TW202301982A - 具有殺蟲效用之分子,及其相關之組成物暨方法 - Google Patents
具有殺蟲效用之分子,及其相關之組成物暨方法 Download PDFInfo
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- YKUJZZHGTWVWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N triptolide Natural products COC12CC3OC3(C(C)C)C(O)C14OC4CC5C6=C(CCC25C)C(=O)OC6 YKUJZZHGTWVWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229950006929 uredepa Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBXFMOWZRXXBRN-LWKPJOBUSA-N valifenalate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC(=O)OC)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 DBXFMOWZRXXBRN-LWKPJOBUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VRNFXUOQGOAQBZ-DYXAMGHASA-N veratrin Chemical compound C1[C@@H](C)CC[C@H]2[C@](O)(C)[C@@]3(O)[C@@H](O)C[C@@]4(O)[C@@H]5CC[C@H]6[C@]7(C)CC[C@H](OC(=O)C(\C)=C/C)[C@@]6(O)O[C@@]75C[C@@]4(O)[C@@H]3CN21.C1=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=C1C(=O)O[C@@H]1[C@@]2(O)O[C@@]34C[C@@]5(O)[C@H](CN6[C@@H](CC[C@H](C)C6)[C@@]6(C)O)[C@]6(O)[C@@H](O)C[C@@]5(O)[C@@H]4CC[C@H]2[C@]3(C)CC1 VRNFXUOQGOAQBZ-DYXAMGHASA-N 0.000 description 1
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- IGJRPICXFFLHNU-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;1,3-benzoxazol-2-olate;s-(dimethylcarbamoylsulfanyl) n,n-dimethylcarbamothioate;1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorobenzene;1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane Chemical compound [Zn+2].C1=CC=C2OC([O-])=NC2=C1.C1=CC=C2OC([O-])=NC2=C1.CN(C)C(=O)SSC(=O)N(C)C.ClC1C(Cl)C(Cl)C(Cl)C(Cl)C1Cl.ClC1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1Cl IGJRPICXFFLHNU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 description 1
- AMHNZOICSMBGDH-UHFFFAOYSA-L zineb Chemical compound [Zn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S AMHNZOICSMBGDH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
- C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
- A01N25/04—Dispersions, emulsions, suspoemulsions, suspension concentrates or gels
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/12—Powders or granules
- A01N25/14—Powders or granules wettable
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/56—1,2-Diazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazoles
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/58—1,2-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,2-diazines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/10—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof
- A01N47/12—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof containing a —O—CO—N< group, or a thio analogue thereof, neither directly attached to a ring nor the nitrogen atom being a member of a heterocyclic ring
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
- A01P7/00—Arthropodicides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
- A01P9/00—Molluscicides
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
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Abstract
本發明的領域係關於具有針對節肢動物門、軟體動物門及線形動物門中之害蟲之殺蟲效用之分子、產生此類分子之方法、含有此類分子之殺蟲組成殺蟲效用之分子的組成物、及使用此類殺蟲組成物抵抗此類害蟲之方法。此等殺蟲組成物可例如用作殺蝨劑、殺昆蟲劑、殺蟎劑、殺軟體動物劑及殺線蟲劑。本文件揭示具有下式之分子。
Description
相關申請案之交叉引用
本申請案係請求於2018年6月8日提出申請之美國臨時申請案序號62/682248之權益及優先權。上述申請案之整個內容係以引用方式併入本申請案中。
本發明的領域係關於具有針對節肢動物門、軟體動物門及線形動物門中之害蟲之殺蟲效用之分子、產生此類分子之方法、含有此類分子之殺蟲組成物、及使用此類殺蟲組成物抵抗此類害蟲之方法。此等殺蟲組成物可例如用作殺蝨劑、殺昆蟲劑、殺蟎劑、殺軟體動物劑及殺線蟲劑。
「有許多最危險的人類疾病是由昆蟲媒介傳播的」(Rivero等人)。「由歷史上來看,瘧疾、登革熱、黃熱病、鼠疫、絲蟲病、蝨傳斑疹傷寒、錐蟲病(trypanomiasis)、萊什曼病(leishmaniasis)和其他病媒感染疾病,較所有其他病因的組合促成自17至20世紀初期更多的人類疾病與死亡」(Gubler)。病媒感染疾病佔全球寄生蟲病與傳染病約17%。僅僅瘧疾每年便造成超過800,000人死亡,這些死亡者有85%為五歲以下之孩童。每年約有五千萬至一億件案例之登革熱。每年另外發生250,000至500,000件案例之出血性登革熱(Matthews)。病媒防治在預防與控制感染性疾病方面扮演相當重要的角色。然而,在作為人類疾病主要病媒之所有昆蟲物種上已產生殺昆蟲劑抗性,包括多重殺昆蟲劑抗性(Rivero等人)。近來,超過550種節肢動物物種業已發展出對至少一種殺蟲劑之抗性(Whalon等人)。再者,昆蟲抗性的案例不斷地遠遠超越除草劑及殺真菌劑抗性的案例數目(Sparks等人)。
每年,昆蟲、植物病原體及野草破壞食物生產量的超過40%。儘管施用殺蟲劑及使用一系列廣泛的非化學防治劑(諸如輪作及生物防治劑),但此損失仍存在。只要可保存此食物中的一些,便可用於供養世界上超過三十億營養不良的人類(Pimental)。
植物寄生線蟲為分佈最廣的害蟲之一,且常常為最隱伏及代價高的害蟲之一。據估計,可歸因於線蟲的損失為已開發國家約9%至未開發國家約15%。然而,在美利堅合眾國,35個州對各種作物的調查指出線蟲衍生之損失高達25%(Nicol等人)。
應注意,腹足動物(蛞蝓及蝸牛)為經濟重要性低於其他節肢動物或線形動物的害蟲,但是在某些地方,腹足動物可能實質上減小產量,嚴重影響收穫產品的品質以及傳播人類、動物及植物疾病。雖然僅數十個種類的腹足動物為嚴重地區性害蟲,但少數種類為全球性的重要害蟲。尤其,腹足動物影響廣泛多種農業及園藝作物,諸如耕種作物、畜牧作物及纖維作物;蔬菜;灌木水果及喬木水果;草本植物;以及觀賞性植物(Speiser)。
白蟻對所有類型的私人及公共結構以及農業及林業資源造成損壞。在2005年,據估計白蟻每年在全球造成超過US$500億的損壞(Korb)。
因此,基於許多理由,包括上述之該等理由,持續需要昂貴的(據估計於2010年每種殺蟲劑大約2億5千6百萬美元)、耗時的(每種殺蟲劑平均大約10年),以及開發困難的新穎殺蟲劑(CropLife America)。
本發明中引用的一些參考文獻
CropLife America, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development & Registration, and Research & Development predictions for the Future, 2010。
Drewes, M., Tietjen, K., Sparks, T.C., High–Throughput Screening in Agrochemical Research,
Modern Methods in Crop Protection Research, Part I,
Methods for the Design and Optimization of New Active Ingredients, Jeschke, P., Kramer, W., Schirmer, U.及Matthias W.編, 第1–20頁, 2012。
Gubler, D., Resurgent Vector–Borne Diseases as a Global Health Problem, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 第4卷, 第3期, 第442–450頁, 1998。
Korb, J., Termites, Current
Biology, 第17卷, 第23期, 2007。
Matthews, G., Integrated Vector Management: Controlling Vectors of Malaria and Other Insect Vector Borne Diseases, 第1章, 第1頁, 2011。
Nicol, J., Turner S., Coyne, L., den Nijs, L., Hocksland, L., Tahna–Maafi, Z., Current Nematode Threats to World Agriculture,
Genomic and Molecular Genetics of Plant – Nematode Interactions, 第21–43頁, 2011。
Pimental, D., Pest Control in World Agriculture,
Agricultural Sciences– 卷II, 2009。
Rivero, A., Vezilier, J., Weill, M., Read, A., Gandon, S., Insect Control of Vector–Borne Diseases: When is Insect Resistance a Problem?
Public Library of Science Pathogens, 第6卷, 第8期, 第1–9頁, 2010。
Sparks T.C., Nauen R., IRAC: Mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management,
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology(2014) 可於2014年12月4日線上取得。
Speiser, B., Molluscicides,
Encyclopedia of Pest Management, 第219章, 第506–508頁, 2002。
Whalon, M., Mota–Sanchez, D., Hollingworth, R., Analysis of Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods,
Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, 第1章, 第5–33頁, 2008。
本發明中所使用的定義
這些定義中給出之實例一般為非詳盡的且不能被解釋為限制本發明。應理解,取代基應符合與其所連接之特定分子相關之化學鍵結規則及空間相容性限制。此等定義僅用於本揭示的目的。
用語「活性成分」係意指一種材料,其具有控制害蟲有用的活性,及/或其有用於協助其他材料有更好的控制害蟲之活性,此等材料的實例包括但不限於:殺蝨劑、除藻劑、拒食劑、殺鳥劑(avicide)、殺菌劑、驅鳥劑、化學絕育劑、殺真菌劑、除草劑安全劑、除草劑、誘蟲劑、驅蟲劑、殺昆蟲劑、驅哺乳動物劑、交配干擾劑、殺軟體動物劑、殺線蟲劑、植物活化劑、植物生長調節劑、滅鼠劑、協力劑、以及殺病毒劑(見alanwood.net)。此等材料的特定實例包括但不限於活性成分群組α之中列出的材料。
用語「活性成分群組α」(此後稱為“AIGA”)」係共同意指下列材料:
(1) (3-乙氧基丙基)溴化汞、1,2-二溴乙烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,2-二氯丙烷、1,3-二氯丙烯、1-MCP、1-甲基環丙烯、1-萘酚、2-(辛基硫基)乙醇、2,3,3-TPA、2,3,5-三碘苯甲酸、2,3,6-TBA、2,4,5-T、2,4,5-TB、2,4,5-TP、2,4-D、2,4-DB、2,4-DEB、2,4-DEP、2,4-DES、2,4-DP、2,4-MCPA、2,4-MCPB、2iP、2-甲氧基乙基氯化汞、2-苯基酚、3,4-DA、3,4-DB、3,4-DP、3,6-二氯吡啶甲酸、4-胺基吡啶、4-CPA、4-CPB、4-CPP、4-羥基苯乙基醇、8-羥基喹啉硫酸鹽、8-苯基汞氧基喹啉、阿巴美丁(abamectin)、阿巴美丁胺甲基(abamectin-aminomethyl)、脫落酸(abscisic acid)、ACC、毆殺松(acephate)、亞醌蟎(acequinocyl)、亞滅培(acetamiprid)、家蠅磷(acethion)、乙草胺(acetochlor)、三氯殺蟲酯(acetofenate)、乙酯磷(acetophos)、乙醯蟲腈(acetoprole)、阿拉酸式苯(acibenzolar)、亞喜芬(acifluorfen)、苯草醚(aclonifen)、ACN、內醯吖庚胺(acrep)、阿納寧(acrinathrin)、丙烯醛(acrolein)、丙烯腈、阿西諾納皮(acynonapyr)、阿西佩它克斯(acypetacs)、阿斐多匹朋(afidopyropen)、阿福藍(afoxolaner)、拉草(alachlor)、鈉得爛(alanap)、棉鈴威(alanycarb)、阿苯達唑(albendazole)、得滅克(aldicarb)、得滅克碸、十二嗎啉(aldimorph)、涕滅碸威(aldoxycarb)、阿特靈(aldrin)、亞列寧(allethrin)、蒜素(allicin)、草毒死(allidochlor)、阿洛胺菌素(allosamidin)、亞汰草(alloxydim)、烯丙醇、除害威(allyxycarb)、亞羅列克(alorac)、α-賽滅寧(alpha-cypermethrin)、α-安殺番(alpha-endosulfan)、亞滅寧(alphamethrin)、六甲嘧胺(altretamine)、磷化鋁(aluminium phosphide)、磷化鋁(aluminum phosphide)、辛唑嘧菌胺(ametoctradin)、特津酮(ametridione)、草殺淨(ametryn)、草殺淨(ametryne)、特草嗪酮(amibuzin)、胺唑草酮(amicarbazone)、拌種靈(amicarthiazol)、賽硫磷(amidithion)、磺胺蟎酯(amidoflumet)、醯嘧磺隆(amidosulfuron)、滅害威(aminocarb)、環丙嘧啶酸(aminocyclopyrachlor)、氯胺吡啶酸(aminopyralid)、胺基比芬(aminopyrifen)、胺三唑、甲基胺草磷(amiprofos-methyl)、胺草磷(amiprofos)、甲基胺草磷(amiprophos-methyl)、安美速(amisulbrom)、阿米通(amiton)、三亞蟎(amitraz)、殺草強(amitrole)、胺磺酸銨鹽、代森銨(amobam)、非晶形矽膠、非晶形二氧化矽、胺基丙基磷酸(ampropylfos)、AMS、毒藜鹼(anabasine)、嘧啶醇(ancymidol)、敵菌靈(anilazine)、莎稗磷(anilofos)、疏草隆(anisuron)、蒽醌(anthraquinone)、安妥(antu)、唑磷嗪(apholate)、殺蟎特(aramite)、殘殺威(arprocarb)、三氧化二砷、福美砷(asomate)、阿司匹靈(aspirin)、磺草靈(asulam)、乙基殺撲磷(athidathion)、阿特拉通(atraton)、草脫淨(atrazine)、金色制黴素(aureofungin)、阿維菌素B1(avermectin B1)、AVG、四烯雌酮(aviglycine)、氧環唑(azaconazole)、印苦楝子素(azadirachtin)、草芬定(azafenidin)、亞滅松(azamethiphos)、滅蚜松(azidithion)、四唑嘧磺隆(azimsulfuron)、乙基谷速松(azinphosethyl)、乙基谷速松(azinphos-ethyl)、谷速松(azinphosmethyl)、谷速松(azinphos-methyl)、疊氮津(aziprotryn)、滅蘇民(aziprotryne)、塞侖(azithiram)、偶氮苯(azobenzene)、亞環錫(azocyclotin)、偶氮磷(azothoate)、亞托敏(azoxystrobin)、菊乙胺酯(bachmedesh)、燕麥靈(barban)、燕麥靈(barbanate)、六氟矽酸鋇、多硫化鋇、矽氟化鋇(barium silicofluoride)、熏蟲菊(barthrin)、鹼性碳酸銅、鹼性氯化銅、鹼性硫酸銅、BCPC、氟丁醯草胺(beflubutamid)、氟丁醯草胺-M、本達樂(benalaxyl)、本達樂-M、草除靈(benazolin)、醯苯草酮(bencarbazone)、苯氯噻(benclothiaz)、苯嗒嗪丙酯(bendaqingbingzhi)、免敵克(bendiocarb)、苯達松(bendioxide)、氟草胺(benefin)、倍尼芬(benfluralin)、免扶克(benfuracarb)、呋草黃(benfuresate)、苯嘧磺草胺(benmihuangcaoan)、麥銹靈(benodanil)、免賴得(benomyl)、解草酮(benoxacor)、苯噁磷(benoxafos)、敵菌腙(benquinox)、免速隆(bensulfuron)、地散磷(bensulide)、免速達(bensultap)、丙唑草隆(bentaluron)、噻草平(bentazon)、本達隆(bentazone)、苯噻菌胺酯(benthiavalicarb)、佈生(benthiazole)、滅草丹(benthiocarb)、草嗪(bentranil)、胺酸殺(benzadox)、殺藻胺(benzalkonium chloride)、辛烯酸(benzamacril)、異噁草胺(benzamizole)、抑菌啉(benzamorf)、六氯化苯、雙苯嘧草酮(benzfendizone)、苄基亞胺(benzimine)、苄草胺(benzipram)、苯并雙環酮(benzobicyclon)、硫丹(benzoepin)、吡草酮(benzofenap)、氟草黄(benzofluor)、苯甲羥肟酸(benzohydroxamic acid)、苯蟎特(benzomate)、伏殺硫磷(benzophosphate)、苯并噻二唑(benzothiadiazole)、苯并烯氟菌唑(benzovindiflupyr)、西脫蟎(benzoximate)、新燕靈(benzoylprop)、吡唑醯胺(benzpyrimoxan)、噻草隆(benzthiazuron)、苯唑草酮(benzuocaotong)、苯甲酸苄酯、苄基腺嘌呤(benzyladenine)、小蘗鹼(berberine)、β-賽扶寧(beta-cyfluthrin)、β-賽滅寧(beta-cypermethrin)、貝殺辛(bethoxazin)、BHC、雙丙氨膦(bialaphos)、氟吡草酮(bicyclopyrone)、必芬蟎(bifenazate)、必芬諾(bifenox)、畢芬寧(bifenthrin)、吡氟菌酯(bifujunzhi)、畢拉草(bilanafos)、樂殺蟎(binapacryl)、病氰硝(bingqingxiao)、烯丙菊酯(bioallethrin)、戊環苄呋菊酯(bioethanomethrin)、生物氯菊酯(biopermethrin)、右旋反滅蟲菊酯(bioresmethrin)、聯苯、甲胺硫吖磷(bisazir)、葉枯唑(bismerthiazol)、葉枯唑-銅(bismerthiazol-copper)、雙苯基汞亞甲基二(x-萘-y-磺酸酯)、雙草醚(bispyribac)、雙三氟蟲脲(bistrifluron)、殺蟲雙(bisultap)、比多農(bitertanol)、硫氯酚(bithionol)、聯苯吡菌胺(bixafen)、必賜洛宗(bixlozone)、殺稻瘟菌素S(blasticidin-S)、硼砂、波爾多混合液(Bordeaux mixture)、硼酸、白克列(boscalid)、BPPS、油菜素內酯(brassinolide)、乙基油菜素内酯(brassinolide-ethyl)、小蠹性信息素(brevicomin)、可滅鼠(brodifacoum)、苄蟎醚(brofenprox)、溴滅菊酯(brofenvalerate)、溴蟲氟苯雙醯胺(broflanilide)、溴氟菊酯(brofluthrinate)、克草(bromacil)、撲滅鼠(bromadiolone)、二溴磷(bromchlophos)、溴殺靈(bromethalin)、溴苄呋菊酯(bromethrin)、溴苯烯磷(bromfenvinfos)、溴乙醯胺、糠草腈(bromobonil)、溴丁醯草胺(bromobutide)、溴西克林(bromociclen)、保滿丹(bromocyclen)、溴-DDT(bromo-DDT)、殺草全(bromofenoxim)、溴硫磷(bromofos)、溴甲烷、溴硫磷(bromophos)、乙基溴硫磷(bromophos-ethyl)、新殺蟎(bromopropylate)、溴菌腈(bromothalonil)、溴苯腈(bromoxynil)、溴殺草敏(brompyrazon)、溴克座(bromuconazole)、溴硝醇(bronopol)、BRP、BTH、增效特(bucarpolate)、必克蝨(bufencarb)、特克草(buminafos)、布瑞莫(bupirimate)、布芬淨(buprofezin)、勃艮第混合液(Burgundy mixture)、白消安(busulfan)、白消安(busulphan)、特丁威(butacarb)、丁基拉草(butachlor)、氟丙嘧草酯(butafenacil)、牧草胺(butam)、抑草磷(butamifos)、丁烷氟蟲腈(butane-fipronil)、特嘧硫磷(butathiofos)、烯草胺(butenachlor)、丁烯氟蟲腈(butene-fipronil)、苄烯菊酯(butethrin)、丁硫咪唑酮(buthidazole)、得滅多(buthiobate)、丁噻隆(buthiuron)、脱葉亞磷(butifos)、佈嘉信(butocarboxim)、布托酯(butonate)、避蚊酮(butopyronoxyl)、 丁酮碸威(butoxycarboxim)、比達寧(butralin)、葉銹特(butrizol)、丁苯草酮(butroxydim)、播土隆(buturon)、丁胺、拔敵草(butylate)、丁酯磷(butylchlorophos)、丁烯氟蟲腈(butylene-fipronil)、二甲次胂酸(cacodylic acid)、硫線磷(cadusafos)、苯酮唑(cafenstrole)、鈣化醇(calciferol)、砷酸鈣、氯酸鈣、氰胺化鈣、氰化鈣、多硫化鈣、鈣殺畏(calvinphos)、克草胺酯(cambendichlor)、毒殺芬(camphechlor)、樟腦、四氯丹(captafol)、蓋普丹(captan)、安百畝(carbam)、嗎菌威(carbamorph)、氯滅殺威(carbanolate)、卡巴立(carbaril)、加保利(carbaryl)、卡巴草靈(carbasulam)、卡巴松(carbathion)、貝芬替(carbendazim)、多菌靈(carbendazol)、卡草胺(carbetamide)、卡波硫磷(carbofenotion)、加保扶((carbofuran)、二硫化碳、四氯化碳、羰基硫、三硫磷(carbophenothion)、馬拉硫磷(carbophos)、丁基加保扶(carbosulfan)、特急唑威(carboxazole)、羰基化物、萎銹靈(carboxin)、克繁草(carfentrazone)、加普胺(carpropamid)、培丹(cartap)、香芹酚(carvacrol)、香旱芹酮(carvone)、CAVP、CDAA、CDEA、CDEC、滅胞素(cellocidin)、CEPC、賽拉羅(ceralure)、敵菌腙(cerenox)、沙巴草(cevadilla)、赤善特混合物(Cheshunt mixture)、喹硫磷(chinalphos)、甲基喹硫磷(chinalphos-méthyl)、蟎離丹(chinomethionat)、滅蟎猛(chinomethionate)、精苯霜靈(chiralaxyl)、幾丁聚醣、克氯綜(chlobenthiazone)、甲氧除草醚(chlomethoxyfen)、氯醛糖(chloralose)、草滅平(chloramben)、氯胺磷、氯黴素(chloramphenicol)、雙胺靈(chloraniformethan)、四氯苯醌、丁醯草胺(chloranocryl)、賽速安勃(chlorantraniliprole)、塊禾靈(chlorazifop)、可樂津(chlorazine)、氯殺蟎(chlorbenside)、滅幼脲(chlorbenzuron)、冰片丹(chlorbicyclen)、氯溴隆(chlorbromuron)、氯草靈(chlorbufam)、氯丹(chlordane)、十氯酮(chlordecone)、殺蟲脒(chlordimeform)、氯烯炔菊酯(chlorempenthrin)、防霉靈(chloretazate)、乙烯利(chlorethephon)、氯氧磷(chlorethoxyfos)、乙氧苯隆(chloreturon)、伐草克(chlorfenac)、溴蟲腈(chlorfenapyr)、氯苯咪唑(chlorfenazole)、殺蟎醇(chlorfenethol)、滅草隆(chlorfenidim)、燕麥酯(chlorfenprop)、殺蟎酯(chlorfenson)、敵蟎丹(chlorfensulphide)、毒蟲畏(chlorfenvinphos)、甲基毒蟲畏(chlorfenvinphos-methyl)、克福隆(chlorfluazuron)、氟咪殺(chlorflurazole)、氯甲丹(chlorflurecol)、氯芴羧酸(chlorfluren)、氯甲丹(chlorflurenol)、氨基氯達嗪酮(chloridazon)、氯嘧磺隆(chlorimuron)、氯化物(chlorinate)、氯苯胺靈(chlor-IPC)、氯甲硫磷(chlormephos)、克美素(chlormequat)、磺草酮(chlormesulone)、氯硝醚(chlormethoxynil)、氯乙靈(chlornidine)、草枯醚(chlornitrofen)、氯乙酸、克氯苯(chlorobenzilate)、氯二硝萘、殺蟎酯(chlorofénizon)、氯仿、伊托明(chloromebuform)、滅蟲脲(chloromethiuron)、地茂丹(chloroneb)、氯鼠酮(chlorophacinone)、敵百蟲(chlorophos)、氯化苦(chloropicrin)、三氯丙酸(chloropon)、右旋反式氯丙炔菊酯(chloroprallethrin)、克氯蟎(chloropropylate)、四氯異苯腈(chlorothalonil)、綠麥隆(chlorotoluron)、枯草隆(chloroxifenidim)、枯草隆(chloroxuron)、羥敵草腈(chloroxynil)、三丁氯苄(chlorphonium)、氯腈肟磷(chlorphoxim)、氯吡唑磷(chlorprazophos)、草敗死(chlorprocarb)、克普芬(chlorpropham)、陶斯松(chlorpyrifos)、甲基陶斯松(chlorpyrifos-methyl)、四氯喹惡啉(chlorquinox)、氯磺隆(chlorsulfuron)、敵草索(chlorthal)、草克樂(chlorthiamid)、毒甲硫磷(chlorthiophos)、綠麥隆(chlortoluron)、乙菌利(chlozolinate)、殼聚糖(chltosan)、膽鈣化醇(cholecalciferol)、氯化膽鹼、可芬諾(chromafenozide)、放線菌酮(cicloheximide)、抗倒酯(cimectacarb)、抗倒酯(cimetacarb)、瓜菊酯(cinerin) I、瓜菊酯II、瓜菊酯、吲哚酮草酯(cinidon-ethyl)、環庚草醚(cinmethylin)、醚磺隆(cinosulfuron)、殺雄啉(cintofen)、氰苯醯胺(ciobutide)、咯草隆(cisanilide)、順式苄呋菊酯(cismethrin)、氯醯草膦(clacyfos)、環苯草酮(clefoxydim)、克侖吡林(clenpirin)、氯苯氫吡咯(clenpyrin)、克草同(clethodim)、氯咪巴唑(climbazole)、碘氯啶酯(cliodinate)、炔草酸(clodinafop)、地蟲威(cloethocarb)、苯噠嗪酸(clofencet)、滴滴涕(clofenotane)、四蟎嗪(clofentezine)、氯芬磷(clofenvinfos)、降固醇酸(clofibric acid)、草氯丙酸(clofop)、可滅蹤(clomazone)、稗草胺(clomeprop)、殺螺胺(clonitralid)、坐果安(cloprop)、氯丙氧定(cloproxydim)、畢克草(clopyralid)、解毒喹(cloquintocet)、氯酯磺草胺(cloransulam)、氯氰碘柳胺(closantel)、噻蟲胺(clothianidin)、克黴唑(clotrimazole)、坐果酸(cloxyfonac)、克拉墾(cloxylacon)、克拉墾(clozylacon)、CMA、CMMP、CMP、CMU、科得引誘劑(codlelure)、膽鈣化醇(colecalciferol)、噻唑硫磷(colophonate)、8-羥基喹啉銅、乙酸銅、乙醯亞砷酸銅、砷酸銅、鹼式碳酸銅、氫氧化銅、環烷酸銅、油酸銅、氯氧化銅、矽酸銅、硫酸銅、鹼式硫酸銅、鉻酸銅鋅、氯殺鼠靈( coumachlor)、殺鼠靈(coumafène)、庫馬磷(coumafos)、克滅鼠(coumafuryl)、蠅毒磷(coumaphos)、殺鼠迷(coumatetralyl)、甲香菌酯(coumethoxystrobin)、畜蟲磷(coumithoate)、丁香菌酯(coumoxystrobin)、CPMC、CPMF、CPPC、醚草敏(credazine)、甲酚、甲苯基酸(cresylic acid)、鼠立死(crimidine)、克羅米通(crotamiton)、巴毒磷(crotoxyfos)、巴毒磷(crotoxyphos)、育畜磷(crufomate)、冰晶石(cryolite)、誘蠅酮(cue-lure)、硫雜靈(cufraneb)、二苯隆(cumyleron)、苄草隆(cumyluron)、福美銅氯(cuprobam)、氧化亞銅、莪術醇(curcumenol)、CVMP、氰胺、氰草淨(cyanatryn)、氰草津(cyanazine)、苯腈磷(cyanofenphos)、氰(cyanogen)、殺螟腈(cyanophos)、果蟲磷(cyanthoate)、氰蟲醯胺(cyantraniliprole)、三聚氰酸、氰霜唑(cyazofamid)、灑布淨(cybutryne)、環菌胺(cyclafuramid)、環丙酸醯胺(cyclanilide)、環胺普羅(cyclaniliprole)、環蟲菊酯(cyclethrin)、環草敵(cycloate)、環己醯亞胺(cycloheximide)、環蟎酯(cycloprate)、乙氰菊酯(cycloprothrin)、環吡藍尼(cyclopyranil)、環噠草特(cyclopyrimorate)、環磺隆(cyclosulfamuron)、環殺草(cycloxydim)、環莠隆(cycluron)、腈吡蟎酯(cyenopyrafen)、環氟菌胺(cyflufenamid)、丁氟蟎酯(cyflumetofen)、氟氯氰菊酯(cyfluthrin)、氯氟氰蟲醯胺(cyhalodiamide)、氰氟草酯(cyhalofop)、氯氟氰菊酯(cyhalothrin)、三環錫(cyhexatin)、蟎蜱胺(cymiazole)、霜脲氰(cymoxanil)、解草胺腈(cyometrinil)、氰菌靈(cypendazole)、氯氰菊酯(cypermethrin)、牧草快(cyperquat)、苯醚氰菊酯(cyphenothrin)、環草津(cyprazine)、三環塞草胺(cyprazole)、環克座(cyproconazole)、嘧菌環胺(cyprodinil)、酯菌胺((cyprofuram)、環丙草胺(cypromid)、可普磺醯胺(cyprosulfamide)、環丙馬秦(cyromazine)、畜蜱磷(cythioate)、多果定(cytrex)、殺草隆(daimuron)、茅草枯(dalapon)、丁醯肼(daminozide)、噠幼酮(dayoutong)、棉隆(dazomet)、DBCP、d-樟腦、DCB、DCIP、DCPA(日本)、DCPA
(USA)、DCPTA、DCU、DDD、DDPP、DDT、DDVP、咪菌威(debacarb)、癸磷錫(decafentin)、溴氰菊酯(decamethrin)、一甲呋喃丹(decarbofuran)、避蚊胺(deet)、脫氫乙酸、敵草快(deiquat)、敵草樂(delachlor)、敵殺磷(delnav)、溴氰菊酯(deltamethrin)、田樂磷(demephion)、氧代田樂磷(demephion-O)、硫代田樂磷(demephion-S)、內吸磷(demeton)、甲基內吸磷(demeton-methyl)、氧代內吸磷(demeton-O)、甲基異內吸磷(demeton-O-methyl)、硫代內吸磷(demeton-S)、甲基硫代內吸磷(demeton-S-methyl)、碸吸磷(demeton-S-methyl sulphone)、碸吸磷(demeton-S-methylsulphon)、DEP、生物丙烯菊酯(depalléthrine)、毒利死(derris)、甜菜安(desmedipham)、敵草淨(desmetryn)、敵草淨(desmetryne)、d-反式氯炔丙菊酯(d-fanshiluquebingjuzhi)、丁醚脲(diafenthiuron)、氯亞磷(dialifor)、氯亞胺硫磷(dialifos)、燕麥敵(diallate)、燕麥敵(di-allate)、二胺磷(diamidafos)、麥草畏(dianat)、矽藻土(diatomaceous earth)、矽藻土(diatomite)、二嗪農(diazinon)、二溴磷(dibrom)、鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯、丁二酸二丁酯、百草敵(dicamba)、異氯硫磷(dicapthon)、敵草腈(dichlobenil)、二氯苯替佐克斯(dichlobentiazox)、除線磷(dichlofenthion)、益發靈(dichlofluanid)、二氯萘醌(dichlone)、氯全隆(dichloralurea)、滅幼脲(dichlorbenzuron)、敵草隆(dichlorfenidim)、二氯茀醇(dichlorflurecol)、二氯茀醇(dichlorflurenol)、苄胺靈(dichlormate)、二氯丙烯胺(dichlormid)、二氯甲烷、二氯酚(dichlorophen)、滴丙酸(dichlorprop)、精滴丙酸(dichlorprop-P)、敵敵畏(dichlorvos)、菌核利(dichlozolin)、菌核利(dichlozoline)、苄氯三唑醇(diclobutrazol)、二氯西莫(diclocymet)、禾草靈(diclofop)、達滅淨(diclomezine)、氯硝胺(dicloran)、敵克美施(dicloromezotiaz)、雙氯磺草胺(diclosulam)、三氯殺蟎醇(dicofol)、滴滴涕(dicophane)、雙殺鼠靈(dicoumarol)、敵來死(dicresyl)、百治磷(dicrotophos)、地快樂(dicryl)、雙香豆素(dicumarol)、地昔尼爾(dicyclanil)、迪賽隆(dicyclonon)、狄氏劑(dieldrin)、除蟎靈(dienochlor)、二乙除草雙(diethamquat)、甘草鎖(diethatyl)、乙硫磷(diethion)、乙硫磷(diéthion)、乙黴威(diethofencarb)、增效磷(dietholate)、乙硫磷(diéthon)、焦碳酸二乙酯、待乙妥(diethyltoluamide)、鼠得克(difenacoum)、待克利(difenoconazole)、戊味禾草靈(difenopenten)、枯莠隆(difenoxuron)、苯敵快(difenzoquat)、噻鼠靈(difethialone)、氟蟎嗪(diflovidazin)、二福隆(diflubenzuron)、吡氟草胺(diflufenican)、吡氟醯草胺(diflufenicanil)、二氟吡隆(diflufenzopyr)、二氟林(diflumetorim)、敵草克(dikegulac)、雙羥丙茶鹼(dilor)、敵瑪替夫(dimatif)、四氟甲醚菊酯(dimefluthrin)、甲氟磷(dimefox)、噁唑隆(dimefuron)、殺蟲雙(dimehypo)、呱草丹(dimepiperate)、菌核淨(dimetachlone)、地麥威(dimetan)、混滅威(dimethacarb)、菌核淨(dimethachlone)、二甲草胺(dimethachlor)、異戊乙淨(dimethametryn)、二甲噻草胺(dimethenamid)、精二甲噻草胺(dimethenamid-P)、噻節因(dimethipin)、二甲嘧酚(dimethirimol)、樂果(dimethoate)、達滅芬(dimethomorph)、苄菌酯(dimethrin)、驅蚊靈(dimethyl carbate)、二甲基二硫醚、鄰苯二甲酸二甲酯、二甲基亞硝胺(dimethylvinphos)、敵蠅威(dimetilan)、草滅散(dimexano)、草噠酮(dimidazon)、地莫菌胺(dimoxystrobin)、二甲丙嗒嗪(dimpropyridaz)、二嗪農(dimpylate)、殺草隆(dimuron)、消蟎酚(dinex)、啶菌噁唑(dingjunezuo)、達克利(diniconazole)、達克利(diniconazole-M)、敵樂胺(dinitramine)、二硝基酚、大脫蟎(dinobuton)、消蟎普(dinocap)、消蟎普-4、消蟎普-6、鄰敵蟎消(dinocton)、迪樂芬諾(dinofenate)、硝戊酯(dinopenton)、丙硝酚(dinoprop)、戊硝酚(dinosam)、地樂酚(dinoseb)、硝辛酯(dinosulfon)、呋蟲胺(dinotefuran)、特樂酚(dinoterb)、硝丁酯(dinoterbon)、苯蟲醚(diofenolan)、蔬果磷(dioxabenzofos)、二氧威(dioxacarb)、敵殺磷(dioxathion)、敵殺磷(dioxation)、敵鼠鈉(diphacin)、敵鼠(diphacinone)、二苯茚酮(diphenadione)、草乃敵(diphenamid)、雙苯醯草胺(diphenamide)、二苯碸、二苯胺、二苯硫醚、調呋酸(diprogulic acid)、地樂靈(dipropalin)、異丙淨(dipropetryn)、敵百蟲(dipterex)、敵派美創(dipymetitrone)、雙硫氧吡啶(dipyrithione)、敵草快(diquat)、四硼酸二鈉、殺蟲雙(disosultap)、雌舞毒蛾引誘劑(disparlure)、麥草畏甲酯(disugran)、賽松(disul)、二硫龍(disulfiram)、二硫松(disulfoton)、滅菌磷(ditalimfos)、腈硫醌(dithianon)、噻喃磷(dithicrofos)、二甲基二硫醚(dithioether)、二甲硫吸磷(dithiométon)、氟硫草定(dithiopyr)、達有龍(diuron)、雙黃藥(dixanthogen)、d-檸檬烯、DMDS、DMPA、DNOC、嗎菌靈(dodemorph)、多地辛(dodicin)、多寧(dodine)、苯氧炔蟎(dofenapyn)、多果定(doguadine)、穀蠢引誘劑(dominicalure)、朵拉克汀(doramectin)、DPC、敵菌酮(drazoxolon)、DSMA、右旋反式丙烯菊酯(d-trans-allethrin)、右旋反式苄呋菊酯(d-trans-resmethrin)、毒氟磷(dufulin)、莎撲隆(dymron)、EBEP、EBP、克線丹(ebufos)、脫皮甾酮(ecdysterone)、氯唑靈(echlomezol)、EDB、EDC、EDDP、克瘟散(edifenphos)、甘草津(eglinazine)、甲氨基阿維菌素(emamectin)、EMPC、烯炔菊酯(empenthrin)、烯腺嘌呤(enadenine)、硫丹(endosulfan)、草多索(endothal)、草藻滅(endothall)、因毒磷(endothion)、安特靈(endrin)、烯肟菌酯(enestroburin)、恩康唑(enilconazole)、烯肟菌酯(enoxastrobin)、蟎淨(ephirsulfonate)、EPN、丙醯芸苔素內酯(epocholeone)、保幼醚(epofenonane)、依普座(epoxiconazole)、依立諾克丁(eprinomectin)、磺唑草(epronaz)、ε-甲氧苄氟菊酯(epsilon-metofluthrin)、ε-甲氧苄氟菊酯單體(epsilon-momfluorothrin)、EPTC、抑草蓬(erbon)、麥角鈣化醇(ergocalciferol)、二氯己醯草胺(erlujixiancaoan)、生物烯丙菊酯(esdépalléthrine)、高氰戊菊酯(esfenvalerate)、ESP、戊草丹(esprocarb)、乙烯矽(etacelasil)、乙環唑(etaconazole)、依他伏殺(etaphos)、代森硫(etem)、噻唑菌胺(ethaboxam)、克草胺(ethachlor)、乙丁烯氟靈(ethalfluralin)、胺苯磺隆(ethametsulfuron)、殺草胺(ethaprochlor)、乙烯利(ethephon)、噻二唑隆(ethidimuron)、殺蟲丹(ethiofencarb)、抑草威(ethiolate)、愛殺松(ethion)、乙嗪草酮(ethiozin)、乙蟲腈(ethiprole)、依瑞莫(ethirimol)、益硫(ethoate-methyl)、乙氧苯草胺(ethobenzanid)、乙呋草黃(ethofumesate)、驅蚊醇(ethohexadiol)、滅克磷(ethoprop)、普伏松(ethoprophos)、氯氟草醚(ethoxyfen)、促長啉(ethoxyquin)、乙氧嘧磺隆(ethoxysulfuron)、吲熟酯(ethychlozate)、甲酸乙酯、焦磷酸乙酯、乙滴涕(ethylan)、乙基-DDD、乙烯、二溴化乙烯、二氯化乙烯、環氧乙烷、乙蒜素(ethylicin)、2,3-二羥基丙基硫醇乙基汞、乙酸乙基汞、溴化乙基汞、氯化乙基汞、磷酸乙基汞、硝草酚(etinofen)、ETM、乙胺草醚(etnipromid)、乙氧苯草胺(etobenzanid)、依芬普司(etofenprox)、乙蟎唑(etoxazole)、依得利(etridiazole)、乙嘧硫磷(etrimfos)、乙嘧硫磷(étrimphos)、丁香酚(eugenol)、EXD、凡殺同(famoxadone)、氨磺磷(famphur)、伐草克(fenac)、咪唑菌酮(fenamidone)、敵克松(fenaminosulf)、烯肟菌胺(fenaminstrobin)、芬滅松(fenamiphos)、咪菌腈(fenapanil)、芬瑞莫(fenarimol)、醯苯磺威(fenasulam)、抗蟎唑(fenazaflor)、喹蟎醚(fenazaquin)、芬克座(fenbuconazole)、苯丁錫(fenbutatin oxide)、解草唑(fenchlorazole)、皮蠅硫磷(fenchlorphos)、芬氯磷(fenclofos)、解草啶(fenclorim)、乙苯威(fenethacarb)、五氟苯菊酯(fenfluthrin)、甲呋醯胺(fenfuram)、環醯菌胺(fenhexamid)、非草隆(fenidin)、種衣酯(fenitropan)、撲滅松(fenitrothion)、除蟎酯(fénizon)、酚菌酮(fenjuntong)、仲丁威(fenobucarb)、毒菌錫(fenolovo)、涕丙酸(fenoprop)、苯硫威(fenothiocarb)、非諾克林(fenoxacrim)、氰菌胺(fenoxanil)、噁唑禾草靈(fenoxaprop)、精噁唑禾草靈(fenoxaprop-P)、異噁苯碸(fenoxasulfone)、芬諾克(fenoxycarb)、拌種咯(fenpiclonil)、制定殺(fenpicoxamid)、吡氯氰菊酯(fenpirithrin)、甲氰菊酯(fenpropathrin)、苯鏽啶(fenpropidin)、芬普福(fenpropimorph)、胺苯吡菌酮(fenpyrazamine)、唑蟎酯(fenpyroximate)、芬奎三酮(fenquinotrione)、噠嗪抑雄素(fenridazon)、除蟎酯(fenson)、豐索磷(fensulfothion)、氯苯氧乙醇(fenteracol)、噻唑禾草靈(fenthiaprop)、芬殺松(fenthion)、乙基芬殺松(fenthion-ethyl)、噻唑禾草靈(fentiaprop)、三苯錫(fentin)、四唑醯草胺(fentrazamide)、芳氟胺(fentrifanil)、非草隆(fenuron)、非草隆-TCA、氰戊菊酯(fenvalerate)、福美鐵(ferbam)、富米綜(ferimzone)、磷酸鐵、硫酸亞鐵、氟蟲腈(fipronil)、氟燕靈(flamprop)、強氟燕靈(flamprop-M)、嘧啶磺隆(flazasulfuron)、氟鼠靈(flocoumafen)、氟美托奎(flometoquin)、氟啶蟲醯胺(flonicamid)、雙氟磺草胺(florasulam)、氯氟吡啶酯(florpyrauxifen)、佛吡啶醯胺(florylpicoxamid)、嘧蟎酯(fluacrypyrim)、三氟咪啶醯胺(fluazaindolizine)、吡氟禾草靈(fluazifop)、精吡氟禾草靈(fluazifop-P)、扶吉胺(fluazinam)、異丙吡草酯(fluazolate)、氟佐隆(fluazuron)、氟蟲雙醯胺(flubendiamide)、氟蟎噻(flubenzimine)、溴氟菊酯(flubrocythrinate)、氟酮磺隆(flucarbazone)、氟吡磺隆(flucetosulfuron)、氟消草(fluchloralin)、伏康脲(flucofuron)、氟環脲(flucycloxuron)、氟氰菊酯(flucythrinate)、護汰寧(fludioxonil)、聯氟蟎(fluénéthyl)、聯氟蟎(fluenetil)、氟噻蟲碸(fluensulfone)、氟噻草胺(flufenacet)、氟芬內林(flufenerim)、吡氟草胺(flufenican)、氟蟲脲(flufenoxuron)、氟菌蟎酯(flufenoxystrobin)、三氟醚(flufenprox)、氟噠嗪草酯(flufenpyr)、氟蟎嗪(flufenzine)、丁烯氟蟲腈(flufiprole)、氟己芬(fluhexafon)、氟茚唑菌胺(fluindapyr)、氟氯苯菊酯(flumethrin)、氟醯菌胺(flumetover)、氟節胺(flumetralin)、唑嘧磺草胺(flumetsulam)、氟默嗪(flumezin)、氟烯草酸(flumiclorac)、丙炔氟草胺(flumioxazin)、氟米丙平(flumipropyn)、氟嗎啉(flumorph)、伏草隆(fluometuron)、氟吡菌胺(fluopicolide)、氟醚菌醯胺(fluopimomide)、氟吡菌醯胺(fluopyram)、氟殺蟎(fluorbenside)、增糖胺(fluoridamid)、氟乙醯胺、氟乙酸、氟咯草酮(fluorochloridone)、消草醚(fluorodifen)、乙羧氟草醚(fluoroglycofen)、唑呋草(fluoroimide)、氟氯菌核利(fluoromide)、唑唆草(fluoromidine)、氟除草醚(fluoronitrofen)、氯氟吡氧乙酸(fluoroxypyr)、氟硫隆(fluothiuron)、三氟苯唑(fluotrimazole)、拜耳奇葩殺菌劑(fluoxapiprolin)、氟嘧菌酯(fluoxastrobin)、氟胺草唑(flupoxam)、氟丙嘧草(flupropacil)、氟鼠啶(flupropadine)、四氟丙酸(flupropanate)、氟吡呋喃酮(flupyradifurone)、伏吡依明(flupyrimin)、氟啶嘧磺隆(flupyrsulfuron)、氟喹唑(fluquinconazole)、氟拉藍那(fluralaner)、解草安(flurazole)、抑草丁(flurecol)、羧芴素(flurenol)、氟啶草酮(fluridone)、氟咯草酮(flurochloridone)、氟定咪(fluromidine)、氟草定(fluroxypyr)、調嘧醇(flurprimidol)、氟磺醯胺(flursulamid)、呋草酮(flurtamone)、護矽得(flusilazole)、氟硫滅(flusulfamide)、氟蟎嗪(flutenzine)、嗪草酸(fluthiacet)、氟噻草胺(fluthiamide)、氟替尼(flutianil)、福多果定(flutolanil)、護汰芬(flutriafol)、氟胺氰菊酯(fluvalinate)、氯氟氰蟲醯胺(fluxametamide)、氟唑菌醯胺(fluxapyroxad)、肟草安(fluxofenim)、福爾培(folpel)、滅菌丹(folpet)、氟磺胺草醚(fomesafen)、地蟲磷(fonofos)、甲醯嘧磺隆(foramsulfuron)、氯吡脲(forchlorfenuron)、甲醛、伐蟲脒(formetanate)、安果(formothion)、胺甲威(formparanate)、殺木膦(fosamine)、福賽得(fosetyl)、丁苯硫磷(fosmethilan)、福司吡酯(fospirate)、噻唑磷(fosthiazate)、丁硫環磷(fosthietan)、弗羅塔林(frontalin)、熱必斯(fthalide)、麥穗靈(fuberidazole)、氟草淨(fucaojing)、氟草醚(fucaomi)、氟菌蟎酯(fujunmanzhi)、氟氯醚(fulumi)、克滅鼠(fumarin)、氟萘禾草靈(funaihecaoling)、呋苯硫脲(fuphenthiourea)、乙二醇縮糖醛(furalane)、呋霜靈(furalaxyl)、炔呋菊酯(furamethrin)、福拉比(furametpyr)、呋喃蟲醯肼(furan tebufenozide)、呋線威(furathiocarb)、二甲呋醯胺(furcarbanil)、氟康唑(furconazole)、順式氟康唑(furconazole-cis)、抗蟲菊(furethrin)、糠醛、呋喃解草唑(furilazole)、拌種胺(furmecyclox)、呋菌隆(furophanate)、呋氧草醚(furyloxyfen)、 γ-BHC、γ-氯氟氰菊酯(cyhalothrin)、 γ-HCH、格蟎酯(genit)、赤黴酸(gibberellic acid)、赤黴素(gibberellin) A3、赤黴素、鼠甘伏(gliftor)、鼠甘伏(glitor)、氯醛糖(glucochloralose)、草銨膦(glufosinate)、草銨膦-P、果綠定(glyodin)、乙二肟(glyoxime)、草甘膦(glyphosate)、草甘二膦(glyphosine)、棉紅鈴蟲性誘劑(gossyplure)、誘殺烯混劑(grandlure)、灰黃黴素(griseofulvin)、胍諾克汀(guanoctine)、雙胍鹽(guazatine)、丙烯酸喹啉酯(halacrinate)、氟氯吡啶酯(halauxifen)、苄蟎醚(halfenprox)、氯蟲醯肼(halofenozide)、氟硝磺醯胺(halosafen)、氯吡嘧磺隆(halosulfuron)、氟啶草(haloxydine)、吡氟氯禾靈(haloxyfop)、精吡氟氯禾靈((haloxyfop-P)、精吡氟氯禾靈(haloxyfop-R)、HCA、HCB、HCH、六甲密胺(hemel)、六甲磷(hempa)、HEOD、七氯(heptachlor)、禾他氟林(heptafluthrin)、庚烯磷(heptenophos)、增產肟(heptopargil)、除莠黴素(herbimycin)、除莠黴素A、速殺硫磷(heterophos)、六氯(hexachlor)、六六六(hexachloran)、六氯丙酮、六氯苯、六氯丁二烯、六氯酚、菲克利(hexaconazole)、氟鈴脲(hexaflumuron)、六氟拉敏(hexafluoramin)、六氟砷酸鉀(hexaflurate)、己誘劑(hexalure)、己醯胺(hexamide)、六嗪同(hexazinone)、己硫磷(hexylthiofos)、噻蟎酮(hexythiazox)、HHDN、霍洛硫(holosulf)、高芸苔素內酯(homobrassinolide)、環草肟(huancaiw)、環蟲腈(huanchongjing)、磺草靈(huangcaoling)、環菌唑(huanjunzuo)、氟蟻腙(hydramethylnon)、汞加芬(hydrargaphen)、熟石灰、氰胺、氰化氫、烯蟲乙酯(hydroprene)、羥基異噁唑、惡黴靈(hymexazol)、奮淋威(hyquincarb)、IAA、IBA、IBP、埃卡瑞丁(icaridin)、伊米薩利(imazalil)、咪草酸(imazamethabenz)、甲氧咪草煙(imazamox)、甲基咪草煙(imazapic)、依滅草(imazapyr)、滅草喹(imazaquin)、咪草煙(imazethapyr)、唑吡嘧磺隆(imazosulfuron)、亞胺唑(imibenconazole)、新煙磷(imicyafos)、吡蟲啉(imidacloprid)、氯噻啉(imidaclothiz)、克熱淨(iminoctadine)、炔咪菊酯(imiprothrin)、依納素(inabenfide)、茚草酮(indanofan)、茚嗪氟草胺(indaziflam)、茚蟲威(indoxacarb)、枯瘟淨(inezin)、纖毛蟲土(infusorial earth)、英非他林(inpyrfluxam)、碘草腈(iodobonil)、碘克威(iodocarb)、碘硫磷(iodofenphos)、碘甲烷、碘甲磺隆(iodosulfuron)、優芬磺隆(iofensulfuron)、碘苯腈(ioxynil)、抑草津(ipazine)、IPC、種菌唑(ipconazole)、艾分卡巴腙(ipfencarbazone)、艾分氟康唑(ipfentrifluconazole)、異氟菲諾昆(ipflufenoquin)、丙基喜樂松(iprobenfos)、依普同(iprodione)、纈黴威(iprovalicarb)、丙草定(iprymidam)、齒小蠹二烯醇(ipsdienol)、小蠹烯醇(ipsenol)、IPSP、IPX、氯唑磷(isamidofos)、依殺松(isazofos)、碳氯靈(isobenzan)、丁咪胺(isocarbamid)、丁脒醯胺(isocarbamide)、水胺硫磷(isocarbophos)、異草定(isocil)、異囉唑啉類殺蟲劑(isocycloseram)、異艾氏劑(isodrin)、異柳磷(isofenphos)、甲基異柳磷(isofenphos-methyl)、艾索非他米(isofetamid)、異氟賽盤(isoflucypram)、異索威(isolan)、丁嗪草酮(isomethiozin)、異草完隆(isonoruron)、異派磷(isopamphos)、氮草草(isopolinate)、葉蟬散(isoprocarb)、異草定(isoprocil)、異丙樂靈(isopropalin)、異丙吡草酯(isopropazol)、稻瘟靈(isoprothiolane)、異丙隆(isoproturon)、異吡瑞沙(isopyrazam)、異嘧醇(isopyrimol)、異拌磷(isothioate)、異噻菌胺(isotianil)、異惡隆(isouron)、異醯菌酮(isovaledione)、異噁醯草胺(isoxaben)、異惡氯草酮(isoxachlortole)、雙苯噁唑酸(isoxadifen)、異噁唑草酮(isoxaflutole)、異惡草醚(isoxapyrifop)、異噁唑磷(isoxathion)、異惡隆(isuron)、伊維菌素(ivermectin)、異惡醯草胺(ixoxaben)、浸種磷(izopamfos)、浸種磷(izopamphos)、日本麗金龜引誘劑(japonilure)、喃烯菊酯(japothrins)、茉莉菊酯(jasmolin) I、茉莉菊酯II、茉莉酸(jasmonic acid)、甲磺蟲腙(jiahuangchongzong)、甲基增效磷(jiajizengxiaolin)、甲香菌酯(jiaxiangjunzhi)、解草烷(jiecaowan)、解草烯(jiecaoxi)、井崗黴素(Jinganmycin) A、碘硫磷(jodfenphos)、保幼激素I、保幼激素II、保幼激素III、噻嗯菊酯(kadethrin)、κ-聯苯菊酯(bifenthrin)、κ-七氟菊酯(tefluthrin)、卡草靈(karbutilate)、卡日塔贊(karetazan)、春日黴素(kasugamycin)、克菌靈(kejunlin)、氯戊環(kelevan)、克螺多(ketospiradox)、矽藻土(kieselguhr)、活動素(kinetin)、烯蟲炔酯(kinoprene)、精苯霜靈(kiralaxyl)、克收欣(kresoxim-methyl)、喹草烯(kuicaoxi)、乳氟禾草靈(lactofen)、λ-氯氟氰菊酯(cyhalothrin)、蘭蔻三酮(lancotrione)、拉替魯爾(latilure)、砷酸鉛、環草定(lenacil)、雷皮菌素(lepimectin)、溴苯磷(leptophos)、聯苯肼酯(lianbenjingzhi)、石硫合劑(lime sulfur)、靈丹(lindane)、三甲基二氧三環壬烷(lineatin)、利穀隆(linuron)、啶蟲磷(lirimfos)、夜蛾性誘劑(litlure)、粉紋夜蛾性誘劑(looplure)、羅替蘭(lotilaner)、虱蟎脲(lufenuron)、氯氟氰蟲醯胺(lüfuqingchongxianan)、氯醯草膦(lüxiancaolin)、氯啶菌酯(lvdingjunzhi)、氯氟醚菊酯(lvfumijvzhi)、氯酰草膦(lvxiancaolin)、噻唑磷(lythidathion)、M-74、M-81、MAA、磷化鎂、馬拉硫磷(malathion)、馬拉松(maldison)、馬來醯肼(maleic hydrazide)、丙蟎氰(malonoben)、麥芽糊精、MAMA、代森錳銅(mancopper)、代森錳鋅(mancozeb)、曼得羅賓(mandestrobin)、雙炔醯菌胺(mandipropamid)、錳乃浦(maneb)、苦參鹼(matrine)、疊氮磷(mazidox)、MCC、MCP、MCPA、MCPA-硫乙基、MCPB、MCPP、滅鏽胺(mebenil)、滅蚜磷(mecarbam)、甲威苯咪(mecarbinzid)、甲基減蚜磷(mecarphon)、甲氯丙酸(mecoprop)、精甲氯丙酸(mecoprop-P)、殺蟎脒(medimeform)、甲基特樂酯(medinoterb)、誘殺酯(medlure)、苯噻醯草胺(mefenacet)、精甲霜靈(mefenoxam)、吡唑解草酸(mefenpyr)、氯氟醚菌唑(mefentrifluconazole)、氟磺醯草胺(mefluidide)、美加特酸(megatomoic acid)、蜂花醇(melissyl alcohol)、草木犀毒素(melitoxin)、MEMC、滅蚜松(menazon)、MEP、嘧菌胺(mepanipyrim)、氯氟醚菊酯(meperfluthrin)、滅芬酯(mephenate)、地安磷(mephosfolan)、壯棉素(mepiquat)、滅普寧(mepronil)、敵蟎普(meptyldinocap)、甲硫威(mercaptodimethur)、倍硫磷(mercaptophos)、倍硫磷硫醇(mercaptophos thiol)、馬拉硫磷((mercaptothion)、氯化汞、氧化汞、氯化亞汞、脫葉亞磷(merphos)、脫葉亞磷氧化物、滅莠津(mesoprazine)、甲基二磺隆(mesosulfuron)、甲基磺草酮(mesotrione)、甲硫芬(mesulfen)、甲亞碸磷(mesulfenfos)、甲硫芬(mesulphen)、間甲酚、氰氟蟲胺(metaflumizone)、甲霜靈(metalaxyl)、精甲霜靈(metalaxyl-M)、蝸牛敵(metaldehyde)、威百畝(metam)、噁唑醯草胺(metamifop)、苯嗪草酮(metamitron)、甲基對硫磷(metaphos)、滅他熏(metaxon)、吡草胺(metazachlor)、雙醚氯吡嘧磺隆(metazosulfuron)、間氯敵菌酮(metazoxolon)、美卡米芬(metcamifen)、滅特座(metconazole)、甲基涕巴(metepa)、二甲達草伏(metflurazon)、甲基苯噻隆(methabenzthiazuron)、蟲蟎畏(methacrifos)、美索丙鉑林(methalpropalin)、威百畝(metham)、甲胺磷(methamidophos)、滅速克(methasulfocarb)、滅草唑(methazole)、呋菌胺(methfuroxam)、甲基苯噻隆(methibenzuron)、殺撲磷(methidathion)、甲硫苯威(methiobencarb)、滅賜克(methiocarb)、甲硫嘧磺隆(methiopyrisulfuron)、甲硫涕巴(methiotepa)、甲硫唑啉(methiozolin)、滅草恒(methiuron)、殺蟲乙烯磷(methocrotophos)、速滅威(métholcarb)、醚草通(methometon)、納乃得(methomyl)、美賜平(methoprene)、格草淨(methoprotryn)、格草淨(methoprotryne)、丁基奎納克林(methoquin-butyl)、甲醚菊酯(methothrin)、甲氧滴滴涕(methoxychlor)、甲氧蟲醯肼(methoxyfenozide)、去草酮(methoxyphenone)、甲基不育特(methyl apholate)、溴甲烷、甲基丁香酚(methyl eugenol)、碘甲烷、異硫氰酸甲酯、甲基對硫磷(methyl parathion)、甲基乙酯磷(methylacetophos)、甲基氯仿、甲基二硫代胺基甲酸、甲基殺草隆(methyldymron)、二氯甲烷、甲基-異柳磷(methyl-isofenphos)、甲基倍硫磷(methylmercaptophos)、甲基倍硫磷氧化物、甲基倍硫磷硫醇、苯甲酸甲基汞、氰胍甲汞(methylmercury dicyandiamide)、五氯苯酚甲基汞、甲基新癸醯胺、殺螟硫磷(methylnitrophos)、保棉磷(methyltriazothion)、甲硫唑啉(metiozolin)、代森聯(metiram)、代森聯鋅(metiram-zinc)、吡喃隆(metobenzuron)、溴穀隆(metobromuron)、甲氧苄氟菊酯(metofluthrin)、異丙甲草胺(metolachlor)、速滅威(metolcarb)、苯磺隆(metometuron)、苯氧菌胺(metominostrobin)、磺草唑胺(metosulam)、惡蟲酮(metoxadiazone)、甲氧隆(metoxuron)、滅芬農(metrafenone)、代森聯(metriam)、賽克津(metribuzin)、美曲磷酯(metrifonate)、美曲磷酯(metriphonate)、噻菌胺(metsulfovax)、甲磺隆(metsulfuron)、帕维托(metyltetraprole)、速滅磷(mevinphos)、茲克威(mexacarbate)、滅除威(miechuwei)、滅鼠安(mieshuan)、滅蚊菊酯(miewenjuzhi)、米爾蟎素(milbemectin)、米爾貝肟(milbemycin oxime)、代森環(milneb)、密碼南(mimanan)、丙胺氟磷((mipafox)、MIPC、滅蟻靈(mirex)、MNAF、蘑菇醇(moguchun)、草達滅(molinate)、殺蟲單(molosultap)、莫氟殺林(momfluorothrin)、庚醯草胺(monalide)、特噁唑隆(monisuron)、單甲脒(monoamitraz)、單氯乙酸、久效磷(monocrotophos)、綠穀隆(monolinuron)、殺蟲單(monomehypo)、舒非侖(monosulfiram)、單嘧磺隆(monosulfuron)、殺蟲丹(monosultap)、滅草隆(monuron)、滅草隆-TCA、伐草快(morfamquat)、嗎啉脒胍((moroxydine)、茂果(morphothion)、莫茲得(morzid)、莫昔克丁(moxidectin)、MPMC、MSMA、MTMC、家蠅引誘劑(muscalure)、腈菌唑(myclobutanil)、米克啉(myclozolin)、蜂花醇(myricyl alcohol)、N-(乙基汞)-對-甲苯磺醯苯胺、NAA、NAAm、鈉乃浦(nabam)、萘酞磷(naftalofos)、二溴磷(naled)、萘、萘乙醯胺、萘二甲酸酐、萘酞磷(naphthalophos)、萘氧基乙酸、萘乙酸、萘基茚滿-1,3-二酮、萘氧基乙酸、萘丙胺(naproanilide)、敵草胺(napropamide)、敵草胺-M、萘草胺(naptalam)、遊黴素(natamycin)、NBPOS、草不隆(neburea)、草不隆(neburon)、異狄氏劑(nendrin)、新煙鹼(neonicotine)、對氯硫磷(nichlorfos)、尼克芬(niclofen)、氯硝柳胺(niclosamide)、啶醯菌胺(nicobifen)、煙嘧磺隆(nicosulfuron)、煙鹼、硫酸煙鹼、氟蟻靈(nifluridide)、華光黴素(nikkomycins)、NIP、氟氯草胺(nipyraclofen)、吡氯草胺(nipyralofen)、烯啶蟲胺(nitenpyram)、硝乙脲噻唑(nithiazine)、磺樂靈(nitralin)、氯啶(nitrapyrin)、戊氰威(nitrilacarb)、除草醚(nitrofen)、三氟甲草醚(nitrofluorfen)、硝基苯乙烯、異丙消(nitrothal-isopropyl)、鼠特靈(nobormide)、壬醇、鼠特靈(norbormide)、草完隆(norea)、達草滅(norflurazon)、降煙鹼(nornicotine)、草完隆(noruron)、氟醯脲(novaluron)、多氟脲(noviflumuron)、NPA、尼瑞莫(nuarimol)、奴南酮(nuranone)、OCH、八氯二丙醚、辛噻酮(octhilinone)、鄰-二氯苯、呋醯胺(ofurace)、氧樂果(omethoate)、鄰-苯基苯酚、坪草丹(orbencarb)、歐福綠(orfralure)、旱丹(orthobencarb)、鄰-二氯苯、嘧苯胺磺隆(orthosulfamuron)、奧克綠(oryctalure)、肟醚菌胺(orysastrobin)、氨磺樂靈(oryzalin)、蛇床子素(osthol)、蛇床子素(osthole)、歐斯摧蒙(ostramone)、歐威壯((ovatron)、殺蟎酯(ovex)、解草腈(oxabetrinil)、丙炔噁草酮(oxadiargyl)、噁草酮(oxadiazon)、歐殺斯(oxadixyl)、草胺酸鹽(oxamate)、歐殺滅(oxamyl)、草噠松(oxapyrazon)、草噠松(oxapyrazone)、環氧嘧磺隆(oxasulfuron)、奧賽普林(oxathiapiprolin)、噁嗪草酮(oxaziclomefone)、時新滅鼠劑(oxazosulfyl)、喹啉銅(oxine-copper)、喹啉銅(oxine-Cu)、歐索林酸(oxolinic acid)、噁咪唑(oxpoconazole)、氧化萎鏽靈(oxycarboxin)、碸吸磷(oxydemeton-methyl)、異亞碸磷(oxydeprofos)、碸拌磷(oxydisulfoton)、羥烯腺嘌呤(oxyenadenine)、乙氧氟草醚(oxyfluorfen)、氧化苦參鹼(oxymatrine)、土黴素(oxytetracycline)、滅蟎猛(oxythioquinox)、PAC、巴克素(paclobutrazol)、呱蟲啶(paichongding)、丙烯菊酯(palléthrine)、PAP、對-二氯苯、對氟隆(parafluron)、百草枯(paraquat)、對硫磷(parathion)、甲基對硫磷(parathion-methyl)、苯吡醇(parinol)、巴黎綠(Paris green)、PCNB、PCP、PCP-Na、對-二氯苯、PDJ、克草猛(pebulate)、消蟎酚((pédinex)、披扶座(pefurazoate)、天竺葵酸(pelargonic acid)、平克座(penconazole)、賓克隆(pencycuron)、二甲戊樂靈(pendimethalin)、三氯殺蟲酯(penfenate)、噴福芬(penflufen)、氟幼脲(penfluron)、二甲戊樂靈(penoxalin)、平速爛(penoxsulam)、五氯苯酚、月桂酸五氯苯酯、戊醯苯草胺(pentanochlor)、吡噻菌胺(penthiopyrad)、戊烯氰氯菊酯(pentmethrin)、環戊噁草酮(pentoxazone)、滅蟻靈(perchlordecone)、氟草磺胺(perfluidone)、苄氯菊酯(permethrin)、烯草胺(pethoxamid)、PHC、氰烯菌酯(phenamacril)、乙基氰烯菌酯(phenamacril-ethyl)、敵磺鈉(phénaminosulf)、葉枯淨(phenazine oxide)、雙乙威(phénétacarbe)、棉胺寧(phenisopham)、芬硫磷(phenkapton)、甜菜寧(phenmedipham)、乙基甜菜寧(phenmedipham-ethyl)、稀草隆(phenobenzuron)、酚硫殺(phenothiol)、苯醚菊酯(phenothrin)、苯蟎醚(phenproxide)、稻豐散(phenthoate)、苯汞脲(phenylmercuriurea)、乙酸苯汞、氯化苯汞、鄰苯二酚的苯汞衍生物、硝酸苯汞、水楊酸苯汞、福瑞松(phorate)、毒鼠磷(phosacetim)、伏殺磷(phosalone)、磷滅丁(phosametine)、毒鼠磷(phosazetim)、毒鼠磷(phosazetin)、三磷錫(phoscyclotin)、氯瘟磷(phosdiphen)、黴疫淨(phosethyl)、硫環磷(phosfolan)、甲基硫環磷(phosfolan-methyl)、甘氨硫磷(phosglycin)、亞胺硫磷(phosmet)、對氯硫磷(phosnichlor)、磷醯胺、磷胺(phosphamidon)、膦、草胺膦(phosphinothricin)、磷蟲威(phosphocarb)、磷、三磷錫(phostin)、辛硫磷(phoxim)、甲基辛硫磷(phoxim-methyl)、苯酞、萘酞磷(phthalophos)、胺菊酯(phthalthrin)、皮卡布西(picarbutrazox)、派卡瑞丁(picaridin)、毒莠定(picloram)、氟吡草胺(picolinafen)、啶氧菌酯(picoxystrobin)、匹馬菌素(pimaricin)、殺鼠酮(pindone)、唑啉草酯(pinoxaden)、粉病靈(piperalin)、呱嗪、胡椒基丁醚(piperonyl butoxide)、胡椒基環己烯酮(piperonyl cyclonene)、呱草磷(piperophos)、呱壯素(piproctanly)、呱壯素(piproctanyl)、增效醛(piprotal)、甲胺啼磷(pirimetaphos)、比加普(pirimicarb)、滅鼠優(piriminil)、嘧啶氧磷(pirimioxyphos)、乙基蟲蟎磷(pirimiphos-ethyl)、甲基蟲蟎磷(pirimiphos-methyl)、特戊醯茚二酮(pival)、殺鼠酮(pivaldione)、三氯殺蟲酯(plifenate)、PMA、PMP、聚丁烯、聚胺基甲酸酯、毒殺芬(polychlorcamphene)、聚乙氧基喹啉、保粒黴素(polyoxin) D、保粒黴素、保粒黴素(polyoxorim)、多噻烷(polythialan)、亞砷酸鉀、疊氮化鉀、氰酸鉀、乙基黃原酸鉀、環烷酸鉀、多硫化鉀、硫氰化鉀、pp′-DDT、右旋炔丙菊酯(prallethrin)、早熟素(precocene) I、早熟素II、早熟素III、丙草胺(pretilachlor)、乙醯嘧啶磷(primidophos)、氟嘧磺隆(primisulfuron)、撲殺熱(probenazole)、咪醯胺(prochloraz)、丙氯醇(proclonol)、環丙腈津(procyazine)、撲滅寧(procymidone)、氨基丙氟靈(prodiamine)、丙溴磷(profenofos)、氟唑草胺(profluazol)、環丙氟靈(profluralin)、丙氟菊酯(profluthrin)、環苯草酮(profoxydim)、殺蟲安(profurite-aminium)、甘撲津(proglinazine)、調環酸(prohexadione)、茉莉酮(prohydrojasmon)、蜱虱威(promacyl)、猛殺威(promecarb)、撲滅通(prometon)、撲草淨(prometryn)、撲草淨(prometryne)、捕滅鼠(promurit)、拿草特(pronamide)、氰基胍低聚物(pronitridine)、撲草胺(propachlor)、丙蟲磷(propafos)、普羅帕脒(propamidine)、霜黴威(propamocarb)、敵稗(propanil)、丙蟲磷(propaphos)、喔草酯(propaquizafop)、克蟎特(propargite)、撲蟲菊(proparthrin)、撲滅津(propazine)、巴胺磷(propetamphos)、苯胺靈(propham)、普克利(propiconazole)、丙匹定(propidine)、甲基鋅乃浦((propineb)、異丙草胺(propisochlor)、安丹(propoxur)、丙苯磺隆(propoxycarbazone)、增效酯(propyl isome)、丙嘧磺隆(propyrisulfuron)、戊炔草胺(propyzamide)、丙氧喹啉(proquinazid)、補骨內酯(prosuler)、甲硫磺樂靈(prosulfalin)、苄草丹(prosulfocarb)、氟磺隆(prosulfuron)、乙噻唑磷(prothidathion)、硫菌威(prothiocarb)、丙硫菌唑(prothioconazole)、普硫松(prothiofos)、發硫磷(prothoate)、丙苯烴菊酯(protrifenbute)、撲滅生(proxan)、派密多磷(prymidophos)、廣草胺(prynachlor)、補骨脂素(psoralen)、補骨脂素(psoralene)、比達農(pydanon)、氟唑菌醯羥胺(pydiflumetofen)、派氟丁胺(pyflubumide)、派滅淨(pymetrozine)、比鏽靈(pyracarbolid)、吡唑硫磷(pyraclofos)、雙唑草腈(pyraclonil)、百克敏(pyraclostrobin)、吡草醚(pyraflufen)、氟蟲腈(pyrafluprole)、嘧啶威(pyramat)、唑胺菌酯(pyrametostrobin)、唑菌酯(pyraoxystrobin)、吡唑甲醯胺類殺菌劑(pyrapropoyne)、磺醯草吡唑(pyrasulfotole)、派拉氟胺(pyraziflumid)、吡唑特(pyrazolate)、吡唑特(pyrazolynate)、殺草敏(pyrazon)、白粉松(pyrazophos)、吡嘧磺隆(pyrazosulfuron)、硫吡唑磷(pyrazothion)、苄草唑(pyrazoxyfen)、反滅蟲菊(pyresmethrin)、必列寧(pyrethrin) I、必列寧II、除蟲菊精(pyrethrins)、異丙酯草醚(pyribambenz-isopropyl)、丙酯草醚(pyribambenz-propyl)、吡菌苯威(pyribencarb)、嘧啶肟草醚(pyribenzoxim)、稗草丹(pyributicarb)、氯草定(pyriclor)、噠蟎靈(pyridaben)、氯甲基嗒嗪(pyridachlometyl)、吡啶達醇(pyridafol)、啶蟲丙醚(pyridalyl)、噠嗪硫磷(pyridaphenthion)、噠嗪硫磷(pyridaphenthione)、噠草特(pyridate)、啶菌腈(pyridinitril)、比芬諾(pyrifenox)、氟蟲吡喹(pyrifluquinazon)、環酯草醚(pyriftalid)、派滅他磷(pyrimétaphos)、嘧黴胺(pyrimethanil)、派嘧威(pyrimicarbe)、嘧蟎醚(pyrimidifen)、嘧草醚(pyriminobac)、嘧蟎胺(pyriminostrobin)、乙基蟲蟎磷(pyrimiphos-éthyl)、甲基蟲蟎磷(pyrimiphos-méthyl)、嘧啶硫蕃(pyrimisulfan)、嘧硫磷(pyrimitate)、滅鼠優(pyrinuron)、派瑞芬酮(pyriofenone)、派瑞樂(pyriprole)、吡啶醇(pyripropanol)、吡丙醚(pyriproxyfen)、啶菌噁唑(pyrisoxazole)、嘧硫草醚(pyrithiobac)、吡唑威(pyrolan)、百快隆(pyroquilon)、嘧氧碸(pyroxasulfone)、甲氧磺草胺(pyroxsulam)、吡氯靈(pyroxychlor)、吡氧呋(pyroxyfur)、嗪草酸(qincaosuan)、青枯靈(qingkuling)、苦木素(quassia)、羥基喹啉基乙酮(quinacetol)、喹硫磷(quinalphos)、甲基喹硫磷(quinalphos-methyl)、醌菌腙(quinazamid)、二氯喹啉酸(quinclorac)、喹克唑(quinconazole)、喹草酸(quinmerac)、滅藻醌(quinoclamine)、昆福美林(quinofumelin)、甲基克殺蟎(quinomethionate)、氯藻胺(quinonamid)、畜寧磷(quinothion)、快諾芬(quinoxyfen)、喹硫磷(quintiofos)、五氯硝基苯(quintozene)、喹禾靈(quizalofop)、精喹禾靈(quizalofop-P)、驅蚊酯(quwenzhi)、驅蠅定(quyingding)、吡咪唑(rabenzazole)、碘醚柳胺(rafoxanide)、R-達克利(R-diniconazole)、熱必得(rebemide)、敵草快(reglone)、雷度隆(renriduron)、紅圓介殼蟲引誘劑(rescalure)、滅蟲菊(resmethrin)、硫氰苯乙胺(rhodethanil)、鬧羊花毒素III(rhodojaponin-III)、病毒唑(ribavirin)、碸嘧磺隆(rimsulfuron)、丁烯氟蟲腈(rizazole)、R-甲霜靈、硫氰苯胺(rodéthanil)、皮蠅磷(ronnel)、魚藤酮(rotenone)、魚尼丁(ryania)、沙巴藜蘆(sabadilla)、苯嘧磺草胺(saflufenacil)、噻菌茂(saijunmao)、噻森銅(saisentong)、水楊醯苯胺、氟矽菊酯(salifluofen)、血根鹼(sanguinarine)、散道寧(santonin)、S-生物丙烯菊酯(S-bioallethrin)、八甲磷(schradan)、海蔥糖苷(scilliroside)、另丁津(sebuthylazine)、密草通(secbumeton)、氟唑環菌胺(sedaxane)、司拉克丁(selamectin)、單甲脒(semiamitraz)、增效菊(sesamex)、芝麻林素((sesamolin)、賽松(sesone)、西殺草(sethoxydim)、西維因(sevin)、雙甲胺草磷(shuangjiaancaolin)、雙甲南草磷(shuangjianancaolin)、S-烯蟲乙酯(S-hydroprene)、環草隆(siduron)、四氟醚菊酯(sifumijvzhi)、誘蟲環(siglure)、矽護芬(silafluofen)、毒鼠矽(silatrane)、矽石氣凝膠(silica aerogel)、矽膠、矽噻菌胺(silthiofam)、矽噻菌胺(silthiopham)、矽噻菌胺(silthiophan)、涕丙酸(silvex)、西瑪津(simazine)、矽氟唑(simeconazole)、西瑪通(simeton)、西草淨(simetryn)、西草淨(simetryne)、殺雄啉(sintofen)、S-烯蟲炔酯(S-kinoprene)、熟石灰、SMA、S-甲氧普烯(S-methoprene)、S-異丙甲草胺(S-metolachlor)、亞砷酸鈉、疊氮化鈉、氯酸鈉、氰化鈉、氟化鈉、氟乙酸鈉、六氟矽酸鈉、環烷酸鈉、鄰苯基苯酚鈉、鄰苯基苯酚鈉、五氯苯酚鈉、五氯苯氧化鈉、多硫化鈉、氟矽酸鈉、四硫代碳酸鈉、硫氰酸鈉、蔬草滅(solan)、蘇硫磷(sophamide)、賜諾特(spinetoram)、賜諾殺(spinosad)、螺蟎酯(spirodiclofen)、螺甲蟎酯(spiromesifen)、螺蟲乙酯(spiropidion)、賜派滅(spirotetramat)、螺環菌胺(spiroxamine)、司替羅磷(stirofos)、鏈黴素(streptomycin)、番木鼈鹼(strychnine)、食菌甲誘醇(sulcatol)、磺苯醚隆(sulcofuron)、磺草酮(sulcotrione)、草克死(sulfallate)、甲磺草胺(sulfentrazone)、舒非侖(sulfiram)、氟蟲胺(sulfluramid)、磺噻隆(sulfodiazole)、甲嘧磺隆(sulfometuron)、草硫膦(sulfosate)、磺醯磺隆(sulfosulfuron)、治螟磷(sulfotep)、治螟磷(sulfotepp)、氟啶蟲胺腈(sulfoxaflor)、亞碸、硫肟醚(sulfoxime)、硫、硫酸、硫醯氟、吖庚磺酯(sulglycapin)、草硫膦(sulphosate)、硫丙磷(sulprofos)、戊苯碸(sultropen)、滅草靈(swep)、τ-氟胺氰菊酯(tau-fluvalinate)、稗草烯(tavron)、噻蟎威(tazimcarb)、TBTO、TBZ、TCA、TCBA、TCMTB、TCNB、TDE、得克利(tebuconazole)、蟲醯肼(tebufenozide)、吡蟎胺(tebufenpyrad)、特普弗洛奎(tebufloquin)、丁基嘧啶磷(tebupirimfos)、牧草胺(tebutam)、得匍隆(tebuthiuron)、克枯爛(tecloftalam)、四氯硝基苯(tecnazene)、福美雙聯(tecoram)、天地紅(tedion)、得福隆(teflubenzuron)、七氟菊酯(tefluthrin)、特呋喃隆(tefuryltrione)、環磺酮(tembotrione)、雙硫磷(temefos)、雙硫磷(temephos)、涕巴(tepa)、TEPP、吡喃草酮(tepraloxydim)、吡喃草酮(teproloxydim)、環戊烯丙菊酯(terallethrin)、特草定(terbacil)、特草靈(terbucarb)、猛殺草(terbuchlor)、特丁硫磷(terbufos)、甲氧去草淨(terbumeton)、特丁津(terbuthylazine)、芽根靈(terbutol)、去草淨(terbutryn)、去草淨(terbutryne)、特拉克(terraclor)、土黴素(terramicin)、土黴素(terramycin)、特效烯(tetcyclacis)、特福吡格利美(tetflupyrolimet)、四氯蟲醯胺(tetrachlorantraniliprole)、四氯乙烷、司替羅磷(tetrachlorvinphos)、四克利(tetraconazole)、三氯殺蟎碸(tetradifon)、殺蟎好(tetradisul)、四氟隆(tetrafluron)、胺菊酯(tetramethrin)、四氟醚菊酯(tetramethylfluthrin)、四胺、殺蟎素(tetranactin)、氟氰蟲醯胺(tetraniliprole)、四氟丙酸鈉(tetrapion)、殺蟎好(tetrasul)、硫酸鉈、硫酸亞鉈、甲氧噻草胺(thenylchlor)、θ-氯氰菊酯(theta-cypermethrin)、腐絕(thiabendazole)、噻蟲啉(thiacloprid)、噻二嗪(thiadiazine)、噻二氟(thiadifluor)、噻蟲嗪(thiamethoxam)、噻磺隆(thiameturon)、噻丙腈(thiapronil)、噻氟隆(thiazafluron)、噻氟隆(thiazfluron)、噻酮(thiazone)、噻草定(thiazopyr)、苯噻硫磷(thicrofos)、噻菌腈(thicyofen)、噻二唑胺(thidiazimin)、噻苯隆(thidiazuron)、噻酮磺隆(thiencarbazone)、噻吩磺隆(thifensulfuron)、賽氟滅(thifluzamide)、硫柳汞(thimerosal)、甲拌磷(thimet)、禾草丹(thiobencarb)、抗蟲威(thiocarboxime)、硫氯苯亞胺(thiochlorfenphim)、硫氯苯亞胺((thiochlorphenphime)、硫氰基二硝基苯、殺蟲環(thiocyclam)、賽丹(thiodan)、噻菌銅(thiodiazole-copper)、硫敵克(thiodicarb)、久效威(thiofanocarb)、久效威(thiofanox)、硫氟肟醚(thiofluoximate)、硫代六甲磷(thiohempa)、硫柳汞(thiomersal)、甲基乙拌磷(thiometon)、硫磷嗪(thionazin)、多保淨(thiophanate)、乙基多保淨(thiophanate-ethyl)、甲基多保淨(thiophanate-methyl)、對硫磷(thiophos)、克殺蟎(thioquinox)、氨基硫脲(thiosemicarbazide)、殺蟲雙(thiosultap)、噻替派(thiotepa)、殺線威(thioxamyl)、得恩地(thiram)、秋蘭姆(thiuram)、蘇雲金素(thuringiensin)、噻苯達唑(tiabendazole)、汰敵寧(tiadinil)、汰芬那(tiafenacil)、調節安(tiaojiean)、TIBA、蟎蜱胺(tifatol)、仲草丹(tiocarbazil)、替可裡姆(tioclorim)、替惡殺芬(tioxazafen)、硫氰苯甲醯胺(tioxymid)、威線肟(tirpate)、TMTD、甲基脫克松(tolclofos-methyl)、唑蟲醯胺(tolfenpyrad)、托普洛卡(tolprocarb)、托吡拉特(tolpyralate)、甲基益發靈(tolyfluanid)、甲基益發靈(tolylfluanid)、乙酸甲苯汞、克滅鼠(tomarin)、苯吡唑草酮(topramezone)、毒殺芬(toxaphene)、TPN、肟草酮(tralkoxydim)、溴氯氰菊酯(tralocythrin)、四溴菊酯(tralomethrin)、特拉瑞(tralopyril)、拜富寧(transfluthrin)、反氯菊酯(transpermethrin)、不孕津(tretamine)、三十烷醇(triacontanol)、三泰芬(triadimefon)、三泰隆(triadimenol)、氟酮磺草胺(triafamone)、野麥畏(triallate)、野麥畏(tri-allate)、威菌磷(triamiphos)、抑芽唑(triapenthenol)、苯蟎噻(triarathene)、嘧菌醇(triarimol)、醚苯磺隆(triasulfuron)、唑蚜威(triazamate)、葉鏽特(triazbutil)、三嗪氟草胺(triaziflam)、三唑磷(triazophos)、三唑磷(triazothion)、咪唑嗪(triazoxide)、三鹼式氯化銅、三鹼式硫酸銅、苯磺隆(tribenuron)、脫葉磷(tribufos)、氧化三丁基錫、殺草畏(tricamba)、水楊菌胺(trichlamide)、三氯吡氧乙酸(trichlopyr)、敵百蟲(trichlorfon)、異皮蠅磷-3(trichlormetaphos-3)、毒壤膦(trichloronat)、毒壤磷(trichloronate)、三氯三硝基苯、敵百蟲(trichlorphon)、綠草定(triclopyr)、三環吡菌威(triclopyricarb)、三甲酚、三環唑(tricyclazole)、三環己基氫氧化錫、三得芬(tridemorph)、滅草環(tridiphane)、草達津(trietazine)、蝸螺淨(trifenmorph)、三氯丙氧磷(trifenofos)、三氟敏(trifloxystrobin)、三氟啶磺隆(trifloxysulfuron)、三氟地殺嗪(trifludimoxazin)、三氟苯嘧啶(triflumezopyrim)、賽福座(triflumizole)、三福隆(triflumuron)、氟樂靈(trifluralin)、氟胺磺隆(triflusulfuron)、翠福(trifop)、三氟禾草肟(trifopsime)、賽福寧(triforine)、三羥基三嗪、誘蠅羧酯(trimedlure)、混滅威(trimethacarb)、三甲隆(trimeturon)、抗倒酯(trinexapac)、三苯基錫、烯蟲硫酯(triprene)、弗草酮(tripropindan)、雷公藤內酯(triptolide)、草達克(tritac)、殺蟲釘(trithialan)、滅菌唑(triticonazole)、三氟甲磺隆(tritosulfuron)、創克考(trunc-call)、脫葉靈(tuoyelin)、泰環吡唑氟(tyclopyrazoflor)、烯效唑(uniconazole)、高烯效唑(uniconazole-P)、福美甲胂(urbacide)、烏瑞替派(uredepa)、戊酸酯、維利微素(validamycin)、維利微素A、霜黴滅(valifenalate)、異殺鼠酮(valone)、蚜滅多(vamidothion)、抑黴胺(vangard)、凡尼普羅(vaniliprole)、滅草猛(vernolate)、免克寧(vinclozolin)、維生素D3、華法林(warfarin)、硝蟲硫磷(xiaochongliulin)、辛菌胺(xinjunan)、烯肟菌胺(xiwojunan)、烯肟菌酯(xiwojunzhi)、XMC、二甲苯草胺(xylachlor)、二甲苯酚、滅殺威(xylylcarb)、殺滅唑(xymiazole)、抑食肼(yishijing)、氰菌胺(zarilamid)、玉米素(zeatin)、增效胺(zengxiaoan)、增效磷(zengxiaolin)、ξ-氯氰菊酯(zeta-cypermethrin)、環烷酸鋅、磷化鋅、噻唑鋅(zinc thiazole)、硫唑鋅(zinc thiozole)、三氯酚鋅(zinc trichlorophenate)、三氯酚鋅(zinc trichlorophenoxide)、鋅乃浦(zineb)、福美鋅(ziram)、左拉普磷(zolaprofos)、殺鼠靈(zoocoumarin)、座賽胺(zoxamide)、唑菌胺酯(zuoanjunzhi)、唑草胺(zuocaoan)、唑菌酯(zuojunzhi)、唑嘧磺隆(zuomihuanglong)、α-氯代醇(α-chlorohydrin)、α-蛻皮激素( α-ecdysone)、α-木替翠汀(α-multistriatin)、α-萘乙酸((α-naphthaleneacetic acids)、和β-蛻皮激素;
(2) 下列在表1中的分子
。
表1 - M#-活性成分的結構 | |
M# | 結構 |
M1 | |
M2 | |
M3 | |
M4 |
如在本揭示中使用,上文各者為一種活性成分。關於更多資訊,請查閱位於Alanwood.net之“Compendium of Pesticide Common Names”,及位於bcpcdata.com之“The Pesticide Manual”之各種版本,包括線上版中所列的材料。
特別佳的活性成分選擇為1,3-二氯丙烯、剋安勃(chlorantraniliprole)、陶斯松(chlorpyrifos)、氰蟲醯胺(cyantraniliprole)、六伏隆(hexaflumuron)、納乃得(methomyl)、滅芬諾(methoxyfenozide)、多氟脲(noviflumuron)、毆殺滅(oxamyl)、賜諾特(spinetoram)、賜諾殺(spinosad)、氟啶蟲胺腈(sulfoxaflor)、及三氟苯嘧啶(triflumezopyrim)(此後稱為「AIGA–2」)。
此外,另一特別佳的活性成分之選擇是亞醌蟎(acequinocyl)、亞滅培(acetamiprid)、乙醯蟲腈(acetoprole)、阿維菌素(avermectin)、谷速松(azinphos-methyl)、必芬蟎(bifenazate)、畢芬寧(bifenthrin)、胺甲(carbaryl)、加保扶(carbofuran)、克凡派(chlorfenapyr)、克福隆(chlorfluazuron)、可芬諾(chromafenozide)、可尼丁(clothianidin)、賽扶寧(cyfluthrin)、賽滅寧(cypermethrin)、第滅寧(deltamethrin)、汰芬隆(diafenthiuron)、因滅汀苯甲酸鹽(emamectin benzoate)、安殺番(endosulfan)、益化利(esfenvalerate)、乙蟲腈(ethiprole)、依殺蟎(etoxazole)、芬普尼(fipronil)、氟尼胺(flonicamid)、嘧蟎酯(fluacrypyrim)、γ-賽洛寧(gamma-cyhalothrin)、合芬隆(halofenozide)、因得克(indoxacarb)、λ-賽洛寧(lambda-cyhalothrin)、祿芬隆(lufenuron)、馬拉松(malathion)、納乃得(methomyl)、諾伐隆(novaluron)、百滅寧(permethrin)、啶蟲丙醚(pyridalyl)、畢汰芬(pyrimidifen)、賜派芬(spirodiclofen)、得芬諾(tebufenozide)、賽果培(thiacloprid)、賽速安(thiamethoxam)、硫敵克(thiodicarb)、脫芬瑞(tolfenpyrad),以及ζ-賽滅寧(zeta-cypermethrin)(下文中稱為「AIGA–3」)。
術語「生物殺蟲劑」一詞意指一般以與化學殺蟲劑類似的方式施用的微生物生物害蟲控制劑。其通常為細菌,但亦存在真菌控制劑之實例,包括木黴菌屬(Trichoderma spp.)及白粉寄生孢(Ampelomyces quisqualis)。一種熟知的生物殺蟲劑實例為芽孢桿菌屬(Bacillus species),亦即鱗翅目(Lepidoptera)、鞘翅目(Coleoptera)及雙翅目(Diptera)之細菌疾病。生物殺蟲劑包括基於以下之產品:昆蟲病原真菌(例如綠僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae));昆蟲病原線蟲(例如夜蛾斯氏線蟲(Steinernema feltiae));及昆蟲病原病毒(例如蘋果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonella)顆粒體病毒)。昆蟲病原生物體之其他實例包括(但不限於)桿狀病毒、原蟲及微孢子蟲(Microsproridia)。為免生疑問,生物殺蟲劑為活性成分。
術語「所在地」一詞意指害蟲正在生長、可能生長或可能經過的棲息地、繁殖地、植物、種子、土壤、材料或環境。例如,所在地可為:作物、樹木、水果、穀類、飼料物種、藤本植物、草皮及/或觀賞性植物生長處;家養動物居住地;建築物(諸如儲存穀物之場所)之內部或外部表面;建築物中所用之構築材料(諸如浸漬木材);及建築物周圍的土壤。
詞語「MoA材料」意指具有如在irac-online.org.之IRAC MoA分類v. 8.3中所指之作用模式(「MoA」)的活性成分,其描述以下群組。
(1) 乙醯膽鹼酯酶(AChE)抑制劑,包括下列活性成分:棉鈴威(
Alanycarb)
、得滅克(
Aldicarb)
、免敵克(
Bendiocarb)
、免扶克(
Benfuracarb)
、佈嘉信(
Butocarboxim)
、丁酮碸威(
Butoxycarboxim)
、胺甲(
Carbaryl)
、加保扶(
Carbofuran)
、丁基加保扶(
Carbosulfan)
、愛芬克(
Ethiofencarb)
、丁基滅必蝨(
fenobucarb)
、覆滅蟎(
formetanate)
、呋線威(
furathiocarb)
、滅必蝨(
isoprocarb)
、滅賜克(
methiocarb)
、納乃得(
methomyl)
、治滅蝨(
metolcarb)
、歐殺滅(
oxamyl)
、比加普(
pirimicarb)
、安丹(
propoxur)
、硫敵克(
thiodicarb)
、硫伐隆(
thiofanox)
、唑蚜威(
triazamate)
、混滅威(
trimethacarb)
、XMC 、滅爾蝨(
xylylcarb)
、毆殺松(
Acephate)
、甲基吡啶磷(
Azamethiphos)
、乙基谷速松(
azinphos-ethyl)
、甲基谷速松
、硫線磷(
Cadusafos)
、氯氧磷(
Chlorethoxyfos)
、毒蟲畏(
Chlorfenvinphos)
、氯甲硫磷(
Chlormephos)
、陶斯松(
Chlorpyrifos)
、甲基陶斯松、蠅毒磷(
Coumaphos)
、殺螟腈(
Cyanophos)
、甲基硫代內吸磷(
Demeton-S-methyl)、二嗪農(
Diazinon)
、敵敵畏(
Dichlorvos)
/ DDVP 、百治磷(
Dicrotophos)
、樂果(
Dimethoate)
、二甲基亞硝胺(
Dimethylvinphos)
、二硫松(
Disulfoton)
、EPN 、愛殺松(
Ethion)
、普伏松(
Ethoprophos)
、氨磺磷(
Famphur)
、芬滅松(
Fenamiphos)
、撲滅松(
Fenitrothion)
、芬殺松(
Fenthion)
、噻唑磷(
Fosthiazate)
、庚烯磷(
Heptenophos)
、異柳磷(
Isofenphos)
、異唑磷(
Isoxathion)
、馬拉硫磷(
Malathion)
、滅蚜磷(
Mecarbam)
、甲胺磷(
Methamidophos)
、殺撲磷(
Methidathion)
、速滅磷(
Mevinphos)
、久效磷(
Monocrotophos)
、二溴磷(
Naled)
、氧樂果((
Omethoate)
、碸吸磷(
Oxydemeton-methyl)
、對硫磷(
Parathion)
、甲基對硫磷(
Parathion-methyl)
、稻豐散(
Phenthoate)
、伏殺磷(
Phosalone)
、福瑞松(
Phorate)
、亞胺硫磷(
Phosmet)
、磷胺(
Phosphamidon)
、辛硫磷(
Phoxim)
、丙溴磷(
Profenofos)
、巴胺磷(
Propetamphos)
、普硫松(
Prothiofos)
、吡唑硫磷(
Pyraclofos)
、噠硫磷((
Pyridaphenthion)
、喹硫磷(
Quinalphos)
、治螟磷(
Sulfotep)
、丁基嘧啶磷(
tTebupirimfos)
、雙硫磷(
Temephos)
、特丁硫磷(
Terbufos)
、司替羅磷((
Tetrachlorvinphos)
、甲基乙拌磷(
Thiometon)
、三唑磷(
Triazophos)
、敵百蟲(
Trichlorfon)
、蚜滅多(
Vamidothion)
、甲基蟲蟎磷(
Pirimiphos-methyl)
、新煙磷(
Imicyafos)
、及O-(甲氧胺硫基-磷醯基)水楊酸異丙酯
。(2) GABA-閘控型氯離子通道拮抗劑,包括下列活性成分:可氯丹(
Chlordane)
、安殺番(
Endosulfan)
、乙蟲腈(
Ethiprole)
、以及芬普尼(
Fipronil)
。(3) 鈉通道調節劑,包括下列活性成分:阿納寧(
Acrinathrin)
、亞列寧(
Allethrin)
、右旋順式反式亞列寧(
d-cis-trans Allethrin)
、右旋反式亞列寧(
d-trans Allethrin)
、畢芬寧(
Bifenthrin)
、烯丙菊酯(
Bioallethrin)
、S-環戊烯基烯丙菊酯(
Bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl)
、右旋反滅蟲菊酯(
Bioresmethrin)
、乙氰菊酯(
Cycloprothrin)
、賽扶寧(
Cyfluthrin)
、β-賽扶寧、氯氟氰菊酯(
Cyhalothrin)
、λ-氯氟氰菊酯
、 γ-氯氟氰菊酯
、賽滅寧(
Cypermethrin)
、α-賽滅寧
、 β-賽滅寧
、 θ-賽滅寧
、 ζ-賽滅寧
、苯醚氰菊酯(
Cyphenothrin) [(
1R)
-反式異構物]
、溴氰菊酯(
Deltamethrin)
、烯炔菊酯(
Empenthrin) [(
EZ)
-(
1R)
-異構物]
、高氰戊菊酯(
Esfenvalerate)
、依芬普司(
Etofenprox)
、甲氰菊酯(
Fenpropathrin)
、氰戊菊酯(
Fenvalerate)
、氟氰菊酯((
Flucythrinate)
、氟氯苯菊酯(
Flumethrin)
、τ-氟胺氰菊酯(
tau-Fluvalinate 、噻嗯菊酯(
Kadethrin)
、除蟲菊精(
Pyrethrins(
pyrethrum))
、苄蟎醚(
Halfenprox)
、苯醚菊酯(
Phenothrin) [(
1R)
-反式異構物]
、右旋炔丙菊酯(
Prallethrin)
、苄呋菊酯(
Resmethrin)
、矽護芬(
Silafluofen)
、七氟菊酯(
Tefluthrin)
、胺菊酯(
Tetramethrin)
、胺菊酯[(
1R)
-異構物]
、四溴菊酯(
Tralomethrin)
、拜富寧(
Transfluthrin)
、苄氯菊酯(
Permethrin)、
DDT、及甲氧滴滴涕(
Methoxychlor)。
(4) 菸鹼型乙醯膽鹼受器(nAChR)促效劑,包括下列活性成分:
(4A) 亞滅培(
Acetamiprid)、可尼丁(
Clothianidin)、呋蟲胺(
Dinotefuran)、益達胺(
Imidacloprid)、烯啶蟲胺(
Nitenpyram)、賽果培(
Thiacloprid)、賽速安(
Thiamethoxam),
(4B) 尼古丁,
(4C) 氟啶蟲胺腈(
Sulfoxaflor),
(4D) 氟吡呋喃酮(
Flupyradifurone),及
(4E) 三氟苯嘧啶(
Triflumezopyrim)。
(5) 菸鹼型乙醯膽鹼受器(nAChR)別構活化劑,包括下列活性成分:賜諾特(
Spinetoram)及賜諾殺(
Spinosad)。
(6) 氯離子通道活化劑,包括下列活性成分:阿巴美丁(
Abamectin)、因滅汀苯甲酸鹽(
Emamectin benzoate)、里琵菌素(
Lepimectin),以及密滅汀(
Milbemectin)。
(7) 保幼激素模擬物,包括下列活性成分:烯蟲乙酯(
Hydroprene)、烯蟲炔酯(
Kinoprene)、美賜平(
Methoprene)、芬諾克(
Fenoxycarb)、及百利普芬(
pyriproxyfen)。
(8) 雜類非特異性(多重位置)抑制劑,包括下列活性成分:溴甲烷、氯化苦(
Chloropicrin)、冰晶石、磺醯氟、硼砂、硼酸、八硼酸二鈉、硼酸鈉、偏硼酸鈉、吐酒石、重氮甲(
Diazomet)、以及斯美地(
Metam)。
(9) 弦音器官(Chordotonal Organ)TRPV通道調節劑,包括下列活性成分:雙丙環蟲酯(
Afidopyropen)、派滅淨(
Pymetrozine)及哌氟喹腙(
Pyrifluquinazon)。
(10) 蟎生長抑制劑,包括下列活性成分:克芬蟎(
Clofentezine)、合賽多(
Hexythiazox)、氟蟎嗪(
Diflovidazin)、及依殺蟎(
Etoxazole)。
(11) 昆蟲中腸膜之微生物破壞劑,包括下列活性成分:蘇力菌以色列亞種(
B.t. var. israelensis)、鮎澤蘇力菌(
B.t. var. aizawai)、庫斯蘇力菌(
B.t. var. kurstaki)、蘇力菌擬步行蟲亞種(
B.t. var. tenebrionenis)、及圓形芽孢桿菌(
Bacillus sphaericus)。
(12) 粒腺體ATP合成酶抑制劑,包括下列活性成分:得脫蟎(
Tetradifon)、毆蟎多(
Propargite)、亞環錫(
Azocyclotin)、錫蟎丹(
Cyhexatin)、芬佈賜(
Fenbutatin oxide)、及汰芬隆(
Diafenthiuron)。
(13) 經由破壞質子梯度之氧化性磷酸化非耦聯劑,包括下列活性成分:克凡派(
Chlorfenapyr)、
DNOC、及氟蟲胺(
Sulfluramid)。
(14) 菸鹼型乙醯膽鹼受器(nAChR)通道阻斷劑,包括下列活性成分:免速達(
Bensultap)、培丹鹽酸鹽(
Cartap hydrochloride)、硫賜安(
Thiocyclam)、及殺蟲雙鈉(
Thiosultap–sodium)。
(15) 幾丁質生物合成抑制劑,第0型,包括下列活性成分:雙三氟蟲脲(
Bistrifluron)、克福隆(
Chlorfluazuron)、二福隆(
Diflubenzuron)、氟蟎脲(
Flucycloxuron)、氟芬隆(
Flufenoxuron)、六伏隆(
Hexaflumuron)、祿芬隆(
Lufenuron)、諾伐隆(
Novaluron)、多氟脲(
Noviflumuron)、得福隆(
Teflubenzuron)、及三福隆(
Triflumuron)。
(16) 幾丁質生物合成抑制劑,第1型,包括下列活性成分:布芬淨(
Buprofezin)。
(17) 雙翅目脫皮干擾劑,包括下列活性成分:賽滅淨(
Cyromazine)。
(18) 蛻皮激素受器促效劑,包括下列活性成分:可芬諾(
Chromafenozide)、合芬隆(
Halofenozide)、滅芬諾(
Methoxyfenozide)、及得芬諾(
Tebufenozide)。
(19) 章魚胺受器促效劑,包括下列活性成分:三亞蟎(
Amitraz)。
(20) 粒腺體複合物III電子傳遞抑制劑,包括下列活性成分:愛美隆(
Hydramethylnon)、亞醌蟎(
Acequinocyl)、必芬蟎(
Bifenazate)及嘧蟎酯(
Fluacrypyrim)。
(21) 粒腺體複合物I電子傳遞抑制劑,包括下列活性成分:芬殺蟎(
Fenazaquin)、芬普蟎(
Fenpyroximate)、畢汰芬(
Pyrimidifen)、畢達本(
Pyridaben)、得芬瑞(
Tebufenpyrad)、脫芬瑞(
Tolfenpyrad)、及魚藤酮(
Rotenone)。
(22) 電壓-依賴型鈉通道阻斷劑,包括下列活性成分:因得克(
Indoxacarb)以及美氟綜(
Metaflumizone)。
(23) 乙醯基輔酶A羧化酶抑制劑,包括下列活性成分:賜派芬(
Spirodiclofen)、螺甲蟎酯(
Spiromesifen)、及賜派滅(
Spirotetramat)。
(24) 粒腺體複合物IV電子傳遞抑制劑,包括下列活性成分:磷化鋁、磷化鈣、膦、磷化鋅、及氰化物。
(25) 粒腺體複合物II電子傳遞抑制劑,包括下列活性成分:唑蟎氰(
Cyenopyrafen)、賽芬蟎(
Cyflumetofen)及派福布敏(
Pyflubumide)。
(28) 羅納丹受器(Ryanodine receptor)調節劑,包括下列活性成分:剋安勃(
Chlorantraniliprole)、氰蟲醯胺(
Cyantraniliprole)、及氟大滅(
Flubendiamide)。
(29) 弦音器官(Chordotonal Organs)調節劑 – 未界定的目標位置,包括下列活性成分:氟尼胺(
Flonicamid)。
這個版本的分類系統未分配第26組及第27組。此外,有包含未知的或是不確定的作用模式之活性成分UN族群。此組包括下列活性成分:印苦楝子素(
Azadirachtin)、西脫蟎(
Benzoximate)、新殺蟎(
Bromopropylate)、蟎離丹(
Chinomethionat)、大克蟎(
Dicofol)、
GS-omega/kappa HXTX-Hv1a肽、石硫合劑(
lime sulfur)、啶蟲丙醚(
Pyridalyl)、及硫。
術語「害蟲」係意指一種生物體,其對人類或是人類關心的事物(譬如,作物、食物、家畜等等)是有害的,該生物體係來自於節肢動物門、軟體動物門,或圓形動物門。特定的實例為螞蟻、蚜蟲、床虱(bed bug)、甲蟲、蠹蟲(bristletails)、毛蟲、蟑螂、蟋蟀、蠼螋(earwigs)、跳蚤、蒼蠅、蚱蜢、螬、大黃蜂、小葉蟬(jassids)、葉蟬、潛葉蟲、蝨、蝗蟲、蛆、水蠟蟲(mealybugs)、蟎、蛾、線蟲(nematode)、盲蝽(plant bug)、飛蝨(planthopper)、木蝨(psyllids)、鋸蜂(sawflies)、介殼蟲、蠹魚(silverfish)、蛞蝓、蝸牛、蜘蛛、彈尾蟲、臭蟲、綜合綱(symphylans)、白蟻、薊馬(thrips)、壁蝨、胡蜂、粉虱,以及鐵線蟲(wireworm)。
額外的實例為下列之害蟲:
(1) 螯肢動物亞門(Subphyla Chelicerata)、多足亞門(Myriapoda),及六足亞門(Hexapoda)。
(2) 蛛形綱(Arachnida)、綜合綱(Symphyla),及昆蟲綱(Insecta)。
(3) 虱目(Order Anoplura)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括,但不限於,血虱屬(Haematopinus spp.)、甲脅虱屬(Hoplopleura spp.)、顎虱屬(Linognathus spp.)、虱屬(Pediculus spp.)、鱗虱屬(Polyplax spp.)、牛蝨屬(Solenopotes spp.)及新血虱屬(Neohaematopinis spp.)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括,但不限於,驢血虱(Haematopinus asini)、豬血虱(Haematopinus suis)、毛虱(Linognathus setosus)、綿羊顎虱(Linognathus ovillus)、人頭蝨(Pediculus humanus capitis)、人體虱(Pediculus humanus humanus)及陰虱(Pthirus pubis)。
(4) 鞘翅目(Order Coleoptera)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,豆象屬(
Acanthoscelides spp.)、叩頭蟲屬(
Agriotes spp.)、花象屬(
Anthonomus spp.)、梨象屬(
Apion spp.)、金龜屬(
Apogonia spp.)、(
Araecerus spp..)、守瓜屬(
Aulacophora spp.)、豆象蟲屬(
Bruchus spp.)、天牛屬(
Cerosterna spp.)、豆葉甲蟲屬(
Cerotoma spp.)、龜象屬(
Ceutorhynchus spp.)、跳甲屬(
Chaetocnema spp.)、肖葉甲蟲屬(
Colaspis spp.)、金針蟲屬(
Ctenicera spp.)、象鼻蟲屬(
Curculio spp.)、圓頭犀金龜屬(
Cyclocephala spp.)、葉甲屬(
Diabrotica spp.)、竹長蠹屬(
Dinoderus spp.)、榖盜屬(
Gnathocerus spp.)、竊蠹屬(
Hemicoelus spp.)、異翅長蠹屬(
Heterobostruchus spp.)、葉象屬(
Hypera spp.)、齒小蠹屬(
Ips spp.)、粉蠹屬(
Lyctus spp.)、美洲葉甲屬(
Megascelis spp.)、露尾甲屬(
Meligethes spp.)、蜘蛛甲屬(
Mezium spp.)、黃蛛甲屬(
Niptus spp.)、耳象屬屬(
Otiorhynchus spp.)、短喙象屬(
Pantomorus spp.)、鰓角金龜屬(
Phyllophaga spp.)、菜葉蚤屬(
Phyllotreta spp.)、蛛甲屬(
Ptinus spp.)、根觸金龜屬(
Rhizotrogus spp.)、虎象屬(
Rhynchites spp.)、大象鼻蟲屬(
Rhynchophorus spp.)、小蠹屬(
Scolytus spp.)、禾象鼻蟲屬(
Sphenophorus spp.)、米象屬(
Sitophilus spp.)、擬步行蟲屬(
Tenebrio spp.),以及擬穀盜屬(
Tribolium spp.)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,菜豆象(
Acanthoscelides obtectus)、白蠟窄吉丁(
Agrilus planipennis)、背圓粉扁蟲(
Ahasverus advena)、外米擬步行蟲(
Alphitobius diaperinus)、光肩星天牛(
Anoplophora glabripennis)、棉鈴象蟲(
Anthonomus grandis)、小園皮蠹(
Anthrenus verbasci)、麗黃圓皮蠹(
Anthrenus falvipes)、黑絨金龜(
Ataenius spretulus)、甜菜隱食甲蟲(
Atomaria linearis)、黑毛皮蠹(
Attagenus unicolor)、甜菜象(
Bothynoderes punctiventris)、豌豆象(
Bruchus pisorum)、四紋豆象(
Callosobruchus maculatus)、黃斑露尾甲(
Carpophilus hemipterus)、甜菜龜甲(
Cassida vittata)、方頸扁甲(
Cathartus quadricollis)、豆葉甲(
Cerotoma trifurcata)、白菜籽龜象(
Ceutorhynchus assimilis)、芫菁龜象(
Ceutorhynchus napi)、梯斑叩頭蟲(
Conoderus scalaris)、多斑叩頭蟲(
Conoderus stigmosus)、李象鼻蟲(
Conotrachelus nenuphar)、綠花金龜(
Cotinis nitida)、天門冬金花蟲(
Crioceris asparagi)、鏽赤扁穀盜(
Cryptolestes ferrugineus)、長角扁穀盜(
Cryptolestes pusillus)、土耳其扁穀盜(
Cryptolestes turcicus)、密點細枝象蟲(
Cylindrocopturus adspersus)、芒果切葉象甲(
Deporaus marginatus)、火腿皮蠹(
Dermestes lardarius)、白腹皮蠹(
Dermestes maculatus)、墨西哥豆瓢蟲(
Epilachna varivestis)、盾葉蟲(
Euvrilletta peltata)、蛀莖象甲(
Faustinus cubae)、蒼白根頸象(
Hylobius pales)、家天牛(
Hylotrupes bajulus)、紫苜蓿葉象(
Hypera postica)、咖啡果小蠹(
Hypothenemus hampei)、菸草甲(
Lasioderma serricorne)、馬鈴薯甲蟲(
Leptinotarsa decemlineata)、太平洋岸線蟲(
Limonius canus)、麗金龜(
Liogenys fuscus)、條紋水象甲(
Liogenys suturalis)、水稻水象鼻蟲(
Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus)、暹羅榖盜(
Lophocateres pusillus)、平頸粉蠹(
Lyctus planicollis)、
Maecolaspis joliveti、玉米叩甲(
Melanotus communis)、油菜露尾甲(
Meligethes aeneus)、大栗鰓角金龜子(
Melolontha melolontha)、赤足郭公蟲(
Necrobia rufipes)、梯頂天牛(
Oberea brevis)、線形筒天牛(
Oberea linearis)、椰子犀角金龜(
Oryctes rhinoceros)、貿易穀盜扁蟲(
Oryzaephilus mercator)、鋸穀盜(
Oryzaephilus surinamensis)、黑角負泥蟲(
Oulema melanopus)、水稻負泥蟲(
Oulema oryzae)、金龜子(
Phyllophaga cuyabana)、黑粉蠹蟲(
Polycaon stoutti)、日本麗金龜(
Popillia japonica)、大穀蠹(
Prostephanus truncatus)、穀蠹(
Rhyzopertha dominica)、條紋根瘤象甲(
Sitona lineatus)、穀象(
Sitophilus granarius)、米象(
Sitophilus oryzae)、玉米象(
Sitophilus zeamais)、藥材甲(
Stegobium paniceum)、大榖盜(
Tenebroides mauritanicus)、擬穀盜(
Tribolium castaneum)、雜擬穀盜(
Tribolium confusum)、小紅鰹節蟲(
Trogoderma granarium)、花斑皮蠹(
Trogoderma variabile)、紅毛竊蠹(
Xestobium rufovillosum),及玉米距步甲蟲(
Zabrus tenebrioides)。
(5) 革翅目(Order Dermaptera)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,普通蠼螋(
Forficula auricularia)。
(6) 蜚蠊目(Order Blattaria)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,德國姬蠊(
Blattella germanica)、亞洲姬蠊(
Blattella asahina)、東方蜚蠊(
Blatta orientalis)、櫻桃紅蟑螂(
Blatta lateralis)、賓西法尼亞木蠊(
Parcoblatta pennsylvanica)、美洲家蠊(
Periplaneta americana)、澳洲家蠊(
Periplaneta australasiae)、棕色家蠊(
Periplaneta brunnea)、黑褐家蠊(
Periplaneta fuliginosa)、蔗綠蜚蠊(
Pycnoscelus surinamensis)、及長鬚帶蠊(
Supella longipalpa)。
(7) 雙翅目(Order Diptera)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,斑蚊屬(
Aedes spp.)、潛蠅屬(
Agromyza spp.)、按實蠅屬(
Anastrepha spp.)、瘧蚊屬(
Anopheles spp.)、果實蠅屬(
Bactrocera spp.)、地中海實蠅屬(
Ceratitis spp.)、斑虻屬(
Chrysops spp.)、錐蠅屬(
Cochliomyia spp.)、癭蚊屬(
Contarinia spp.)、家蚊屬(
Culex spp.)、庫蠓屬(
Culicoides spp.)、葉癭蚊屬(
Dasineura spp.)、艷粉蝶屬(
Delia spp.)、果蠅屬(
Drosophila spp.)、廁蠅屬(
Fannia spp.)、黑蠅屬(
Hylemya spp.)、斑潛蠅屬(
Liriomyza spp.)、家蠅屬(
Musca spp.)、草種蠅屬(
Phorbia spp.)、粉蠅屬(
Pollenia spp.)、蛾蚋屬(
Psychoda spp.)、蚋屬(
Simulium spp.)、虻屬(
Tabanus spp.)及大蚊屬(
Tipula spp.)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,紫苜蓿潛蠅(
Agromyza frontella)、加勒比按實蠅(
Anastrepha suspensa)、墨西哥果實蠅(
Anastrepha ludens)、西印度果實蠅(
Anastrephaobliqua)、瓜實蠅(
Bactrocera cucurbitae)、東方果實蠅(
Bactrocera dorsalis)、入侵實蠅(
Bactrocera invadens)、桃實蠅(
Bactrocera zonata)、地中海實蠅(
Ceratitis capitata)、油菜葉癭蚊(
Dasineura brassicae)、灰地種蠅(
Delia platura)、黃腹廁蠅(
Fannia canicularis)、灰腹廁蠅(
Fannia scalaris)、腸胃蠅(
Gasterophilus intestinalis)、
Gracillia perseae、東方臂蠅(
Haematobia irritans)、紋皮蠅(
Hypoderma lineatum)、菜斑潛蠅(
Liriomyza brassicae)、蔬菜斑潛蠅(
Liriomyza sativa)、綿羊虱蠅(
Melophagus ovinus)、秋家蠅(
Musca autumnalis)、普通家蠅(
Musca domestica)、羊狂蠅(
Oestrus ovis)、黑麥稈蠅(
Oscinella frit)、甜菜泉蠅(
Pegomya betae)、鎧氏酪蠅(
Piophila casei)、胡蘿蔔蠅(
Psila rosae)、櫻桃果實蠅(
Rhagoletis cerasi)、蘋果果實蠅(
Rhagoletis pomonella)、藍橘繞實蠅(
Rhagoletis mendax)、麥紅吸漿蟲(
Sitodiplosis mosellana)及廄螫蠅(
Stomoxys calcitrans)。
(8) 半翅目(Order Hemiptera)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,球蚜屬(
Adelges spp.)、輪盾介殼蟲屬(
Aulacaspis spp.)、沫蟬屬(
Aphrophora spp.)、蚜蟲屬(
Aphis spp.)、粉虱屬(
Bemisia spp.)、蠟蚧屬(
Ceroplastes spp.)、雪盾介殼蟲屬(
Chionaspis spp.)、褐圓盾介殼蟲屬(
Chrysomphalus spp.)、介殼蟲屬(
Coccus spp.)、小綠葉蟬屬(
Empoasca spp.)、美洲蝽屬(
Euschistus spp.)、蠣盾介殼蟲屬(
Lepidosaphes spp.)、稻椿象屬(
Lagynotomus spp.)、草盲蝽屬(
Lygus spp.)、長管蚜屬(
Macrosiphum spp.)、黑尾葉蟬屬(
Nephotettix spp.)、稻綠蝽屬(
Nezara spp.)、褐飛蝨屬(
Nilaparvata spp.)、沫蟬屬(
Philaenus spp.)、植盲蝽屬(
Phytocoris spp.)、壁蝽屬(
Piezodorus spp.)、臀紋粉介殼蟲屬(
Planococcus spp.)、粉介殼蟲屬(
Pseudococcus spp.)、縊管蚜屬(
Rhopalosiphum spp.)、黑盔蚧屬(
Saissetia spp.)、彩斑蚜屬(
Therioaphis spp.)、蠟蚧蟲屬(
Toumeyella spp.)、桔蚜屬(
Toxoptera spp.)、粉虱屬(
Trialeurodes spp.)、錐蝽屬(
Triatoma spp.)及矢盾介殼蟲屬(
Unaspis spp.)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,擬綠蝽(
Acrosternum hilare)、豌豆蚜(
Acyrthosiphon pisum)、甘藍粉虱(
Aleyrodes proletella)、螺旋粉虱(
Aleurodicus dispersus)、絲絨粉虱(
Aleurothrixus floccosus)、二點小綠葉蟬(
Amrasca biguttula biguttula)、紅圓蚧(
Aonidiella aurantii)、蠶豆蚜(
Aphis fabae)、棉蚜(
Aphis gossypii)、大豆蚜(
Aphis glycines)、蘋果蚜(
Aphis pomi)、馬鈴薯蚜(
Aulacorthum solani)、馬鈴薯/番茄木虱(
Bactericera cockerelli)、菘蝽荷疇(
Bagrada hilaris)、銀葉粉虱(
Bemisia argentifolii)、煙草粉虱(
Bemisia tabaci)、麥長蝽(
Blissus leucopterus)、梣葉槭蝽(
Boisea trivittata)、天門冬小管蚜(
Brachycorynella asparagi)、稻粉介殼蟲(
Brevennia rehi)、甘藍蚜(
Brevicoryne brassicae)、梨木蝨(
Cacopsylla pyri)、梨黃木蝨(
Cacopsylla pyricola)、馬鈴薯俊盲蝽(
Calocoris norvegicus)、紅蠟介殼蟲(
Ceroplastes rubens)、熱帶臭蟲(
Cimex hemipterus)、溫帶臭蟲(
Cimex lectularius)、桔軟蠟介殼蟲(
Coccus pseudomagnoliarum)、
Dagbertus fasciatus、
Dichelops furcatus、麥雙尾蚜(
Diuraphis noxia)、柑橘木虱(
Diaphorina citri)、車前圓尾蚜(
Dysaphis plantaginea)、棉黑翅紅蝽(
Dysdercus suturellus)、
Edessa meditabunda、假眼小綠葉蟬(
Empoasca vitis)、蘋果綿蚜(
Eriosoma lanigerum)、西方葡萄葉蟬(
Erythroneura elegantula)、歐扁盾蝽(
Eurygaster maura)、美洲蝽(
Euschistus conspersus)、英雄美洲蝽(
Euschistus heros)、褐美洲蝽(
Euschistus servus)、褐翅蝽(
Halyomorpha halys)、安氏角盲蝽(
Helopeltis antonii)、桃粉蚜(
Hyalopterus pruni)、安氏角盲蝽(
Helopeltis antonii)、茶角盲蝽(
Helopeltis theivora)、吹棉介殼蟲(
Icerya purchasi)、檬果褐葉蟬(
Idioscopus nitidulus)、小綠葉蟬(
Jacobiasca formosana)、斑飛虱(
Laodelphax striatellus)、東方球蠟蚧(
Lecanium corni)、大稻緣蝽(
Leptocorisa oratorius)、稻緣椿象(
Leptocorisa varicornis)、豆莢草盲蝽(
Lygus hesperus)、桑粉介殼蟲(
Maconellicoccus hirsutus)、大戟長管蚜(
Macrosiphum euphorbiae)、麥長管蚜(
Macrosiphum granarium)、薔薇長管蚜(
Macrosiphum rosae)、翠菊葉蟬(
Macrosteles quadrilineatus)、沫蟬(
Mahanarva frimbiolata)、豆龜蝽(
Megacopta cribraria)、麥無網蚜(
Metopolophium dirhodum)、長角蝽象(
Mictis longicornis)、桃蚜(
Myzus persicae)、萵苣蚜蟲(
Nasonovia ribisnigri)、偽黑尾葉蟬(
Nephotettixcincticeps)、
Neurocolpus longirostris、稻綠蝽(
Nezara viridula)、褐飛蝨(
Nilaparvata lugens)、木瓜秀粉介殼蟲(
Paracoccus marginatus)、馬鈴薯/番茄木虱(
Paratrioza cockerelli)、糠片盾蚧(
Parlatoria pergandii)、黑片盾介殼蟲(
Parlatoria ziziphi)、玉米花翅飛虱(
Peregrinus maidis)、葡萄根瘤蚜(
Phylloxera vitifoliae)、去杉球蚧(
Physokermes piceae)、加州盲蝽(
Phytocoris californicus)、植盲蝽(
Phytocoris relativus)、蓋德擬壁蝽(
Piezodorus guildinii)、桔臀紋粉介殼蟲(
Planococcus citri)、無花果臀紋粉介殼蟲(
Planococcus ficus)、四線盲蝽(
Poecilocapsus lineatus)、盲蝽(
Psallus vaccinicola)、酪梨椿象(
Pseudacysta perseae)、菠蘿潔粉介殼蟲(
Pseudococcus brevipes)、梨園盾蚧(
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus)、玉米蚜(
Rhopalosiphum maidis)、稻麥蚜(
Rhopalosiphum padi)、欖珠蠟蚧(
Saissetia oleae)、栗花椿象(
Scaptocoris castanea)、麥二叉蚜(
Schizaphis graminum)、麥長管蚜(
Sitobion avenae)、白背飛虱(
Sogatella furcifera)、溫室粉虱(
Trialeurodes vaporariorum)、結翅粉蝨(
Trialeurodes abutiloneus)、箭頭介殼蟲(
Unaspis yanonensis)以及
Zulia entrerriana。
(9) 膜翅目(Order Hymenoptera)
。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,切葉蟻屬(
Acromyrmex spp.)
、葉蟻屬(
Atta spp.)
、巨山蟻屬(
Camponotus spp.)
、松葉蜂屬(
Diprion spp.)
、黃胡蜂屬(
Dolichovespula spp.)
、蟻屬(
Formica spp.)
、單家蟻屬(
Monomorium spp.)
、新松葉蜂屬(
Neodiprion spp.)
、黃山蟻屬(
Paratrechina spp.)
、大頭家蟻屬(
Pheidole spp.)
、收穫蟻屬(
Pogonomyrmex spp.)
、馬蜂屬(
Polistes spp.)
、紅火蟻屬(
Solenopsis spp.)
、扁琉璃蟻屬(
Technomyrmex , spp.)
、皺家蟻屬(
Tetramorium spp.)
、黃胡蜂屬(
Vespula spp.)
、胡蜂屬(
Vespa spp.)
,及絨木蜂屬(
Xylocopa spp.)
。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,紅角菜葉蜂(
Athalia rosae)
、德克塞斯切葉蟻(
Atta texana)
、櫻桃黏葉蜂(
Caliroa cerasi)
、美洲榆錘角葉蜂(
Cimbex americana)
、阿根廷虹琉璃蟻(
Iridomyrmex humilis)
、阿根廷蟻(
Linepithema humile)
、歐洲黑蜂(
Mellifera Scutellata)
、小黑蟻(
Monomorium minimum)
、小黃單家蟻(
Monomorium pharaonis)
、松黃葉蜂(
Neodiprion sertifer)
、入侵紅火蟻(
Solenopsis invicta)
、熱帶火蟻(
Solenopsis geminata)
、偷竊蟻(
Solenopsis molesta)
、黑火蟻(
Solenopsis richtery)
、南方火蟻(
Solenopsis xyloni)
、酸臭家蟻(
Tapinoma sessile)
,及小火蟻(
Wasmannia auropunctata)。
(10) 等翅目(Order Isoptera)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限
於,乳白蟻屬(
Coptotermes spp.)
、角象白蟻屬(
Cornitermes spp.)
、堆砂白蟻屬(
Cryptotermes spp.)
、異白蟻屬(
Heterotermes spp.)
、木白蟻屬(
Kalotermes spp.)
、楹白蟻屬(
Incisitermes spp.)
、大白蟻屬(
Macrotermes spp.)
、緣木白蟻屬(
Marginitermes spp.)
、鋸白蟻屬(
Microcerotermes spp.)
、原角白蟻屬(
Procornitermes spp.)
、散白蟻屬(
Reticulitermes spp.)
、長鼻白蟻屬(
Schedorhinotermes spp.)及古白蟻屬(
Zootermopsis spp.)
。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,(
Coptotermes acinaciformis)、曲顎乳白蟻(
Coptotermes curvignathus)、法國乳白蟻(
Coptotermes frenchii)、臺灣乳白蟻(
Coptotermes formosanus)、格斯特乳白蟻(
Coptotermes gestroi)、麻頭堆砂白蟻(
Cryptotermes brevis)、金黃異白蟻(
Heterotermes aureus)、南美異白蟻(
Heterotermes tenuis)
、小楹白蟻(
Incisitermes minor)
、斯氏楹白蟻(
Incisitermes snyderi)
、稻麥小白蟻(
Microtermes obesi)
、角象白蟻(
Nasutitermes corniger)
、臺灣土白蟻(
Odontotermes formosanus)
、土白蟻(
Odontotermes obesus)
、班努斯散白蟻(
Reticulitermes banyulensis)
、草地散白蟻(
Reticulitermes grassei)
、黃肢散白蟻(
Reticulitermes flavipes)
、哈氏散白蟻(
Reticulitermes hageni)
、西方散白蟻(
Reticulitermes hesperus)、桑特散白蟻(
Reticulitermes santonensis)、黃胸散白蟻(
Reticulitermes speratus)、美黑脛散白蟻(
Reticulitermes tibialis)、及美小黑散白蟻(
Reticulitermes virginicus)
。(11) 鱗翅目(Order Lepidoptera)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,捲葉蛾屬(
Adoxophyes spp.)、地老虎屬(
Agrotis spp.)、帶卷蛾屬(
Argyrotaenia spp.)、卷葉蛾屬(
Cacoecia spp.)、麗細蛾屬(
Caloptilia spp.)、水稻螟蟲屬(
Chilo spp.)、錁紋夜蛾屬(
Chrysodeixis spp.)、豆粉蝶屬(
Colias spp.)、草螟屬(
Crambus spp.)、絹野螟屬(
Diaphania spp.)、螟屬(
Diatraea spp.)、鑽夜蛾屬(
Earias spp.)、粉斑螟屬(
Ephestia spp.)、尺蠖蛾屬(
Epimecis spp.)、斑點夜蛾屬(
Feltia spp.)、角劍夜蛾屬(
Gortyna spp.)、鈴夜蛾屬(
Helicoverpa spp.)、實夜蛾屬(
Heliothis spp.)、根蠹屬(
Indarbela spp.)、潛夜細蛾屬(
Lithocolletis spp.)、切根蟲屬(
Loxagrotis spp.)、天幕毛蟲屬(
Malacosoma spp.)、谷蛾屬(
Nemapogon spp.)、疆夜蛾屬(
Peridroma spp.)、小潛細蛾屬(
Phyllonorycter spp.)、黏夜蛾屬(
Pseudaletia spp.)、菜蛾屬(
Plutella spp.)
、蛀莖夜蛾屬(
Sesamia spp.)
、夜盗蛾屬(
Spodoptera spp.)
、透翅蛾屬(
Synanthedon spp.)及巢蛾屬(
Yponomeuta spp.)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,飛揚阿夜蛾(
Achaea janata)、棉褐帶卷蛾(
Adoxophyes orana)、小地老虎(
Agrotis ipsilon)、棉葉波紋夜蛾(
Alabama argillacea)、鱷梨卷葉蟲(
Amorbia cuneana)、臍橙螟(
Amyelois transitella)、棕灰蛾(
Anacamptodes defectaria)、桃枒蛾(
Anarsia lineatella)、黃麻夜蛾(
Anomis sabulifera)、梨豆夜蛾(
Anticarsia gemmatalis)、果樹黃捲蛾(
Archips argyrospila)、玫瑰黃捲蛾(
Archips rosana)、桔帶卷蛾(
Argyrotaenia citrana)、伽馬紋夜蛾(
Autographa gamma)、捲葉蛾(
Bonagota cranaodes)、禾弄蝶(
Borbo cinnara)、棉潛蛾(
Bucculatrix thurberiella)、菸卷蛾(
Capua reticulana)
、桃蛀果蛾(
Carposina niponensis)、芒果螟蛾(
Chlumetia transversa)、玫瑰色卷蛾(
Choristoneura rosaceana)、稻縱卷葉螟(
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)、可可細蛾(
Conopomorpha cramerella)、外米綴蛾(
Corcyra cephalonica)、芳香木蠹蛾(
Cossus cossus)、石核桃卷蛾(
Cydia caryana)、李小食心蟲(
Cydia funebrana)、梨小食心蟲(
Cydia molesta)、豌豆小卷蛾(
Cydia nigricana)、蘋果蠹蛾(
Cydia pomonella)、茶刺蛾(
Darna diducta)、黄瓜絹野螟(
Diaphania nitidalis)、小蔗桿草螟(
Diatraea saccharalis)、西南玉米桿草螟(
Diatraea graniosella)
、埃及鑽夜蛾(
Earias insulata)、翠紋鑽夜蛾(
Earias vitella)、對小卷蛾(
Ecdytolopha aurantianum)、南美玉米苗斑螟(
Elasmopalpus lignosellus)、粉斑螟(
Ephestia cautella)、菸草粉斑螟(
Ephestia elutella)、地中海粉螟(
Ephestia kuehniella)、大豆捲葉蛾(
Epinotia aporema)、淡棕蘋果蛾(
Epiphyas postvittana)、香蕉弄蝶(
Erionota thrax)、鹽澤燈蛾(
Estigmene acrea)、女貞細卷蛾(
Eupoecilia ambiguella)、原切根蟲(
Euxoa auxiliaris)、蠟螟(
Galleria mellonella)、桃折心蟲(
Grapholita molesta)、三紋螟蛾(
Hedylepta indicata)、棉鈴蟲(
Helicoverpa armigera)、玉米穗蟲(
Helicoverpa zea)、菸芽夜蛾(
Heliothis virescens)、菜心野螟(
Hellula undalis)、番茄蠹蛾(
Keiferia lycopersicella)、茄螟蛾(
Leucinodes orbonalis)、咖啡潛葉蛾(
Leucoptera coffeella)、旋紋潛蛾(
Leucoptera malifoliella)、葡萄花翅小卷蛾(
Lobesia botrana)、豆白緣切根蟲(
Loxagrotis albicosta)、舞毒蛾(
Lymantria dispar)、桃潛葉蛾(
Lyonetia clerkella)、蓑蛾(
Mahasena corbetti)、甘藍夜蛾(
Mamestra brassicae)、烟草天蛾(
Manduca sexta)、豆莢螟(
Maruca testulalis)、袋蛾(
Metisa plana)、栗夜盜蟲(
Mythimna unipuncta)、番茄蛀蟲(
Neoleucinodes elegantalis)、白水螟蛾(
Nymphula depunctalis)、冬尺蠖蛾(
Operophtera brumata)、歐洲玉米螟(
Ostrinia nubilalis)、大戟草尺蠖蛾(
Oxydia vesulia)、疆褐卷蛾(
Pandemis cerasana)、蘋褐卷蛾(
Pandemis heparana)、非洲達摩鳳蝶(
Papilio demodocus)、白咖啡潛夜蟲(
Pectinophora gossypiella)、雜色夜蛾(
Peridroma saucia)、咖啡潛葉蛾(
Perileucoptera coffeella)、馬鈴薯蠹蛾(
Phthorimaea operculella)、柑橘潛夜蛾(
Phyllocnisitis citrella)、斑幕潛葉蛾(
Phyllonorycter blancardella)、紋白蝶(
Pieris rapae)、苜蓿綠夜蛾(
Plathypena scabra)、蘋果芽小卷蛾(
Platynota idaeusalis)、印度穀螟蛾(
Plodia interpunctella)、小菜蛾(
Plutella xylostella)、葡萄捲葉蛾(
Polychrosis viteana)、桔果巢蛾(
Prays endocarpa)、油橄欖巢蛾(
Prays oleae)、一星黏蟲(
Pseudaletia unipuncta)、大豆夜蛾(
Pseudoplusia includens)、向日葵尺蠖(
Rachiplusia nu)、三化螟(Scirpophaga incertulas)、稻蛀莖夜蛾(
Sesamia inferens)、西非蛀莖夜蛾(
Sesamia nonagrioides)、蕁麻毛蟲(
Setora nitens)、麥蛾(
Sitotroga cerealella)、葡萄長鬚卷葉蛾(
Sparganothis pilleriana)、甜菜夜蛾(
Spodoptera exigua)、草地貪夜蛾(
Spodoptera fugiperda)、南部灰翅夜蛾(
Spodoptera eridania)、菠蘿褐灰蝶(
Thecla basilides)、衣蛾(
Tinea pellionella)、袋衣蛾(
Tineola bisselliella)、粉斑夜蛾(
Trichoplusia ni)、番茄斑潛蠅(
Tuta absoluta)
、咖啡豹蠹蛾(
Zeuzera coffeae)以及梨豹蠹蛾(
Zeuzerapyrina)。
(12) 食毛目(Order Mallophaga)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,細鵝虱屬(
Anaticola spp.)、牛毛虱屬(
Bovicola spp.)
、大火雞虱屬(
Chelopistes spp.)、雞角羽虱(
Goniodes spp.)、雞虱屬(
Menacanthus spp.)及犬毛虱屬(
Trichodectes spp.)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,牛羽虱(
Bovicola bovis)、山羊住牛虱(
Bovicola caprae)、綿羊虱(
Bovicola ovis)、大火雞虱(
Chelopistes meleagridis)、雞角羽虱(
Goniodes dissimilis)、大角羽虱(
Goniodes gigas)、雛雞羽蝨(
Menacanthus stramineus)、雞羽虱(
Menopon gallinea)以及犬嚙毛虱(
Trichodectes canis)。
(13) 直翅目(Order Orthoptera)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,黑蝗屬(
Melanoplus spp.)及側羽葉屬(
Pterophylla spp.)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,家蟋蟀(
Acheta domesticus)、摩門螽斯(
Anabrus simplex)、非洲螻蛄(
Gryllotalpa africana)、南方螻蛄(
Gryllotalpa australis)、黑短螻蛄(
Gryllotalpa brachyptera)、歐洲痣蟋蟀(
Gryllotalpa hexadactyla)、東亞飛蝗(
Locusta migratoria)、角翅螽斯(
Microcentrum retinerve)、沙漠蝗(
Schistocerca gregaria),以及叉尾灌叢樹螽(
Scudderia furcata)。
(14) 囓蟲目(Order Psocoptera)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,無色書蝨(
Liposcelis decolor)、囓蟲書蝨(
Liposcelis entomophila)、姬嚙蟲(
Lachesilla quercus),以及粉茶蛀蟲(
Trogium pulsatorium)。
(15) 蚤目(Order Siphonaptera)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,雞角葉蚤(
Ceratophyllus gallinae)、黑角葉蚤(
Ceratophyllus niger)、犬櫛頭蚤(
Ctenocephalides canis)、貓櫛頭蚤(
Ctenocephalides felis),以及人蚤(
Pulex irritans)。
(16) 纓翅目(Order Thysanoptera)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,巢針薊馬屬(
Caliothrips spp.)、花薊馬屬(
Frankliniella spp.)、跳薊馬屬(
Scirtothrips spp.)及薊馬屬(
Thrips spp.)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,巢針薊馬(
Caliothrips phaseoli)、菱花薊馬(
Frankliniella bispinosa)、菸褐花薊馬(
Frankliniella fusca)、西方花薊馬(
Frankliniella occidentalis)、梳缺花薊馬(
Frankliniella schultzei)、檬果花薊馬(
Frankliniella tritici)、威廉斯花薊馬(
Frankliniella williamsi)、變葉木薊馬(
Heliothrips haemorrhaidalis)、腹鉤薊馬(
Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus)、桔硬薊馬(
Scirtothrips citri)、小黃薊馬(
Scirtothrips dorsalis)、帶薊馬(
Taeniothrips rhopalantennalis)、黃胸薊馬(
Thrips hawaiiensis)、豆黃薊馬(
Thrips nigropilosus)、東方薊馬(
Thrips orientalis)、南黃薊馬(
Thrips palmi),以及菸薊馬(
Thrips tabaci)。
(17) 纓尾目(Order Thysanura)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,衣魚屬(
Lepisma spp.)以及小灶衣魚屬(
Thermobia spp.)。
(18) 蜱蟎目(Order Acarina)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,粉蟎屬(
Acarus spp.)、刺皮節蜱屬(
Aculops spp.)
、 Argus屬(
Argus spp.)、牛蜱蝨屬(
Boophilus spp.)、蠕形蟎屬(
Demodex spp.)、革蜱屬(
Dermacentor spp.)、上癭蟎屬(
Epitimerus spp.)、節蜱屬(
Eriophyes spp.)、硬蜱屬(
Ixodes spp.)、赤葉蟎屬(
Oligonychus spp.)、全爪蟎屬(
Panonychus spp.)、扇頭蜱屬(
Rhizoglyphus spp.)及葉蟎屬(
Tetranychus spp.)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,伍德氏蟎(
Acarapis woodi)、粗腳粉蟎(
Acarus siro)、芒果瘤癭蟎(
Aceria mangiferae)、番茄刺皮癭蟎(
Aculops lycopersici)、皮氏刺皮癭蟎(
Aculus pelekassi)、斯氏刺癭蟎(
Aculus schlechtendali)、美洲鈍眼蜱(
Amblyomma americanum)
、卵形短鬚蟎(
Brevipalpus obovatus)、紫紅短鬚蟎(
Brevipalpus phoenicis)、變異革蜱(
Dermacentor variabilis)、歐洲室塵蟎(
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)、鵝耳櫪始葉蟎(
Eotetranychus carpini)、異脂刺蟎(
Liponyssoides sanguineus)、貓節痂蟎(
Notoedres cati)、茶紅葉蟎(
Oligonychus coffeae)、伊氏赤葉蟎(
Oligonychusilicis)、柏氏禽刺蟎(
Ornithonyssus bacoti)、柑橘葉蟎(
Panonychus citri)、歐洲葉蟎(
Panonychus ulmi)、柑桔皺葉刺節蜱(
Phyllocoptruta oleivora)、側多食跗線蟎(
Polyphagotarsonemun latus)、血紅扇頭蜱(
Rhipicephalus sanguineus)、人疥蟎(
Sarcoptes scabiei)、鱷梨頂冠癭蟎(
Tegolophus perseaflorae)、二點葉蟎(
Tetranychus urticae)、長食酪蟎(
Tyrophagus longior),以及狄氏瓦蟎(
Varroa destructor)。
(19) 真蜘蛛目(OrderAraneae)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,斜蛛屬(
Loxosceles spp.)、寡婦蛛屬(
Latrodectus spp.),以及漏斗蜘蛛屬(
Atrax spp.)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,棕色遁蛛(
Loxosceles reclusa)、黑寡婦蜘蛛(
Latrodectus mactans),以及雪梨漏斗網蜘蛛(
Atrax robustus)。
(20) 結閥綱(Class Symphyla)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,白松蟲(
Scutigerella immaculata)。
(21) 黏管亞綱(Subclass Collembola)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,黄星圓跳蟲(
Bourletiella hortensis)、棘跳蟲(
Onychiurus armatus)、跳蟲(
Onychiurus fimetarius),以及綠圓跳蟲(
Sminthurus viridis)。
(22) 圓形動物門(Phylum Nematoda)。特定屬之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,線蟲屬(
Aphelenchoides spp.)、刺線蟲屬(
Belonolaimus spp.)、小環線蟲屬(
Criconemella spp.)、莖線蟲屬(
Ditylenchus spp.)、黃金線蟲屬(
Globodera spp.)、孢囊線蟲屬(
Heterodera spp.)、潛根線蟲屬(
Hirschmanniella spp.)、紐帶線蟲屬(
Hoplolaimus spp.)、根瘤線蟲屬(
Meloidogyne spp.)、根腐線蟲屬(
Pratylenchus spp.)及穿孔線蟲屬(
Radopholus spp.)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,犬惡絲蟲(
Dirofilaria immitis)、馬鈴薯孢囊線蟲(
Globodera pallida)、大豆孢囊線蟲(
Heterodera glycines)、玉米胞囊線蟲(
Heterodera zeae)、南方根結線蟲(
Meloidogyne incognita)、爪哇根瘤線蟲(
Meloidogyne javanica)、人蟠尾絲蟲(
Onchocerca volvulus)、穿刺短體根腐線蟲(
Pratylenchus penetrans)、相似穿孔線蟲(
Radopholus similis)、以及腎狀線蟲(
Rotylenchus reniformis)。
(23) 軟體動物門(Phylum Mollusca)。特定物種之非窮舉性清單包括但不限於,西班牙蛞蝓(
Arion vulgaris)、螺旋蝸牛(
Cornu aspersum)
、網紋野蛞蝓(
Deroceras reticulatum)、黄蛞蝓(
Limax flavus)、黑色小蛞蝓(
Milax gagates),以及福壽螺(
Pomacea canaliculata)。
特別佳要控制的害蟲群組是取食汁液之害蟲。取食汁液之害蟲,一般說來,具有銳利及/或吸吮的口器,並且取食汁液與植物之內部植物組織。農業特別關注的取食汁液之害蟲的實例含括但不限於,蚜蟲、葉蟬、介殼蟲(scales)、薊馬(thrips)、木蝨(psyllids)、飛蝨(planthoppers)、水蠟蟲(mealybugs)、臭蟲、以及粉虱。農業關注的取食汁液之害蟲的特定目實例含括但不限於,虱目(Anoplura)及半翅目(Hemiptera)。農業關注的半翅目特定實例含括但不限於,輪盾介殼蟲屬(
Aulacaspisspp.)、沫蟬屬(
Aphrophoraspp.)、蚜蟲屬(
Aphisspp.)、粉虱屬(
Bemisiaspp.)、介殼蟲屬(
Coccusspp.)、美洲蝽屬(
Euschistusspp.)、草盲蝽屬(
Lygusspp.)、長管蚜屬(
Macrosiphumspp.)、稻綠蝽屬(
Nezaraspp.)、縊管蚜屬(
Rhopalosiphumspp.)、飛蝨屬(
Sogatellaspp.)、褐飛蝨屬(
Nilaparvataspp.)、斑飛虱屬(
Laodelphaxspp.)、及黑尾葉蟬屬(
Nephotettixspp)。
另一特別佳要控制的害蟲群組是嚼食性害蟲。嚼食性害蟲,一般說來,具有使其等能嚼食植物組織,含括根、莖、葉、芽、及生殖組織(含括但不限於,花、果實及種子)的口器。農業關注的嚼食性害蟲的實例含括但不限於,毛蟲、甲蟲、蚱蜢及蝗蟲。農業關注的嚼食性害蟲的特定目實例含括但不限於,鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、鱗翅目(Lepidoptera)、及直翅目(Orthoptera)。農業關注的鞘翅目之特定實例含括但不限於,豆象屬(
Acanthoscelidesspp.)、豆葉甲蟲屬(
Cerotomaspp.)、跳甲屬(
Chaetocnemaspp.)、肖葉甲蟲屬(
Colaspisspp.)、圓頭犀金龜屬(
Cyclocephalaspp.)、葉甲屬(
Diabroticaspp.)、葉象屬(
Hyperaspp.)、鰓角金龜屬(
Phyllophagaspp.)、菜葉蚤屬(
Phyllotretaspp.)、禾象鼻蟲屬(
Sphenophorusspp.)、米象屬(
Sitophilusspp.)。
用語「殺蟲有效量」意指對害蟲達成可觀察到的效應所需要的殺蟲劑量,舉例而言,壞死、死亡、遲緩、預防、移除、破壞的效應,不然就是能減少害蟲於一所在地的發生及/或害蟲的活性。於一所在地驅逐害蟲族群,害蟲於一所在地或附近無行為能力,以及/或是害蟲於一所在地或附近消滅的時候,可產生此效應。當然,可發生此等效應之組合。一般而言,害蟲族群、活性或是二者都希望降低超過百分之五十,較佳為超過百分之九十,且最佳為超過百分之九十九。通常,對於農業目的,殺蟲有效量為從大約每公頃0.0001公克至大約每公頃5000公克,較佳為從大約每公頃0.0001公克至大約每公頃500公克,以及還更佳為從大約每公頃0.0001公克至大約每公頃50 公克。或者,可使用大約每公頃150公克至大約每公頃250公克來對抗害蟲。
式1可以不同幾何或光學異構或不同互變異構形式存在。可存在一或多個對掌性中心,在此情況下,式1可以純對映異構體、對映異構體之混合物、純非對映異構體或非對映異構體之混合物形式存在。熟習此項技術者應瞭解,一種立體異構體可比其他立體異構體更具活性。個別立體異構體可藉由已知選擇性合成程序、藉由習知合成程序使用經解析之起始物質、或藉由習知解析程序來獲得。可存在互變異構中心。本發明涵蓋所有此類異構體、互變異構體及其呈所有比例之混合物。本發明中揭示之結構為清楚起見可能僅繪示一種幾何形式,但其意欲代表該分子之所有幾何形式。
式1(F1) 之合成
自商業來源獲得之起始材料、試劑及溶劑係未進一步純化而使用。無水溶劑係購自Aldrich公司的Sure/Seal™且按原樣使用。熔點在Thomas Hoover Unimelt毛細管熔點設備或來自Stanford Research Systems之OptiMelt自動化熔點系統上獲得且未校正。使用「室溫」之實例係在溫度範圍從約20°C至約24°C的氣候控制實驗室中進行。分子係以其已知名稱提供,依據ISIS Draw、ChemDraw或ACD Name Pro內之命名程式命名。若此等程式不能將分子命名,則此分子係使用傳統命名規則命名。除非另有說明,否則
1H NMR光譜數據係以ppm (δ)為單位且於300、400、500或600 MHz記錄;
13C NMR光譜數據係以ppm(δ)為單位且於75、100或150 MHz記錄;而
19F NMR光譜數據係以ppm (δ)為單位且於376 MHz記錄。
熟習此項技術者當瞭解,可以透過以不同於所述的順序執行一些合成途徑的步驟,來完成所欲分子的合成。熟習此項技術者也會瞭解到,於所欲分子上執行標準的官能基相互轉變或是取代反應以導入或修飾取代基是可能的。
實例1 :3- 氯-1-( 吡啶-3- 基)-1
H-
吡唑-4- 胺(C5) 之製備
步驟1 - 3-氯-1
H-吡唑-4-胺鹽酸鹽(C2)之製備:向2公升(L)三頸圓底燒瓶安裝頂置式攪拌器、溫度探針、添加漏斗、及氮氣入口。向此三頸燒瓶中添加乙醇(600毫升(mL))及4-硝基-1
H-吡唑(C1;50.6克(g),447毫莫耳(mmol))。向此溶液中一次性添加濃鹽酸(HCl;368 mL)(注意:自15 °C快速放熱至39 °C),及將所得混合物用氮氣 (N
2)吹掃5分鐘(min)。添加氧化鋁載鈀(5% w/w) (2.6 g) ,及在於4小時(h)間逐滴添加三乙基矽烷(208 g, 1789 mmol) 的同時於室溫下攪拌混合物。將於2 h間開始自35 °C緩慢自熱至55 °C 之反應混合物攪拌總共16 小時。將混合物真空過濾通過Celite
®塞,並收集兩相混合物。將兩相混合物轉移至分液漏斗,並收集底部水層及藉助乙腈 (3 x 350 mL)旋轉蒸發(60 °C, 50 mmHg) 至乾。將所得黃色固體懸浮於乙腈 (150 mL) 中並使其於室溫下靜置2 h,隨後在冰箱中於0°C下靜置1小時。將固體過濾並用乙腈(100 mL)洗滌以得到標題化合物的白色固體(84 g,97%產率,80%純度): mp 190–193 °C;
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-
d 6) δ 10.46 – 10.24 (br s, 2H), 8.03 (s, 0.54H), 7.75 (s, 0.46H), 5.95 (br s, 1H);
13C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-
d 6) δ 128.24, 125.97, 116.71。
步驟2 - (3-氯-1
H-吡唑-4-基)胺基甲酸第三-丁酯(C3)之製備: 向2 L圓底燒瓶中添加3-氯-1
H-吡唑-4-胺鹽酸鹽(C2;100 g,649 mmol)及四氫呋喃(THF;500 mL)。向此混合物中依序添加二碳酸二-第三-丁酯(156 g,714 mmol)、碳酸氫鈉(120 g,1429 mmol)及水(50.0 mL)。將混合物攪拌16小時,用水(500 mL)及乙酸乙酯(EtOAc;500 mL)稀釋並轉移至分液漏斗。此得到三層:a)底層 - 白色凝膠狀沉澱物;b)中層 - 淺黃色水性液體;及c)頂層 - 赤褐色有機液體。將相分離,將底層及中層(即,水相)收集在一起。用EtOAc (2 x 200 mL)萃取水相,及合併有機萃取物,用鹽水(200 mL)洗滌,經無水硫酸鈉乾燥,過濾及藉由旋轉蒸發濃縮得到濃稠赤褐色油 (160 g)。將該濃稠油懸浮於己烷(1000 mL)中並於55°C下攪拌2小時。此得到淺棕色懸浮液。使混合物冷卻至 0 °C,及經由真空過濾收集固體並用己烷(2 x 10 mL)沖洗。將樣品風乾至恆定質量得到標題化合物之淺棕色固體(103 g,72% 產率,80%純度): mp 137–138 °C;
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 10.69 (s, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 1.52 (s, 9H)。
步驟3 - (3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)胺基甲酸第三-丁酯(C4)之製備:將乾燥的2 L三頸圓底燒瓶裝備機械攪拌器、氮氣入口、溫度計、及回流冷凝器。向此燒瓶中添加3-碘吡啶(113 g,551 mmol)、 (3-氯-1
H-吡唑-4-基)胺基甲酸第三-丁酯 (C3; 100 g,459 mmol)、粉狀磷酸鉀(195 g,919 mmol)、及氯化銅(3.09 g, 23 mmol)。依序添加乙腈(1 L)及
N 1,N
2 -二甲基乙烷-1,2-二胺(101 g, 1149 mmol) ,並將混合物加熱至81 °C持續4小時。使混合物冷卻至室溫並過濾通過Celite
®床。將濾液轉移至設有機械攪拌器的4 L錐形瓶並用水稀釋直至總體積為約4 L。將混合物於室溫下攪拌30 min及經由真空過濾收集所得固體。將固體用水洗滌及於真空中在40 °C下烘箱乾燥七天至恆定重量,得到標題化合物之棕褐色固體 (117.8 g,87%產率,80%純度): mp 140–143 °C;
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 8.96 (s, 1H), 8.53 (dd,
J= 4.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.98 (ddd,
J= 8.3, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd,
J= 8.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 1.54 (s, 9H);ESIMS
m/z338 ([M-
t-Bu]
+), 220 ([M-O-
t-Bu]
-)。
步驟4 - 3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-胺(C5)之製備:將三氟乙酸(TFA;6.79 mL)添加至於二氯甲烷(DCM;6.79 mL)中之(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)胺基甲酸第三-丁酯(C4;2 g,6.79 mmol),及將混合物於室溫下攪拌2小時。添加甲苯(12 mL),及於真空中將反應混合物濃縮至接近乾燥。將經濃縮的反應混合物倒入含有飽和碳酸氫鈉水溶液之分液漏斗中並用DCM (3 x 10 mL)萃取。將合併的有機層濃縮得到標題化合物之白色固體(0.954 g,72%): mp 137.9–139.9 °C;
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 8.84 (d,
J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (dd,
J= 4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (ddd,
J= 8.3, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.37 (ddd,
J= 8.4, 4.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (s, 2H);ESIMS
m/ z196 ([M+H]
+)。
實例2 :
N-(3-
氯-1-( 吡啶-3- 基)-1
H-
吡唑-4- 基)-2-( 甲基磺醯基) 丙醯胺( 式1) 之製備
步驟1 -
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基硫基)丙醯胺
(C7)之製備:向3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-胺(
C5;0.1 g,0.514 mmol)及2-(甲基硫基)丙酸(
C6;0.185 g,1.541 mmol)於DCM (1.713 mL) 中之懸浮液依序添加
N ,N-二甲基吡啶-4-胺(0.220 g,1.798 mmol)及
N1-((乙基亞胺基)亞甲基)-
N3 ,N3-二甲基丙烷-1,3-二胺鹽酸鹽(0.305 g,1.593 mmol)。將反應混合物於環境溫度下攪拌18小時並濃縮。藉由矽膠層析(0–100% EtOAc/己烷)純化得到標題化合物之白色固體(116 mg,72%): mp 129–132 °C;
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 8.98 (d,
J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.58 – 8.53 (m, 1H), 8.03 – 7.96 (m, 1H), 7.43 – 7.37 (m, 1H), 3.59 – 3.48 (m, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.59 (d,
J= 7.3 Hz, 3H);ESIMS
m/z297 ([M+1]
+)。
步驟2 -
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基磺醯基)丙醯胺
( 式1)之製備:向100 mL圓底燒瓶添加
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基硫基)丙醯胺(
C7;882 mg,2.97 mmol)、乙酸(6.0 mL)、及四水合過硼酸鈉(915 mg,5.94 mmol)。將反應混合物於惰性氛圍中於經升溫至50 °C之加熱組中攪拌過夜。然後將反應混合物倒入鹽水溶液中並用DCM (3 x 20 mL)萃取。將合併之有機萃取物經硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾並濃縮。藉由矽膠層析(於DCM中之0–10%甲醇)純化所得殘餘物得到標題化合物之白色泡沫(734 mg,74%):
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-
d 6) δ 10.41 (s, 1H), 9.07 (d,
J= 2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.55 (dd,
J= 4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (ddd,
J= 8.4, 2.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (ddd,
J= 8.4, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (q,
J= 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 1.57 (d,
J= 7.1 Hz, 3H);ESIMS
m/z329 ([M+H]
+);IR (薄膜) 1680 cm
-1。
比較分子之合成 實例3 :3- 氯-
N-
甲基-1-( 吡啶-3- 基)-1
H-
吡唑-4- 胺(C9) 之製備
步驟1 - (3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)(甲基)胺基甲酸第三-丁酯
(C8)之製備:在0 °C下向3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基胺基甲酸第三-丁酯(
C4;1.0 g,3.39 mmol) 於
N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(16.96 mL)中之溶液添加氫化鈉(0.163 g,4.07 mmol)。於30 min 後,燒瓶升溫至環境溫度及將反應混合物再多攪拌30 min 。將碘甲烷(0.232 mL,3.73 mmol)添加至燒瓶,及將反應混合物於環境溫度下攪拌2 h。經由添加飽和氯化銨來淬滅反應。用第三-丁基甲基醚萃取反應混合物兩次。將有機層經硫酸鈉乾燥,過濾並濃縮。經由矽膠管柱層析(0–100% EtOAc/己烷)純化得到標題化合物之黃色油(983 mg,94%):
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 8.91 (d,
J= 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.64 – 8.48 (m, 1H), 8.01 (d,
J= 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.41 (dd,
J= 8.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.23 (s, 3H), 1.58 – 1.25 (m, 9H);ESIMS
m/z309 ([M+H]
+);IR (薄膜) 1693 cm
-1。
步驟2 - 3-氯-N-甲基-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1H-吡唑-4-胺
(C9)之製備:向於DCM (5.4 mL) 中之3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基(甲基)胺基甲酸第三-丁酯(
C8;1.65 g,5.34 mmol)添加三氟乙酸(TFA;5.4 mL)及將溶液於室溫下攪拌1 小時。添加甲苯及將反應混合物於真空中濃縮至接近乾燥。將經濃縮的反應混合物倒入含有飽和碳酸氫鈉之分液漏斗中並用EtOAc(3 x 20 mL)萃取混合物。將萃取物合併,經硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾、並濃縮至乾。單獨分離出標題化合物的淺黃色固體 (0.92 g,83%): mp 108–118 °C;
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 8.88 (d,
J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (dd,
J= 4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (ddd,
J= 8.3, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41 – 7.29 (m, 2H), 2.87 (s, 3H);EIMS
m/z208。
實例4 :
N-(3-
氯-1-( 吡啶-3- 基)-1
H-
吡唑-4- 基)-
N-
甲基-2-( 甲基磺醯基) 丙醯胺( 比較實例1 亦稱為CE1) 之製備 比較實例1
步驟1 - N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-
N-甲基-2-(甲基硫基)丙醯胺
(C10)之製備:向2-(甲基硫基)丙酸(
C6;481 mg,4.00 mmol)於DCM (6 mL)中之溶液中添加草醯二氯(0.384 mL,4.40 mmol)及一滴二甲基甲醯胺。觀察到劇烈起泡,及繼續攪拌30分鐘。將粗製醯基氯反應混合物
(C6b)於真空中濃縮至接近乾燥。將經濃縮的反應混合物
(C6b)溶解於DCM (3 mL)中並緩慢地(經約5 min)添加至3-氯-
N-甲基-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-胺(C9;417 mg,2 mmol)及
N-乙基-
N-異丙基丙-2-胺(0.751 mL,4.40 mmol)於DCM (3 mL)中之冰冷溶液。經0.5小時將所得之深橘色溶液緩慢升溫至室溫並於環境溫下攪拌1.5小時。經由添加飽和碳酸氫鈉溶液來淬滅反應混合物。用DCM (3 x 10 mL)萃取反應混合物。藉由矽膠層析(0–100% EtOAc/己烷)純化殘餘物得到標題化合物之白色固體(495 mg,76%): mp 128–133 °C;
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 8.94 (d,
J= 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (d,
J= 3.8 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d,
J= 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (dd,
J= 8.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (q,
J= 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.45 (d,
J= 6.9 Hz, 3H);ESIMS
m/z311 ([M+1]
+)。
步驟2 -
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-
N-甲基-2-(甲基磺醯基)丙醯胺
( 比較實例1)之製備:向20 mL小玻璃瓶依序添加N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-
N-甲基-2-(甲基硫基)丙醯胺(
C10;306 mg,0.985 mmol)、乙酸(2 mL)、及四水合過硼酸鈉(333 mg,2.17 mmol)。將溶液於65 °C下加熱3小時,冷卻,及經由緩慢添加飽和碳酸氫鈉溶液來淬滅。用DCM (3 x 10 mL)萃取溶液,及將合併的有機萃取物乾燥、並濃縮。藉由矽膠層析(於DCM中之0–10% 甲醇)純化所得混合物得到標題化合物之灰白色固體(221 mg,62%):
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 8.97 (dd,
J= 2.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (dd,
J= 4.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 8.00 (ddd,
J= 8.4, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (ddd,
J= 8.4, 4.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.14 – 3.94 (m, 1H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 3.02 (d,
J= 0.8 Hz, 3H), 1.65 (d,
J= 7.0 Hz, 3H);ESIMS
m/z343 ([M+1]
+);IR (薄膜) 1657 cm
-1。
實例5 :
N-(3-
氯-1-( 吡啶-3- 基)-1
H-
吡唑-4- 基)-
N-
甲基-2-( 甲基磺醯基) 乙醯胺( 比較實例2 亦稱為CE2) 之製備: 比較實例2
步驟1 -
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-N-甲基-2-(甲基硫基)乙醯胺
(C12)之製備:向20 mL小玻璃瓶依序添加3-氯-N-甲基-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-胺 (
C9;417 mg,2 mmol)、2-(甲基硫基)乙酸(
C11;318 mg,3 mmol)、
N1-((乙基亞胺基)亞甲基)-
N3 ,N3-二甲基丙烷-1,3-二胺鹽酸鹽(767 mg,4 mmol)、
N ,N-二甲基吡啶-4-胺(611 mg,5 mmol)、及二氯乙烷(6 mL)。將該溶液於室溫下攪拌18小時並濃縮。藉由矽膠層析(0–100% EtOAc/己烷)純化得到標題化合物之淺黃色油(517 mg,83%):
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 8.95 (d,
J= 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (dd,
J= 4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.04 (ddd,
J= 8.3, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50 – 7.43 (m, 1H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 3.12 (s, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H);
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 170.00, 148.61, 140.15, 140.03, 135.68, 126.56, 126.42, 125.33, 124.15, 37.16, 34.94, 16.22;ESIMS
m/z297 ([M+H]
+)。
步驟2 -
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-
N-甲基-2-(甲基磺醯基)乙醯胺
( 比較實例2)之製備:向7 mL小玻璃瓶依序添加
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-N-甲基-2-(甲基硫基)乙醯胺(
C12;262 mg,0.883 mmol)、乙酸(1.5 mL)、及四水合過硼酸鈉(299 mg,1.942 mmol)。將混合物於65 °C下攪拌2小時,然後經由添加飽和碳酸氫鈉溶液來淬滅。用DCM (3 x 10 mL)萃取反應混合物。將合併的有機萃取物乾燥並濃縮。藉由矽膠層析(於DCM中之0–10%甲醇)純化所得混合物得到標題化合物之白色半固體(192 mg,62.8%):
1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 8.97 (d,
J= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (dd,
J= 4.9, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 8.00 (ddd,
J= 8.4, 2.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (dd,
J= 8.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 2H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 3.20 (s, 3H);ESIMS
m/z329 ([M+H]
+);IR (薄膜) 1664 cm
-1。
實例6 :
N-(3-
氯-1-( 吡啶-3- 基)-1
H-
吡唑-4- 基)-2-( 甲基磺醯基) 乙醯胺( 式2 亦稱為CE3) 之製備
實例1 -
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基硫基)乙醯胺
(C14)之製備:向3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-胺(
C5;1.0 g,5.14 mmol)、
N ,N-二甲基吡啶-4-胺(628 mg,5.14 mmol)、及2-(甲基硫基)乙酸(
C13;654 mg,6.17 mmol)於二氯乙烷(6 mL)中之懸浮液中添加
N1-((乙基亞胺基)亞甲基)-
N3 ,N3-二甲基丙烷-1,3-二胺鹽酸鹽(1.477 mg,7.71 mmol)。將反應混合物於環境溫度下攪拌24小時。將混合物用DCM稀釋並用飽和氯化銨水溶液及鹽水洗滌,經硫酸鎂乾燥,及於真空中濃縮得到棕色膠。藉由矽膠層析(DCM-甲醇)純化膠得到標題化合物之白色固體(1.268 g,87%):
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 9.06 – 8.90 (m, 1H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 8.57 – 8.45 (m, 1H), 8.05 – 7.90 (m, 1H), 7.46 – 7.33 (m, 1H), 3.41 (s, 2H), 2.24 (s, 3H);ESIMS
m/z283 ([M+H]
+)。
步驟2 -
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基磺醯基)乙醯胺
( 式2)之製備:向
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基硫基)乙醯胺(
C14;160 mg,0.566 mmol)於乙酸(1.5 mL)中之溶液添加四水合過硼酸鈉(183 mg,1.188 mmol)。將反應混合物在60℃下攪拌2小時。將反應混合物冷卻然後倒入過量的飽和碳酸氫鈉溶液中並用DCM萃取。藉由矽膠層析(於DCM中之0–10%甲醇)純化所得殘餘物得到標題化合物之白色固體(101 mg,53.9%)及
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基亞磺醯基)乙醯胺
(C15)之白色固體(40 mg,22.5%)。
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基磺醯基)乙醯胺
( 式2):
1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 8.95 (dd,
J= 2.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.66 (d,
J= 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.53 (dd,
J= 4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (ddd,
J= 8.4, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (ddd,
J= 8.3, 4.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (q,
J= 0.8 Hz, 2H), 3.21 (t,
J= 0.8 Hz, 3H);ESIMS
m/z315 ([M+H]
+);IR (薄膜) 1677 cm
-1。
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基亞磺醯基)乙醯胺
(C15):
1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl
3) δ 8.95 (dd,
J= 2.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.65 (d,
J= 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.53 (dd,
J= 4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (ddd,
J= 8.4, 2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (ddd,
J= 8.4, 4.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (d,
J= 13.9 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d,
J= 13.8 Hz, 1H), 2.80 (s, 3H); ESIMS
m/z299 ([M+H]
+);IR (薄膜) 1673 cm
-1。
實例7 :
N-(3-
氯-1-( 吡啶-3- 基)-1
H-
吡唑-4- 基)-2-( 甲基磺醯基) 乙醯胺( 式3 亦稱為CE4) 之製備
步驟1 - 2-甲基-2-(甲基硫基)丙醯氯
(C17)之製備:向100 mL圓底燒瓶裝填 2-甲基-2-(甲基硫基)丙酸乙酯(
C16;500 mg,3.08 mmol)、水合氫氧化鋰(400 mg,9.53 mmol)、THF (6.0 mL)、甲醇(2.0 mL)及水(2.0 mL)。將該反應混合物置於室溫下攪拌過夜。用2當量濃度(N) HCl使反應混合物成為酸性並用EtOAc (3 x 15 mL)萃取。將合併之有機萃取物經硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾並濃縮。
可如於Liu, Aiping; Ren, Yeguo; Huang, Lu; Pei, Hui; Hu, Zhibin; Lin, Xuemei; Cheng, Sixi; Huang, Mingzhi; Zhu, Xiaoxing; Wei, Tianlong CN 101928271, 2010中自以上的酸製備得標題化合物。將其單獨分離(未經純化)成為無色固體 (394 mg, 83%):
1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-
d 6) δ 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 6H);
13C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-
d 6) δ 174.01, 45.08, 24.31, 11.73;IR (薄膜) 3394, 1652, 1204, 1040, 1024, 995 cm
-1。
步驟2 -
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-甲基-2-(甲基硫基)丙醯胺
(C18)之製備:向50 mL圓底燒瓶裝填來自步驟1之 2-甲基-2-(甲基硫基)丙醯氯(
C17;200 mg,1.310 mmol)、3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-胺(
C5;255 mg,1.310 mmol)及二氯乙烷(6.552 mL)。於惰性氛圍下添加
N-乙基-
N-異丙基丙-2-胺(456 μL,2.62 mmol) 。將反應混合物於室溫下攪拌3小時並濃縮。經由倒入鹽水溶液中來淬滅反應,及用DCM (2 x 15 mL)萃取反應混合物。將合併之有機萃取物經硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾並濃縮。藉由矽膠層析(0-80% EtOAc/己烷)純化所得殘餘物得到標題化合物之淺橘色殘餘物(191 mg, 46.4%):
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-
d 6) δ 9.37 (s, 1H), 9.07 (dd,
J= 2.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.55 (dd,
J= 4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (ddd,
J= 8.3, 2.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (ddd,
J= 8.4, 4.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 6H);
13C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-
d 6) δ 171.99, 147.05, 138.78, 136.62, 134.86, 125.02, 124.85, 123.72, 119.01, 47.13, 24.99, 11.65;IR (薄膜) 1675, 1484, 1388, 1353, 947, 800, 702 cm
-1;ESIMS
m/z311 ([M+H]
+)。
步驟3 -
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-甲基-2-(甲基磺醯基)丙醯胺
( 式3)之製備:向25 mL小玻璃瓶裝填
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-甲基-2-(甲基硫基)丙醯胺(
C18;75 mg,0.241 mmol)、四水合過硼酸鈉(74 mg,0.483 mmol),並添加乙酸(2.0 mL) 。將反應混合物在加熱組中在50℃下攪拌3小時。將該反應混合物以水(7 mL)稀釋並用DCM(3 x 7 mL)萃取。將合併之有機萃取物以硫酸鎂乾燥、過濾並濃縮。藉由矽膠層析(0-75% EtOAc/己烷)純化所得殘餘物得到標題化合物之白色固體(47 mg,56.2%):
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-
d 6) δ 9.50 (s, 1H), 9.07 (d,
J= 2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.83 (s, 1H), 8.56 (dd,
J= 4.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (ddd,
J= 8.4, 2.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.68 – 7.49 (m, 1H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 1.66 (s, 6H);
13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-
d 6) δ 167.92, 148.27, 139.99, 137.59, 135.89, 126.34, 126.09, 124.77, 119.33, 67.49, 36.97, 19.76;IR (薄膜) 1678, 1292, 1108, 946, 800, 701 cm
-1;ESIMS
m/z343 ([M+H]
+)。
生物分析法
針對綠桃蚜蟲(Green Peach Aphid (
Myzus persicae)) 及菸草粉蝨(Sweetpotato Whitefly (
Bemisia tabaci))(其係廣範圍之取食汁液之害蟲的良好指標物種)進行以下的生物分析法。利用此兩指標物種得到的結果顯示式1於防治取食汁液之昆蟲上的寬廣有效性。
測試溶液:
將
F1、
CE1、
CE2、
CE3、及
CE4(各2 mg)各溶解於2 mL之丙酮/甲醇(1:1)溶劑中,從而形成各測試分子之1000 ppm的儲備溶液。將儲備溶液用0.025% Tween
®20水溶液稀釋5倍以獲得各測試分子的200 ppm測試溶液。隨後使用於含0.025% Tween
®20及10%丙酮/甲醇(1:1)之水中的四倍稀釋液來產生用於劑量反應的期望濃度。針對各分析法使用最少5種各測試分子之濃度。
生物分析法1 :綠桃蚜蟲(
Myzus persicae, MYZUPE) (“GPA”)
。
GPA為最顯著的桃樹蚜蟲,導致生長減慢、葉子枯萎及多個組織死亡。其亦為有危害的,因為其充當病媒,將植物病毒諸如馬鈴薯Y病毒及馬鈴薯卷葉病毒傳播至茄科(
Solanaceae)成員及將多種花葉病毒傳播至許多其他糧食作物。在諸等作物當中,GPA侵襲諸如椰菜、牛蒡、甘藍菜、胡蘿蔔、花椰菜、蘿蔔、茄子、綠豆、萵苣、澳洲胡桃、番木瓜、胡椒、甘薯、蕃茄、豆瓣菜及筍瓜之植物。GPA亦侵襲許多觀賞作物,諸如康乃馨、菊花、開花白球甘藍、一品紅及玫瑰。GPA已產生對許多殺蟲劑之抗性。目前其為具有第三大昆蟲抗性報導案例數目的害蟲(Sparks等人)。因此,由於以上因素,防治此害蟲為重要的。此外,防治此稱為攝食汁液之害蟲的害蟲(GPA)的分子適用於防治在植物上攝食汁液的其他害蟲。
使用以下程序針對GPA測試如前所述來製備之式1及比較實例的測試溶液。
使用在3吋盆中生長、具有2-3個小(3-5 cm)真葉的甘藍菜苗作為測試基質。幼苗在化學施用之前一天經20-50個GPA(無翅成蟲及若蟲期)侵染。每一處理使用四盆單獨幼苗。使用手持式抽氣型噴霧器來將溶液噴霧至甘藍菜葉子兩側直至流走為止。參考植物(溶劑檢查)僅用稀釋劑(0.025% Tween
®20及10%丙酮/甲醇(1:1)於水中)噴灑。經處理之植物在分級之前在大致25℃及環境相對濕度(RH)下之保存室中保存三天。在處理後三天藉由在顯微鏡下計數每一植物之活蚜蟲的數目來進行評估。使用如下的阿爾伯特校正公式(Abbott's correction formula) (W.S. Abbott, “A Method of Computing the Effectiveness of an Insecticide” J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp.265-267)來量測防治百分比。
經校正之防治% = 100 * (X - Y) / X
其中X =溶劑檢查植物上活蚜蟲的數目,而Y =經處理之植物上活蚜蟲的數目。結果給於下表2中。
生物分析法2 :菸草粉蝨(
Bemisia tabaci, BEMITA) (“SPW”)
菸草粉蝨係對棉花的主要破壞性害蟲。其亦係對諸如瓜類、芸薹屬作物、番茄、及生菜之許多蔬菜作物、以及觀賞性植物的嚴重害蟲。SPW既通過直接取食損傷又通過病毒傳播來造成損傷。SPW係取食汁液之昆蟲,且其之取食自植物移除養分。此會導致棉花的生長停滯、落葉、產量減少、及落鈴。SPW產生大量甘露,其支援煤病菌(sooty molds)在植物葉上的生長。SPW亦係諸如棉花皺葉病毒(cotton leaf crumple virus)及蕃茄黃化捲葉病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl virus)等病毒的媒介。
使用以下程序針對SPW測試如前所述來製備之式1及比較實例的測試溶液。
使用在3吋盆中生長、經修剪至僅留下一個真葉的棉花幼苗作為測試基質。使菸草粉蝨成蟲侵占此等植物並產卵24小時,之後使用壓縮空氣將所有成蟲自植物移除。監控植物之卵的發育,及當爬蟲進行羽化時(基於使用顯微鏡的視覺檢查>25%羽化),使用先前針對綠桃蚜蟲(GPA)所述之測試溶液及方法噴灑植物。使經處理之植物在分級之前在大致25℃及環境相對濕度(RH)下之保存室中保存。在處理後7-9天藉由在顯微鏡下計數每一植物之經發育2-3齡若蟲的數目來進行評估。使用如下的阿爾伯特校正公式(Abbott's correction formula) (W.S. Abbott, “A Method of Computing the Effectiveness of an Insecticide” J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp.265-267)來量測防治百分比:
經校正之防治% = 100 * (X - Y) / X
其中X =溶劑檢查植物上活蟲的數目,而Y =經處理之植物上活蟲的數目。結果給於下表2中。
生物分析法之分析
表2 | ||||||
分子 | # | 菸草粉蝨 | # | 綠桃蚜蟲 | ||
平均LC 50PPM | % | 平均LC 50PPM | % | |||
CE1 | 2 | 5.61 | 15 | 2 | 0.29 | 314 |
CE2 | 1 | 21.01 | 331 | 2 | 0.52 | 643 |
F1 | 2 | 4.87 | 6 | 0.07 | ||
CE3 | 2 | 25.35 | 421 | 3 | 0.05 | -29 |
CE4 | 2 | 9.72 | 100 | 2 | 2.17 | 3000 |
於表2中,顯示
F1、
CE1、
CE2、
CE3、及
CE4生物分析結果。
#欄顯示各生物分析法所進行的重複次數。
平均 LC
50 指示百萬分率。%欄顯示所要求之
平均 LC
50 的增加百分比。舉例而言,在綠桃蚜蟲生物分析法中,比較
CE4與
F1,增加百分比為 ((2.17-0.07)/0.07)*100 = 3000% ,此意指為達成相同效應,與F1相比,需要甚多的CE4。
根據以上的生物分析法,所有生物分析法的
平均 %為((15+331+421+100+314+643+(-29)+3000)/8),其係約
599%。此指示為與
F1同樣有效,平均需要多約
599%的殺蟲劑。考慮所測試之分子,此係令人意外的。
農業上可接受之酸加成鹽、鹽衍生物、溶劑合物、酯衍生物、多晶型物、同位素及放射性核素
式1可經調配成農業上可接受之酸加成鹽。藉助於非限制性實例,胺官能基可與鹽酸、氫溴酸、硫酸、磷酸、乙酸、苯甲酸、檸檬酸、丙二酸、柳酸、蘋果酸、反丁烯二酸、乙二酸、丁二酸、酒石酸、乳酸、葡萄糖酸、抗壞血酸、順丁烯二酸、天冬胺酸、苯磺酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、羥基-甲磺酸及羥基乙磺酸形成鹽。
式1可經調配成鹽衍生物。藉助於非限制性實例,鹽衍生物可藉由使游離鹼與足以產生鹽之量的所需酸接觸來製備。游離鹼可藉由用適合之稀鹼水溶液(諸如稀氫氧化鈉、碳酸鉀、氨及碳酸氫鈉水溶液)處理鹽來再生。舉例而言,在許多情況下,殺蟲劑(諸如2,4-D)係藉由將其轉化成其二甲胺鹽而變得更可溶於水。
式1可與溶劑一起調配成穩定複合物,使得複合物在去除非複合溶劑之後保持完整。此等複合物常常稱為「溶劑合物」。然而,使用水作為溶劑形成穩定水合物尤其合乎需要。
式1可製成為多種晶體多晶型物。多晶型現象在農用化學品開發中為重要的,因為相同分子之不同晶體多晶型物或結構可具有大大不同的物理特性及生物效能。
式1可用不同同位素製成。具有
2H(亦稱為氘)或
3H(亦稱為氚)代替
1H之分子具有特別重要性。式1可用不同放射性核素製成。具有
14C(亦稱為放射性碳)之分子具有特別重要性。具有氘、氚或
14C之式1可使用於容許追踪化學與生理過程之生物學研究以及半衰期研究中,也可使用於MoA研究中。
組合
在本發明之另一個實施例中,式1可與一或多種活性成分組合使用(諸如以組分混合物形式、或同時或依序施用)。
在本發明之另一個實施例中,式1可與一或多種各具有與式1之MoA相同、類似或較佳不同之MoA的活性成分組合使用(諸如以組分混合物形式、或同時或依序施用)。
在另一個實施例中,式1可與一或多種具有殺蟎、除藻、殺鳥、殺細菌、殺真菌、除草、殺昆蟲、殺軟體動物、殺線蟲、殺鼠及/或殺病毒特性之分子組合使用(諸如以組分混合物形式、或同時或依序施用)。
在另一個實施例中,式1可與一或多種分子組合使用(諸如以組分混合物形式、或同時或依序施用),該等分子為拒食劑、避鳥劑、化學不育劑、除草劑安全劑、昆蟲引誘劑、防蟲劑、哺乳動物驅避劑、交配干擾劑、植物活化劑、植物生長調節劑、植物健康刺激劑或促進劑、硝化抑制劑、及/或增效劑。
在另一個實施例中,式1亦可與一或多種生物殺蟲劑組合使用(諸如以組分混合物形式、或同時或依序施用)。
在另一個實施例中,式1及活性成分之組合可以廣泛多種重量比用於殺蟲組成物中。例如,在二組分的混合物中,式1與活性成分之重量比可使用表3中之重量比。然而,一般而言,小於約10:1至約1:10之重量比為較佳的。
表 3 |
式1:活性成分之重量比 |
100:1至1:100 |
50:1至1:50 |
20:1至1:20 |
10:1至1:10 |
5:1至1:5 |
3:1至1:3 |
2:1至1:2 |
1:1 |
式1之分子與活性成分之重量比亦可描述為
X:Y;其中
X為式1之重量份且
Y為活性成分之重量份。
X之重量份的數值範圍為 0 <
X≤ 100及
Y之重量份的數值範圍為0 <
Y≤ 100並且圖示於表4中。舉非限制性實例而言,式1與活性成分之重量比可為20:1。
表 4 | ||||||||||
活性成分 ( Y) 重量份 | 100 | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | ||||||
50 | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | |||||
20 | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | |||||
15 | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | |||||
10 | X ,Y | X ,Y | ||||||||
5 | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | ||||||
3 | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | |||
2 | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | |||||
1 | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | X ,Y | |
1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 50 | 100 | ||
式1,亦稱為 F1,( X) 重量份 |
式1與活性成分之重量比範圍可描述為
X
1 :
Y
1 至
X
2 :
Y
2 ,其中
X及
Y係如上文所定義。
在一個實施例中,重量比範圍可為
X
1 :
Y
1 至
X
2 :
Y
2 ,其中
X
1 >
Y
1 且
X
2 <
Y
2 。作為非限制性實例,式1與活性成分之重量比範圍可在3:1與1:3之間,包括端點。
在另一個實施例中,重量比範圍可為
X
1 :
Y
1 至
X
2 :
Y
2 ,其中
X
1 >
Y
1 且
X
2 >
Y
2 。作為非限制性實例,式1與活性成分之重量比範圍可在15:1與3:1之間,包括端點。
在另一個實施例中,重量比範圍可為
X
1 :
Y
1 至
X
2 :
Y
2 ,其中
X
1 <
Y
1 且
X
2 <
Y
2 。作為非限制性實例,式1與活性成分之重量比範圍可在約1:3與約1:20之間,包括端點。
調配物
殺蟲劑常常不適合以其純形式施用。其通常必需添加其他物質,以使得殺蟲劑可以所需濃度且以允許易於施用、操作、運輸、儲存及殺蟲劑活性最大的適當形式使用。因此,將殺蟲劑調配成例如誘餌、濃縮乳液、粉劑、可乳化濃縮物、熏劑、凝膠、顆粒、微膠囊、種子處理劑、懸浮液濃縮物、懸乳劑、錠劑、水可溶液體、水可分散顆粒或乾燥可流動劑、可濕性粉末及超低容量溶液。
殺蟲劑最常以由此類殺蟲劑之濃縮調配物製備的水性懸浮液或乳液形式施用。此類水溶性、水懸浮性或可乳化性調配物可為通常稱為可濕性粉末、水可分散顆粒之固體、通常稱為可乳化濃縮物或水性懸浮液之液體。可壓製成水分散性顆粒之可濕性粉末包含殺蟲劑、載劑及界面活性劑之均勻混合物。該殺蟲劑的濃度係通常自約10重量%至約90重量%。該載劑通常選自鎂鋁海泡石黏土、蒙脫石黏土、矽藻土或純化矽酸鹽。包括約0.5%至約10%的可濕性粉劑之有效表面活性劑,係磺酸化木質素、縮合萘磺酸酯、萘磺酸酯、烷基苯磺酸酯、烷基硫酸酯及非離子性表面活性劑(諸如烷基苯酚的環氧乙烷加成物)。
殺蟲劑的可乳化性濃縮液包括溶於一載劑中之一適宜濃度(諸如每公升液體自約50至約500克)的殺蟲劑,該載劑係一種水混溶性溶劑或非水混溶性有機溶劑與乳化劑之混合物。適用的有機溶劑包含芳族類,特別是二甲苯類與石油分餾物,尤其是石油的高沸點萘與烯烴的部分,諸如重芳族石油腦。亦可使用其他有機溶劑,諸如包含松香衍生物在內之萜烯溶劑、脂族酮類(諸如環己酮)及複合醇類(諸如2-乙氧基乙醇)。用於可乳化性濃縮液之適宜乳化劑係選自習用的陰離子性與非離子性表面活性劑。
水懸劑係包括以約5重量%至約50重量%的濃度範圍分散於一種含水載劑中之非水溶性殺蟲劑的懸浮液。藉由將該殺蟲劑細磨及強力地混入包含水與表面活性劑之一載劑中,以製備懸浮液。亦可添加諸如無機鹽類與合成或天然膠類之成分,以增加該含水載劑的密度與黏度。通常最有效者係藉由在一器具諸如混砂機、球磨機或活塞型均質機中製備含水混合物及加以均質化,而同時研磨與混合該殺蟲劑。懸浮狀態之殺蟲劑可微囊封在塑膠聚合物中。
油性分散液(OD)包含不溶於有機溶劑之殺蟲劑以約2重量%至約50重量%範圍之濃度細分散於有機溶劑及乳化劑之混合物中之懸浮液。可使一或多種殺蟲劑溶解於有機溶劑中。適用的有機溶劑包含芳族類,特別是二甲苯類與石油分餾物,尤其是石油的高沸點萘與烯烴的部分,諸如重芳族石油腦。其他溶劑可包含植物油、籽油及植物油與籽油的酯類。適用於油性分散液之乳化劑選自於習知陰離子型及非離子型界面活性劑。增稠劑或膠凝劑添加於油性分散液調配物中以調節液體之流變性或流動特性及防止分散粒子或液滴之分離及沈降。
殺蟲劑亦可以顆粒組成物形式施用,其特別適於施用於土壤。顆粒組成物通常含有約0.5重量%至約10重量%之殺蟲劑分散於包含黏土或類似物質之載劑中。此類組成物通常藉由將殺蟲劑溶解於適合之溶劑中且將其施用至已預先形成在約0.5 mm至約3 mm範圍內之適當粒度的顆粒載劑來製備。此類組成物亦可藉由製造載劑及分子之黏團或糊狀物且隨後擠壓並乾燥獲得所需顆粒粒度來調配。顆粒之另一形式為水可乳化顆粒(EG)。其為由有待以活性成分在水中崩解及溶解之後溶解或稀釋於有機溶劑中之習知水包油型乳液形式施用之顆粒組成的調配物。水可乳化顆粒包含吸收於水可溶聚合物殼或一些其他類型之可溶性或不溶性基質中之溶解或稀釋於適合有機溶劑中之一或數種活性成分。
含有殺蟲劑之粉劑係藉由將粉末形式之殺蟲劑與適合之塵狀農業載劑(諸如高嶺黏土、研磨火山岩及其類似物)均勻混合來製備。粉劑可適當含有約1%至約10%之殺蟲劑。粉劑可以拌種形式或以使用噴粉機之葉面施用形式施用。
以於適當有機溶劑(通常為石油)中之溶液形式施用殺蟲劑同樣實用,諸如廣泛用於農業化學之噴淋油。
殺蟲劑亦可以氣溶膠組成物形式施用。在此類組成物中,殺蟲劑溶解或分散於作為產生壓力之推進劑混合物的載劑中。氣溶膠組成物封裝於經由霧化閥施配混合物之容器中。
當殺蟲劑與食品或引誘劑或兩者混合時,形成殺蟲劑誘餌。當害蟲食用誘鉺時,其亦食用殺蟲劑。誘餌可呈顆粒、凝膠、可流動粉末、液體或固體形式。誘餌可用於害蟲停泊處。
熏劑為具有相對高蒸氣壓且因此可以足夠濃度之氣體形式存在以殺死土壤或封閉空間中之害蟲的殺蟲劑。熏劑之毒性與其濃度及暴露時間成比例。其藉由良好擴散能力表徵且藉由滲透害蟲之呼吸系統或經由害蟲之表皮吸收而起作用。熏劑用於控制在氣密薄片下、在氣封室或建築物中或在特定腔室中之積穀害蟲。
殺蟲劑可藉由將殺蟲劑粒子或液滴懸浮於多種類型之聚合物中而微膠囊化。藉由改變聚合物之化學性質或藉由改變加工中之因素,可形成具有多種尺寸、溶解性、壁厚及滲透程度的微膠囊。此等因素控管內部活性成分釋放之速度,繼而影響產品之殘餘效能、作用速度及氣味。微膠囊可調配為懸浮液濃縮物或水可分散顆粒。
油溶液濃縮物係藉由將殺蟲劑溶解於將使殺蟲劑保持在溶液中之溶劑中來製備。殺蟲劑之油溶液通常比其他調配物更快擊倒並殺死害蟲,因為溶劑本身具有殺蟲作用且覆蓋外皮之蠟質溶解增加殺蟲劑吸收之速度。油溶液之其他優勢包括儲存穩定性較佳、縫隙滲透性較佳及油滑表面之黏著性較佳。
另一個實施例為水包油型乳液,其中該乳液包含各自具備層狀液晶包衣且分散於水相中之油性液珠,其中每一油性液珠包含至少一種具有農業活性之分子且單獨包覆有單層狀或寡層狀包含以下各物之層:(1)至少一種非離子型親脂性表面活性劑,(2)至少一種非離子型親水性表面活性劑及(3)至少一種離子型表面活性劑,其中該等液珠的平均粒徑小於800奈米。
其他調配物組分
一般而言,當式1用於調配物時,此類調配物亦可含有其他組分。此等組分包括(但不限於)(此為非詳盡且非相互排斥的清單)潤濕劑、展佈劑、黏著劑、滲透劑、緩衝劑、螯合劑、減漂劑、相容劑、消泡劑、清潔劑及乳化劑。下文描述數種組分。
濕潤劑為當添加至液體時藉由減小液體與其所展佈之表面之間的界面張力而增加液體之展佈或滲透能力的物質。潤濕劑用於農用化學調配物之兩個主要功能:在加工及製造期間,增加粉末於水中潤濕之速率以製造可溶液體濃縮物或懸浮液濃縮物;及在產品與水在噴霧罐中混合期間,減少可濕性粉末之潤濕時間及改良水滲透至水可分散顆粒中。用於可濕性粉末、懸浮液濃縮物及水可分散顆粒調配物之潤濕劑之實例為:月桂基硫酸鈉、二辛基磺基丁二酸鈉、烷基酚乙氧基化物及脂族醇乙氧基化物。
分散劑為吸附於粒子表面上且有助於保持粒子之分散狀態並防止其再聚集的物質。分散劑添加至農用化學調配物係有助於在製造期間分散及懸浮且確保粒子在噴霧罐中再懸浮於水中。其廣泛用於可濕性粉末、懸浮液濃縮物及水可分散顆粒。用作分散劑之界面活性劑具有強烈吸附於粒子表面上之能力且提供粒子再聚集之帶電荷或空間障壁。最常用的界面活性劑為陰離子型、非離子型或這兩種類型之混合物。對於可濕性粉末調配物,最常見的分散劑為木質磺酸鈉。對於懸浮液濃縮物,使用聚電解質(諸如萘磺酸鈉甲醛縮合物)獲得極好吸附性及穩定性。亦使用三苯乙烯基酚乙氧基化物磷酸酯。非離子性表面活性劑諸如烷基芳基環氧乙烷縮合物及EO-PO嵌段共聚物,有時係與陰離子性表面活性劑組合作為用於懸浮濃縮物之分散劑。最近幾年,已研發出作為分散劑之非常高分子量的新類型聚合性表面活性劑。其等具有非常長的疏水性「主鏈」及眾多的環氧乙烷鏈,而形成「梳型」表面活性劑之「梳齒」。因為疏水性主鏈在顆粒表面上具有眾多的固著點,該等高分子量聚合物可賦予懸浮濃縮物非常良好的長期安定性。用於農用化學調配物中的分散劑實例為:木質素磺酸鈉、萘磺酸鈉甲醛縮合物、三苯乙烯基苯酚乙氧基磷酸酯、脂族醇乙氧基化物、烷基乙氧基化物、EO-PO嵌段共聚物及接枝共聚物。
乳化劑係為一種使得液相的微滴懸浮液在另一液相中安定之物質。若無乳化劑,該二液體將分離成為二個不互溶的液相。最常使用的乳化劑摻合物係含有具十二個或更多個環氧乙烷單元的烷基酚或脂族醇及十二基苯磺酸的油溶性鈣鹽。自約8至約18的親水性-親油性均衡值(「HLB」)範圍一般將提供良好的安定乳劑。藉由添加小量的EO-PO嵌段共聚物表面活性劑,有時可增進乳劑的安定性。
增溶劑係在臨界微胞濃度以上將在水中形成微胞的一種表面活性劑。該等微胞然後可在微胞的疏水性部分之內,將非水溶性物質溶解或增溶。通常用於增溶作用的表面活性劑類型為非離子性、山梨糖醇酐單油酸酯、山梨糖醇酐單油酸酯乙氧基化物及甲基油酸酯。
表面活性劑有時單獨使用,或與其他添加劑諸如作為噴霧罐混合物佐劑之礦物油或植物油一起使用,以增進殺蟲劑對於標的之生物性能。用於生物強化作用之表面活性劑類型一般依該殺蟲劑的性質與作用模式而定。然而,其等通常為非離子性,諸如:烷基乙氧基化物、直鏈脂族醇乙氧基化物及脂族胺乙氧基化物。
農用調配物中之載劑或稀釋劑係添加至殺蟲劑以賦予產物所需強度之物質。載劑通常為具有高吸收能力之物質,而稀釋劑通常為具有低吸收能力之物質。載劑與稀釋劑係用於粉劑、可濕性粉劑、粒劑及水分散性粒劑之調配物中。
有機溶劑主要用於配製可乳化性濃縮液、水包油型乳劑、濃懸乳劑、油分散劑及超低容量調配物,及較小程度地用於粒狀調配物。有時使用溶劑的混合物。溶劑的第一個主要群組為脂族石蠟油,諸如煤油或精製石蠟。第二個主要群組(及最常見者)包括芳族溶劑,諸如二甲苯及C9與C10芳族溶劑的較高分子量分餾物。氯化烴類係適用作為共溶劑,以在調配物於水中乳化時阻止殺蟲劑的結晶作用。有時使用醇類作為共溶劑,以增加溶劑能力。其他溶劑可包含植物油、籽油及植物油與籽油的酯類。
增稠劑或膠凝劑主要用於懸浮濃縮物、油分散劑、乳劑及濃懸乳劑之調配物,以改變液體的流變或流動性質及阻止分散型顆粒或微滴的分離作用與沉降作用。增稠、膠凝、及抗沉降劑一般分成兩類,即水不溶性粒子及水溶性聚合物。可使用黏土及二氧化矽來製造懸浮濃縮物及油分散液調配物。該等物質類型的實例包含但不限於蒙脫石、膨潤土、矽酸鋁鎂及鎂鋁海泡石。配於水基的懸浮濃縮物之水溶性多醣類多年來已用作增稠-膠凝劑。最常用的多醣類的類型係種子與海草的天然萃取物,或為合成的纖維素衍生物。該等物質類型之實例包含但不限於瓜爾膠、刺槐豆膠、角叉菜膠、海藻酸鹽、甲基纖維素、羧甲基纖維素鈉(SCMC)及羥乙基纖維素(HEC)。其他的抗沉降劑類型係以改質澱粉、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯醇及聚環氧乙烷為基礎。另一種良好的抗沉降劑為三仙膠。
微生物可造成所配製產物之腐敗。因此使用防腐劑來消弭或降低其等的效應。防腐劑的實例包含但不限於:丙酸及其鈉鹽、山梨酸及其鈉或鉀鹽、苯甲酸及其鈉鹽、對-羥基苯甲酸鈉鹽、對-羥基苯甲酸甲基酯及1,2-苯并異噻唑啉-3-酮(BIT)。
表面活性劑之存在通常造成水基調配物在生產與經由噴霧罐施用的混合操作期間形成泡沫。為降低形成泡沫的傾向,通常在生產階段或在裝瓶之前添加消泡劑。一般而言,消泡劑分為二種類型,即矽氧樹脂類與非矽氧樹脂類。矽氧樹脂類通常為二甲基聚矽氧烷的含水乳劑,而該非矽氧樹脂消泡劑為非水溶性油類諸如辛醇與壬醇或為矽石。在該二種情況下,消泡劑的功能係從空氣-水界面移除表面活性劑。
「綠色」劑(如佐劑、表面活性劑、溶劑)可減少作物保護性調配物的整體環境足跡。綠色劑係生物可降解性,及一般衍生自天然及/或永續來源,如植物與動物來源。具體的實例為:植物油、籽油及其酯類,以及烷氧基化烷基聚葡萄糖苷。
應用
式1可施用於任何所在地。施用此等分子之特定的所在地包括紫花苜蓿、杏仁、蘋果、大麥、豆類、油菜、玉米、棉花、十字花科植物、花、飼料物種(黑麥草(Rye Grass)、蘇丹草(Sudan Grass)、高牛毛草(Tall Fescue)、肯塔基藍草(Kentucky Blue Grass)及三葉草(Clover))、水果、萵苣、燕麥、油籽作物、橘子、花生、梨、胡椒、馬鈴薯、水稻、高粱、大豆、草莓、甘蔗、甜菜、向日葵、煙草、蕃茄、小麥(舉例而言,硬紅冬麥(Hard Red Winter Wheat)、軟紅冬麥(Soft Red Winter Wheat)、白冬小麥(White Winter Wheat)、硬紅春麥(Hard Red Spring Wheat)及杜蘭春小麥(Durum Spring Wheat)),和其他有價值的作物生長之所在地或其種子待種植之處。
式1亦可施用於植物,如作物生長之處,以及可造成此等植物的商業損失的害蟲水平低(甚至並無實際的存在)之區域。於此所在地施用此等分子對於在此所在地生長的植物為有利的。此等益處可以包括但不限於:協助植物生長出更好的根系;協助植物更佳地承受壓力生長條件;改進植物健康;改進植物產量(例如增加生物質及/或增加有價值成分之含量);改進植物活力(例如改進植物生長及/或使葉子更綠);改進植物品質(例如改進某些成分之含量或組成);以及改進植物對非生物及/或生物脅迫之耐受性。
在栽種各種植物時,式1可以與硫酸銨一起施用,因這樣可以提供額外的益處。
式1可以施用於經基因改造以表現特殊性狀,諸如蘇力菌(
Bacillus thuringiensis) (舉例而言,Cry1Ab、Cry1Ac、Cry1Fa、Cry1A.105、Cry2Ab、Vip3A、mCry3A、Cry3Ab、Cry3Bb、Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1)、其他殺昆蟲性毒素、或該等表現除草劑耐受性之植物,或是該等具有表現殺昆蟲性毒素、除草劑耐受性、營養強化作用或其他任一有利性狀之「堆疊式」外來基因者之植物上、之中或周圍。
式1可施用至待控制害蟲之植物葉子及/或果實部分。此等分子會直接與害蟲接觸,或害蟲於食用植物或吸取汁液或植物其他營養素時,會攝入此等分子。
式1亦可施用至土壤,且當以此方式施用時,可控制食用根與莖之害蟲。根可吸收此等分子藉此將其送至植物之葉子部分,以控制地面上部嚼食與汁液取食之害蟲。
可藉由在植物的不同部分施用(例如藉由噴灑一所在地)式1分子,利用殺蟲劑在植物中的系統性移動,而控制位於植物另一部分的害蟲。舉例而言,可藉由滴灌或條施,藉由以例如種植前或種植後之土壤澆灌而處理土壤,或藉由種植前處理植物種子來達成控制食葉昆蟲。
式1可以與誘餌一起施用。一般而言,在誘餌情況下,將誘餌置於地面,例如,白蟻可與誘餌接觸及/或被吸引。亦可將誘餌施用至建築表面(水平、垂直或傾斜表面),該處,例如,螞蟻、白蟻、蟑螂與蒼蠅,會與誘餌接觸及/或被吸引。
式1可囊封在膠囊內、或置放於膠囊表面上。膠囊的大小可在奈米大小(直徑大約100-900奈米)至微米大小(直徑大約10-900微米)範圍內。
式1可以施用於害蟲之卵。由於一些害蟲之卵具有抗某些殺蟲劑之獨特能力,故可能需要重複施用此等分子以控制新出現之幼蟲。
式1可以施用作為種子處理。可對將發芽之所有類型的種子進行種子處理,包括經基因改造以表現特殊性狀之植物的種子。代表性實例包括對無脊椎動物害蟲,諸如蘇力菌
(Bacillus thuringiensis),表現蛋白毒性或其他殺昆蟲毒素者,表現除草劑耐受性者,諸如「Roundup Ready」種子,或具有表現殺昆蟲毒素、除草劑耐受性、營養增強、耐旱性或任何其他有益特性之「堆疊式」外來基因者。另外,此等使用式1之種子處理可進一步增強植物更佳地耐受壓力生長條件的能力。由此產生較健康,較有活力之植物,此在收穫時節可導致更高的產量。一般而言,每個種子約0.0025 mg之式1至每個種子約2.0 mg之式1係適用的,每個種子約0.01 mg之式1至每個種子約1.75 mg之式1的量係適用的,每個種子0.1 mg之式1至每個種子約1.5 mg之式1的量係適用的,每個種子0.25 mg之式1至每個種子約0.75 mg之式1的量係適用的。一般而言,每個種子約0.5 mg之式1的量係適用的。
式1可與土壤改良領域中的一或多種活性成分一起使用。
式1可用於控制獸醫學領域或在非人類動物飼養領域中之內寄生蟲及外寄生蟲。此等分子可以舉例而言藉由,例如錠劑、膠囊、飲料、顆粒形式經口投與,藉由以例如浸泡、噴灑、傾倒、點藥及噴粉形式塗覆皮膚,以及藉由以例如注射劑形式的非經腸投與來施用。
式1亦可有利地用於家畜飼養,例如牛、雞、鵝、山羊、豬、綿羊及火雞。其等亦可有利地用於寵物,諸如馬、犬及貓。欲控制之特定害蟲將為會對該等動物造成麻煩之蒼蠅、跳蚤及壁蝨。適合的調配物與飲用水或飼料一起經口投與該等動物。適合的劑量及調配物視物種而定。
式1亦可用於控制寄生蟲,尤其是上列動物腸道中的寄生蟲。
式1亦可用於人類健康照護之治療方法。此等方法包括但不限於,以例如錠劑、膠囊、飲料、顆粒形式經口投與及藉由皮膚施用。
式1亦可施用於侵入性害蟲。全世界之害蟲正遷移至新環境(對於此害蟲而言),且此後在該新環境中變成新的侵入物種。此等分子亦可用於該等新的侵入物種以在該新環境中對其進行控制。
植物病毒每年在全球造成據估計600億美元的作物產量損失。許多植物病毒需藉由媒介傳播,該媒介最常為昆蟲,其實例係葉蟬及飛蝨。然而,線蟲亦經顯示會傳播病毒。線蟲經由取食根部而傳播植物病毒。亦可將式1施用至植物以抑制攜帶植物病毒的害蟲,以致可減少該等植物病毒自害蟲傳播至植物的機會。
因此,根據上文,提供以下額外的非詳盡
細節 (D)。
1D.一種具有下式之分子
式1亦稱為F1
及其N–氧化物、農業上可接受之酸加成鹽、鹽衍生物、溶劑合物、酯衍生物、多晶型物、同位素、經拆分的立體異構體、及互變異構體。
2D.一種組成物,包含根據
1D之分子且進一步包含載劑。
3D.根據
2D之組成物,該組成物進一步包含活性成分。
4D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包含選自下列之活性成分:殺蟎劑、除藻劑、拒食劑、殺鳥劑、殺菌劑、驅鳥劑、化學絕育劑、殺真菌劑、除草劑安全劑、除草劑、誘蟲劑、驅蟲劑、殺昆蟲劑、驅哺乳動物劑、交配干擾劑、殺軟體動物劑、殺線蟲劑、植物活化劑、植物健康刺激劑或促進劑、硝化抑制劑、植物生長調節劑、滅鼠劑、協力劑、及殺病毒劑。
5D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
AIGA之活性成分。
6D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
AI–1之活性成分。
7D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
AI–2之活性成分。
8D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括羅提蘭
(Lotilaner)。
9D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
表 A之分子。
10D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
AIGA–2之活性成分。
11D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括生物殺蟲劑。
12D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
乙醯膽鹼酯酶 (AChE) 抑制劑之活性成分。
13D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
GABA- 閘控型氯離子通道拮抗劑之活性成分。
14D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
鈉通道調節劑之活性成分。
15D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
菸鹼型乙醯膽鹼受器 (nAChR) 促效劑之活性成分。
16D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
菸鹼型乙醯膽鹼受器 (nAChR) 別構活化劑之活性成分。
17D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
氯離子通道活化劑之活性成分。
18D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
保幼激素模擬物之活性成分。
19D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
雜類非特異性 ( 多重位置 ) 抑制劑之活性成分。
20D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
弦音器官 (Chordotonal Organs) 調節劑之活性成分。
21D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
蟎生長抑制劑之活性成分。
22D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
昆蟲中腸膜之微生物破壞劑之活性成分。
23D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
粒腺體 ATP 合成酶抑制劑之活性成分。
24D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
經由破壞質子梯度之氧化性磷酸化非耦聯劑之活性成分。
25D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
菸鹼型乙醯膽鹼受器 (nAChR) 通道阻斷劑之活性成分。
26D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
幾丁質生物合成抑制劑,第 0 型之活性成分。
27D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
幾丁質生物合成抑制劑,第 1 型之活性成分。
28D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
雙翅目脫皮干擾劑之活性成分。
29D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
蛻皮激素受器促效劑之活性成分。
30D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
章魚胺受器促效劑之活性成分。
31D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
粒腺體複合物 III 電子傳遞抑制劑之活性成分。
32D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
粒腺體複合物 I 電子傳遞抑制劑之活性成分。
33D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
電壓 - 依賴型鈉通道阻斷劑之活性成分。
34D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
乙醯基輔酶 A 羧化酶抑制劑之活性成分。
35D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
粒腺體複合物 IV 電子傳遞抑制劑之活性成分。
36D. 根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
粒腺體複合物 II 電子傳遞抑制劑之活性成分。
37D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
羅納丹受器 (Ryanodine receptor) 調節劑之活性成分。
38D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
UN族群之活性成分。
39D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括剋安勃(chlorantraniliprole)。
40D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括陶斯松(chlorpyrifos)。
41D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括氰蟲醯胺(cyantraniliprole)。
42D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括納乃得(methomyl)。
43D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括滅芬諾(methoxyfenozide)。
44D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括歐殺滅(oxamyl)。
45D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括賜諾特(spinetoram)。
46D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括賜諾殺(spinosad)。
47D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括氟啶蟲胺腈(sulfoxaflor)。
48D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括三氟苯嘧啶(triflumezopyrim)。
49D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括β-賽扶寧(cyfluthrin)。
50D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括可尼丁(clothianidin)。
51D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括賽扶寧(cyfluthrin)。
52D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括氟大滅(flubendiamide)。
53D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括氟吡菌醯胺(fluopyram)。
54D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括氟吡呋喃酮(flupyradifurone)。
55D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括益達胺(imidacloprid)。
56D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括螺甲蟎酯(spiromesifen)。
57D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括賜派滅(spirotetramat)。
58D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括賜派芬(spirodiclofen)。
59D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括氟氰蟲醯胺(tetraniliprole)。
60D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括硫敵克(thiodicarb)。
61D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括賽果培(thiacloprid)。
62D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括α-賽滅寧(cypermethrin)。
63D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括賽芬蟎(cyflumetofen)。
64D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括芬普尼(fipronil)。
65D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括美氟綜(metaflumizone)。
66D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括ζ-賽滅寧(cypermethrin)。
67D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括雙丙環蟲酯(afidopyropen)。
68D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,其中F1與活性成分之重量比為100:1至1:100。
69D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,其中F1與活性成分之重量比為50:1至1:50。
70D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,其中F1與活性成分之重量比為20:1至1:20。
71D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,其中F1與活性成分之重量比為10:1至1:10。
72D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,其中F1與活性成分之重量比為5:1至1:5。
73D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,其中F1與活性成分之重量比為3:1至1:3。
74D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,其中F1與活性成分之重量比為2:1至1:2。
75D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,其中F1與活性成分之重量比為1:1。
76D.根據前述細節中任一項之組成物,其中
F1與活性成分之重量比為
X:Y;其中
X為
F1的重量份,而
Y為活性成分的重量份;再者,其中
X的重量份數值範圍為0 <
X≤ 100,而
Y的重量份為0 <
Y≤ 100;且進一步地其中
X及
Y係選自表4。
77D.一種防治害蟲之方法,該方法包括將殺蟲有效量之包含
F1之組成物施用至一所在地。
78D.一種防治害蟲之方法,該方法包括將殺蟲有效量之根據前述細節
2D至
76D中任一項之組成物施用至一所在地。
79D.根據細節
77D或
78D之方法,其中該害蟲係選自由以下所組成之群:螞蟻、蚜蟲、床虱、甲蟲、蠹蟲、毛蟲、蟑螂、蟋蟀、蠼螋、跳蚤、蒼蠅、蚱蜢、螬、葉蟬、潛葉蟲、蝨、蝗蟲、水蠟蟲、蟎、線蟲、飛蝨、木蝨、鋸蜂、介殼蟲、蠹魚、蛞蝓、蝸牛、蜘蛛、彈尾蟲、臭蟲、綜合綱、白蟻、薊馬、壁蝨、胡蜂、粉虱、及鐵線蟲。
80D.根據細節
77D 或 78D之方法,其中該害蟲係取食汁液之害蟲。
81D.根據細節
77D 或 78D之方法,其中該害蟲係蚜蟲。
82D.根據細節
77D 或 78D之方法,其中該害蟲係飛蝨。
83D.根據細節
77D 或 78D之方法,其中該害蟲係來自虱目(Anoplura)或半翅目(Hemiptera)。
84D.根據細節
77D 或 78D之方法,其中該組成物係施用於土壤。
85D.根據細節
77D 或 78D之方法,其中該組成物係施用於植物的葉片部分。
86D.根據細節
77D 或 78D之方法,其中該所在地正生長水稻、玉米、大豆、棉花、馬鈴薯、高粱、甘蔗、油菜、茶葉、葡萄、小麥、大麥、紫花苜蓿、或其他水果或蔬菜。
87D.根據前述細節
2D至
76D中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括種子。
88D.根據細節
87D之組成物,其中該種子係棉花種子、向日葵種子、水稻種子、甜菜種子、西洋油菜種子、玉米種子、小麥種子、大麥種子、小米種子、高粱種子、蕎麥種子、燕麥種子、黑麥種子、大豆種子、或鵝腳藜(quinoa)種子。
89D.根據細節
87D之組成物,其中使用每個種子約0.0025 mg之式1至每個種子約2.0 mg之式1。
1. 一種分子,
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基磺醯基)丙醯胺,其具有下式(式1):
及其N–氧化物、農業上可接受之酸加成鹽、鹽衍生物、溶劑合物、酯衍生物、多晶型物、同位素、經拆分的立體異構體、及互變異構體、及其放射性核素。
2. 一種組成物,其包括如第1項之分子及進一步包括載劑。
3. 如第2項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括活性成分。
4. 如前述各項中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
AIGA之活性成分。
5. 如前述各項中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
AI–1之活性成分。
6. 如前述各項中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
AI–2之活性成分。
7. 如前述各項中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括選自
AIGA-2之活性成分。
8. 如前述各項中任一項之組成物,其中
F1與活性成分之重量比為100:1至1:100。
9. 一種防治害蟲之方法,該方法包括將殺蟲有效量之如第1項之分子施用至一所在地。
10. 一種防治害蟲之方法,該方法包括將殺蟲有效量之如前述第2至8項中任一項之組成物施用至一所在地。
11. 如第9或10項之方法,其中該害蟲係取食汁液之害蟲。
12. 如第9或10項之方法,其中該害蟲係蚜蟲。
13. 如第9或10項之方法,其中該害蟲係飛蝨。
14. 如第9或10項之方法,其中該分子或該組成物係施用於土壤。
15. 如第9或10項之方法,其中該組成物係施用於植物的葉片部分。
16. 如第9或10項之方法,其中該所在地生長水稻、玉米、大豆、棉花、馬鈴薯、高粱、甘蔗、油菜、茶葉、葡萄、小麥、大麥、紫花苜蓿、或其他水果或蔬菜。
17. 如前述第2至8項中任一項之組成物,該組成物進一步包括種子。
18. 如第17項之組成物,其中該種子係棉花種子、向日葵種子、水稻種子、甜菜種子、西洋油菜種子、玉米種子、小麥種子、大麥種子、小米種子、高粱種子、蕎麥種子、燕麥種子、黑麥種子、大豆種子、或鵝腳藜(quinoa)種子。
19. 一種分子,
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基磺醯基)乙醯胺(式2亦稱為CE3):
及其N–氧化物、農業上可接受之酸加成鹽、鹽衍生物、溶劑合物、酯衍生物、多晶型物、同位素、經拆分的立體異構體、及互變異構體、及其放射性核素。
20. 一種分子,
N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1
H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基磺醯基)乙醯胺(式3亦稱為CE4):
及其N–氧化物、農業上可接受之酸加成鹽、鹽衍生物、溶劑合物、酯衍生物、多晶型物、同位素、經拆分的立體異構體、及互變異構體、及其放射性核素。
本文件中之標題僅為方便說明且不能用於解釋本文件之任何部份。
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Claims (31)
- 一種組成物,包含(a)一分子, N-(3-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1 H-吡唑-4-基)-2-(甲基磺醯基)丙醯胺,其具有下式(式1 ( F1)): 及其N–氧化物、農業上可接受之酸加成鹽、鹽衍生物、溶劑合物、酯衍生物、多晶型物、同位素、經拆分的立體異構體、及互變異構體、及放射性核素;以及 (b)一活性成分,選自以下組成之群:阿巴美丁(abamectin)、毆殺松(acephate)、亞滅培(acetamiprid)、阿斐多匹朋(afidopyropen)、畢芬寧(bifenthrin)、溴蟲氟苯雙醯胺(broflanilide)、賽速安勃(chlorantraniliprole)、氰蟲醯胺(cyantraniliprole)、環胺普羅(cyclaniliprole)、二甲丙嗒嗪(dimpropyridaz)、呋蟲胺(dinotefuran)、因滅汀苯甲酸鹽(emamectin benzoate)、乙蟲腈(ethiprole)、氟啶蟲醯胺(flonicamid)、三氟咪啶醯胺(fluazaindolizine)、氟大滅(flubendiamide)、氟噻蟲碸(fluensulfone)、氟吡菌醯胺(fluopyram)、氟吡呋喃酮(flupyradifurone)、異囉唑啉類殺蟲劑(isocycloseram)、λ-賽洛寧( lambda-cyhalothrin)、賜諾特(spinetoram)、螺甲蟎酯(spiromesifen)、螺蟲乙酯(spiropidion)、賜派滅(spirotetramat)、氟啶蟲胺腈(sulfoxaflor)、氟氰蟲醯胺(tetraniliprole)、替惡殺芬(tioxazafen)及三氟苯嘧啶(triflumezopyrim)。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係阿巴美丁。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係毆殺松。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係亞滅培。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係阿斐多匹朋。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係畢芬寧。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係溴蟲氟苯雙醯胺。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係剋安勃。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係氰蟲醯胺。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係環胺普羅。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係二甲丙嗒嗪。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係呋蟲胺。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係因滅汀苯甲酸鹽。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係乙蟲腈。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係氟啶蟲醯胺。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係三氟咪啶醯胺。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係氟大滅。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係氟噻蟲碸。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係氟吡菌醯胺。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係氟吡呋喃酮。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係異囉唑啉類殺蟲劑。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係λ-賽洛寧。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係賜諾特。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係螺甲蟎酯。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係螺蟲乙酯。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係賜派滅。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係氟啶蟲胺腈。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係氟氰蟲醯胺。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係替惡殺芬。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中該活性成分係三氟苯嘧啶。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其中 F1與該活性成分之重量比為100:1至1:100。
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