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TW475148B - Branch instruction for processor architecture - Google Patents

Branch instruction for processor architecture Download PDF

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Publication number
TW475148B
TW475148B TW089117904A TW89117904A TW475148B TW 475148 B TW475148 B TW 475148B TW 089117904 A TW089117904 A TW 089117904A TW 89117904 A TW89117904 A TW 89117904A TW 475148 B TW475148 B TW 475148B
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instruction
branch
byte
register
scope
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TW089117904A
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Gilbert Wolrich
Matthew J Adiletta
William Wheeler
Debra Bernstein
Donald Hooper
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Intel Corp
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/30003Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions
    • G06F9/30007Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions to perform operations on data operands
    • G06F9/30036Instructions to perform operations on packed data, e.g. vector, tile or matrix operations
    • G06F9/30038Instructions to perform operations on packed data, e.g. vector, tile or matrix operations using a mask
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/30003Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions
    • G06F9/3004Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions to perform operations on memory
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/30003Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions
    • G06F9/3005Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions to perform operations for flow control
    • G06F9/30058Conditional branch instructions
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/30003Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions
    • G06F9/30076Arrangements for executing specific machine instructions to perform miscellaneous control operations, e.g. NOP
    • G06F9/30087Synchronisation or serialisation instructions
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/30145Instruction analysis, e.g. decoding, instruction word fields
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/30145Instruction analysis, e.g. decoding, instruction word fields
    • G06F9/3016Decoding the operand specifier, e.g. specifier format
    • G06F9/30167Decoding the operand specifier, e.g. specifier format of immediate specifier, e.g. constants
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/32Address formation of the next instruction, e.g. by incrementing the instruction counter
    • G06F9/321Program or instruction counter, e.g. incrementing
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/38Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline or look ahead
    • G06F9/3824Operand accessing
    • G06F9/3834Maintaining memory consistency
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/38Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline or look ahead
    • G06F9/3836Instruction issuing, e.g. dynamic instruction scheduling or out of order instruction execution
    • G06F9/3842Speculative instruction execution
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
    • G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
    • G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
    • G06F9/38Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline or look ahead
    • G06F9/3836Instruction issuing, e.g. dynamic instruction scheduling or out of order instruction execution
    • G06F9/3851Instruction issuing, e.g. dynamic instruction scheduling or out of order instruction execution from multiple instruction streams, e.g. multistreaming

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  • Stored Programmes (AREA)
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Description

475148 五、發明說明(i) 【發明領域】 本發明係有關於電腦處理器的指令。 【習知技術說明】 平行處理是計算程序中同時事件的資訊處理之一種高 效率的方3。平行處理要求在電腦中許多程式的同時執 行。連續的處理或者序列的處理具有所有工作循序地完成 於單一工作站,鑑於管線處理具有工作完成於專業工作 站。不管是執行於平行處理、管線或序向處理機器,電腦 程式碼包括分支,而其中指令串可以執行於序列中以及從 該序列分支至不同序列的指令。 為讓本發明之上述和其他目的、特徵、和優點能更明 顯易懂,下文特舉較佳實施例,並配合所附圖式,作詳細 說明如下: 【圖式簡單說明】 第1圖係使用處理之通訊糸統的方塊圖。 第2圖係處理器的詳細方塊圖。 第3圖係使用於第1圖與第2圖的處理器中的微程式引 擎功能單元的方塊圖。 第4圖係微程式引擎中的管線的方塊圖。 第5圖係顯示用於分支指令的示範格式的圖。 弟6圖係顯不一般用途暫存Is位址安排的方塊圖。
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第5頁 475148 五、發明說明(2) 【符號說明】 1 0〜通訊系統; 1 2〜運用硬體的多執行緒處理器; 13a〜10/100 BaseT八進位媒體存取控制; 13b〜十億位元乙太網路裝置; 14〜PCI匯流排; 1 6〜記憶體系統; 16a〜同步動態隨機存取記憶體(SDRAM); 1 6b〜靜態隨機存取記憶體(sRAM ); 1 6 c〜快閃唯讀記憶體; 1 8〜第二匯流排; 2 0〜核心處理器; 22〜功能微程式引擎; 22a-22f〜微程式弓1擎; 24〜PCI匯流排界面; 26a〜同步動態隨機存取記憶體(SDRAM)控制器; 2 6b〜靜態隨機存取記憶體(SRAM )控制器; 2 7〜便條式記憶體; 28〜先進先出匯流排(FIFO Bus: FBUS)界面; 29a〜輸入與輸出FIFOs ; 29b〜輸入與輸出FIFOs ; 3 0〜先進系統匯流排(ASB )轉譯器; 3 2〜内部核心處理器匯流排;
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第6頁 475148 五、發明說明(3) 34〜非公開匯流排; 3 8〜記憶體匯流才非; 50〜精簡指令集運算(RISC )核心; 52〜十六仟位元組指令快取(16-kilobyte instruction cache ); 54〜、八仟位元組資料快取(8-kilobyte data cache ); 5 6〜預先擷取資料串缓衝區; 7 0〜控制儲存; 72〜控制器邏輯; 72a-72d 〜程式計數器(Program Counter: PC)單 元; 7 3〜指令解碼器; 7 4〜内容事件切換邏輯; 7 6〜執行盒資料路徑;
76a 〜算術邏輯單元(arithmetic 1〇gic unit: ALU ); 76b 般用途暫存器組(general-purpose register set ); 78〜寫入移轉暫存器堆疊; 8 0〜讀取移轉暫存器堆疊; 【較佳實施例的詳細說明】 參妝第1圖,通訊系統丨〇包括處理器丨2。在一實施例
475148 五、發明說明(4) :接硬體的多執行绪處理器12。處理器12被 -匯产排lZ。對進流排14的匯流排’記憶體系統16以及第 一匯/瓜排18對於可以被分割成Λ平粁工丁柞七7叙从丁 作,系統10是牿^為千们工作或函數的工 非潛伏時間導“也有幫的。特別地,對於頻寬導向而 有I Μ 。潷^ 、工作,運用硬體的多執行緒處理器1 2是 擎22,計硬體的多執行緒處理器12擁有多微程式引 栌制u V壬式引擎22具有多硬體控制執行 '緒,多硬體 控制執订緒可以被同時地啟動與獨立地活動於工作。 運用硬體的多執行緒處理器12也包括中央控制器2〇, 的2〇協助裝載用於運用硬體的多執行緒處理器12 :' I ί之微程式碼控制以及完成其他通用電腦類型函 數’例如管理協定,異f,對於封包處理的額外支援,1 m擎=成?包的較詳細處理,*同在邊界狀’、 )。在日一^把例中,處理器20是運用strong Ar_的架構 jAoi疋央國ARM公司的商標)。通用型微處理謂具有作 業糸統。經過作業系統,處理器2〇可以今叫函數以運 微程式㈣2a-22f。處理器20可以使用任何支援的作Ύ 糸統,敢好是即時作業系統。對於實現為Str〇ng ' 的核心處理器20 ’ 例如M1Crosoft-NT real_time, VXWorks與/zCUS,可於網際網路得到的免費軟 統,之類的作業系統可以被使用。 、 下菜糸 用硬體的多執行緒處理器12也包括複數功能微 擎2 2 a - 2 2 f。每一個功能微程式引擎(微輕 ; 22a-m維持硬體中的複數程式計數器與關連於程式計數
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第8頁 475148 五、發明說明(5) 器的狀態。實際上,當在任何時間只有一個是真正地運 算,對應的一些執行緒集合可以被同時地啟動於二^ 微程式引擎22a-22ί。 的 每一微程式引擎22a-22f具有用於處理四個硬體執 緒的能力。微程式引擎22a-22f與包括記憶體系統16及匯 流排界面24與28的共享資源一起運算。記憶體系統16乡括 同步動態隨機存取記憶體(SDRAM)控制器26a與靜態g機
存取記憶體(SRAM )控制H26b。SDRAM記憶體16a與SDRAM 控制恭2 6 a通常被使用於處理大量的資料,例如,來自網 路封包的網路費用的處理。SRAM控制器26b與“龍記憶體 1 6b被使用在,例如電腦網絡封包處理、後稿語言處理 器,或者作為用於如RAiD磁碟儲存的儲存子系統的處理 器’或者用於低潛伏時間,快速存取工作,例如,存取查 詢表格,用於核心處理器2 〇的記憶體等等。 處理器1 2包括連接處理器至第二匯流排丨8的匯流排界 面28 °在一實施例中,匯流排界面28連接處理器1 2至被通 稱為FBUS 18 (先進先出匯流排FIFO BUS )。處理器12包 括第二界面’例如PCI匯流排界面24,其連接存在於pCI匯 流排1 4上的其他系統組件至處理器1 2。PC I匯流排界面24 ,供高速資料路徑24a至SDRAM記憶體16a。經由該路徑, f料可以從SDRAM 16a經過PCI匯流排14快速地被移動,憑 藉直接5己憶體存取(direct memory access - DMA)移 每一功能置元被連接至一或多個内部匯流排。内部匯
475148 五、發明說明(6) 2排是雙數,Z十二位元匯流排(換言之,一匯 項取以及另一匯流排用於寫入)。運用硬體的多 f 理器12也是被構成以致在處理器12中的肉邱應、ώ祕^^者處 璁和超過内部匯流排連接至處理器1 2的相♦ 者田α , ^ - 夕只見。嚴理器1 9办 括内邛核心處理器匯流排32,例如先進系統匯流排^ ),此匯•流排連接處理器核心至記憶體控制器26a、2讣 及至說明於下文中的先進系統匯流排(asb )轉譯器3〇。乂 ASB ®流棑是所謂的先進微控制器匯流排架構(amba )、 子集合,AMBA是與Strong Arm處理器核心2〇 一起被使用的。 處理為1 2也包括連接微程式引擎單元22至⑽―控制器 2 6b、ASB轉譯器30與FBUS界面28的非公開匯流排34即 (private bus)。記憶體匯流排38連接記憶體控制器 2 6a、2 6b至匯流排界面24與28以及記憶體系統16包括被使 用於開機逹异等等的快閃唯讀記憶體1 6 C。 參照第2圖’每一個的微程式引擎22a-22f包括檢查旗 標以決定被運算於其上的可利用執行緒之仲裁器。來自微 程式引擎22a-22f的任何執行緒可以存取同步動態隨機存 取記憶體(SDRAM )控制器26a、靜態隨機存取記憶體 (SRAM )控制1126b或者先進先出匯流排(FBUS )界面 28。每一記憶體控制器26a與2 6b包括為了儲存未解決的 記憶體參照要求之複數佇列。在用於標示何時服務是被授 權的中斷旗標之外’ FBUS界面28支援對於MAC裝置支援的 每一埠的傳送與接收旗標。FMS界面28也包括完成從FBUS 進來封包的標頭處理之控制器28a。控制器28a設法得到封
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第10頁 475148 五、發明說明(7) 包標頭並且完成於SRAM 1 6b中的微程式可編程序的來源/ 終點/協定雜湊查詢(H a s h e d 1 ο 〇 k u p )(使用於位址平滑 )° 核心處理器2 0存取共享資源。核心處理器2 〇具有經由 匯流排32至SDRAM控制器26a、至匯流排界面24與至SRAM控 制器26b然而,為了存取微程式引擎22a-22f以及移轉位 於任何微程式引擎2 2 a - 2 2 f中的暫存器,核心處理器2 0經 由ASB轉譯器30跨過匯流排34而存取微程式引擎22a-22f。 ASB轉譯器30可以實際上存在於FBUs界面28,但是邏輯上 是有區別的。ASB轉譯器30完成在FBUS微程式引擎移轉暫 存裔位置與核心處理器位址(亦即ASB匯流排)之間的位 址轉譯以便心處理器2〇可以存取屬於微程式引擎22a-22f 的暫存器。 雖然微程式引擎2 2可以使用暫存器組以交換資料如以 下所說明,便條式記憶體27也被提供以允許微程式引擎寫 出資料至記憶體而作為其他微程式引擎讀取。便條式記憶 體27是連接至匯流排34。 處理器核心2 0包括精簡指令集運算(r I sc )核心5 0, 精間指令集運异(R I S C )核心5 〇實現於五級管線而完成一 運异元或兩運算元的單一週期位移於單一週期中,提供乘 法支援與三十二位元桶形位移支援。此R丨sc核心5 0是標準 S t r ο n g A r 的架構,但是為了效能原因而被實現於五級 管線。處理器核心2 0也包括十六仔位元組指令快取 (16-kilobyte instruction cache) 52,八仟位元組資
1057-3411-PF.ptd
475148 五、發明說明(8) 科快取(8-kilobyte data cache) 54與預先擷取資料串 緩衝區(prefetch stream buffer ) 56。核心處理器完 成异術運算平行於記憶體寫入與指令擷取。核心處理器2 Q 經由ARM所定義的ASB匯流排與其他功能單元接合。ASB匯 流排是三十二位元雙向匯流排3 2。 參照•第3圖,範例的微程式引擎22 f包括控制儲存7〇, 其包括儲存微程式的RAM。微程式是可由核心處理器2 〇所 載入。微程式引擎22f也包括控制器邏輯72。控制器邏輯 72包括指令解碼器73與程式計數器(prograin counter: PC)單元72a-72d。四個微程式計數器72a-72d是保留於硬 體中。微程式引擎22f也包括内容事件切換邏輯74。内容 事件邏輯7 4接收來自每一個共享章源的訊息(例如, SEQ—#—EVENT—RESPONSE ; FBI—EVENT—RESPONSE ;
SRAM—EVENT一RESPONSE ; SDRAM—EVENT—RESPONSE ;與 ASB —EVENT —RESPONSE),共享資源例如SRAM 26a,SDRAM 2 6 b,或處理器核心2 0,控制與狀態暫存器等等。這些訊 息提供被要求的功能是否已經完成的資訊。基於由執行緒 所要求的功能是否已經完成與用信號通知完成,執行緒需 要等待該完成信號,以及假如執行緒被賦予運算的能力, 接著執行緒被放置於可適用執行緒名冊中(未顯示)。微 程式引擎22f可以具有四個可適用執行緒的最大值。 除了局部至執行中的執行緒的事件信號之外,微程式 引擎2 2 a - 2 2 f利用總體的“被發送狀態。具有信號發送狀 態,執行中的執行緒可以播送信號狀態至所有的微程式引
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第12頁 475148 五、發明說明(9) 擎22a — 22f。接收要求可適用(Receive Request Avai iable )信號,在微程式引擎22a — 22f中的任何與所有 執行緒可以分支於這些信號發送狀態上。這些信號發送狀 態可以被使用以決定資源的可適用性或者是否資源是到期 而可以服務。 内容淳件邏輯74具有對於四個執行緒的仲裁。在一實 施例中> 5仲裁是循環賽機制。其他技術可以被使用,包括 1憂,=排序或者權重公正排序。微程式引擎22f也包括執 行孤資料路徑76 (execution box data path),執行盒 資料路徑76包括算術邏輯單元(arithmetic 1〇gic unit ) -、身又用途暫存器組(general-purpose regi ster = :异術邏輯單元76a如同夢位函數般地完成算術 二算術邏輯置元包括條件程式碼位元,其被以 、曰τ所使用。暫存器組76b具有相當數 般用途暫存器,一妒H、公献士 、π仰田入歡曰曰] 對地與絕對地可尋=被開窗以至於它們是相 暫存器堆疊78 *續取移鏟ΐ J式引擎⑶也包括寫入移轉 80也是被開窗以至於:堆疊8〇。這些暫存器78與 入移轉暫存器堆疊。目^與絕對地可尋址的。寫 似地’讀取移轉暫存器堆曇8。2 :料f ?被找出。相 料。與資料到達同時發生"::從共享資源傳回資 2 6a,SDRAM控制琴$巩,來自例如SRAM控制器 信號事件將被提Γ至事或 可適用或已經被送出裁為74,其將接著改變資料是
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第13頁 出的執行緒。移轉暫存器儲存所78與80 475148 五、發明說明(ίο) 兩者是經過資料路徑而被連接至執 參照第4圖,料兹彳以罄次」 1 (EBOX ) 76 0 (5—stage “cro% 二 lne\y 路^= 的查詢82a,暫存器列位址的形成 元讀取82c,ALU移位或比較運算82d,與結暫果至暫歹^運鼻 寫回82e藉由提供寫回資料旁路進入alu ,抑的 及藉由假設暫存器是實現為塹在w 早疋,以 ^1〇疋貝現為暫存态列(而非RAM ),微短 式引予 '以完成同時發生的暫存器^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 地隱藏寫入運算。 入’其完全 • ,^援於微程式引擎22a-22f中的指令集支援條件 叉。袁差狀況的條件分支潛伏時間(不包括跳躍)發生7 當分支決定是由前一微程式控制捐令所指定的條件^ 的結果。潛伏時間顯示於以下第1表中: 工碼 第1表
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 微儲存査詢 nl cb π2 XX bl b2 b3 b4 ^^器位址產生 nl cb XX XX bl bl b3 暫存器縱列査詢 nl cb XX XX bl b2 ALU/位移器/cc i ! ί_ nl cb XX XX bl 寫ΕΪ 1 m2 nl cb XX XX 其中nx是預先分支微程式字組(nl設定cc’s) ,cbi
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第14頁
4/5148 五 、發明說明(ll)
^仵分支,bx疋後分支微程式字組以及χχ是被終止的微程 式字組 八如第1表所不,直到週期4時η 1的條件碼被設定,以及 ^ f決定可以被做出(在此狀況中導致分支路徑被查詢於 泛,月5中)。微程式引擎帶來2週期分支潛伏時間損失,因 =其必須•終止在管道中的運算“與"(該2微程式字組直 义位於分支後),在分支路徑開始以運算“裝滿管道之 =假^分支不發生,沒有微程式字組被終止以及執行正 =地Μ縯。彳政私式引擎具有幾個機制以減少或消除實際的 分支潛伏時間。 、
八微程式引擎支援可選擇的被延遲分支。可選擇的延遲 刀支是s Μ耘式引擎允許在分支冬後的丨或2微程式指令發 ^於分支生效之前(即分支的效應在時間上是被延遲地 ^ 口此,饭如有用工作可以被發現而填充在分支微程式 子組之後被浪費的週期,於是分支潛伏時間可以被隱藏。 1週期延遲分支顯示於第2表中,此處n2被允許執行於吮之 後5但是於bl之前:
475148 五、發明說明(12) 第2表
1 2 3 }-- 4 5 6 7 — 8 微儲存査詢 N1 cb n2 XX bl b2 b3 b4 暫存器位址產生 nl cb n2 XX bl b2 b3 暫存器縱列査詢 nl cb o2 XX bl b2 ALU/位移器/cc nl j cb n2 XX bl 寫Θ ! nl cb n2 XX 2週期延遲分支顯示於第3表中,此處Μ與n3兩者被允 許完成在至bl的分支之前。要注意的是2週期分 被允許在當條件碼被指定於在分支之前的微p ^避1 Λ庄式字組。
微程式引擎也支援條件碼估算。假如做出分 — 條件碼是在分支之前設定2或者更多微程式字έ μ决&的 \ 丁組,缺德〗周 期的分支潛伏時間可以被消除,因為分支決定〜&邊
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第16頁 又」Μ在早於 475148 五、發明說明(13) 1週期之前被做出,如同第4表中。 第4表
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 微儲存査5句 nl n2 cb XX bl b2 b3 b4 麯 暫存器位址產生 nl n2 cb XX bl b2 b3 暫存器縱列査詢 nl n2 cb XX bl bl ALU/位移器/cc nl nl cb XX bl 寫S? nl nl cb XX 在此例子中,η 1設定條件碼以及n2不設定條件碼。因 而,分支決定可以於週期4做出(㈤不是週期5 ),而消除 1週期的分支潛伏時間。在第5表中的例子中,1週期分支 延遲與條件碼的提前設定被相互結合而完全地隱藏分支潛 伏時間。亦即,條件碼(cc’ s )被設定於1週期延遲分支 之前的2個週期。
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第17頁 475148 五、發明說明(14) 第5表 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 微儲存查詢 nl cb n2 η3 bl b2 b3 b4 暫存器位址產生 1 nl η2 cb η3 bl b2 b3 暫存器縱列査詢 nl 〇2 cb 〇3 bl b2 ALU/位移器/cc nl η2 cb n3 bl 寫EJ nl n2 cb n3 在條件碼不能被提前設定的狀況中(它們被設定於分 支之前的微程式字組中),微程式引擎支援分支猜測而嘗 試減少1週期的暴露的保留分支潛伏時間。藉由’’猜測π分 支路徑或者循序路徑,在明確地知道哪一路徑被執行之 前,微程式定序器預先擷取被猜測路徑的1週期。假如猜 測正確,1週期的分支潛伏時間被消除如第6表中所示。
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第18頁 475148 五、發明說明(15) 第6表 積測分支發生/分支發生 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 微儲存査詢 nl Cb nl bl b2 b3 b4 b5 暫存器位址產生 NI cb XX bl bl b3 b4 暫¥器縱列查詢 nl cb XX ; ' bl b2 b3 ALU/位移器/cc ! nl cb XX bl hi 寫回 nl cb XX bl 假如微程式碼猜測分支發生不正確時,微程式引擎依 然只有浪費1週期,如第7表中 第7表
猜測分支發生/分支7 P發生 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 微儲存査詢 nl cb nl XX nl n3 n4 n5 暫存器位址產生 nl cb nl XX n2 n3 n4 暫存器縱列査詢 nl cb nl XX nl n3 ALU/位移器/cc nl cb nl XX n2 寫Θ nl cb nl XX 無論如何,當微程式碼猜測一個分支是不發生時,潛 伏時間損失是不同地分佈。如同在第8表中,對於猜測分
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第19頁 475148 五、發明說明(16) 支不發生/分支是不發生時是不浪費週其月 第8表 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 徼储存査询 m cb nl nl — n3 n4 n5 n6 暫為器位址產生 nl cb nl n2 n3 n4 n5 暫存器縱列查詢 nl cb nl nl n3 n4 ALU/位移器/cc nl cb nl n2 n3 寫回 nl cb nl n2 無論如何,如同在第9表中,對於猜測分支不發生/分 支是發生時有2浪費的週期。 , 第9表
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 微儲存査詢 nl cb nl XX bl bl b3 b4 暫存器位址產生 nl cb XX XX bl bl b3 暫存器縱列査詢 nl cb XX XX bl hi ALU/位移器/cc nl cb XX XX bl 寫S? nl cb XX XX 微程式引擎可以結合分支猜測與1週期分支延遲而進 一步地改善結果。對於猜測分支發生與1週期延遲分支/分
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第20頁 475148 五、發明說明(17) 支是發生是在第10表中。 第10表 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 微儲存査詢 nl cb n2 bl b2 b3 b4 b5 暫存器位址產生 nl cb n2 bl hi b3 b4 暫存器縱列査詢 nl cb nl bl b2 b3 ALU/位移器/cc nl cb n2 bl b2 寫回 ! i 丨I nl cb : i n2 | bl 在以上狀況中,2週期的潛伏時間是藉由η 2的執行以 及藉由正確地猜測分支方向而被隱藏。 假如微程式碼猜測不正確,如以下所示,對於猜測分 支發生1週期延遲分支/分支不發生,1週期的潛伏時間維 持浪費,如同在第1 1表中。
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第21頁 475148 五、發明說明(18) 第11表 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 微儲存査詢 ni cb n2 XX n3 n4 n5 n6 n7 暫存器位址產生 nl cb n2 XX n3 n4 n5 n6 暫存器縱列査詢 ol cb n2 XX n3 n4 n5 ALU/位移器/cc nl cb n2 XX n3 n4 寫回 nl cb n2 XX n3 假如微程式碼正確地猜測分支不發生,然後管線循序 地流通於正常未受到擾亂的狀況。假如微程式碼不正確地 猜測分支不發生,微程式引擎再次浪費丨週期的無產出執 行,如第1 2表中所示。 1 第12表
1057-3411-PF.ptd ϋΜ分支不發生/分主發生。 1 2 3 4 -—Ί 5 6 7 Q 舞儲存査詢 nl cb n2 XX bi b2 b3 o b4 b5 M器位址產生 nl cb n2 XX bl b2 b3 UmJ b4 暫存器縱列査詢 nl cb n2 XX bl h? 逆^/位移器/CC nl cb n2 U x XX UjL bl kJJ b2 寫E? 1 ----— 一 --- cb n2 XX bl 第22頁 475148 五、發明說明(19) 其中ΠΧ是預先分支;^ cb是條件分支 程式字組(η 1設定c c,s ) bx是後分又微程式字組 XX是被終止的微程式字組 在跳耀指令的狀況中, 因為分支位址是未知的直至,丨 尾(第1 3表)。 招致3額外週期的潛伏時間, 跳躍位於ALU級中的週期的結
第13表 1 微儲存査詢 nl 暫存器位址產生 暫存器縱列査詢 ALU/位移器/cc 寫SJ
2 ----- jp^ nl 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 XX XX XX jl J2 j3 J4 jp XX XX XX jl j2 j3 nl Jp XX XX XX jl j2 nl jp XX XX XX jl nl jp XX XX XX 參照第5圖’微程式引擎支援不同種類的分支指令, 例如分支於條件程式碼之上。此外,微程式引擎也支援分 支於位元組是等於或者不等於特定位元組的分支指令。分 支於位元組指令” BR = BYTE”包括byte_ spec攔位°
BR=BYTE 5BR!= BR=BYTE 此分支指令分支至位於特定標籤上的指令,假如在長
475148 五、發明說明(20) -- 字組中的特定位元組符合或者不符合位元組比較數值 (byte — compare_vaiue ) 。br = byte 指令預先擷取用於"分 支發生” ("branch taken”)條#的指令而不是不一各循 序的指令。br= ! byte指令預先擷取下一各循序的指令—。這 些指令設定在微程式引擎中的條件程式碼。 格式>·· br=byte[reg, byte.spec, byte_compare_va1ue, label#], optional—token br-!byte[reg, byte—spec, byte—compare—value, label#], opt i ona1_token
Reg A是保留運算元的内容相關移轉暫存器或一般用 途暫存器。by te一spec數字具體指定在暫存器中被與 byte —compare — value作比較的位元組。有效的byte —spec 數值是0至3。數值0表示最右位元組。 byte_compare —value是使用於比較的數值。有效的 byte —compare —value是0至2 55。欄位label#是相對應指令 位址的符號標籤。指令也可以包括選項—記號 (optional—token )。在此例子中,選項—記號可以是延 遲一數值,其在完成分支運算之前,將執行在此指令以後 的1個指令。選項—記號也可以另外是延遲二指令,其允許 與br=! byte指令一起並且在完成分支運算之前5執行在此 指令以後的2個指令。選項—記號也可以另外是延遲三指 | 令,其允許與brMbyte指令一起並且其導致處理器在完成 分支運算之前,執行在此指令以後的3個指令。
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第24頁 475148 五、發明說明(21) 例子: lab上byte—spec,byte-_pare-vaiue, 从-代表比車父暫存器運异元的已調準位元組盘立卽 ,定的位元組數值之指令。byte_spec參數代表用於、比立^尸 準,元組(〇是最右位元組,3是最左位元組)^ 一 /、牛私式碼是由將指定位元組數值減去指定暫存哭# 數值符合,指定分支發生。因為以 為了用有用的工作填滿潛伏時間,〇、1、 器。刀又延遲被允許。暫存器可以是Α或者Β儲存所暫存 用暫2第6圖’兩種存在的暫存器位址分隔是本地可伸 存^。子z ’以及可被所有微程式引擎使用的總體可使、 (A儲存所\用8 :工:(G:RS )被實現為兩分隔儲存所 仔所與β儲存所),其位址是一字組宝 地相互插入以致於Α儲存所#存器且有lsb = 〇,以=為根據 寫^ ^ 有 母一儲存所有能力完成同時讀取t 寫入兩不同字組於其儲存所内部。 才,取與 =過儲存所A與B,暫存器組76b也被組織 2的四個窗口76b0 —76b3,對於每一執行緒是相董;:暫 存哭η的彳。因此,執行緒0將找尋其暫存器0於77a之上(: Γ ,執行緒1將找尋其暫存器0於77b之上(智少。。 ,執行緒2將找尋其暫存器〇於77(:之上(暫存器I‘子)盜32 475148 五、發明說明(22) 執行緒3將找尋其暫存器〇於77d之上 定址是被支援以致於多個執行緒可 用。相對 存與位置但是存取暫存器的不同=相同控制儲 只有使用雙埠RAMS於微程式引擎及元成。不同功能。 與儲,所定址的使用提供必需的讀暫存益冑口定址 這些開自暫存器不必從内容開咖… 料’以致於内容調換縱列或堆疊的正當梏:?關儲存資 除。此處的内容切換具有對於容产:推出被消 跨過一般用途暫存器的位址寬度/\暫存器儲存所成為 取任何相關於窗口起始點又、 。相對定址允許存 架構中,其中蔡由^ ,自口。絕對定址也被支援於此 對暫在哭山i由棱供暫存器的積確位址,任何一去 可以被任何執行緒所存取。 可以發生於兩種模式。二式,一般用途暫存器78的定址 式中,暫存器位定是絕對與相對。在絕對模 源攔位中(a6-a0赤hfi_hn$被直接地具體指定於7位元來
475148 五、發明說明(23) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 AGPR: a6 0 a5 a4 a3 a2 al aO a6=0 B GPR: b6 1 b5 b4 b3 b2 bl bO b6=0 SRAM/ASB: a6 a5 a4 0 a3 a2 al aO a6=l? a5=0? a4=0 μ SDRAM: a6 a5 a4 0 a3 a2 al aO a6=l,a5=0, a4=l 暫存器位址被直接地具體指定於8位元目的欄位中 (d7-d0 ): 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 AGPR: D7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 dl dO d7=0, d6=0 B GPR: d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 dl dO d7=0, d6=l SRAM/ASB: d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 dl dO d7=l? d6=0? d5=0 SDRAM: d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 dl dO d7=l? d6=0? d5=l 假如 <a6:a5> = l,l,<b6:b5> = l,l,<d7:d6> = l,l,接 著較低位元被詮釋為内容相關位址攔位(說明於下文中 )。當非相關A或B來源位址被具體指定於A,B的絕對欄位 中,只有SRAM/ASB與SDRAM位址空間的較低一半可以被定 址。實際上,讀取絕對SRAM/SDRAM裝置具有有效位址空 間;無論如何,因為此限制不應用至目的欄位,寫入 SRAM/SDRAM依然使用完整位址空間°
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第27頁 475148 五、發明說明(24) 在相對模式中,定址一個特定位址是在内容空間内部 由5位元來源欄位(a 4 - a 0與b 4 - b 0 )所定義的偏移量: I 7 6 5 4 3 2 i 0 A GPR: a4 0 context a3 a2 al aO a4=0 B GPR: b4 1 context b3 b2 bl bO b4=0 SRAM/ASB: ab4 0 ab3 context b2 bl abO ab4=l,ab3=0 SDRAM: ab4 0 ab3 context b2 bl abO ab4=l? ab3=lj 或者如同由6位元目的欄位中(d5-dO)所定義: 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 AGPR: d5 d4 context d3 d2 dl dO d5=0, d4=0 B GPR: d5 d4 context d3 d2 dl dO d5=0, d4=0 SRAM/ASB: d5 d4 d3 context d2 dl dO d5=l? d4=0? d3=0 SDRAM: d5 d4 d3 context d2 dl dO d5=l? d4=0? d3=l 假如<d5 : d4> = l,1,則目的位址不定址於一有效暫存 器,因此,沒有目的運算元被寫回。 雖然本發明已以較佳實施例揭露如上,然其並非闱以 限定本發明,任何熟習此技藝者,在不脫離本發明之精神 和範圍内,當可作更動與潤飾,因此本發明之保護範圍當
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第28頁 475148 五、發明說明(25) 視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。
1057-3411-PF.ptd 第29頁

Claims (1)

  1. 475148 六、申請專利範圍 1. 一種電麟指令,包括: 分支指令,其根據在暫存器中的位元組是等於或者不 等於指定位元組數值,假如該指定位元組符合或者不符合 該位元組數值而導致處理器從第一循序序列指令分支至不 同的循序序列指令。 2. 如、申請專利範圍第1項所述之指令,其中該分支是 至位於指定標籙上的指令。 3. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之指令,進一步地包 括: 位元位置欄位,其具體指定包括於該暫存器的長字組 中的該位元組。 4. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之指令,其中該分支指 令包括: 選項記號5其由程式設計師所設定以及具體指定數目 i的指令在完成該分支運算之前被執行於該分支指令之 後。 5. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之指令,其中該分支指 令包括: 選項記號,其由程式設計師所設定以及具體指定數目 i的指令在完成該分支運算之前被執行於該分支指令之 後,此處該指令數目可以被具體指定為一、二或者三。 6. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之指令,其中該暫存器 是保留運算元的内容相關移轉暫存器或一般用途暫存器。 7 β如申請專利範圍第1項所述之指令,其中該分支指
    1057-3411-PF.ptd 第30頁 475148 六、申請專利範圍 令包括: …八選項記號,其由程式設計師所設定以及其具體指定猜 1分”支預先擷取(guess—branch prefetch)用於該”分支 毛生π條件的該指令而不是該下一個循序指令。 8.如申請專利範圍第1項所述之指令,直中該分支指 令包括:Λ •,項記號,其由程式設計師所設定以及具體指定數目 1的指令在完成該分支運算之前被執行於該分支指令之 後9以及 —#第二選項記號,其由程式設計師所設定以及其具體指 分支預先擷取(gUeSS—branch prefetch)用於該” 刀支發生”條件的該指令而不是該下一個循序指令。 9·如申請專利範圍第1項所述之指令,其八> 令允許程式設計師選擇該暫在哭的哪 /刀又曰 分支運管。 $ ‘一的那一位兀使用於決定該 人1/.如申請專利範圍第i項所述之指令,其中該分 7允許分支根據在處理器的資# $ 發生。 貝,卞格位甲的位兀組的評估而 11. 如申請專利範圍第!項所述之指I,其中該 令由位元組符合該位元組數值%L # χ ^ 曰 _ ^ 向秀疋分支並且直中兮招令 預先擷取用於”分支發生”條件的該指令。 八4札、 12. 如申請專利範圍第所述之指令,1㈣ 令由位元組不符合該位元組數值而決定分/甘曰=二支$ 令預先擷取該下一個循序序列指令。 ,且八中該才曰
    1057-3411-PF.ptd 第31頁 •專利範圍 ^ 勹1 3·如申請專利範圍第1項所述之指令,其中該八 ^括Byte —spec數字,其指定在該暫存器中與位元%支指 e —compare —value )作比較的該位元組比 v _____ '戶斤述 較^括By te — SpeC數字’其指定在該暫存器中與+ 、 值(byte —compare —value )作比較的該位亓知 1 λ 匕?且。 個 一種存在於電腦可讀取媒體上而用以導致執〜夕 絲本容的處理器完成功能的電腦程式產品,包衽/行多 欵處理器“ 令而導 令 梅取儲存於暫存器中的位元組; 決定在該暫存器中的該位元組是否等於或不榮 於該指令中的指定位元組數值;以及 不專於包括 一根據該指定位元組是等於或不等於在該 位元避’完成甴分支指令所具雜指定的分支 日 1 5 ·如申請專利範圍第1 4項所述之產品, 疋至位於指定標籤上的指令。 暫存器中的 運算 其中該分支 1 6 ·如申請專利範圍第丨4項所述之產品,其中 包括分支指令,分支指令包括: … 位元位置欄位,其具體指定包括於該暫存器的長字組 中的該位元組。 1 7 β —種處理器,包括: 暫存器堆疊; 算術運算單元,其連接至該暫存器堆疊;以及 擷取儲存於暫存器中的位元組; 決定在该暫存器中的該位元組是否等於或不等於包括 於該指令中的指定位元組數值;以及 根據該指定位元組是等於或不等於在該暫存器中的該
    475148 六、申請專利範圍 位元組,完成由分支指令所具體指定的分支運算。 1 8.如申請專利範圍第1 7項所述之處理器,其中完成 該分支的指令分支至位於指定標籤上的指令。 1 9 ·如申請專利範圍第1 7項所述之處理器,其中在指 令中的位元位置襴位具體指定包括於該暫存器的長字組中 的該位元*'組。 2 0. —種運作處理器的方法,包括: 擷取儲存於暫存器中的位元組; 決定在該暫存器中的該位元組是否等於或不等於包括 於該指令中的指定位元組數值;以及 根據該指定位元組是等於或不等於在該暫存器中的該 位元組,完成由分支指令所具體捐定的分支運算。 2I如申請專利範圍第2 0項所述之方法,其中完成該 分支是分支至位於指定標籤上的指令。
    1057-3411-PF.ptd 第33頁
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CN1296818C (zh) 2007-01-24
CN1402845A (zh) 2003-03-12
WO2001018646A9 (en) 2002-09-12

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