RU2462855C1 - Method of growing wheat - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used for growing wheat. The method includes presowing soil treatment, preparation of seeds, sowing, fertilising of crops with mineral and organic fertilisers, harvesting. Sowing is carried out by alternating parallel multi-row bands of plants separated with noncrop passes. Depending on the chemical composition of soil and climate zone the number of rows of plants in a multi-row band is set. Width of noncrop passes and the distance between them is set depending on the vehicle. Seeding is carried out in July-August. After germination the cultivation between rows and fertilisation is carried out. After growth of green mass it is mowed, followed by drying sections of spiked stems. Then the multi-row bands are covered with land layer. In spring cultivation and fertilisation are carried out. Sowing is carried out using GPS satellite positioning system, or "Glonas". Passage width is 0.30-0.40 m. Row spacing in the band is equal to 0.15-0.20 m, the distance between the grains is 0.10-0.20 m. Number of rows in the band is 3-6.

EFFECT: use of internal, inherent biological reserves in the seed.

5 cl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of cereal crops, in particular winter wheat in terms of growing bushy multi-stem productive wheat from one seed.

This invention may find application in the cultivation of rye, barley, oats, spring wheat and other crops.

It is well known that winter crops sown in the spring will be bushy until the autumn, without giving ears. Without cold, they “strike” - they first need 0-3 degrees for a month or two (depending on the variety) (Golden Experience. M., Young Guard, 1968, p. 55). Winter varieties for their growth and development have much more time, more shrubs, their stem and spike are more powerful than spring varieties of wheat. For winter wheat, the sowing period is selected so that the seedlings have time to unwind and get stronger before winter. But if you hurry up - the plants will outgrow and will not tolerate winter well - they will spit out in the spring. It is necessary that at least 3-4 well-developed leaves have time to form. Here the law of contradiction enters - few leaves, and the root system must be powerful (ibid., P. 66).

Branching of stems in cereals occurs underground and is called tillering. Due to the ability to cluster from one grain, several stems forming a bush grow. However, not all shoots developed as a result of tillering produce spike-stalks, i.e. productive, hence productive bushiness - the number of fruiting and at the same time ripening shoots on one plant. Since autumn, winter crops have time to develop a powerful root system and form 3-4 stems (Plant growing. Edited by Professor P.P. Vavilov. M., Kolos, 1975, p. 21, p. 28). Thus, nature has laid enormous potential in the seed of wheat for the cultivation of bushy, multi-stem productive wheat. However, as the millennia-long history of wheat cultivation shows, in practice these possibilities did not materialize. There are many reasons for this, and one of them, it seems to us, is the difficulty of caring for one bush.

How to solve this problem? The agronomist’s idea is often corrected by the weather and not always in favor of the peasant. Ways to increase productivity in practice have been and are being solved in different ways: by breeding methods, increasing the seeding rate per unit area, the procedure for applying seeds to the soil - in a narrow-row or cross way of sowing, the depth of seed placement, etc. And it all came down to one result: one seed - one ear. This led to a tight landing both in a row and row spacing. Subsequently, a new direction in cultivation appeared - tillering with many fruit-bearing and at the same time ripening shoots.

The known method of NUPP "Seeds" of growing productive plants during wheat breeding involves crossing the original parental forms, evaluating the offspring, isolating elite plants, their propagation and subsequent use in the breeding process, while crossing one of the parental forms, plants with leaves omitted are used, and the assessment carried out from the second generation and secrete elite plants with the omission of leaves with increased drought tolerance. These properties increased bushiness and, accordingly, productivity. Crossing plants of the spring spring wheat variety Novosibirsk 67 with the donor of hard pubescence of a Chinese leaf variety from the VIRK-26011 collection made it possible to obtain bushes from one seed, consisting of 1.7 to 2.9 productive stems per plant.

However, NUPP “Seeds” did not reach, even under experimental conditions, bushiness with more than three productive stems (Pat. RF 2030860, А01Н 1/04, 1995).

At the same time, breeding work has led to the creation of a new type of cereal - triticale, a highly bushy variety. In this connection, selection work on the triticale culture in the Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture deserves attention. Using the method of distant and intraspecific hybridization in combination with directional selection in practical selection of triticale, studying the source material, intraspecific crosses made it possible to create high-yielding varieties of triticale fodder, grain feed and grain types. Particular attention was paid to sowing dates. They found that sowing grain feed varieties should be carried out simultaneously with winter rye and winter barley, or at the beginning of the optimal time for sowing winter wheat. At optimal sowing times, triticale plants have time to bloom before leaving for the winter and reach the second stage of organogenesis. In the spring, by the time they enter the tube, they form more tillering shoots, spikelet tubercles on the growth cone than plants of late sowing varieties, which largely determines the size of the green mass and grain yield. In this case, the difference in grain yield is from 18 to 40 kg / ha. In 2000, the Institute, in experiments on varietal agrotechnics of three wheat varieties, achieved a grain yield of 57.0 to 65.3 c / ha during sowing on September 16. Higher seeding rates also have an effect on the grain yield level - an effective method of forming the optimal density of the productive stalk, but taking into account the sowing period, nutrition level, predecessor and soil moisture.

The general rule of the seeding rate when it is established is to reduce the number of seeds in high-fertile, moisture-free and weed-free fields. The optimal number of productive stems per unit area is formed in this case by increasing the bushiness of plants. The authors of the article note that, without significantly affecting the grain yield, higher seeding rates, 5 or more million germinating grains per 1 ha, contribute to the formation of thinner straws, which increases the ability to lodge plants, makes it harder to harvest and, ultimately, leads to crop loss. In general, for four varieties of wheat, the highest yield of wheat grain was obtained at a sowing rate of 4-5 million germinating grains (On the technology of cultivation and use of winter triticale in the Krasnodar Territory. V. B. Timofeev et al., Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture named after Lukyanenko, p.227-233. Collection. Efficiency of grain cultivation. M., Harvest, 2003).

At the same time, despite the high results achieved by the Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture in terms of creating a multi-stemmed high-bushy triticale cereal plant, its growing technologies - tillage, seeding rate, fertilizer application system, watering, sowing method, their experience for certain reasons, conditions did not reveal the possibility triticale. In general, we can say that “the optimal number of productive stems per unit area is formed due to the bushiness of plants” (ibid., P. 230). An analysis of the work under study allows us to conclude that one triticale bush on average contains 1.5 stems with good earning of an ear.

A comparative analysis of the work of the two largest agricultural research centers (NUPP "Seeds" and Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture) shows that they achieved through selection breeding triticale from one wheat seed on average with a maximum of no more than 2.5 productive ears of stems from one bush, the rest in the bush green mass and unproductive spikelets.

The closest and adopted as a prototype is a method of cultivating winter wheat by the Volgograd State Agricultural Academy, which includes soaking the seeds in anolyte or catholyte for 8-10 hours, after which the seeds are planted without drying in the soil. Soaking seeds is carried out in anolyte with pH 4.4-4.6 or catholyte pH 9.3-9.5. The depth of seed placement in the soil is 6 + 0.5 cm, the row spacing is 18 cm, the distance between the nests is 6 cm, strictly one seed was lowered into each nest, sowing was carried out from September 01 to September 09. Soil preparation with fertilizer application is carried out according to generally accepted recommendations.

The experiments conducted by the authors indicate good germination and they noticed that in some plants the number of stems germinated from one seed sometimes reached 16-18 (Pat. RF No. 2246813, A01C 1/00, 2003). The disadvantage of the method adopted for the prototype is that the yield is affected by insufficient sunlight, a low percentage of high bushiness to the total mass of seeds sown, which affects the total yield per unit of sown area. It is practically difficult to soak a large mass of seeds directly in the field, wet grains will stick together in the sowing apparatus, clog exhaust holes, which will lead to an uneven sowing step, and require additional tedding of seeds in the hopper of the sowing apparatus. All this reduces the obtaining in laboratory conditions of the advantages of the method.

The basis of the present invention is the task, using internal, embedded in the seed biological reserves, growing from one seed of a bush of wheat with the maximum possible number of productive stems with a full-bodied spike on large sown areas in different climatic zones.

This problem is solved by carrying out basic pre-sowing technological operations, such as subsurface tillage, which allows for capillaries created by dead roots, due to the difference between day and night temperatures from the lower layers of the soil, moisture to the seed bed; disinfect the soil with chemicals; application of presowing organic and mineral fertilizers; pre-sowing heat treatment and soaking of seeds in a solution of mineral fertilizers and trace elements, followed by drying to flowability.

The difference between the method and the prototype is that the sowing is carried out by alternating parallel multi-row tapes of plants, separated by non-sown passages. Depending on the chemical composition of the soil and the climatic zone, the number of rows of plants in a multi-row tape is set depending on the zenith angle of inclination of the sun's rays to the horizon line of a wheat field, providing maximum illumination of all rows of plants in a multi-row tape. The width of the non-sown passages and the distance between them are set depending on the technical characteristics of the vehicle (the width of the wheels, tracks and the center distance between them). Sowing of seeds is carried out in the period July - August, depending on the climatic zone, followed by seedlings cultivation between rows and passages. After the growth of green mass in the autumn period before the onset of slightly negative temperatures, the green mass is mowed with natural drying of the root sections. Before mowing, the cultivation of row-spacings and passages with simultaneous root and foliar top dressing with mineral fertilizers is carried out. After drying the root sections, each multi-row tape is covered with a layer of earth, and in the spring, row-spacing and mineral, such as nitrogen, top dressing are cultivated. The parallelism of multi-row tapes and rows in the tape and the distances between them are provided by the control of the technical means of sowing by the GPS or Glonas satellite positioning system. The width of the aisles is taken to be 0.30-0.40 m, the row spacing in the belt is taken to be 0.15-0.25 m, the distance between the grains sown in a row (step) is 0.10-0.20 m, and the number of rows in the tape, it ranges from 3 to 6. This sowing provides an optimal feeding area.

The method is implemented as follows and includes the following technological operations and their sequence.

Pre-sowing tillage for sowing winter wheat includes subsurface cultivation, and depending on the condition of the field, harrowing, rolling and other cultivation methods are carried out. If necessary, the introduction of complex mineral fertilizers and disinfection of the soil is carried out on the recommendation of regional agrochemical laboratories.

Similar events are carried out when sowing spring wheat.

Pre-sowing seed treatment includes pre-sowing heat treatment in the form of heating of planting material up to 45-60 °, etching with pesticides to prevent plant diseases, soaking in a solution of mineral fertilizers and trace elements, followed by drying to flowability (if possible, with sun rays) to activate plant life processes, enhance growth, accelerate development. As a planting material, wheat of the Superelita variety was used.

Sowing is carried out by alternating multi-row tapes of plants, separated by non-sown passages.

In each climatic zone, depending on the zenithal angle of inclination of the sun's rays to the horizon of the wheat field, providing maximum daylight for all rows of plants in a multi-row ribbon, as well as on the chemical composition of the soil, the number of rows of plants in a multi-row ribbon is established. To ensure sufficient illumination of plants by sunlight, the row spacing is set, for example, in the Rostov region from 0.15 to 0.25 m. This width provides a process for cultivating the row spacings so that weeds can be cultivated and destroyed as necessary. The same processing is carried out in the aisles. This allows us to say that such a process of processing and sowing will allow wheat to be classified as row crops. Rows in a multi-row tape have a direction from north to south, if there are no slopes of the surface, their number ranges from 3 to 6. The distance between the sown grains in the row is in the range of 0.10-0.20 m. The seed placement depth is 6-9 cm in depending on soil moisture. The width of the aisles is taken in the range of 0.30-0.40 m depending on the width of the wheels or tracks of the vehicle, and the width between the aisles is set by the gap between the inner ends of the wheels or tracks, i.e. determined by their center-to-center distance of the available vehicle. To obtain the parallelism of rows in the tape and multi-row tapes, it is desirable to use the GPS or Glonas satellite positioning system to control the technical means of sowing, loosening, chemical processing, top dressing and other technological operations of cultivation.

Sowing time. The best sowing dates, seeding rate and seed placement depth are set in each region depending on soil, weather and wheat variety. For winter wheat, the sowing period is selected so that the seedlings have time to blossom and get stronger before winter. In the non-chernozem zone, winter wheat is sown in the second half of August, and in the North Caucasus - in late September, even in early October. Spring - in the earliest spring. In the claimed method, sowing was carried out in mid-July - early August, depending on weather conditions (Rostov Region, Azov District). Significantly earlier sowing dates according to the claimed method constitute an element of the novelty of the technical operation of cultivation, because according to all agronomic rules for sowing winter wheat, no more than 3-4 leaves are enough to prevent the plants from overgrowing, winter is well tolerated and there is no spring “withering” (Golden experience . M., "Young Guard", 1968, p.66). One of the tasks of such early sowing in the summer is to ensure the development of a powerful root system and green mass with many up to 50 spiky stems of high productivity, followed by autumn-winter dormancy.

This is achieved by carrying out inter-row cultivation after germination, to remove weeds or to destroy the crust on the soil, to apply fertilizers, both liquid and dry, in the form of root and foliar top dressing in accordance with accepted agricultural standards and recommendations. This agronomic technique contributes to the development of a powerful root system with the formation of a large number of spikelet tillering shoots, spikelet tubercles on the growth cone, which largely determines the yield determined by the number of productive ears.

After growing green mass, in the autumn, before steady low, close to night, slightly negative (about 0 °) temperatures occur, the green mass is mowed, harvested, followed by natural drying of the sections of spikelet shoots, and before mowing, rows and aisles are cultivated simultaneous root and foliar top dressing with mineral fertilizers, aimed at strengthening the leaf material of plants and their root system before leaving for the winter. Green cut mass can be used to feed birds, livestock, silage.

Then, after drying the sections of the spike shoots, each multi-row tape is covered with a layer of earth, using the land of the aisles. This protects the green shoots from freezing, icing, the soil from cracking in snowless winters from severe frosts, preserving the root system.

Subsequently, in the spring, cultivation and top dressing are carried out with mineral, for example, nitrogenous, fertilizers.

The claimed method allows you to work in row-spacings as with row crops throughout the vegetative period and carry out maintenance work, such as the destruction of the crust formed in the soil after rain, loosening the row-spacings to remove weeds, and airing the top layer of the soil, including in the spring. Without using aviation, to carry out root and foliar top dressing with mineral fertilizers in the required agronomic terms, without trampling or injuring green plants with the wheels of tractors, using for this purpose the aisles between the rows of rows between rows. Shelter of tape spacing between the rows during the winter protects plants from freezing and sweating.

In general, the whole complex of measures for pre-sowing and after seedlings will allow, using internal biological reserves stored in the seed, to grow in each bush up to 50-70 productive stems with full-weight spike in multi-hectare areas.

Compared with conventional sowing technology, in which from 3.5 to 7 million grains are used per hectare, or from 1.2 to 3 centners of seeds, 0.8 centners are used in the inventive method.

This saves high quality expensive seed material by 2-3 times. Productivity is more than 60 centners of wheat per hectare.

Claims (5)

1. A method of growing wheat, including pre-sowing tillage, preparation of wheat seeds, sowing wheat, fertilizing crops with mineral and organic fertilizers, harvesting by mowing plants, characterized in that the sowing is carried out by alternating parallel multi-row tapes of plants separated by non-sown passages, while depending on from the chemical composition of the soil and the climatic zone, the number of rows of plants in a multi-row tape is set depending on the zenith angle of inclination of sunlight to the line of isonta of the wheat field, providing maximum illumination of all rows of plants in a multi-row tape, and the width of the sowing aisles and the distance between them are set depending on the technical characteristics of the vehicle, the sowing of seeds is carried out in the period July-August months, followed by, if necessary, after germination cultivation of aisles of aisles, as well as root and foliar top dressing after an increase in green mass in the autumn period before the onset of steady low, close to In the case of fresh, slightly negative temperatures, the green mass is mowed, followed by natural drying of the sections of spike shoots, while before mowing, rows and passages are cultivated with simultaneous root and foliar top dressing with mineral fertilizers, after drying sections of the spike shoots, each multi-row tape is covered with a layer of earth, and in the spring carry out cultivation of row-spacings and mineral top dressing. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the parallelism of the multi-row tapes, rows in the tape and the distances between them provide control of the technical means of sowing by the GPS or Glonas satellite positioning system. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the width of the aisles is 0.30-0.40 m. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the row spacing in the belt is 0.15-0.25 m, and the distance between the grains sown in a row is 0.10-0.20 m. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of rows in the tape ranges from 3 to 6.