TWI537052B - 用於烯烴環氧化觸媒之幾何尺寸固體成形載體 - Google Patents
用於烯烴環氧化觸媒之幾何尺寸固體成形載體 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI537052B TWI537052B TW098107757A TW98107757A TWI537052B TW I537052 B TWI537052 B TW I537052B TW 098107757 A TW098107757 A TW 098107757A TW 98107757 A TW98107757 A TW 98107757A TW I537052 B TWI537052 B TW I537052B
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Description
本發明係關於用作觸媒組份、具體而言用作環氧化觸媒組份之載體。更具體而言,本發明係關於幾何尺寸固體成形載體、包含幾何尺寸固體成形載體之環氧化觸媒及使用本發明環氧化觸媒使烯烴環氧化之方法。
在烯烴環氧化中,使用包括銀組份(通常)與一或多種沈積於載體上之元素之觸媒使烯烴與氧反應以形成烯烴環氧化物。基於選擇性、活性及穩定性來表徵觸媒性能。此外,反應器管中之性能由管體積中觸媒之填充密度及壓力降來表徵。
選擇性係所轉化烯烴產生期望烯烴氧化物之莫耳分率。選擇性之適度提高及在較長時間內維持選擇性可在製程效率方面獲得巨大效益。
反應器管中觸媒之填充端視觸媒沈積於其上之載體的幾何尺寸及形狀而定。通常較高的填充密度即單位體積內較多的觸媒在業內被認為係有利的。
業內已熟知氧化鋁可用作烯烴環氧化觸媒之載體。包含氧化鋁在內之載體材料通常係藉由在使用矽土或不使用矽土情況下熔融高純度氧化鋁來製備。出於此目的,載體材料通常包括90重量%或更高的α氧化鋁、及1至6重量%的矽土。載體可具有極多孔或無孔且具有高或低表面積,視載體之預期用途而定。載體可含有不會有害影響其中所使用催化反應之任何多孔材料。
在製備載體之製程中,使高純度氧化鋁較佳α氧化鋁與臨時及永久黏結劑充分混合。臨時黏結劑係具有中等至高分子量之可熱分解有機化合物,其在分解後產生載體之期望孔隙結構。永久黏結劑係熔融溫度小於氧化鋁熔融溫度之無機黏土類材料並將機械強度賦予最終載體。充分乾混合後,將充足水或另一溶劑添加至物料中以使該物料形成膏糊狀物質。藉由習用方法(例如,舉例而言,高壓擠出、製粒或其他陶瓷形成方法)由膏糊形成製備觸媒之載體粒子。然後使該等粒子乾燥且隨後在高溫下進行燒製。
在燒製步驟中,臨時黏結劑熱分解並揮發,從而在載體物料中留下空隙。該等空隙係最終載體之孔隙結構的來源。當燒製繼續時,溫度達到一定點,此時永久黏結劑變成無機黏土。隨後使觸媒載體冷卻,且在冷卻期間永久黏結劑固化以黏結載體粒子,且藉此將機械強度賦予載體並確保維持孔隙結構。
具有期望特徵之觸媒載體可藉由前述程序容易地製備。藉由適當調節起始氧化鋁粒子之尺寸、及混合物中臨時及/或永久黏結劑之粒徑及濃度可容易地控制孔徑、孔隙分佈及孔隙度。起始氧化鋁粒徑越大,最終觸媒之孔隙度越大。氧化鋁粒子之尺寸越均勻,孔隙結構越均勻。同樣,增加臨時黏結劑之濃度亦增加最終觸媒載體之總孔隙度。
用於乙烯環氧化觸媒性能提高之具有特定物理特性及多孔結構之氧化鋁載體的製備闡述於(例如)美國專利第4,226,782號、第4,242,235號、第5,266,548號、第5,380,697號、第5,597,773號、第5,831,037及第6,831,037號以及美國專利申請公開案第2004/0110973 A1號及第2005/0096219 A1號中。
除氧化鋁載體之製備以外,先前技術亦闡述出於不同目的而呈各種形狀且用於催化應用之氧化鋁成形載體的製備。舉例而言,美國專利第2,950,169號闡述製備具有高抗擠壓強度之丸粒之方法。對於多種用途而言,氧化鋁較佳地呈具有均勻尺寸及形狀之粒子,包含(例如)圓柱體丸粒、球形丸粒、多面體丸粒、管狀圓柱體丸粒等。
美國專利第3,222,129號係關於對磨損、磨蝕及擠壓具有經改良抗性之活性氧化鋁產物。氧化鋁可製造成呈球形或諸如此類之形式、較佳地具有均勻尺寸及形狀的成形球粒或小丸等。成形球粒尤其合意,此乃因其可比顆粒狀或微粒材料容易處理。
業內已習知用於乙烯環氧化呈各種形狀(例如小球、顆粒、環或諸如此類)之氧化鋁載體,如(例如)美國專利第3,172,866號中所述,然而關於形狀與性能之間的關係所知甚少。主要實例係美國專利申請公開案第2004/0260103 A1號及美國專利第2004/0225138 A1號,其闡述用來製造環氧乙烷之觸媒及反應器系統。此先前技術觸媒係在具有特定幾何構型之載體上製備而成。據報導,在反應器內可接受的壓力降值下,正確選擇中空圓柱體的幾何尺寸可增加填充密度。業內已明確地確定,有利的支撐材料具有藉由標稱外徑與標稱內徑之比率所定義之中空圓柱體幾何構型。比習用孔徑小者幫助提供聚結塊之平均抗擠壓強度之改良,且能將較大量的支撐材料填充至同一體積中,容許將更多的銀載入相一體積內。
如上所述,用於乙烯環氧化之觸媒需要具有特定物理特性之載體,且彼等載體可成形為具有不同尺寸之各種形狀。載體性能及形狀對反應器管中裝載催化活性銀係重要的。業內期望,藉由載體之物理性能及幾何形狀方面的改良來改良反應器管中所使用觸媒之性能及效力。
本發明提供用於觸媒、具體而言用於烯烴環氧化中所使用觸媒之幾何尺寸固體成形載體。具體而言,本發明提供成形為各種幾何形式且具有薄壁之耐火固體載體。本發明中術語「薄壁」係用來表示具有特定幾何形狀之對置壁(例如,中空圓柱體之內壁表面及外壁表面)之間的壁厚,其較佳小於2.5毫米、更佳小於2.0毫米且甚至更佳小於1.5毫米。
本發明中所提供之幾何尺寸成形固體載體可呈中空圓柱體、三孔、車輪、交叉分隔中空圓柱體、蜂窩及等等之形式,每一種幾何形狀皆具有如上文所定義之薄壁。
此外,本發明提供改良反應器中所使用觸媒之性能及效力之幾何尺寸固體成形載體壁厚的具體值。具體而言,且當載體成形為中空圓柱體且壁厚係小於2.5毫米時,載體使得觸媒作用在降低壓力降下更有效,並減少在此製備中所使用觸媒及材料的量,此等材料係銀及促進劑。
在一個態樣中,本發明提供用於催化系統之載體,該催化系統包含至少一種佈置於載體上之催化活性金屬,該載體包括:幾何成形耐火固體載體,其中該幾何成形耐火固體載體之至少一個壁厚係小於2.5毫米。
在本發明之一個實施例中,本發明載體具有其中所有壁皆較薄即小於2.5毫米之幾何形狀。
在本發明另一實施例中,本發明載體具有約0.2毫升/克至約0.6毫升/克之總孔隙體積(PV)且視情況具有下列額外特徵中的至少一個:(i)表面積為約0.3至約3.0米2
/克;較佳約0.6至約2.5米2
/克;且最佳地約0.9至約2.0米2
/克;(ii)至少40%的PV源自直徑介於1與5微米之間之孔隙;較佳地至少60%;且最佳地至少80%;(iii)孔徑分佈係介於1與5微米之間;較佳地介於1與4.5微米之間;且最佳地介於1與4微米之間;(iv)源自直徑5微米及以上之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克;較佳地小於0.10毫升/克;且最佳地小於0.05毫升/克;及(v)源自直徑小於1微米之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克;較佳地小於0.16毫升/克;且最佳地小於0.12毫升/克。
在本發明再一實施例中,本發明載體包含中空圓柱體、三孔、車輪、交叉分隔中空圓柱體及蜂窩且具有上述壁厚。
在本發明又一實施例中,提供包括幾何成形耐火固體載體在內之載體,其中該幾何成形耐火固體載體之至少一個壁厚係小於2.5毫米,該載體包括具有以下特徵之氧化鋁:總孔隙體積為約0.2毫升/克至約0.6毫升/克,表面積為約0.3至約3.0米2
/克,至少40%的孔隙體積係源自直徑介於1與5微米之間之孔隙,孔徑分佈係介於1與5微米之間,源自直徑5微米及以上之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克,且源自直徑小於1微米之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克。
在本發明另一態樣中,提供用於烯烴環氧化之觸媒,其包括幾何成形耐火固體載體(其中該載體之至少一個壁厚係小於2.5毫米)及佈置於載體上之催化有效量的銀。
在某些實施例中,本發明觸媒上另外包括促進量的促進劑。在本發明之此實施例中,促進劑包括一或多種含鹼金屬之化合物、一或多種含過渡金屬之化合物、一或多種硫組份、一或多種含氟組份或其組合。
在本發明觸媒之再一實施例中,促進劑係包括選自元素週期表VB、VIB、VIIB及VIII族之元素之過渡金屬及其組合。在較佳實施例中,過渡金屬包括錸、鉬、鎢或其組合。
在本發明觸媒之又一實施例中,促進劑係包括鋰、鈉、鉀、銣、銫或其組合之含鹼金屬之化合物。
在本發明較佳實施例中,本發明觸媒包括幾何成形耐火固體載體,其中該幾何成形耐火固體載體之至少一個壁厚係小於2.5毫米,該載體包括具有以下特徵之氧化鋁:總孔隙體積為約0.2毫升/克至約0.6毫升/克,表面積為約0.3至約3.0米2
/克,至少40%的孔隙體積係源自直徑介於1與5微米之間之孔隙;孔徑分佈係介於1與5微米之間,源自直徑5微米及以上之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克,且源自直徑小於1微米之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克,且該載體上佈置有有效量的銀及促進量的錸、鋰、銫、硫及鎢。
在本發明再一實施例中,提供烯烴(具體而言但不限於乙烯)氧化為烯烴氧化物(具體而言但不限於環氧乙烷)之方法,其包括在固定床、管式反應器中於上述本發明觸媒存在下烯烴(例如,乙烯)與分子氧之氣相氧化。
應注意,儘管本發明觸媒在本發明應用中作為基於銀之烯烴氧化觸媒進行具體闡述及闡釋,但本發明載體亦可用於其他催化系統中,包含(例如)其中活性金屬係選自元素週期表IVB、VB、VIB、VIIB、VIII、IB 及/或IIB族之金屬之觸媒系統;此命名法係基於CAS版元素週期表。
本發明提供載體、含載體之觸媒、及使用觸媒用來產生烯烴氧化物之方法,現在更詳細地闡述本發明。
如上所述,本發明提供包含至少一種佈置於其上之催化活性金屬的催化系統,其包括具有幾何形狀之耐火固體載體,其中該幾何形狀之至少一個壁厚係小於2.5毫米。
本發明中所使用之載體可經製備或選自多種市售固體耐火載體。載體相對於環氧化原料材料、產物及預期用途(例如,用於烯烴環氧化,例如藉由乙烯與分子氧之氣相氧化而使乙烯氧化為環氧乙烷)之反應條件呈惰性。載體可包括氧化鋁(例如α-氧化鋁)、木炭、浮石、氧化鎂、氧化鋯、二氧化鈦、矽藻土、漂白土、碳化矽、矽石、碳化矽、二氧化矽、黏土、人造沸石、天然沸石、陶瓷及其組合。較佳之載體係α-氧化鋁粒子,其通常藉由黏合劑黏合在一起且具有極高純度,即約95%或更高,較佳地98重量%或更高的α-氧化鋁。其餘組份可係其他相的氧化鋁、矽石、鹼金屬氧化物(例如氧化鈉)及痕量的其他含金屬及/或含非金屬之添加劑或雜質。
多種此等載體皆可購得。適宜氧化鋁載體可經製造且通常自Nagoya,Japan之Noritake及Akron,Ohio之NorPro公司購得。
以某些類型的含α氧化鋁之載體尤佳。該等α氧化鋁載體係藉由以下來表徵:B.E.T.表面積為約0.3米2
/克至約3米2
/克、較佳約0.6米2
/克至約2.5米2
/克、更佳約0.9米2
/克至約2.0米2
/克;且水孔隙體積為約0.10cc/g至約0.80cc/g、較佳約0.20cc/g至約0.60cc/g°。在較佳載體中,至少40%的孔隙體積係源自直徑介於1與5微米之間之孔隙;較佳至少60%;且最佳至少80%。本發明中所使用之載體的中值孔徑通常介於1與5微米之間;較佳地介於1與4.5微米之間;且最佳地介於1與4微米之間;源自直徑為5微米及以上之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克;較佳地小於0.10毫升/克;且最佳地小於0.05毫升/克。源自直徑為1微米及更低之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克;較佳地小於0.16毫升/克;且最佳地小於0.12毫升/克。
用來測定比表面積之B.E.T.方法係詳細闡述於Brunauer,S.,Emmett,P. H.及Teller,E.,J. Am. Chem. Soc.,60,309-16(1938)中。孔隙體積及孔徑分佈係藉由習用汞孔隙計方法來量測;參見Drake及Ritter「Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal編輯」,17,787(1945)。
無論所使用載體之性質如何,常將其形狀製成尺寸適合在固定床反應器中施用之幾何形狀,例如(舉例而言)小丸、環、球、三孔、車輪、交叉分隔中空圓柱體、及諸如此類。
期望地,載體粒子之「等效直徑」可介於約3毫米至約10毫米之間,且較佳介於約4毫米至約9毫米之間,該等等效直徑通常與觸媒置於其中之管狀反應器之內徑相容。「等效直徑」係具有與所施用載體粒子相等之外表面(即忽略粒子孔隙內之表面)與體積比率之球體的直徑。
高觸媒效力係合意的,此乃因其可產生較高產率的烯烴氧化物。觸媒效力係載體/觸媒形狀與厚度的函數,且以效力因子η
表示,Perry,R.H.及Green,D.W.「Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook,」第6版,McGraw-Hill,1984,第4至40頁中將其定義為:
效力因子亦係模量m
之反函數:
其中l
係此情形下的特徵長度即觸媒壁之寬度的一半且其他因子與孔隙幾何形狀、擴散及動力學有關。長度l
越大,m
模量越大且效力因子越低。
當載體成形為中空圓柱體時,其較佳地具有小於2.5毫米、更佳小於2.0毫米且最佳地小於1.5毫米之薄壁。儘管在本發明態樣中較小的壁厚係重要的,但抗擠壓強度應足以使載體上的觸媒裝入反應器中。舉例而言,美國專利第5,380,697號闡述用於EO觸媒之載體的抗擠壓強度為至少約5磅。
一般而言,本發明適宜觸媒載體可藉由使耐火材料(例如氧化鋁)、溶劑(例如水)、臨時黏結劑或耗盡材料、永久黏結劑及/或孔隙度控制劑混合來製備。臨時黏結劑或耗盡材料包含纖維素、經取代纖維素(例如甲基纖維素、乙基纖維素及羧乙基纖維素)、硬脂酸酯(例如有機硬脂酸酯,例如硬脂酸甲酯或硬脂酸乙酯)、蠟、粒化聚烯烴(具體而言聚乙烯及聚丙烯)、核桃殼粉及諸如此類,該等在所使用溫度下可分解。該等黏結劑可用來產生載體材料之孔隙度。耗盡材料主要係用來確保在其中可藉由模製或擠出製程將混合物成形為粒子之未燒結或未燒製期間保存多孔結構。在燒製期間將其基本上全部除去以產生最終載體。本發明載體較佳藉由納入充足量的黏合材料例如矽石與鹼金屬化合物來製備以實質上防止形成晶狀矽石化合物。永久黏結劑包含(例如)無機黏土型材料。可與氧化鋁粒子併入之方便黏結劑材料係勃姆石、經氨穩定之矽溶膠及可溶性鈉鹽之混合物。所形成之膏糊被擠出或模製成所期望形狀並在約1200℃至約1600℃之溫度下燒製以形成載體。當藉由擠出形成粒子時,可期望包含習用擠出助劑。欲加以使用之組份的量在某種程度上係相互依賴的且將視與所使用設備有關之多個因素而定。然而,該等物質在熟習擠出陶瓷材料技術人員之常識內已熟知。若藉由使載體沉浸在鹼金屬氫氧化物(例如氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀)或酸(例如HNO3
)之溶液中處理載體,則其性能得到強化,如美國專利申請公開案第2006/0252643 A1號中所述。處理後,較佳(例如)用水洗滌載體以除去未反應的溶解材料及處理溶液並視情況進行乾燥。
為製造使烯烴氧化為烯烴氧化物之觸媒,隨後在具有上述特徵之載體上提供催化有效量的銀。藉由用溶於適宜溶劑中之銀離子、化合物、錯合物及/或鹽浸漬載體足以使銀前體化合物沈積於載體上來製備觸媒。隨後自溶液中取出經浸漬載體並藉由高溫煆燒使所沈積銀化合物還原為金屬銀。
亦較佳地,在沈積銀之前、同時或之後將呈鹼金屬溶於適宜溶劑中之離子、化合物及/或鹽形式的適宜促進劑沈積於載體上。
亦可在沈積銀及/或鹼金屬之前、同時或之後將溶於適當溶劑中之適宜過渡金屬離子、化合物、錯合物及/或鹽沈積於載體上。
用銀浸漬溶液、較佳銀水溶液浸漬如上所述之原始或經處理載體。亦可同時或在單獨步驟中用不同觸媒促進劑浸漬載體。根據本發明製備之較佳觸媒含有高至約45重量%的銀(以金屬表示),其沈積於多孔耐火載體之表面上並貫穿其孔隙。銀含量(以金屬表示)以總觸媒重量計較佳為約1至約40%,而銀含量更佳為約8至約35%。沈積於載體上或存在於載體上之銀的量係銀之催化有效量,即可經濟地催化乙烯與氧之反應以產生環氧乙烷之量。本文所用術語「銀之催化有效量」係指在觸媒壽命內提供乙烯與氧至環氧乙烷之可量測轉化率及選擇性及活性穩定性之銀的量。有用之含銀化合物非排他性地包含草酸銀、硝酸銀、氧化銀、碳酸銀、羧酸銀、檸檬酸銀、鄰苯二甲酸銀、乳酸銀、丙酸銀、丁酸銀及高級脂肪酸鹽及其組合。
此觸媒包括受載於多孔、耐火載體上之催化有效量的銀、促進量的鹼金屬、促進量的過渡金屬。本文所用術語觸媒之特定組份的「促進量」係指當與不包含該組份之觸媒比較時,可有效工作以提供該觸媒一或多個催化特性方面改良之彼組份的量。當然,所施用確切濃度除其他因素以外亦將端視所期望銀含量、載體性質、液體黏度及銀化合物之溶解度而定。
除銀以外,觸媒亦可含有選自鋰、鈉、鉀、銣、銫或其組合之鹼金屬促進劑,且銫較佳。沈積於載體或觸媒上或存在於載體或觸媒上之鹼金屬的量係促進量。較佳地,該量(以金屬量測)在觸媒總重之約10ppm至約3000ppm、更佳地約15ppm至約2000ppm、且甚至更佳地約20ppm至約1500ppm、且仍然甚至更佳地約50ppm至約1000ppm範圍內。
觸媒較佳地亦可含有過渡金屬促進劑,其包括元素週期表VB、VIB、VIIB及VIII族之元素及其組合。較佳地,過渡金屬包括選自元素週期表VIIB族之元素。更佳之過渡金屬係錸、鉬及鎢,且以鉬及錸為最佳。沈積於載體或觸媒上或存在於載體或觸媒上之過渡金屬促進劑的量係促進量。過渡金屬促進劑(以金屬表示)可以約0.1微莫耳/克至約10微莫耳/克、較佳地約0.2微莫耳/克至約5微莫耳/克、且更佳地約0.5微莫耳/克至約4微莫耳/克總觸媒之量存在。觸媒可另外包括促進量的一或多種硫組份、一或多種含氟組份或其組合。
用來浸漬載體之銀溶液亦可包括可選溶劑或錯合劑/增溶劑,例如業內所習知者。可使用多種溶劑或錯合劑/增溶劑以將銀在浸漬介質中溶解至期望濃度。有用之錯合劑/增溶劑包含胺類、氨、乳酸及其組合。胺類包含具有1至5個碳原子之伸烷基二胺。在一個較佳實施例中,該溶液包括草酸銀與乙二胺之水溶液。錯合劑/增溶劑可以約0.1至約5.0莫耳乙二胺/莫耳銀、較佳地約0.2至約4.0莫耳、且更佳地約0.3至約3.0莫耳乙二胺/莫耳銀之量存在於浸漬溶液中。
當使用溶劑時,其可水基或有機基,且可能為極性或實質上或完全非極性。一般而言,溶劑應具有足夠的溶解能力以溶解溶液組份。同時,較佳地選擇溶劑以避免對溶劑化促進劑具有不當影響或與溶劑化促進劑相互作用。有機基溶劑實例包含(但不限於)醇類,具體而言烷醇;二醇類,具體而言烷基二醇;酮類;醛類;胺類;四氫呋喃;硝基苯;硝基甲苯及諸如此類。較佳為每個分子含有1至約8個碳原子之有機基溶劑。可使用有機溶劑或水與一或多種有機溶劑之混合物,前提條件係此等混合溶劑如本文所期望產生作用。
溶液中銀鹽之濃度係約0.1重量%至由所使用特定鹽/增溶劑組合之溶解度所容許最大值之範圍內。通常極為適宜者是使用含有0.5%至約45重量%銀之銀鹽溶液,且以5至30重量%之銀鹽濃度為較佳。
經選擇載體之浸漬係藉由過量溶液浸漬、初濕含浸法等以習用方式達成。通常,將載體材料置於銀溶液中直至載體吸收足量溶液為止。較佳地,用來浸漬多孔載體之銀溶液的量不多於填充載體孔隙體積所需量。含銀液體藉由吸收、毛細管作用及/或真空滲透至載體之孔隙中。部分地端視溶液中銀鹽之濃度而定,可使用進行或不進行中間乾燥之單次浸漬或系列浸漬。浸漬程序係闡述於美國專利第4,761,394號、第4,766,105號、第4,908,343號、第5,057,481號、第5,187,140號、第5,102,848號、第5,011,807號、第5,099,041號及第5,407,888號中,該等案件以引用方式併入本文中。亦可使用各種促進劑之預沈積、共沈積及後沈積等習知先前程序。
催化特性之實例尤其包含可操作性(失控抗性)、選擇性、活性、轉化率、穩定性及產率。業內熟習此項技術者應瞭解一或多種獨立催化特性可藉由「促進量」強化,同時可能會或可能不會強化或甚至可能消除其他催化特性。另外應瞭解,不同催化特性可在不同運作條件下獲得強化。舉例而言,在一組運作條件下具有經強化選擇性之觸媒可在不同組條件下運作,其中改良之處表現在活性而非選擇性,且環氧乙烷設備之操作人員藉由考慮原料成本、能源成本、副產品移除成本及諸如此類將有意地甚至以其他催化特性為代價地改變運作條件以利用某些催化特性最優化條件及結果。本發明銀、載體、鹼金屬促進劑及過渡金屬促進劑之特定組合在一或多個催化特性方面將提供優於銀與載體而無促進劑、或僅一種促進劑之相同組合之改良。
浸漬後,將用銀前體化合物及促進劑浸漬之載體煆燒或活化一段時間足以使銀組份還原為金屬銀並自含銀載體移除揮發性分解產物。該煆燒係藉由以下達成:較佳以逐漸增加之速率在介於約0.5至約35巴之間之反應壓力下將經浸漬載體加熱至介於約200℃至約600℃、較佳地約250℃至約500℃且更佳地約300℃至約450℃範圍內之溫度持續一段足夠的時間以使所包含銀轉化為銀金屬且分解所有或實質上所有存在的有機材料並將其作為揮發份移除。一般而言,溫度越高,所需還原時間越短。業內已建議,使用寬範圍的加熱時間來熱處理經浸漬載體(例如,美國專利第3,563,914號建議加熱少於300秒,而美國專利第3,702,259號揭示在100℃至375℃之溫度下加熱2至8小時以還原觸媒中之銀鹽;通常加熱約0.5至約8小時。然而,唯一重要的是使還原時間與溫度相關聯以便達成使銀鹽實質上完全還原成催化活性金屬)。出於此目的可使用持續或逐步加熱程式。
使用上文所述程序製備銀觸媒後,使用該觸媒產生環氧乙烷。通常,商業上實踐之環氧乙烷製造製程係藉由以下來實施:在本發明觸媒存在下於介於約180℃至約330℃且較佳約200℃至約325℃、更佳約225℃至約270℃之間之溫度下在視質量速度及所期望產率而定可在約常壓至約30個大氣壓間變化之壓力下使含氧氣體與乙烯持續接觸。通常施用介於約常壓至約500psi之間之壓力。然而,在本發明範圍內可施用更高壓力。大規模反應器中之停留時間通常為約0.1至約5秒。氧可以純氧或以含氧氣流形式(例如空氣)供應至反應中。所得環氧乙烷係使用習用方法自反應產物進行分離並回收。然而,對於本發明,環氧乙烷製程設想以通常濃度(例如約0.5至約6體積%)進行普通氣體循環,涵蓋二氧化碳循環。用來使乙烯氧化為環氧乙烷之常用製程包括在本發明觸媒存在下於固定床、管式反應器中乙烯與分子氧之氣相氧化。習用之市售固定床環氧乙烷反應器之形式通常為複數個填充觸媒之平行細長管(在適宜殼體內),其外徑(O.D.)為約0.7至2.7英吋且內徑(I.D.)為0.5至2.5英吋且長為15至45英尺。
已證明,本發明觸媒在乙烯與分子氧氧化為環氧乙烷中係尤具選擇性之觸媒。在本發明觸媒存在下用來實施此氧化反應之條件廣義上包括彼等闡述於先前技術中者。舉例而言,其涉及適宜溫度、壓力、停留時間、稀釋材料(例如氮氣、二氧化碳、蒸汽、氬氣、甲烷或其他飽和烴),存在或不存在緩和劑(例如1,2-二氯乙烷、氯乙烯或氯乙烷)來控制催化作用,在不同反應器中期望施用循環作業或施用連續轉化以提高環氧乙烷之產率,及在用來製備環氧乙烷之製程中可加以選擇之任何其他特殊條件。用作反應物之分子氧可由習用來源獲得。適宜氧裝料可係相對較純的氧、包括大量氧與較少量一或多種稀釋劑(例如氮氣、氬氣等)之濃氧氣流或另一含氧氣流(例如空氣)。在乙烯氧化反應中使用本發明觸媒絕不會受限於使用彼等已習知有效之具體條件。
藉由業內習知且使用之習用方法使所得環氧乙烷與反應產物分離並進行回收。在環氧乙烷製造製程中使用本發明銀觸媒可在既定乙烯轉化率下達到比用習用觸媒所能達到者為高的對環氧乙烷的總乙烯氧化選擇性。
在環氧乙烷製造中,反應物原料混合物可含有約0.5至約45%乙烯及約3至約15%氧,且其餘部分包括相當惰性之材料,包含諸如氮氣、二氧化碳、甲烷、乙烷、氬氣及諸如此類等物質。在乙烯每次流經觸媒時通常僅有一部分乙烯發生反應且在分離所期望環氧乙烷產物及移除適當吹掃氣流及二氧化碳以防止不受控制地累積惰性物質及/或副產物之後,使未反應之材料返回氧化反應器中。僅出於闡釋之目的,以下係目前商業環氧乙烷反應器裝置中通常所使用之條件。GHSV-1500-10,000;入口壓力-150-400psig;入口進料:乙烯-1-40%;O2
-3-12%;CO2
-0.5-40%;乙烷0-3%;0.3-20ppmv總稀釋劑含氯烴緩和劑;其餘為氬氣及/或甲烷及/或氮氣,冷卻劑溫度-180-315℃;O2
轉化率-10-60%;EO產量(工作速率)100-300公斤EO/小時/立方公分觸媒。
在環氧乙烷製造之製程的其他描述中,添加含氧氣體至進料中可增加效率。舉例而言,美國專利第5,112,795號揭示,將5ppm的一氧化氮添加至具有以下一般組成之氣體進料中:8體積%氧、30體積%乙烯、約5ppmw氯乙烷且其餘部分為氮氣。
以下非限制性實例用來闡釋本發明。
觸媒製備及測試
1.銀原液製備。
使用以下組份(份數以重量計,除非另有說明)來製備銀溶液:
1.氧化銀-834份
2.草酸-444份
3.乙二胺-566份
4.去離子水-744份在攪拌下,首先將乙二胺添加至水中隨後添加草酸。使該等添加期間之溫度保持在50℃以下。於每次添加後,將溶液冷卻至20℃,然後進行下一添加步驟。最後,在保持低於42℃之溫度下添加氧化銀。將最後溶液冷卻至30℃然後實施過濾。將清澈濾液用作銀/胺原液用於觸媒製備。
2.觸媒製備及測試。
a.載體。
用於比較研究之載體A及B示於表I中。每種載體皆用0.025M NaOH溶液在80℃下處理1.5小時,隨後在環境溫度下實施三次去離子水沖洗步驟以除去NaOH。將載體與溶液之間的重量比保持為1/1.3。處理後,使載體在150℃下乾燥。
b.促進劑添加。
將氫氧化銫添加至上述溶液中以製備含有催化有效量銀及銫之觸媒。
c.載體浸漬。
將40公斤載體A放置於不銹鋼容器中用於浸漬。將3.1公斤比較載體B放置於玻璃容器中。隨後將每一情況下的浸漬容器暴露於真空中,直至壓力小於50毫米Hg為止。在燒瓶仍處於真空時將一定量銀/促進劑溶液引入燒瓶中以完全覆蓋載體。使容器壓力升高至常壓。使觸媒與溶液分離並準備用於煆燒。
d.觸媒煆燒。
煆燒即金屬銀之沈積係藉由將觸媒加熱高至銀鹽之分解溫度來促成。此係經由在具有數個加熱區之爐中於受控氣氛下加熱來達成。在環境溫度下將觸媒裝載於進入爐中之移動帶上。當觸媒由一個區進入下一區時逐漸升高溫度。在最熱區中溫度升高至400℃。在加熱區後,使帶經過冷卻區,此將觸媒逐漸冷卻至環境溫度。藉助在加熱區中使用氮氣流來控制爐中之氣氛。
e.觸媒測試。
測試結果示於表I中。裝入3.20公斤於載體A上所製備之觸媒、及2.43公斤於載體B上所製備之觸媒,並在相同反應器中於相同反應條件下在等於160÷180公斤EO/小時/立方米觸媒之體積工作速率(Volumetric Work Rate)下進行測試。
表I表明,載體B上之觸媒的效力較高。與具有較厚壁及較高裝載量之載體上所製備之觸媒相比,在具有薄壁之載體上所製備之觸媒需要較少的觸媒裝載量,可在較低壓力降下工作,且呈現較高的選擇性。
儘管參照本發明之較佳實施例已具體展示且闡述了本發明,但彼等熟習此項技術者應瞭解,在不背離本發明精神及範圍情況下可在形式及細節上作出前述及其他改動。因此,本發明不意欲受限於所闡述及所闡釋之確切形式及細節,而是屬於隨附申請專利範圍之範圍。
Claims (16)
- 一種用於催化系統之載體,該催化系統包含至少一種佈置於該載體上之催化活性金屬,該載體包括:幾何成形耐火固體載體,其中該幾何成形耐火固體載體為中空圓柱體且至少一個壁厚係小於2.5毫米,該載體包括具有以下特徵之氧化鋁:總孔隙體積為約0.2毫升/克至約0.6毫升/克、表面積為約0.3至約3.0米2/克、至少40%的孔隙體積係源自直徑介於1與5微米之間之孔隙、源自直徑為5微米及以上之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克,且源自直徑小於1微米之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克。
- 一種用於烯烴環氧化之觸媒,其包括:幾何成形耐火固體載體,其中該幾何成形耐火固體載體為中空圓柱體且至少一個壁厚係小於2.5奈米;及佈置於該載體上之催化有效量的銀,其中該幾何成形耐火固體載體具有約0.2毫升/克至約0.6毫升/克之總孔隙體積,且至少40%的該孔隙體積係源自直徑介於1與5微米之間之孔隙。
- 如請求項2之觸媒,其中該至少一個壁厚係小於2.0毫米。
- 如請求項2之觸媒,其中該至少一個壁厚係小於1.5毫米。
- 如請求項2之觸媒,其中該幾何成形耐火固體載體包括氧化鋁、木炭、浮石、氧化鎂、氧化鋯、二氧化 鈦、矽藻土、漂白土、碳化矽、矽石、二氧化矽、氧化鎂、黏土、人造沸石、天然沸石、陶瓷或其組合。
- 如請求項2之觸媒,其中該幾何成形耐火固體載體係具有約90%或更高純度的氧化鋁。
- 如請求項2之觸媒,其中該幾何成形耐火固體載體另外包含下列特徵中的至少一個:(i)表面積為約0.3至約3.0米2/克;(ii)孔徑分佈係介於1與5微米之間;(iii)源自直徑為5微米及以上之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克;及(iv)源自直徑小於1微米之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克。
- 如請求項2之觸媒,其另外包括載於其上之促進量的促進劑,該促進劑包括一或多種含鹼金屬之化合物、一或多種含過渡金屬之化合物、一或多種硫組份、一或多種含氟組份或其組合。
- 如請求項8之觸媒,其中該促進劑係過渡金屬,其包括至少一種選自元素週期表VB、VIB、VIIB及VIII族之元素。
- 如請求項8之觸媒,其中該過渡金屬包括錸、鉬、鎢或其組合。
- 如請求項8之觸媒,其中該促進劑係包括鋰、鈉、鉀、銣、銫或其組合之含鹼金屬之化合物。
- 如請求項2之觸媒,其另外包括佈置於該載體上之促進量的錸、鋰、銫、硫及可選鎢。
- 一種用於烯烴環氧化之觸媒,其包括: 幾何成形耐火固體載體,其中該幾何成形耐火固體載體之至少一個壁厚係小於2.5毫米,該載體包括具有以下特徵之氧化鋁:總孔隙體積為約0.2毫升/克至約0.6毫升/克、表面積為約0.3至約3.0米2/克、至少40%的孔隙體積係源自直徑介於1與5微米之間之孔隙、孔徑分佈係介於1與5微米之間、源自直徑為5微米及以上之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克、且源自直徑小於1微米之孔隙的孔隙體積係小於0.20毫升/克;且該載體上佈置有有效量的銀及促進量的錸、鋰、銫、硫及鎢。
- 一種將烯烴氧化為烯烴氧化物之方法,其包括:在固定床、管式反應器中於烯烴氧化觸媒之存在下使至少一種烯烴與分子氧接觸,該烯烴氧化觸媒包括幾何成形耐火固體載體,其中該載體之至少一個壁厚係小於2.5毫米,及佈置於該載體上之催化有效量的銀,其中該幾何成形耐火固體載體具有約0.2毫升/克至約0.6毫升/克之總孔隙體積,且至少40%的該孔隙體積係源自直徑介於1與5微米之間之孔隙。
- 如請求項14之方法,其中該至少一種烯烴係乙烯。
- 如請求項14之方法,其中該接觸係在氣相中實施。
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EP3659703A1 (en) | 2018-11-28 | 2020-06-03 | Basf Se | Catalyst for producing ethylene oxide by gas-phase oxidation |
KR102232964B1 (ko) * | 2019-01-04 | 2021-03-29 | 서울대학교산학협력단 | 단일 원자 촉매 및 그 형성 방법 |
CN110090661B (zh) * | 2019-05-28 | 2020-09-29 | 清华大学 | 将c3-c9非芳烃类转化为芳烃的催化剂、制备方法及应用 |
WO2021038027A1 (en) | 2019-08-28 | 2021-03-04 | Basf Se | Process for preparing an epoxidation catalyst |
RU2749340C1 (ru) * | 2020-10-23 | 2021-06-08 | ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ УНИТАРНОЕ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЕ "ИНСТИТУТ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ РЕАКТИВОВ И ОСОБО ЧИСТЫХ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКОГО ЦЕНТРА "КУРЧАТОВСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ" (НИЦ "Курчатовский институт - ИРЕА") | Способ получения алюмооксидного керамического материала, модифицированного наночастицами серебра |
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-
2008
- 2008-03-10 US US12/045,251 patent/US7910518B2/en active Active
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2009
- 2009-03-06 CA CA2717652A patent/CA2717652A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2009-03-06 BR BRPI0909058A patent/BRPI0909058A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 2009-03-06 EP EP09719060A patent/EP2252398A4/en not_active Ceased
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- 2009-03-06 RU RU2010141552/04A patent/RU2492925C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-03-10 TW TW098107757A patent/TWI537052B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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CN101965224B (zh) | 2013-03-20 |
EP2252398A2 (en) | 2010-11-24 |
EP2252398A4 (en) | 2011-08-24 |
TW200946227A (en) | 2009-11-16 |
US20090227820A1 (en) | 2009-09-10 |
CN101965224A (zh) | 2011-02-02 |
RU2010141552A (ru) | 2012-04-20 |
CA2717652A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
BRPI0909058A2 (pt) | 2015-11-24 |
KR20110014139A (ko) | 2011-02-10 |
JP2011514845A (ja) | 2011-05-12 |
WO2009114411A2 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
WO2009114411A3 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
RU2492925C2 (ru) | 2013-09-20 |
US7910518B2 (en) | 2011-03-22 |
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