naturaleza del subsuelo, por lo que la separación entre electrodos puede variar desde 1 .00 m hasta 30.00 m o más cuando el caso lo requiera.The procedure consists of a resistive electrical method of geophysical prospecting characterized by having a high density of measurements and consists of implanting in the field, in a linear manner, a group of voltage electrodes whose number can be from 5 to 1 1 or more, depending on the capacity of a device called an electrode selector switch. Said electronic configuration forms a device that can have variable longitudinal dimensions that can be adapted to the needs raised in any of the engineering needs or detection of bodies foreign to the nature of the subsoil, so that the separation between electrodes can vary from 1. 00 m to 30.00 m or more when the case requires.
Con fines ilustrativos, más no limitativos, y para una mejor comprensión del invento, sobre todo de la parte correspondiente al equipo, se procederá a describir el mismo a partir de las modalidades ilustradas en los dibujos que acompañan la presente descripción .For illustrative purposes, but not limited to, and for a better understanding of the invention, especially of the part corresponding to the equipment, the same will be described from the modalities illustrated in the drawings that accompany the present description.
BREVE DESCRI PCI ÓN D E LAS FIGURASBRIEF DESCRITION OF THE FIGURES
En la figura 1 se ilustra esquemáticamente la aplicación de dos electrodos "M" y "N" en el espacio comprendido entre "A" y "B" del estado de la técnica.Figure 1 schematically illustrates the application of two electrodes "M" and "N" in the space between "A" and "B" in the state of the art.
La figura 2 es el esquema que muestra los campos eléctricos prácticos que se forman al inyectar la corriente eléctrica por los electrodos "A" y •B"Figure 2 is the scheme showing the practical electric fields that are formed by injecting the electric current through the electrodes "A" and • B "
En la figura 3 se ilustra el resultado de un barrido, el espectro isorre- sistivo, usando un método tradicional perteneciente al estado de la técnica.Figure 3 illustrates the result of a scan, the isorresistive spectrum, using a traditional method belonging to the state of the art.
La figura 4 ilustra el resultado de un barrido, del espectro isorresitivo, del mismo terreno usando el método objeto de la presente descripción.Figure 4 illustrates the result of a sweep, of the isorresitive spectrum, of the same terrain using the method object of the present description.
DESCRIPCIÓN DETALLADA DE LA INVENCIÓNDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
En la figura 1, disposición tradicional de los electrodos en metodologías pertenecientes al estado de la técnica, los electrodos "A" y "B" son los que inyectan la energía eléctrica para formar el campo eléctrico artificial, de los cuales uno de estos (A) queda a una distancia de por lo menos tres veces la profundidad que se programa investigar.In Figure 1, traditional arrangement of electrodes in methodologies belonging to the state of the art, electrodes "A" and "B" are those that inject electrical energy to form the artificial electric field, of which one of these (A ) is at a distance of at least three times the depth to be investigated.
Las modificaciones que se han hecho a esta metodología del estado de la técnica, ha consistido exclusivamente en el uso de diferentes distancias entre electrodos, teniendo en el dispositivo en general que la distancia A-M ≠ M-N ≠ N-B, en el dispositivo de Wenner A-M = M-N = N-B = K; en el de Millet A-M = M-N y la distancia N - B tendiendo a infinito, etc.The modifications that have been made to this state-of-the-art methodology have consisted exclusively in the use of different distances between electrodes, having in the device in general that the distance AM ≠ MN ≠ NB, in the Wenner device AM = MN = NB = K; in Millet's A-M = M-N and the distance N - B tending to infinity, etc.
En la figura 2 se esquematiza el campo eléctrico generado por la aplicación de los electrodos "A" y "B" en el terreno, pudiendo decirse que la líneas equipotenciales son ortogonales a las líneas de corriente formando semiesferas .In figure 2 the electric field generated by the application of electrodes "A" and "B" in the field is schematized, being able to say that the equipotential lines are orthogonal to the current lines forming hemispheres.
En la figura 3 se muestra el res u ltado de apl icación de una metodolo- gia geofísica eléctrica resistiva del estado de la técn ica . Al compararse con la que se obtiene por el procedimiento del presente invento (figura 4) , se notan las diferencias en cuanto a la sensi bilidad del presente invento.Figure 3 shows the application result of a resistive electrical geophysical methodology of the state of the art. When compared with that obtained by the process of the present invention (Figure 4), the differences in the sensitivity of the present invention are noted.
En la figura 5 se esquematizan los diferentes dispositivos que integran el equipo en un a de las modalidades del invento que aplica el procedimiento del presente invento . La letra (a) señala el aparato de medidas en donde se encuentra el miliamperimetro (MA) que mide la corriente inyectada entre el par electródico A-B por la fuente de corriente eléc- trica (c) y el voltímetro (MV) que mide la diferencia de potencial entre cada uno de los pares elctródicos formados por los electrodos 1 a 1 1 que se integran al conmutados (b) donde se conectan eléctricamente cada uno de los electrodos (d) . Dependiendo de la distancia entre el par electródico "A" y "B" , es la profundidad (e) del terreno al que se están haciendo las determinaciones resistivas (f).In Figure 5, the different devices that integrate the equipment into one of the modalities of the invention applying the method of the present invention are schematized. The letter (a) indicates the measuring device where the millimeter perimeter (MA) that measures the current injected between the electrode pair AB by the electric current source (c) and the voltmeter (MV) that measures the difference is located of potential between each of the electrode pairs formed by electrodes 1 to 1 1 that are integrated to the commutated (b) where each of the electrodes (d) are electrically connected. Depending on the distance between the electrode pair "A" and "B", it is the depth (e) of the ground at which the resistive determinations (f) are being made.
Como se puede apreciar en dicha figura 5, en esta modalidad de la invención, el electrodo de alimentación de corriente eléctrica A, denominado infinito , se coloca a una distancia de tres veces la profundidad a investigar y el electrodo "B" se mueve a las diferentes profu ndidades requeridas , iniciando antes del dispositivo de electrodos fijos (M-N) , en el dispositivo y después del dispositivo , obteniéndose así el espec- tro isorresistivo en forma continua y tridimensional, con una resolución alta.As can be seen in said figure 5, in this embodiment of the invention, the electric current supply electrode A, called infinity, is placed at a distance of three times the depth to be investigated and the electrode "B" moves at different depths required, starting before the fixed electrode device (MN), in the device and after the device, thus obtaining the speci tro isorresistivo in continuous and three-dimensional form, with a high resolution.
En otra de las modalidades, no ilustradas, el dispositivo puede incluir otro electrodo infinito "A", colocado a la misma distancia de tres veces la profundidad a investigar pero alejado del electrodo A formando una linea transversal. Permaneciendo todos los demás electrodos en el mismo lugar para cualquier medición.In another embodiment, not illustrated, the device may include another infinite electrode "A", placed at the same distance three times the depth to be investigated but away from electrode A forming a transverse line. Remaining all other electrodes in the same place for any measurement.
En este caso, la medida de la resistividad entre M y N (pudiendo ser M el electrodo 1 a 11, y N el electrodo 1 a 11) se obtiene por la siguiente ecuación:In this case, the measure of the resistivity between M and N (being M the electrode 1 to 11, and N the electrode 1 to 11) is obtained by the following equation:
Figure imgf000012_0001
pa = 2π
Figure imgf000012_0002
donde: a 1 = Distancia entre M y N
Figure imgf000012_0001
p a = 2π
Figure imgf000012_0002
where: a 1 = Distance between M and N
a 2 = Distancia entre M y Ba 2 = Distance between M and B
V = Diferencia de potencial entre los electrodos M y NV = Potential difference between electrodes M and N
I = Intensidad de corriente entre los electrodos A y BI = Current intensity between electrodes A and B
Con el cálculo de estas determinaciones o valores resistivos se clasifica y se analizan graficando las curvas logarítmicas correspondientes a cada punto. Con las determinaciones resistivas obtenidas a las diferentes profundidades obtenidas con el método y equipo de la presente inve nción , se forman las gráficas de resistividades e isorresistividades aparentes, también llamados espectros isorresistivos, mismos que dan como re- sultado u na interpretación cualitativa del su bsuelo . Una vez realizado el proceso citado, se llevará a cabo una interpretació n cuantitativa que consiste en delimitar los horizontes litoeléctricos del subsuelo y conocer las resistivi dades reales de cada uno de ellos , para este fin se interpretan las curvas logarítmicas provenientes de cada par electródico, en base a las curvas patrón , siendo las mas usuales por sencillas y practicas las de Orellana y Mooney.With the calculation of these determinations or resistive values, the logarithmic curves corresponding to each point are classified and analyzed. With the resistive determinations obtained at the different depths obtained with the method and equipment of the present invention, the graphs of resistivities and apparent isorresistivities are formed, also called isorresistive spectra, which result in a qualitative interpretation of their base. . Once the aforementioned process has been carried out, a quantitative interpretation will be carried out that consists of delimiting the lithoelectric horizons of the subsoil and knowing the real resistivities of each one of them, for this purpose the logarithmic curves coming from each electrode pair are interpreted, based on the standard curves, the most usual being simple and practical those of Orellana and Mooney.
Las determinaciones resistivas obtenidas del terreno se reflejan en una gráfica, en la que se l levan en ordenadas las resistividades aparentes y en las abcisas la distancia que hay entre uno de los electrodos de corriente y el punto central (P) del sondeo marcado en la figura 1 , las escalas tomadas en ambos ejes son logarítmicas , para que la forma y el tamaño de las curvas sean independientes de las unidades utilizadas en las mediciones . El módulo del papel logarítmico es de 62.50 mm .The resistive determinations obtained from the terrain are reflected in a graph, in which the apparent resistivities are arranged in ordinates and in the abcisses the distance between one of the current electrodes and the central point (P) of the probe marked on the Figure 1, the scales taken on both axes are logarithmic, so that the shape and size of the curves are independent of the units used in the measurements. The module of the logarithmic paper is 62.50 mm.
Otras modalidades de la invención serán aparentes a aquellos hábiles en el área, a partir de una consideración de la descripción o práctica de la invención divulgada aqu í . Se sobre entiende que la descripción y ejemplos son considerados únicamente como ilustrativos, con el verda- dero alcance y espíritu de la invención estando i ndicado por la siguientes reivindicaciones. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the area, upon consideration of the description or practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is understood that the description and examples are considered as illustrative only, with the true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.

Claims

R E I V I N D I C A C I O N E S R E I V I N D I C A C I O N E S
Habiendo descrito suficientemente el invento, se considera como una novedad y se reclama por tanto como novedad, lo contenido en las si- guientes reivindicaciones.Having sufficiently described the invention, it is considered as a novelty and the content of the following claims is claimed as a novelty.
1) Nuevo método geoeléctrico resistivo para conocer las características físicas de un volumen de terreno dado del tipo que comprende el uso de un aparato de medición de corriente inyectada en el terreno, una fuente de corriente continua para inyectarla al terreno, un voltímetro para medir las diferencias de potencial presentadas en diferentes puntos del terreno, unos electrodos A y B para inyectar la corriente y formar los campos eléctricos en el mismo y unos electrodos, denominados dispositivo de electrodos fijos, para sensar las diferencias de potenciales presentes en el terreno, caracterizado por consistir en los pasos de a) colocar el electrodo A a una distancia mínima de tres veces a la profundidad que se desea investigar, b) colocar el dispositivo de electrodos fijos, formados por mas de tres electrodos, en forma equidistante en línea en el terreno, c) colocar el electrodo B entre el electrodo A y el primer electrodo del dispositivo de electrodos fijos (M-N), ch) hacer las mediciones de diferencia de potencial entre los diferentes electrodos del dispositivo de electrodos fijos; d) colocar el electrodo B entre los diferentes electrodos fijos y repetir el paso ch), e) colocar el electrodo B después de los electrodos fijos y repetir el paso ch).1) New resistive geoelectric method to know the physical characteristics of a given volume of land of the type that includes the use of a current measuring device injected into the ground, a direct current source to inject it into the ground, a voltmeter to measure the potential differences presented at different points of the terrain, electrodes A and B to inject the current and form the electric fields in it and electrodes, called fixed electrode device, to detect the potential differences present in the terrain, characterized by consist of the steps of a) placing electrode A at a minimum distance of three times at the depth to be investigated, b) placing the device of fixed electrodes, formed by more than three electrodes, in an equidistant way in line on the ground , c) place electrode B between electrode A and the first electrode of the fixed electrode device (MN), ch) make l as potential difference measurements between the different electrodes of the fixed electrode device; d) place electrode B between the different fixed electrodes and repeat step ch), e) place electrode B after fixed electrodes and repeat step ch).
2) Nuevo método geoeléctrico resistivo para conocer las características físicas de un volumen de terreno, tal y como se ha reclamado en la reivindicación 1, caracterizado porque en el paso A se incluye la colocación de un electrodo A' alejado del electrodo A.2) New resistive geoelectric method to know the physical characteristics of a volume of land, as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that in step A the placement of an electrode A 'away from electrode A is included.
3) Nuevo método geoeléctrico resistivo para conocer las características físicas de un volumen de terreno, tal y como se ha reclamado en la reivindicación 1 ó 2, caracterizado porque en el paso ch) se seleccionan el par electródico a sensar por medio de un conmutador al que van conectado eléctricamente, por un lado los electrodos fijos y por el otro las terminales del voltímetro.3) New resistive geoelectric method for knowing the physical characteristics of a volume of land, as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in step ch) the electrode pair to be sensed is selected by means of a switch to which are electrically connected, on the one hand the fixed electrodes and on the other the voltmeter terminals.
4) Equipo para aplicación del procedimiento reclamado en las reivindicaciones 1, 2 6 3 caracterizado porque el dispositivo de electrodos fijos esta formado por una serie de electrodos colocados en forma equidistante en el terreno y son en un número mayor que tres, y los electrodos de inyección de corriente comprenden un electrodo A, denominado infinito, colocado a una distancia de por lo menos tres veces la profundidad que se desea investigar, y un electrodo B que se mueve para permitir la obtención de parámetros a las diferentes profundidades requeridas, iniciando antes del dispositivo de elec- trodos, entre el dispositivo y después del dispositivo.4) Equipment for applying the method claimed in claims 1, 2, 6, 3 characterized in that the fixed electrode device is formed by a series of electrodes placed equidistant in the field and are in a number greater than three, and the electrodes of Current injection comprises an electrode A, called infinity, placed at a distance of at least three times the depth to be investigated, and an electrode B that moves to allow obtaining parameters at the different required depths, starting before electrode device, between the device and after the device.
5) Equipo par la aplicación del procedimiento reclamado en las reivindicaciones 1, 2, 3 ó 4 caracterizado porque los electrodos fijos van conectados al voltímetro por medio de un conmutador que se selecciona el par electródico a sensar.5) Equipment for the application of the method claimed in claims 1, 2, 3 or 4 characterized in that the fixed electrodes are connected to the voltmeter by means of a switch that selects the electrode pair to be sensed.
6) Equipo para la aplicación del procedimiento reclamado en las reivin- 15 dicaciones 1 , 2, 3 , 4 ó 5 caracterizado porque se incluye un electrodo A' conectado eléctricamente con el electrodo A. 6) Equipment for the application of the procedure claimed in the claims 15 addresses 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 characterized in that an electrode A 'electrically connected with electrode A is included.
PCT/MX2000/000001 2000-01-14 2000-01-14 Novel resistive geoelectric system to detect the physical characteristics of a given terrain volume and device for implementing said method WO2001051958A1 (en)

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US5510712A (en) * 1994-05-02 1996-04-23 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for measuring formation resistivity in cased holes
EP0758095A2 (en) * 1995-08-07 1997-02-12 Gesellschaft für geophysikalische und ingenieurgeologische Dienste mbH Method for geoelectric measurement and electrode array therefor
EP0786673A2 (en) * 1992-07-31 1997-07-30 Eugesol Method and apparatus for probing and inspecting an underground volume

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US5510712A (en) * 1994-05-02 1996-04-23 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for measuring formation resistivity in cased holes
EP0697604A1 (en) * 1994-08-03 1996-02-21 F C B Method and system for ground recognition in front of an excavating machine
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